How the Universe Works (2010–…): Season 5, Episode 3 - Secret History of Pluto - full transcript

Pluto, which remained a mystery for a long time

Finally was revealed

These stunning images shocked the flag

Wherever you look, it looks different

That's very shocking

Snow Volcanoes

Fast flow glaciers

And giant mountains like rocky mountains

We thought Pluto was dead and boring.

We were completely wrong.

It was amazing



Everyone new dazzling We did not
know Pluto was so complicated

In 2015, Pluto showed us his heart.

But your biggest secrets are below

Can hold Pluto Small
forms of space life

Three billion miles from the sun?

Translated by:
dr_sameh_nour yahoo, com

Ways of working the universe

History of the Pluto secret

Mechanical probes equipped with scientific equipment

It has been collecting photos for our
solar system system for over forty years

These close-ups told us What We
Know About Our Nearest Relatives

If you are a scientist on the planet, you have to go there.

To clarify things in detail
You will make great discoveries

But the image was an escape
From the eyes of our machinery



Pluto Pluto

Pluto kept our planets away

Even modern astronomers have discovered many
other snowy bodies orbiting beside Pluto

In 2006, Plut frao's weak position was downgraded

Pluto small, smaller than our moon

far, almost three billion miles

So you got no better Approaching
just like a weak spot

The best of our photos for
Pluto Hubble Space Telescope

The Hubble Space Telescope can not
only take twenty pixels around Pluto

We know there are bright and dark spots

We did not know what it was, and it was not a clear picture.

This confusing image everything
What we have to know what Plut o

We know of nitrogen ice, we know With
a moon, we know there are other things

But we still have to
go because it's so far

Three billion miles or more

We need to go there to understand this.

, Summer 2015

NASA's New Horizons probe flew near Pluto

To complete a nine-year Earth journey

It records the first few pictures nearby
The absolute of the worlds is obscured

Many scientists hoped to find In a
flat and inert world like our moon

But the images showed an incredibly diverse world

High mountains and large glaciers And
extended plains without volcanic craters

All of which refer to the recent geological activity

Pluto appeared active

When we saw high-definition images for the first time

What showed Pluto tall and complex

It was an incredibly emotional feeling
For all of us in the Task Force

We got this picture that showed a huge mountain

Strange mountains and flat plains
with no volcano in this image

It was an active modern geological area

Some characteristics are revealed by a New Horizons
vehicle "contradicts simple interpretations"

One of the amazed mountains
The vast surface of Pluto

Above a deep bass

These mountains look like small volcanoes

But how to be possible on a surface
A planet composed mainly of snow

If you saw a match in it The Earth
will say that this is a volcano

If you saw it on Mars, you would say that it is a volcano

But Pluto is surprised, there is nothing The
volcanoes are taking Pluto to our knowledge

What are these things?

The mysterious mountains in Pluto are huge

Its width is more than 100 miles and rises to three miles

To accommodate these complex terrains

Scientists look similar ground here on earth

Planetary geologists such as Jenny
Radebag "call his shield of volcanoes"

This volcano we mean The
broad shell called island s

But called volc nico A shield
that we are about to give a slap

The volcanoes are formed Long
lava revolutions in progress

It is said to represent a form of
Shield Warrior lying on the ground

This volcano erupted only nine thousand years ago

We can see a large beak here and some quite
similar to typical pyramidal volcanoes

too deep here, deeper than I expected

This is a very modern volcano,
so the crater can be clearly seen

We can see some nozzles in Pluto's
volcanoes are clearly protected

why we thought it could be a bloody volcanic eruption

They are wide and do not have craters like this one.

normal to see Dir'iya
volcanoes on other planets

Mars often constituted by rocks

"And his great bondage," Mount Olympus

Consisting of massive lava
revolutions Millions of years ago

But it washes dissolved rocks, and that's a problem.

Because Pluto very small and far A lot
about the sun until it melts anything

If their general characteristics are volcanic,
they must consist of something other than lava

"Jenny Radabag" believes that color
The mysterious heights of Pluto

Showing conclusive evidence

The kind of revolutions that
are made This form of volcanoes

Hundreds of thousands of revolutions over time

It erupted from cracks and ran across the surface

And accumulated from each other

And it remained in place to
adopt Wide coverage over time

The same happened with Pluto

But the lava that revolts from
Pluto does not look like this

No of dark color and no basalt

Consists of water ice

In contrast to Earth, Pluto has a surface of icy
nitrogen above the bottom layer of the rock

And a solid ice sheet

But every now and then some icy water dissolves
To be explosive flows of liquid solution

To play on the surface of Pluto as
you do Hot stone lava in the ground

The hot mud quickly freezes The surface
enlarged to be ample snow shields

Like the rock shells on Earth and Mars

If the water melted under the
surface Some things, some energy

It explodes across the surface
and flows Like lava here on earth

Instead of volcanoes like here, there are icebergs

Cold volcanoes in distant objects

We have a narrow view of the universe in our faith
Everything happens in this, as it happens here

The volcanoes here on the ground are
hot But Pluto is cool and not hot

Perhaps the most surprising of Pluto's
volcanoes is free of collision nozzles

Which means that the warm mud may have sprouted from them recently

These features are modern

Pluto active today, there was not
enough time to bomb Pluto's meteorites

To collect a set of nozzles on the surface

Pluto active today, this is the news

Possibility of active volcanoes
Pluto surprises scientists

But they were surprised when they came
up Flat closeup images of Flat Pluto

Because a snowy bathtub The
size of "Texas" seems to boil

Our solar system brings the effects of the violent past

Bench Craters Rocky planets
and moons like our moon

But these typical monuments were
removed by lava, water and wind

If you look at the moon every now and then
A thousand years will not look different

But look at Earth now, and an hour later

We have climate, we have volcanoes
Our lakes appear and disappear

Increased sea level Declines
for thousands of years

All this geological activity We say
that the earth is a living world

Scientists hoped Pluto was full of nozzles

A world that is geologically inert like our moon

But when the New Horizons passed in 2015

It showed a snowy heart-shaped facility It
looks younger than the rest of the planet

And the western part of that easy, Sputnik
basin "was completely free of the nozzles"

Of all the things that we have
seen it in the following photos

The heart, the Sputnik basin was the
most We are amazed, amazed and intriguing

"The broad and superficial surface of Spatnik"
Opens a window on the unexpected activity of Pluto

Because much like an act
Glaciers are here on Earth

There is no visible nozzle on the surface

, Which tells us immediately that they are modern
Some of which are estimated in 10 million years

How this thing has changed and changed

This is a very modern geological concept

There must be something active on that surface.

To be so flat

One thing is to polish the surface of the Sputnik basin regularly

But what?

Scientists exclude previous volcanoes
What makes mountains without plains

What can it be?

The first guide comes from a hidden obscure line.
It seems that it feeds the edge of the north plains

These winding features resemble icebergs

Flowing from the rivers
Glacial mountain here on earth

See here the Huge glacier
crosses the valley

spilled on a lake of ice

One of the first things we noticed when
we saw "Images close to" New Horizons

It is not the vast plain of ice Flat
surface, but a net feeding the ice

How these frozen valleys Flowing
into a larger continental glacier

The snow should be formed in Pluto Heights.
"And then it flows into the Sputnik basin

How to flow downstream from
high mountains here on earth

But in Pluto, cold To allow
the flow of snow water

Banks that feed the bowl should Sputnik
" filled with a different kind of snow"

Ice should consist of elements such as nitrogen

Nitrogen fills most of our coverage, g s here

But it freezes in the cold and becomes snow

Nitrogen Glyde

I have nitrogen snow For a
of toothpaste with Plut o

It flows through the mountains
Which consists of water ice

The ice rivers are flowing, and above that
there are no craters above, it is active

modern and today flows

Now we believe that the "Sputnik"
basin is full of frozen nitrogen

And fed by northern mountain glaciers

This a constant flow of nitrogen Explains
why the basin boundaries are smooth

But what about areas that fall
away from the flow of ice?

Another thing should be cleared
Mouthpieces from the middle of the bathtub

Think "Jenny Radabag" in this style "Strange
on the surface of the Sputnik basin

Assumes a surprising probability

The surface of Pluto may be boiling

Welcome to the Sputnik basin, I mean, this is
what you see if you were on the surface of Pluto.

You see a deep ice behind us The white
ice extends over a great distance

Behind us is a ring of mountains

"When we look for the surface of the Sputnik basin

We see cells of equal distances

Round in the middle and spiked by the sides

It has the appearance of something that consists of convection

If you look for some oats, it boils

It brings the article to the ridge
Then pull it back to the sides

The heat distributed over and over

"Snow Nitrogen in the Sputnik Basin"
Can be Cooked Like a Can of Oats

But it seems so slow. The boiled
surface is frozen at any moment.

A similar but faster process created
Decode in the most active lava on Earth

The bubbles rise from the lava to
be Circular cells on the surface

Cold lava flows into the gaps That are
made by hot bubbles of dissolved rocks

"When we look for the surface of the Sputnik basin

We see a slow lake

We see the material rise and
move Cai again when it cools

It can be seen if we accelerate for several thousand years

We will see each cell across the surface produce and boil

To transport nitrogen thermally

You must withdraw and realize how wonderful and strange

Heat hovering around 400 degrees below zero

The material is moving and moving, there is a geological movement

And remember to do something cold like snow.
Nitrogen flow does not require great energy.

But it needs energy Pluto
reveals its wonderful heart

There must be a heart Warmer
Beats under the surface

But here in the frozen stretch For
the outer space, the question remains

What is the source of the heat?

In 2015, a vehicle was stunned New
Horizons "important scientists"

When Pluto appeared as an active living world

, Icebergs, mountain ranges and potential volcanoes
Signs of geological activity marketed by heat

But scientists are intrigued by the source of this heat

Pluto small to avoid heat Its composition has
been violent for more than four billion years

And away from the sun, so that the light that The heating
of the surface of our planet hardly affects Pluto

It's about 20 minutes before dawn

The light we see is light What we
see on the surface of Pluto afternoon

Where the amount of sunlight
On the roof at maximum

And because Pluto gets little sunlight

Its surface is very cold to four
hundred Fahrenheit degrees below zero

This little world is far away
from The sun receives little light

We never dreamed that he would be an active scientist

If the heat is not marketed
Plut Plantao plant of sunlight

Must come from the bottom

But where?

Best guess is that I have Pluto's
circumference Water depth below the surface

And somehow this ocean is
marketed Warm up to the surface

There is physical evidence that
Pluto has a huge ocean inland

When the planet returns over time, water is frozen

When the water freezes, it forms
From the energy called latent heat

And this frozen ocean energy You can
buy a large part of Pluto's activity

Can cold water heat the planet?

It sounds crazy, but it shows "Jenny Radabag"
that peculiar physical characteristic

Using a snow basin representing
frozen Plutonium Crust

A glass of water represents
Pluto's hidden eye circuit

First, the basin runs Snow to
reduce the water temperature

But once the water freezes, you will
The heat inside the incredible cup

Stand up

It's thirty, you're ready to freeze, I'm
going With a little help to see we can start

We started, a slight movement, huh

It is completely frozen and rises
Heat quickly, jump eight degrees

Look, she was thirty and she came in
suddenly to 38 after freezing in seconds.

It may seem the opposite of bvio, however
gua gua releases energy to the side

All kinetic energy, movement Water
molecules in the liquid state

They should be administered to water molecules
that enter the crystalline structure

This releases energy called inherent fusion heat

They can warm up the neighborhood
When the water freezes in the snow

Thus, scientists believe that the latent heat in
The Inner Ocean can direct the volcanoes in Pluto

The upper layers of the inner ocean freeze whenever
the liquid water matches the hardened snow at the top

The freezing process releases latent heat

Move through pluton layers Geological
activity of the market on the surface

The heat generated by the freezing process low

But there is a whole layer of
ocean What freezes the icing

Decreases the amount of heat

Snow volcanoes can evoke heat Freezing
in some parts of surrounding liquid water

This is incredible.

Surprisingly lower grades of The heat
that flows in the perimeter of Pluto

Enough to market the Pluto surface

To form mountain ranges and cause volcanoes

And the formation of frozen nitrogen
rivers Traversing the snow-covered slopes

We humans are alone.

We live on a hot planet

If we landed underground a few miles

The rocks are melted, they are very hot

We believe that a great deal of energy is needed

To market volcanoes and hot springs The
movement of tectonic plates and all this

But I do not

The rocks only need great energy to melt

Snow does not need much energy

In any case, Pluto could heat up a
bit and melt the snow from the water

Can do the same geological activity
Surface occurring here on Earth

How do we expect our galaxy
to be Snowy worlds like Pluto

The universe must also
contain many incredible things

Maybe most of the worlds are
in galaxies are worlds cold

Probably most galaxy volcanoes are snowy
volcanoes like the ones we see in Pluto

Pluto changes the way Our
thinking on the rocky planets

He is active somehow, where he should not

Our art "New Horizons" that
Pluto has heat and liquid water

This simple reality increases the probability of surprising

Pluto may have a small stable at a distance
of three billion miles from the sun

Provide a hidden sanctuary for life?

In the vast universe, we only
know A planet inhabits life

Our planet ,,, Earth

We have all the necessary ingredients on the floor
For life to come, there is no doubt that we exist

But these three things,
basically ,,, sources of energy

,,, and liquid water

Organic molecules, molecules carbon base

We always think that the Earth
alone has three components

But when she did the buyer
and Saturn Mechanism probes

Several active moons were found in the Terrestrial
oceans, warmed by a hot volcanic eruption

These worlds seem to be submerged
with basic chemical components of life

If we consider the moon of Jupiter "Europe" and Moon
Saturn "Enceladus" are potential attendants of life

The internal oceans of Pluto are not

We believe that liquid water
is likely, a source of heat

You have the third component

If it exists, it is strange to ask
about the possibility of life in Pluto?

The third component is the organic chemical composition

Carbon-based molecules What
builds the mechanism of life

Surprisingly, astronomers believe
that these complex chemicals

It can automatically consist of the colder space

You need simple inlaid gases In
carbon and a source of energy

Light generally

The most active natural laboratory we know
of for this The type of organic chemistry

the huge lunar coverage of Saturn ,,, Tit

When you see Titan, please cover it thicker,
thicker than the surface of the Earth

It is surrounded by a mist, which is
composed mainly of organic molecules

Which consists of more basic vehicles,
which damaged by light above the psyche

Which have accumulated to form
those more complex organic compounds

, Thickens Titan Envelope with single
gases Methane, carbon monoxide and ammonia

And when the sunlight
hits the top Titan

These gases must be
complicated organic compounds

That relate to the atmosphere
To be dense layers of haze

Scientists call these molecules The
organic association consists of phonemes

a generic term, which includes any
one complex organic red molecule

Who grew up from separation and reintroduction
Collect simpler elementary molecules

These organic particles, the arts Imagine
how the lego building units of life

On the ground, chemicals Like phonemes,
they make up the cellular mechanism

DNA and proteins
that live in the cell

If Pluto had a carbon-rich cape like Titan

Do they produce phonies and, therefore, have a chance to live?

When the New Horizons passed Pluto in 2015

The vehicle returned to a background photograph
The ancient planet in front of the sun

Scientists hope to get
evidence of organic chemicals

The results were more surprising than I expected

We have seen the coating of the box, blue
ring Nice nitrogen circulates in Pluto

Like what we see on Earth

Blue smudge layers The
light our chemical plants

Phonons are made of organic composite molecules
From the simplest building units in the Pluto box

Carbon monoxide and methane
Nitrogen found in Pluto box

Separated by sunlight and restored
Paste them into these layers

These are delicious organic molecules

In Titan, the newly formed phonemes
The atmosphere of the moon lights up

To produce a layer of orange
structure Of sticky organic material

Scientists hope to see
something happen in Pluto

"But they are waiting to send" New Horizons The
first colorful images of the ancient planet

We received lots of photos of Pluto in black and
white, but I look forward to seeing color images

When I finally arrived, I saw these features
The rich orange-red structure on the surface

It was my first impression
Organic Chemistry Surprise

There are spots that look red or pink

And when you see that color, you find
In the organic matter immediately

Actually,

Organic pink materials

The life we ​​know is not They can
be found on the surface of Pluto

It's very cold

But if it was reused Phonons
in the intestines of the planet

They can be transported to areas of melting

Liquid and potentially water

The chemical evolution of these molecules
The simple adhesion can continue l

marketed by the poor heat of Pluto

And maybe ,,, The mechanism of simple life work

In the esoteric oceans of Pluto, as it happened
In the oceans of the Earth four billion years ago

I am captivated by the possibilities of expanding the
circle of life around Our sun is farther than we dream

Can life exist in Pluto
or under its surface?

I do not bargain at the moment.

An interesting perspective

Can there be a life in Pluto?

I do not think that's my personal opinion

They can take flour, butter, eggs and chips.
Chocolates are mixed and placed in the oven

You will not get a cake, but a sticky
paste, or a mixture of rotten flavor

While scientists argue the astonishing probability for
life at a distance of three billion miles from the sun

"Managed" New Horizons Your attention
to the little satellites of Pluto

Mission scientists know that
Pluto has five worlds to follow

But no one expected how strange these satellites were.

When New Horizons arrived in Pluto

Scientists blocked their breaths eagerly
To learn the shape of Pluto's moons

We do not know anything about this, what we will know about it
The satellites will be the first time and it will be a surprise

Before New Horizons arrived in Pluto three years ago

The Hubble telescope filmed Five
moons around the ancient planet

One of them, a giant moon named
Sharon And four much smaller snowmen

New Horizons has been rescheduled to study these worlds

And discovering additional satellites may
be too small to be monitored by Hubble

Before the vehicle passes, we investigate People about
the number of additional satellites that we will find

Some have guessed tenfold, others guessed

And you guessed one of the most prominent
members Our team did not have additional moons

I remember going to him and saying He
told me that I'll bet you at dinner

"Anywhere in the United States"
We'll find at least one extra

Stern lost his bet

New Horizons confirms that
Hubble has spotted everything

But for the greatness of the worlds of the five moons of Pluto

Sharon appeared giant alongside
Sticks, Knicks, Cerberus and Hydra

Four small moons are less than 25 miles in diameter

It was different from the satellites seen by astronomers before

These objects were going faster than we expected.

In addition, their polar bears and

And spin on your sides like this

This crazy behavior that we did not expect

To understand these crazy orbits, he found Scientists
are the evidence of the beginning of earth's history

In the initial formation of the Kaieber belt

These objects collided
Snow is very close together

As happened here on Earth when it
collided An asteroid the size of Mars

To be our lunar terrestrial system

Maybe it happened with Pluto too.

Perhaps a huge collision with Pluto in your life

The moons of this huge collision

Sharon settled in orbit near Pluto

And four more small satellites
revolves around the two bodies

Small fragments of snowy fragments

The first giant photo of
Sharon A gray world looks dead

He learned the scars of his violent past

The largest scar ,,, giant, looks
like He divides the moon in half

Sharon is messed up

The first thing that comes to mind
when I saw this high definition image

Moon "Frankenstein" looks like a moon
A man broke with a hammer and chisel

So he joined

But what has the power to break
A Texas-sized moon like Sharon?

In frozen and frozen Bekaa
From the outer solar system

Scientists have only one choice: water

There are four billion years, may have been for
Sharon An internal fluid environment like Pluto today

But because Sharon is much smaller, he is colder
Faster, turning the whole ocean into snow

Poor Sharon exploded

If I took a soda dish and put it in the freezer

When the gua frozen with refrigerant
It expands without sheet metal

You are exposed to more and more
Press until you rip and open

The material is lost

This system of valleys And
cracks through Sharon's middle

Represents the latest hit in geological activity

As if he had put the entrails out when he was freezing
Internally, and on the way to becoming a dead world

Sharon's last challenge was to be told

The red polar cape of Sharon He caught
the attention of missionary scientists

They call it mordor point

And this red hot spot The
team put a great challenge

Of all the incredible things,
in Sharon, and the list goes on

Maybe the subject was a bit of a mordor, I loved it.

This is the area of ​​the North
Sharon sky, which red for some reason

, It is covered with red material
We think that probably a phoneme

a complex organic molecule

Mordor seems to be covered in phonies, but how?

This world does not have frozen ingredients or an
involution to create complex organic molecules

The sources must have come
Sharon is ready, but from where?

Pluto's unique logical answer

At a distance of about ten thousand miles

What does Pluto consist of
And ends up with Sharon?

No one sure

But the thought will be this article I
got to the cover of Pluto in some way

And moved to the space to be deposited
in the base on the North P Sharon

No one understands how it happened

This is wonderful because there are so many
puzzles Remaining and we need more studies

Even with all the data we have

We have many questions that we must answer

But we bear something about Pluto's operation

This allowed scientists to imagine
the future of this frozen world

Pluto is about to wake
up from deep, cold sleep

In 2015, a small automatic transient survey was
launched Pluto launched the shutter camera

High definition images have surprised the world

Glacial rivers, flat plains
With signs of active volcanoes

But it seemed a lot of photos
Imposs vel at first sight

When we consider this The
new world is completely in us

We see things that are difficult to interpret from the first sight

There are dives and canals
like Lagos or even small rivers

These flow characteristics are made of nitrogen

Although frozen now, it was
Liquid in the near geological past

But this?

Pluto cold and has a thin crust To allow
the presence of fluids on its surface

Fluids are difficult to obtain throughout the universe

Everything seems solid or invasive

You do not need the proper conditions
For this liquid state of matter

Even for nitrogen, you'll
bring heat and nitrogen

There must also be some atmospheric pressure

We need a thicker envelope to keep
liquid nitrogen on the surface.

The scientists conclude that in the last million years

A great event led Pluto

Evaporates glaciers
The -filled shell

But what can cause the
big change in climate?

Scientists first looked to orbit
Pluto prominently around the sun

Once every 248 years

The orbit of an oval pluto approaches the sun

But this brief period of heat Summer is
not enough to make the thick Pluton shell

As you approach the sun it accelerates and accelerates

And slows down when away from the sun

Ver o Vedio in Pluto
Much less than winter

But from time to time, he likes
Pluto with a strong summer

Because of the tendency of the anonymous instinctive planet

We know how the Arctic is changing And
the southern part of Pluto over time

The top representing the ball The circle
of Pluto, is not stable as the Earth

Our planet deviates with a angle of 23.5 degrees
It has been solved for thousands of years

Pluto less stable

The cat changes over time

Every few million years, Pluto spins on its side

To reveal the northern half sunlight
Continuous as it passes through the sun

The heat of this change
Earth's surface orbital change

Imagine Hot Pluto

Spread the atmosphere and is full of clouds

Hot winds blow on the plains

Plut neveo's snow begins to melt

Like an animal out of hibernation
Pluto comes back to life

likely subject to such changes Rotating
where it cools, heats, cools and heats

In the past, and maybe in the future again

Pluto covered with liquid on its
surface, even if it is temporary?

What would that mean? And how will this look?

Eighty thousand years later
Now, Pluto will wake up again

He will turn completely to face the sun.

The gypsum will be filled with the sound of nitrogen

, You'll see rivers running on nitrogen
You'll be on the shore of a lake of nitrogen

There will be pink ice Organic
molecules will come to you

! What a real magic world

New Horizons "on the
way" To seek new goals

More surprises can come

However, the legacy of this small
probe goes much further than Pluto

This changes the way we look at
the frozen worlds in our galaxy

And the potentiality of these distant worlds

He tells us that there is a great
platform for the game of life l na gal xia

Many worlds, imagine a world.
He's somewhere.

This is a lesson that Pluto gives us

He tells us things can be more
exciting than you thought.

, Pluto really inspired me Show
me how much we can be wrong

We thought by understanding what
Pluto was was completely different

As a scientist, you have to think
How much we have to discover l

This is exactly what Pluto taught us