How the Universe Works (2010–…): Season 4, Episode 7 - The First Oceans - full transcript
Life depends on the earth
On the seas, rivers and rain
But is our blue planet unique?
Or did the universe form
Many other aquatic worlds like him?
If we break the secrets
The first Earth oceans will be decomposed
Secrets of Space Life
"The Ways of the Universe"
"First oceans"
Earth is the only planet we know
With ocean of liquid water covering its surface
It is the only planet we know of a life
If you look at every living thing on Earth
You see that every object has a part of water
Be his devices
But we are bags of water
Which allows chemicals to move
And do things we call life
On the ground, liquid water
Life is in hand
But how lucky we are to have
A water oasis we call home?
We have a lot of water
Is it here when the earth was formed?
Or did something bring it here from space?
Is owning such a water world a stroke of luck?
Or is it inevitable?
Scientists have long and well studied the origins
The water of the earth, and what they discovered was amazing
Our planet would never have been water
The location where the land is located
Currently it looks very Java
If the earth formed like a rock
Dry around star hot spicy
How come water came here?
Each possibility has its own problems, and we want to answer
Tracing the right source of water for the earth
Very complex
The journey begins 4.6 billion years ago
During the formation of our solar system
Related to a huge cloud of gas and dust in space
Inside that cloud, multiply
Hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Oxygen is one of the most abundant atoms in the universe
More hydrogen atoms are available in the universe
You will have a lot of what they do
, Over millions of years
These atoms combine high
Interact together to be water
Water molecule is fairly simple
It consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
This newly formed water adheres to dust grains
Inside the gas cloud
Slowly growing into crystals of ice
In the end, the dust cloud
The snowiness becomes very dense
So that they begin to compress under gravity
This starts the process of configuring our solar system
There is enough water here
To fill the Earth's oceans more than three million times
When we see the stars that are now composed
We are studying hundreds and thousands of them
See disks of materials starting to spin around
Young stars .. Gas and dust
There are certainly some water in those substances
Gravity attracts more and more materials
To the center of the cloud
Crane pressure and heat
In the end, big powers are urging integration
... and the first star .. our nascent sun
It explodes alive
Bad news about the surrounding water of the newborn star
The star environment is time configured
Extremely hot and violent
Any water that existed in that area
Because water is a pilot element, it will fade
Water can not exist
Near a star at the beginning of its composition
Astronomers believe that the young sun may have swallowed
Most of the dust and water that surrounds it
And then detonated those relics
Away towards space in
Heavy columns of steam
In the most active volcanic regions
A similar process explodes the water
Hot up in the air
Deep in the ground, the water is heated heavily
It does not have an outlet when it turns into vapor
And goes out in those huge columns
The primary stars have a lot of water around
Games
00:05:14,146 --> 00:05:17,682
Magnetic fields around
The initial star is basically made
Water can be discharged
It is pushed out via
Those tunnels are in giant competition
Which publishes water
Out through the entire galaxy
In space, the overheated water escapes through
Bekaa weak magnetism
For the poles of the first stars
Water pockets within these vast steam vessels
Finally harden into space
Cold to be snowballs
And escape from the first star
Faster than the submachine gun projectiles eighty times
Is this what happened to our solar system?
The situation will be frightening
To be there to see it
But fortunately that
Our galaxy continues to form stars
So that we can study the primary stars across the galaxy
And we look at things that are very similar
What happened to the sun
In 2011, astronomers watched the composition
A star similar to the sun
Their desks showed a central ball of gas
Attracts materials inside
Of the surrounding clouds
Before you push the water out quickly
About ten million rivers of the Amazon
A similar process may have paid
Most of the water in our solar system is newborn
When the sun matured, the vines dried out
... and there was a new danger to the remaining water
Hot torrent of particles
Charged solar wind
When the sun was heated
The nearby snow turned to water
And when the sun grew hotter
She turned it into water vapor
And when the sun sent forth its solar wind
Luminous, I began to push this water away
Solar wind blows in
Ultrasonic flow of plasma
Of the outer layers of the sun
They collide with the surrounding cloud
To pay most of the gas and water ice away
There is only dust left
With the remains of water related to it
Far from the sun
Solar wind has less impact
They are also cooler
The result is a limit of water ice
It is half a billion miles from the sun
Known as the snow line
When astronomers discuss
From the snow line, they were wondering
How far is it
Water from condensation away from the sun?
Where the water is cold enough to condense
To droplets and become particles and become snow?
If it were closer to that, it would remain a gas
The first and largest planet in the solar system
It started at the snow line
Where the snow is in
More thick, his gatherings occurred
Attracted to each other by gravity and growing
A huge snowball grew
She drew all the material around her
To be manufactured in the end
Jupiter the giant invader
Where the snowball is in less
Its thickness consists of a similar process
Other Invasive Planets
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
In the dry inner side of the
Snow line, the dust gathers together
... to be a family of small rocky planets
Including land
Most astronomers believe that our planet is
Of dry rocks not more
With microscopic droplets of water adhering to them
But even this valuable stock of water is threatened
The most violent event in the history of our planet
Our solar system is 4.6 billion years old
What Earth is but one of the huge rock balls
Which formed around the sun
And the attractiveness of our young planet
Continue to attract cuttings
From the cloud surrounding dust
Rocks that hit the ground
Carry small amounts of water
Remnants of time before the sun shines alive
Planetary scientist "Dan Dorda" believes that this water
He rarely has the opportunity to survive on the fledgling land
Due to the effects of heat
For many high-speed hits
Building a planet is a very violent process
Can be easily viewed here
High-speed collision of a bullet
This is one blow
When the bullet pierces the target
Some of its kinetic energy turns into heat
You can see this sudden hot emission
Using the thermal camera
In the case of a real collision, a huge asteroid collision
The energy is greater, the rock is already melted
, And 4.5 billion years ago
There were such clashes
Per month
To see what we have above
The gun shows us the heat sprayer
Transmitted by multiple asteroid collisions
The cumulative effect of these collisions is heating up
The surface of the earth is about the temperature of magma
Heat near lava
Common energy of collisions
Boil the surface of the young earth
There are great clashes
This is a high-temperature activity
If there is water, it is very difficult
To be carried on by heat and energy
Maybe the water ran away
Sixty million years later
The building of the planet slowed down
And cool the surface of the earth enough to be crusted
The remaining water is trapped inside it
But not for a long time
The primary solar system
More crowded planets than now
One of them - Thia - is rushing toward the ground
Thea pulls out a large piece of the crust of our planet
The rock fragments make a giant ring of nectar
Which will eventually be bound to be the moon
Earth swaying from collision
Returns to a ball of lava
The heat eliminates more water
He collided with Thea
Leaving the crust very dry
Where does the water we see today come from?
There are only two possible possibilities
So the water stays on it either
Enclosure in sufficient depth
In the rocks do not even fading
Or evaporate, or come to Earth after its formation
Is our planet originally
Of wet rocks than traditional theories allow?
Or the ocean moved to Earth
From somewhere else later?
First of all, moving is a possible option
Far behind the Neptune orbit
A huge bar of material is located
The snowy is called the Kapper Belt
Consisting of the remnants of construction units
Of giant gaseous planets
Parts of those relics
Snowy, known as comets
Sometimes rushing towards the inner solar system
Did those comets
Invasive by bringing water to the first Earth?
The comets are basically dirty dirty snowballs
They are huge balls of ice with rocks and stones
The gems and dust immersed by them
We believe that fifty percent
Of the comet consists of ice
If you look at everything in the solar system
Trying to find a source of water on the ground
There is a clear answer
Look at the comets
Comet comets represent one
The coolest scenes in the night sky
When approaching the sun
Solar wind blows up water
From the surface of those dusty snowballs
And it shall give rise to a bright trail that may extend
For millions of miles
Today, comets are rare visitors
Of the inner solar system
But four billion years ago, there were many
The earth was in its own way
It is quite reasonable that
Expect these snowy objects
Of the outer solar system
Come inside and hit the ground
The question is how much contributed
The rocks present form the moon
Shows the possession of young land for vast oceans
Scientists calculate the number
Collisions required to fill
Massive numbers
Comets come in different sizes
If we take the average culprit
It takes twenty or thirty million guilty
To make the Earth's oceans
If millions of comets brought water
Of the young earth, it must have done so
In a short period, the moon formed again
Scientists look at the solar system for evidence
For this rapid snow attack
... and found him in the lowest places a possibility
Our moon seems waterless
Earth is the only planet in the solar system
... covered by oceans
, About 320 million cubic miles of them
Covering 70 percent of the planet's surface
Despite its abundance, the water of the earth is perplexing
Experts because the crust of our planet was very dry
If you look to Bekaa water distribution
, In our solar system
There is no ice here
In the inner solar system
How about our planet Earth, near the sun
To end with that abundant water?
Maybe the water came from behind the snow line
Brought by snow comets
But it took tens of millions of collisions
To fill the Earth's oceans
Walk on an ocean beach today and see
For this vast water and thought of its coming
In small pieces of ice here on the ground
It's an amazing idea
If comets brought the Earth's oceans
What made many of them collide with our planet?
The guide is hidden inside the moon nozzles
Well, I have a picture here
Pick up that little rock .. here
, In the 1970s
The Apollo pioneers collected rocks
Of the largest moon nozzles to determine the time of their formation
They brought her to our laboratories
And we can date .. When these rocks formed?
Planetary geologists have assumed that those nozzles
The moon formation time was almost broken
It was definitely a big surprise
We found that many basins
The huge collisions on the moon
Did not consist in the early days of composition
The moon, but hundreds of millions of years later
During an era we call the late heavy shelling
Because it happened hundreds of millions of years ago
After the formation of the earth and the moon
Heavy shelling began late
When the giant gazelle lined up
Their common attractiveness has
With a huge belt of comets
Near Mars
And it sends forth a barrage of rocks toward the earth and the moon
And other inner planets
Neptune swings out
He collides with the Capper belt comets
Many of them are also shooting inwardly
The door of hell opened
Ninety-nine percent disappear
From the Kapper belt and the asteroid belt
Throw several objects everywhere
We look at the moon and see it as a delegate
It is covered with craters
... Earth did not escape magically
Of this shelling
... for every crater you see on the moon
... because Earth is a larger target in space
It consists of about 20 or 30 nozzles on the ground
We do not necessarily see it everywhere now
Because it is a planet active in geological processes
She wiped those nozzles
The land was hit by heavy shelling
But how many collisions are there
Come from water-rich comets?
We do not know, and one of the most prominent scientific questions
Have comets come to transport
Ocean waters at this time?
If comets formed our oceans
It may have left behind a unique chemical imprint
Because it is not all the water itself
On the earth, for every ten thousand
A drop of regular water
There are three drops of semi-heavy water
A rare molecule made up of deuterium instead of hydrogen
Deuterium is a normal hydrogen nucleus
But instead of being a proton in itself
They are protons and neutrons linked together
Nitron overload in deuterium adds weight
So the water that is formed
"Of those atoms is called" heavy
Semi-heavy water is formed
In an easier way in colder climates
So the edges of the solar system created it
More areas near the sun
Ratio of deuterium to
Hydrogen is a highly sensitive sensor
For the place of water formation in our solar system
Therefore, we can look at the abundance of heavy water
To determine the origin and composition of that water
In 1986, scientists gained their first chance
To test the chemistry of comet water
When the "Halley" comet made a fleeting visit
To the night sky
Astronomers search for the distinctive footprint
The semi-heavy water, but not the result
As they had expected
They measured water weight for the first time and found it
It is heavier than the Earth's oceans twice
He passed through Hyokotake and Hale Bob
In the 1990s
These two newly discovered sinuses are the age of comets
Which hit the ground
During the heavy shelling
But it turned out that Hyokotake and Hill Bob are owned
Semi-heavy water is much more than the Earth's oceans
People began to worry because total
The water of the earth is also measured by the oceans
Can not consist only of those comets
In 2014, Rosetta Space probe
He measured a guilty comrade
... The results have resolved the issue
Semi-heavy water content
three hundred fifty
00:22:24,766 --> 00:22:27,702
More than three times the water on the ground
Generally, the chemical content of the Earth's oceans
The atmosphere is different
On the chemical content of comets
When you look at a recipe
Hydrogen in water molecules
Which is the comet we have measured so far
It is not exactly like water
On our planet
It is clear to me that the comets did not bring
All ground water
If not the snowballs
Soiled is responsible, what is responsible?
An unlikely candidate started to appear
In 2011, the space probe Don
He flew near the giant asteroid Vista
We used to think that rock objects
Like Vista it was very dry
But the team's observation view is evidence of water
on the roof
Vista water turned out to be chemically equivalent
Earth's oceans
The water type is very similar to what we think it contributes
Install water on the ground
So there is a compelling evidence that those species
Of the asteroids were putting water on the ground
Scientists have shifted their focus from comets to asteroids
But how did these rocks come?
Which looks dry with enough water
To fill the Earth's oceans?
Interpretation may be found in the frequency of residues
For an incomplete planet
Today, our solar system houses
Four rocky planets
Mercury
Flower
Earth
And Mars
But there should have been five
Billions of years ago, planets were formed
Throughout our solar system
But there was an area between Mars and Jupiter
Where Jupiter's attractiveness worked on tearing
Whatever he was trying to be
Today, the scattered remains
Of the incomplete rock planet
It fills that attractive battlefield
Its relics are a huge belt of rubble
Around the sun is called an asteroid belt
The rocks inside the asteroid belt range in size
From grains of sand to giant rocks
Offering hundreds of miles
When I began to study work
.. Falc, we called rock
Dry rocks
We now realize there is plenty of water
Perhaps even liquid water on some of the larger asteroids
Our new understanding of the water of asteroids
, Comes from the study of meteorites
Small drops of asteroid belt
Which sometimes fall on the ground
I have a sample of a meteorite called
Kundright Carbon
Its appearance and texture are fairly dry
But I can tell you that the sample contains
20 percent of its water weight
Even the collision does not release the hidden water
Because the water is chemically linked to the elements
Which make up the rock
... and see if we could get the heat on
The Flame
Heat allows water molecules to separate
Chemical bonds and escape as water vapor
Look at all that outflow
This small sample of the meteorite emits
All this water
This is a direct and tangible guide to the amount of water
Large quantity of water
Which can be transferred
Of the Earth from the collision of asteroids
Four billion years ago
There have been many asteroid collisions on Earth
During the heavy shelling
Each collision generates a severe emission of heat
Which liberates the water trapped inside the asteroid
Water vapor falls back to the earth in the form of rain
The same water exists today in our oceans
... and our rivers
Even in the cups of our coffee
When we look at the footprint of deuterium
In the waters of the earth, they match
Meteorites and asteroids are more than comets
So some water comes from comets
But most of the water in your body now
It may have come from the asteroid belt
Until recently, water-bearing asteroids
It solved the ambiguity of the first Earth's oceans
But the discovery of a new geologist is assumed
That these collisions tell only part of the story
There is an amazing amount of water
on the surface of the ground
The Pacific contains a half-size area
Earth's surface is almost millions and millions
Cubic miles of water
Yet it is not all water on earth
Some of them are under the surface
In recent years, he has done
... geologists with amazing discovery
A layer of hot rock lay beneath the earth's crust
Carry loads of water
Seismologists have discovered
Earthquake analysis
When a huge earthquake hits
Low-frequency sound waves are transmitted
Across the different layers of the subsoil before striking
The crust is on the other side of the planet
Studies of these long-range clots appear
Some sound waves slow down when they reach
Hot layer of rock
Beneath the crust is three hundred miles
There is one thing known to delay passage
Sound across rocks
water
It is not like an ocean of water
They are water molecules linked to minerals
And other molecules
But if you took that water and gathered it together
We think it will add more than all the water
In all the oceans of the earth
This huge stock of underground water
A real puzzle
Because it is impossible for comets or asteroids
To penetrate the crust of the earth with this great depth
It is really inside the earth
There does not seem to be an easy way to move from the surface
Even hundreds of miles towards the mantle layer
... so it seems that water is present
The finder, came with the earth at the time of its formation
Large amounts of water must have been mixed
When the earth was born
But this simple fact
It means that everything we thought
And what we knew about the birth of our planet
He was wrong
The heat of the sun evaporates water
... from the surface of the warmest ground
A mile after a mile of burning sand dunes
There is no water here
Five billion years ago, the Great Cosmic Desert
Which were stretching from the young sun up to the snow line
Dry
How can the soles of our wet planet be formed?
From this dry rock dust?
We believe that the material was made up
In the solar system in the current earth position
They were drier than the earth
So we think the land has an additional contribution
Of water-rich materials
Where did all that extra cosmic water come from?
He must have transferred something very much
From the wet side of the snow line
The guide comes from the observation of distant outer planets
Inflamed from its original stars
We often see Jupiter-sized planets fall
Near its stars, and perhaps a very close distance
Closer sometimes than after Mercury from the sun
At first, these
Giants near their stars
They were a mystery
How these planets were formed
That is too far away
About the snowy abundance of the snow line?
The only solution .. These planets must be formed
Away from her stars and then approached later
We know that quality
Of the planets do not consist there
It's too huge
It must have formed away and approached
She moved towards her star
This is exciting because it makes you wonder
Whether our solar system
Its always the same as today
Or did our planets move forward and backward?
Observations of outer planets propelled astronomers
To assume a completely new theory of composition
Our solar system
Known as
"Grand Tak = great change of destination"
The theory assumes that the buyer has changed radically
There was a time when the dust and gas disc
Very thick around the young sun
The newer the resistance on
The planets revolve around them
"In the model" Grand Tak
Be buyer at the farthest wet side of the snow line
But by slowing down the material around him
The giant gaseous orbit is closer to the sun
There is amazing evidence that the buyer may have approached
Even the orbit of Mars
When the buyer approached
He brought with him plenty of water beyond the snow line
This is an opportunity to push the elements from the outside
In the solar system and push it
For the area in which the land is formed
Opportunity to add a range of water-rich materials
To the land that otherwise would have become dry
Like a giant snowman blowing up
, Those substances and push them inside
When the earth was made up
So the buyer was scattered
A collection of snow objects
From the outside of the system
To where the earth is composed
While the Earth was still growing
Screw the buyer to the inside stopped
A hundred thousand years later when Saturn
When an overlap of gravity occurred
These two giant planets
They changed the destination, away from the sun
The water left behind by the buyer
He merged himself with dust
To form the earth and its neighbors of the rocky planets
But how this water is trapped inside the earth
That turns into the first ocean?
Volcanoes may have played a crucial role
Imagine the fledgling land
As a bubble of volcanic activity
You see these clouds
The huge ash and dust are falling
But there is water vapor
Water vapor that may cool and condense
In the atmosphere, he did
Create a drag over a hundred
Perhaps even thousands of years
Until the moment when there is enough water
The atmosphere begins to rain down
There was an initial rain billions of years ago
When the volcanic waters fell rain
on the surface of the ground
... The first rivers and oceans arose
Long before heavy shelling
Which brought comets and asteroids to Earth
Based on the evidence of the rocks
It appears that the water is fluid and charged
Of our planet
Comets and asteroids
Bring some water to the earth
, "But if the theory of" Grand Tak
The buyer will transfer most of the water
Which we see fills our oceans today
Earth was not the only planet
Which was supplied with water from an invasion
Buyer of the inner solar system
Perhaps Mars and Venus
On the oceans by also
To appreciate the magnificence of our pulsating blue planet
We find the reason for our water survival
While our neighbors have been hit by drought
Water distinguishes the sights and sounds of our planet
When it's stealthy, it
The sky is painted with a drawn-out pull
When it is liquid, it sculpts and forms the land
Water fills every cell of each organism
, And when you see it from space
The oceans of the blue earth are stunning
Be prominent from its neighbors
Of the dead and monotonous planets
Look at our nearest neighbors
We see the disaster that occurs when you lose water
Water is not only important for biological life
But the evolution of the planet is changing
When you lose this particular molecule
The entire interior planets originated from the same materials
There is a strong evidence that Venus and Mars
They also had oceans
Mars had plenty of water in its past
The entire surface is covered by those rivers
The amazing tables are empty now
But it looked as we see it on the ground
With Venus, we believe we see evidence that it was
He was also a water scientist when he was
Young, though we have not yet explored
Venus is as good as we explored Mars
So our best proof shows that all of those
The planets have begun to moisten and have passed through a waterway
It is clear that something happened in billions
Subsequent years he wiped the water
Of those planets
Why did the drought hit our neighbors?
4.5 billion years ago, Mercury grew up
The closest planets of the solar system to the sun
It is also the smallest
Little Mercury was just about the size of our moon
When it comes to carrying surface water
The size is important
If the planet were small, it would lose water
In space for not possessing the attractiveness of his attachment
Next in the order of the sun is Venus
The flower was close to the size
The earth keeps its water for a while
, Four billion years ago
The flower and the earth looked twins
They had liquid water oceans
They were covered with thick air
But Venus, the closest to the sun
From the ground, its temperature rose
Its surroundings evaporated and the atmosphere was pumped
Even filled with water vapor, strong gas locked
Venus rose more heat
Venus was in a vicious circle
The water dried out of the rocks
Even metals have been subjected to high heat
So that the water vapor is released
It was impossible to condense water
It was very hot, there was no rain
Water rose higher and higher
To the atmosphere passing through
Time when he fled away
Now the flower is a burning earth
Burning under a thick atmosphere
Of all rocky planets
Mars is far from the sun
Its northern half was previously covered by an ocean
... deeply miles
But it was not heat or lack of gravity
What made Mars lose its liquid water
Mars oceans exploded with radiation
Mars has no magnetic field
You need a magnetic field to protect yourself
From the solar wind, those particles are subatomic
Which explodes from the sun
The Earth has a magnetic field that generates it
Its dissolved iron rotor
This area protects our envelope
Air from the solar wind
Mars is smaller than Earth
So cool it off to close its magnetic field
He exposed his atmosphere
Of solar radiation
The waters of Mars did not have the bounty of luck
The next radiation separates hydrogen from oxygen
Hydrogen is very light
He fled into space and disappeared
So Mars has plenty of oxygen
For this we assume that Mars is a red planet
Because it is rusty because
Bumper oxygen that was previously water
It is now in the rocks
The oceans of Mars evaporated
Leaving little snow
Its topography is bright red
Four rocky planets originated at the same time
Of the same structural elements
But one of them was lucky
Water is necessary for life on Earth
It is the perfect solvent for organic molecules
To make the life machine function
I would not live without water or you
Water can geology
It can be climate
The Earth can be revived
I think this makes it a great feature
It took 14 billion years
The abundant luck of the earth until it becomes wet
Then it remained moist for a long time enough to develop
As we understand our first oceans
Our understanding is how much luck you have
He has conquered many other worlds in the universe
We have already discovered planets
Liquid water can be present
We do not know for sure, but we will know
I think we will know at
The next few decades
We will be able to distinguish a planet where we can say
"There is liquid water on the surface of this planet"
This will happen when the universe changes and matured
We realize that we have brothers and sisters
In the Milky Way galaxy
On the seas, rivers and rain
But is our blue planet unique?
Or did the universe form
Many other aquatic worlds like him?
If we break the secrets
The first Earth oceans will be decomposed
Secrets of Space Life
"The Ways of the Universe"
"First oceans"
Earth is the only planet we know
With ocean of liquid water covering its surface
It is the only planet we know of a life
If you look at every living thing on Earth
You see that every object has a part of water
Be his devices
But we are bags of water
Which allows chemicals to move
And do things we call life
On the ground, liquid water
Life is in hand
But how lucky we are to have
A water oasis we call home?
We have a lot of water
Is it here when the earth was formed?
Or did something bring it here from space?
Is owning such a water world a stroke of luck?
Or is it inevitable?
Scientists have long and well studied the origins
The water of the earth, and what they discovered was amazing
Our planet would never have been water
The location where the land is located
Currently it looks very Java
If the earth formed like a rock
Dry around star hot spicy
How come water came here?
Each possibility has its own problems, and we want to answer
Tracing the right source of water for the earth
Very complex
The journey begins 4.6 billion years ago
During the formation of our solar system
Related to a huge cloud of gas and dust in space
Inside that cloud, multiply
Hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Oxygen is one of the most abundant atoms in the universe
More hydrogen atoms are available in the universe
You will have a lot of what they do
, Over millions of years
These atoms combine high
Interact together to be water
Water molecule is fairly simple
It consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
This newly formed water adheres to dust grains
Inside the gas cloud
Slowly growing into crystals of ice
In the end, the dust cloud
The snowiness becomes very dense
So that they begin to compress under gravity
This starts the process of configuring our solar system
There is enough water here
To fill the Earth's oceans more than three million times
When we see the stars that are now composed
We are studying hundreds and thousands of them
See disks of materials starting to spin around
Young stars .. Gas and dust
There are certainly some water in those substances
Gravity attracts more and more materials
To the center of the cloud
Crane pressure and heat
In the end, big powers are urging integration
... and the first star .. our nascent sun
It explodes alive
Bad news about the surrounding water of the newborn star
The star environment is time configured
Extremely hot and violent
Any water that existed in that area
Because water is a pilot element, it will fade
Water can not exist
Near a star at the beginning of its composition
Astronomers believe that the young sun may have swallowed
Most of the dust and water that surrounds it
And then detonated those relics
Away towards space in
Heavy columns of steam
In the most active volcanic regions
A similar process explodes the water
Hot up in the air
Deep in the ground, the water is heated heavily
It does not have an outlet when it turns into vapor
And goes out in those huge columns
The primary stars have a lot of water around
Games
00:05:14,146 --> 00:05:17,682
Magnetic fields around
The initial star is basically made
Water can be discharged
It is pushed out via
Those tunnels are in giant competition
Which publishes water
Out through the entire galaxy
In space, the overheated water escapes through
Bekaa weak magnetism
For the poles of the first stars
Water pockets within these vast steam vessels
Finally harden into space
Cold to be snowballs
And escape from the first star
Faster than the submachine gun projectiles eighty times
Is this what happened to our solar system?
The situation will be frightening
To be there to see it
But fortunately that
Our galaxy continues to form stars
So that we can study the primary stars across the galaxy
And we look at things that are very similar
What happened to the sun
In 2011, astronomers watched the composition
A star similar to the sun
Their desks showed a central ball of gas
Attracts materials inside
Of the surrounding clouds
Before you push the water out quickly
About ten million rivers of the Amazon
A similar process may have paid
Most of the water in our solar system is newborn
When the sun matured, the vines dried out
... and there was a new danger to the remaining water
Hot torrent of particles
Charged solar wind
When the sun was heated
The nearby snow turned to water
And when the sun grew hotter
She turned it into water vapor
And when the sun sent forth its solar wind
Luminous, I began to push this water away
Solar wind blows in
Ultrasonic flow of plasma
Of the outer layers of the sun
They collide with the surrounding cloud
To pay most of the gas and water ice away
There is only dust left
With the remains of water related to it
Far from the sun
Solar wind has less impact
They are also cooler
The result is a limit of water ice
It is half a billion miles from the sun
Known as the snow line
When astronomers discuss
From the snow line, they were wondering
How far is it
Water from condensation away from the sun?
Where the water is cold enough to condense
To droplets and become particles and become snow?
If it were closer to that, it would remain a gas
The first and largest planet in the solar system
It started at the snow line
Where the snow is in
More thick, his gatherings occurred
Attracted to each other by gravity and growing
A huge snowball grew
She drew all the material around her
To be manufactured in the end
Jupiter the giant invader
Where the snowball is in less
Its thickness consists of a similar process
Other Invasive Planets
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
In the dry inner side of the
Snow line, the dust gathers together
... to be a family of small rocky planets
Including land
Most astronomers believe that our planet is
Of dry rocks not more
With microscopic droplets of water adhering to them
But even this valuable stock of water is threatened
The most violent event in the history of our planet
Our solar system is 4.6 billion years old
What Earth is but one of the huge rock balls
Which formed around the sun
And the attractiveness of our young planet
Continue to attract cuttings
From the cloud surrounding dust
Rocks that hit the ground
Carry small amounts of water
Remnants of time before the sun shines alive
Planetary scientist "Dan Dorda" believes that this water
He rarely has the opportunity to survive on the fledgling land
Due to the effects of heat
For many high-speed hits
Building a planet is a very violent process
Can be easily viewed here
High-speed collision of a bullet
This is one blow
When the bullet pierces the target
Some of its kinetic energy turns into heat
You can see this sudden hot emission
Using the thermal camera
In the case of a real collision, a huge asteroid collision
The energy is greater, the rock is already melted
, And 4.5 billion years ago
There were such clashes
Per month
To see what we have above
The gun shows us the heat sprayer
Transmitted by multiple asteroid collisions
The cumulative effect of these collisions is heating up
The surface of the earth is about the temperature of magma
Heat near lava
Common energy of collisions
Boil the surface of the young earth
There are great clashes
This is a high-temperature activity
If there is water, it is very difficult
To be carried on by heat and energy
Maybe the water ran away
Sixty million years later
The building of the planet slowed down
And cool the surface of the earth enough to be crusted
The remaining water is trapped inside it
But not for a long time
The primary solar system
More crowded planets than now
One of them - Thia - is rushing toward the ground
Thea pulls out a large piece of the crust of our planet
The rock fragments make a giant ring of nectar
Which will eventually be bound to be the moon
Earth swaying from collision
Returns to a ball of lava
The heat eliminates more water
He collided with Thea
Leaving the crust very dry
Where does the water we see today come from?
There are only two possible possibilities
So the water stays on it either
Enclosure in sufficient depth
In the rocks do not even fading
Or evaporate, or come to Earth after its formation
Is our planet originally
Of wet rocks than traditional theories allow?
Or the ocean moved to Earth
From somewhere else later?
First of all, moving is a possible option
Far behind the Neptune orbit
A huge bar of material is located
The snowy is called the Kapper Belt
Consisting of the remnants of construction units
Of giant gaseous planets
Parts of those relics
Snowy, known as comets
Sometimes rushing towards the inner solar system
Did those comets
Invasive by bringing water to the first Earth?
The comets are basically dirty dirty snowballs
They are huge balls of ice with rocks and stones
The gems and dust immersed by them
We believe that fifty percent
Of the comet consists of ice
If you look at everything in the solar system
Trying to find a source of water on the ground
There is a clear answer
Look at the comets
Comet comets represent one
The coolest scenes in the night sky
When approaching the sun
Solar wind blows up water
From the surface of those dusty snowballs
And it shall give rise to a bright trail that may extend
For millions of miles
Today, comets are rare visitors
Of the inner solar system
But four billion years ago, there were many
The earth was in its own way
It is quite reasonable that
Expect these snowy objects
Of the outer solar system
Come inside and hit the ground
The question is how much contributed
The rocks present form the moon
Shows the possession of young land for vast oceans
Scientists calculate the number
Collisions required to fill
Massive numbers
Comets come in different sizes
If we take the average culprit
It takes twenty or thirty million guilty
To make the Earth's oceans
If millions of comets brought water
Of the young earth, it must have done so
In a short period, the moon formed again
Scientists look at the solar system for evidence
For this rapid snow attack
... and found him in the lowest places a possibility
Our moon seems waterless
Earth is the only planet in the solar system
... covered by oceans
, About 320 million cubic miles of them
Covering 70 percent of the planet's surface
Despite its abundance, the water of the earth is perplexing
Experts because the crust of our planet was very dry
If you look to Bekaa water distribution
, In our solar system
There is no ice here
In the inner solar system
How about our planet Earth, near the sun
To end with that abundant water?
Maybe the water came from behind the snow line
Brought by snow comets
But it took tens of millions of collisions
To fill the Earth's oceans
Walk on an ocean beach today and see
For this vast water and thought of its coming
In small pieces of ice here on the ground
It's an amazing idea
If comets brought the Earth's oceans
What made many of them collide with our planet?
The guide is hidden inside the moon nozzles
Well, I have a picture here
Pick up that little rock .. here
, In the 1970s
The Apollo pioneers collected rocks
Of the largest moon nozzles to determine the time of their formation
They brought her to our laboratories
And we can date .. When these rocks formed?
Planetary geologists have assumed that those nozzles
The moon formation time was almost broken
It was definitely a big surprise
We found that many basins
The huge collisions on the moon
Did not consist in the early days of composition
The moon, but hundreds of millions of years later
During an era we call the late heavy shelling
Because it happened hundreds of millions of years ago
After the formation of the earth and the moon
Heavy shelling began late
When the giant gazelle lined up
Their common attractiveness has
With a huge belt of comets
Near Mars
And it sends forth a barrage of rocks toward the earth and the moon
And other inner planets
Neptune swings out
He collides with the Capper belt comets
Many of them are also shooting inwardly
The door of hell opened
Ninety-nine percent disappear
From the Kapper belt and the asteroid belt
Throw several objects everywhere
We look at the moon and see it as a delegate
It is covered with craters
... Earth did not escape magically
Of this shelling
... for every crater you see on the moon
... because Earth is a larger target in space
It consists of about 20 or 30 nozzles on the ground
We do not necessarily see it everywhere now
Because it is a planet active in geological processes
She wiped those nozzles
The land was hit by heavy shelling
But how many collisions are there
Come from water-rich comets?
We do not know, and one of the most prominent scientific questions
Have comets come to transport
Ocean waters at this time?
If comets formed our oceans
It may have left behind a unique chemical imprint
Because it is not all the water itself
On the earth, for every ten thousand
A drop of regular water
There are three drops of semi-heavy water
A rare molecule made up of deuterium instead of hydrogen
Deuterium is a normal hydrogen nucleus
But instead of being a proton in itself
They are protons and neutrons linked together
Nitron overload in deuterium adds weight
So the water that is formed
"Of those atoms is called" heavy
Semi-heavy water is formed
In an easier way in colder climates
So the edges of the solar system created it
More areas near the sun
Ratio of deuterium to
Hydrogen is a highly sensitive sensor
For the place of water formation in our solar system
Therefore, we can look at the abundance of heavy water
To determine the origin and composition of that water
In 1986, scientists gained their first chance
To test the chemistry of comet water
When the "Halley" comet made a fleeting visit
To the night sky
Astronomers search for the distinctive footprint
The semi-heavy water, but not the result
As they had expected
They measured water weight for the first time and found it
It is heavier than the Earth's oceans twice
He passed through Hyokotake and Hale Bob
In the 1990s
These two newly discovered sinuses are the age of comets
Which hit the ground
During the heavy shelling
But it turned out that Hyokotake and Hill Bob are owned
Semi-heavy water is much more than the Earth's oceans
People began to worry because total
The water of the earth is also measured by the oceans
Can not consist only of those comets
In 2014, Rosetta Space probe
He measured a guilty comrade
... The results have resolved the issue
Semi-heavy water content
three hundred fifty
00:22:24,766 --> 00:22:27,702
More than three times the water on the ground
Generally, the chemical content of the Earth's oceans
The atmosphere is different
On the chemical content of comets
When you look at a recipe
Hydrogen in water molecules
Which is the comet we have measured so far
It is not exactly like water
On our planet
It is clear to me that the comets did not bring
All ground water
If not the snowballs
Soiled is responsible, what is responsible?
An unlikely candidate started to appear
In 2011, the space probe Don
He flew near the giant asteroid Vista
We used to think that rock objects
Like Vista it was very dry
But the team's observation view is evidence of water
on the roof
Vista water turned out to be chemically equivalent
Earth's oceans
The water type is very similar to what we think it contributes
Install water on the ground
So there is a compelling evidence that those species
Of the asteroids were putting water on the ground
Scientists have shifted their focus from comets to asteroids
But how did these rocks come?
Which looks dry with enough water
To fill the Earth's oceans?
Interpretation may be found in the frequency of residues
For an incomplete planet
Today, our solar system houses
Four rocky planets
Mercury
Flower
Earth
And Mars
But there should have been five
Billions of years ago, planets were formed
Throughout our solar system
But there was an area between Mars and Jupiter
Where Jupiter's attractiveness worked on tearing
Whatever he was trying to be
Today, the scattered remains
Of the incomplete rock planet
It fills that attractive battlefield
Its relics are a huge belt of rubble
Around the sun is called an asteroid belt
The rocks inside the asteroid belt range in size
From grains of sand to giant rocks
Offering hundreds of miles
When I began to study work
.. Falc, we called rock
Dry rocks
We now realize there is plenty of water
Perhaps even liquid water on some of the larger asteroids
Our new understanding of the water of asteroids
, Comes from the study of meteorites
Small drops of asteroid belt
Which sometimes fall on the ground
I have a sample of a meteorite called
Kundright Carbon
Its appearance and texture are fairly dry
But I can tell you that the sample contains
20 percent of its water weight
Even the collision does not release the hidden water
Because the water is chemically linked to the elements
Which make up the rock
... and see if we could get the heat on
The Flame
Heat allows water molecules to separate
Chemical bonds and escape as water vapor
Look at all that outflow
This small sample of the meteorite emits
All this water
This is a direct and tangible guide to the amount of water
Large quantity of water
Which can be transferred
Of the Earth from the collision of asteroids
Four billion years ago
There have been many asteroid collisions on Earth
During the heavy shelling
Each collision generates a severe emission of heat
Which liberates the water trapped inside the asteroid
Water vapor falls back to the earth in the form of rain
The same water exists today in our oceans
... and our rivers
Even in the cups of our coffee
When we look at the footprint of deuterium
In the waters of the earth, they match
Meteorites and asteroids are more than comets
So some water comes from comets
But most of the water in your body now
It may have come from the asteroid belt
Until recently, water-bearing asteroids
It solved the ambiguity of the first Earth's oceans
But the discovery of a new geologist is assumed
That these collisions tell only part of the story
There is an amazing amount of water
on the surface of the ground
The Pacific contains a half-size area
Earth's surface is almost millions and millions
Cubic miles of water
Yet it is not all water on earth
Some of them are under the surface
In recent years, he has done
... geologists with amazing discovery
A layer of hot rock lay beneath the earth's crust
Carry loads of water
Seismologists have discovered
Earthquake analysis
When a huge earthquake hits
Low-frequency sound waves are transmitted
Across the different layers of the subsoil before striking
The crust is on the other side of the planet
Studies of these long-range clots appear
Some sound waves slow down when they reach
Hot layer of rock
Beneath the crust is three hundred miles
There is one thing known to delay passage
Sound across rocks
water
It is not like an ocean of water
They are water molecules linked to minerals
And other molecules
But if you took that water and gathered it together
We think it will add more than all the water
In all the oceans of the earth
This huge stock of underground water
A real puzzle
Because it is impossible for comets or asteroids
To penetrate the crust of the earth with this great depth
It is really inside the earth
There does not seem to be an easy way to move from the surface
Even hundreds of miles towards the mantle layer
... so it seems that water is present
The finder, came with the earth at the time of its formation
Large amounts of water must have been mixed
When the earth was born
But this simple fact
It means that everything we thought
And what we knew about the birth of our planet
He was wrong
The heat of the sun evaporates water
... from the surface of the warmest ground
A mile after a mile of burning sand dunes
There is no water here
Five billion years ago, the Great Cosmic Desert
Which were stretching from the young sun up to the snow line
Dry
How can the soles of our wet planet be formed?
From this dry rock dust?
We believe that the material was made up
In the solar system in the current earth position
They were drier than the earth
So we think the land has an additional contribution
Of water-rich materials
Where did all that extra cosmic water come from?
He must have transferred something very much
From the wet side of the snow line
The guide comes from the observation of distant outer planets
Inflamed from its original stars
We often see Jupiter-sized planets fall
Near its stars, and perhaps a very close distance
Closer sometimes than after Mercury from the sun
At first, these
Giants near their stars
They were a mystery
How these planets were formed
That is too far away
About the snowy abundance of the snow line?
The only solution .. These planets must be formed
Away from her stars and then approached later
We know that quality
Of the planets do not consist there
It's too huge
It must have formed away and approached
She moved towards her star
This is exciting because it makes you wonder
Whether our solar system
Its always the same as today
Or did our planets move forward and backward?
Observations of outer planets propelled astronomers
To assume a completely new theory of composition
Our solar system
Known as
"Grand Tak = great change of destination"
The theory assumes that the buyer has changed radically
There was a time when the dust and gas disc
Very thick around the young sun
The newer the resistance on
The planets revolve around them
"In the model" Grand Tak
Be buyer at the farthest wet side of the snow line
But by slowing down the material around him
The giant gaseous orbit is closer to the sun
There is amazing evidence that the buyer may have approached
Even the orbit of Mars
When the buyer approached
He brought with him plenty of water beyond the snow line
This is an opportunity to push the elements from the outside
In the solar system and push it
For the area in which the land is formed
Opportunity to add a range of water-rich materials
To the land that otherwise would have become dry
Like a giant snowman blowing up
, Those substances and push them inside
When the earth was made up
So the buyer was scattered
A collection of snow objects
From the outside of the system
To where the earth is composed
While the Earth was still growing
Screw the buyer to the inside stopped
A hundred thousand years later when Saturn
When an overlap of gravity occurred
These two giant planets
They changed the destination, away from the sun
The water left behind by the buyer
He merged himself with dust
To form the earth and its neighbors of the rocky planets
But how this water is trapped inside the earth
That turns into the first ocean?
Volcanoes may have played a crucial role
Imagine the fledgling land
As a bubble of volcanic activity
You see these clouds
The huge ash and dust are falling
But there is water vapor
Water vapor that may cool and condense
In the atmosphere, he did
Create a drag over a hundred
Perhaps even thousands of years
Until the moment when there is enough water
The atmosphere begins to rain down
There was an initial rain billions of years ago
When the volcanic waters fell rain
on the surface of the ground
... The first rivers and oceans arose
Long before heavy shelling
Which brought comets and asteroids to Earth
Based on the evidence of the rocks
It appears that the water is fluid and charged
Of our planet
Comets and asteroids
Bring some water to the earth
, "But if the theory of" Grand Tak
The buyer will transfer most of the water
Which we see fills our oceans today
Earth was not the only planet
Which was supplied with water from an invasion
Buyer of the inner solar system
Perhaps Mars and Venus
On the oceans by also
To appreciate the magnificence of our pulsating blue planet
We find the reason for our water survival
While our neighbors have been hit by drought
Water distinguishes the sights and sounds of our planet
When it's stealthy, it
The sky is painted with a drawn-out pull
When it is liquid, it sculpts and forms the land
Water fills every cell of each organism
, And when you see it from space
The oceans of the blue earth are stunning
Be prominent from its neighbors
Of the dead and monotonous planets
Look at our nearest neighbors
We see the disaster that occurs when you lose water
Water is not only important for biological life
But the evolution of the planet is changing
When you lose this particular molecule
The entire interior planets originated from the same materials
There is a strong evidence that Venus and Mars
They also had oceans
Mars had plenty of water in its past
The entire surface is covered by those rivers
The amazing tables are empty now
But it looked as we see it on the ground
With Venus, we believe we see evidence that it was
He was also a water scientist when he was
Young, though we have not yet explored
Venus is as good as we explored Mars
So our best proof shows that all of those
The planets have begun to moisten and have passed through a waterway
It is clear that something happened in billions
Subsequent years he wiped the water
Of those planets
Why did the drought hit our neighbors?
4.5 billion years ago, Mercury grew up
The closest planets of the solar system to the sun
It is also the smallest
Little Mercury was just about the size of our moon
When it comes to carrying surface water
The size is important
If the planet were small, it would lose water
In space for not possessing the attractiveness of his attachment
Next in the order of the sun is Venus
The flower was close to the size
The earth keeps its water for a while
, Four billion years ago
The flower and the earth looked twins
They had liquid water oceans
They were covered with thick air
But Venus, the closest to the sun
From the ground, its temperature rose
Its surroundings evaporated and the atmosphere was pumped
Even filled with water vapor, strong gas locked
Venus rose more heat
Venus was in a vicious circle
The water dried out of the rocks
Even metals have been subjected to high heat
So that the water vapor is released
It was impossible to condense water
It was very hot, there was no rain
Water rose higher and higher
To the atmosphere passing through
Time when he fled away
Now the flower is a burning earth
Burning under a thick atmosphere
Of all rocky planets
Mars is far from the sun
Its northern half was previously covered by an ocean
... deeply miles
But it was not heat or lack of gravity
What made Mars lose its liquid water
Mars oceans exploded with radiation
Mars has no magnetic field
You need a magnetic field to protect yourself
From the solar wind, those particles are subatomic
Which explodes from the sun
The Earth has a magnetic field that generates it
Its dissolved iron rotor
This area protects our envelope
Air from the solar wind
Mars is smaller than Earth
So cool it off to close its magnetic field
He exposed his atmosphere
Of solar radiation
The waters of Mars did not have the bounty of luck
The next radiation separates hydrogen from oxygen
Hydrogen is very light
He fled into space and disappeared
So Mars has plenty of oxygen
For this we assume that Mars is a red planet
Because it is rusty because
Bumper oxygen that was previously water
It is now in the rocks
The oceans of Mars evaporated
Leaving little snow
Its topography is bright red
Four rocky planets originated at the same time
Of the same structural elements
But one of them was lucky
Water is necessary for life on Earth
It is the perfect solvent for organic molecules
To make the life machine function
I would not live without water or you
Water can geology
It can be climate
The Earth can be revived
I think this makes it a great feature
It took 14 billion years
The abundant luck of the earth until it becomes wet
Then it remained moist for a long time enough to develop
As we understand our first oceans
Our understanding is how much luck you have
He has conquered many other worlds in the universe
We have already discovered planets
Liquid water can be present
We do not know for sure, but we will know
I think we will know at
The next few decades
We will be able to distinguish a planet where we can say
"There is liquid water on the surface of this planet"
This will happen when the universe changes and matured
We realize that we have brothers and sisters
In the Milky Way galaxy