American Experience (1988–…): Season 12, Episode 3 - New York: Part III - Sunshine and Shadow - full transcript

OUR MODERN LIFE, ITS WORST ANDEE
POSSIBLE BY A GRAN
ITS BEST ASPECTS.

POSSIBLE BY A GRAN
ITS BEST ASPECTS.
THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR

ITS BEST ASPECTS.
THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR
THE HUMANITIES.

THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR
THE HUMANITIES.
HERE ARE THE BROAD AVENUES, AND,

THE HUMANITIES.
HERE ARE THE BROAD AVENUES, AND,
THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC

HERE ARE THE BROAD AVENUES, AND,
THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC
BROADCASTING, AND THE ANNUAL

THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC
BROADCASTING, AND THE ANNUAL
HERE THE FETID STREETS WHOSE

BROADCASTING, AND THE ANNUAL
HERE THE FETID STREETS WHOSE
FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF VIEWERS

HERE THE FETID STREETS WHOSE
FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF VIEWERS
LIKE Y

FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF VIEWERS
LIKE Y
FESTERING FILTH POLLUTES THE

LIKE Y
FESTERING FILTH POLLUTES THE
ADDITIONAL FUNDING IS PROVIDED



FESTERING FILTH POLLUTES THE
ADDITIONAL FUNDING IS PROVIDED
BY THE ARTHUR VINING DAVIS

ADDITIONAL FUNDING IS PROVIDED
BY THE ARTHUR VINING DAVIS
FOUNDATIONS, THE J.M. KAPLAN

BY THE ARTHUR VINING DAVIS
FOUNDATIONS, THE J.M. KAPLAN
ATMOSPHERE; HERE PALACES ON

FOUNDATIONS, THE J.M. KAPLAN
ATMOSPHERE; HERE PALACES ON
FUND, THE SUSAN AND ELIHU ROSE

ATMOSPHERE; HERE PALACES ON
FUND, THE SUSAN AND ELIHU ROSE
WHICH SELF-EXTRAVAGANCE HAS

FUND, THE SUSAN AND ELIHU ROSE
WHICH SELF-EXTRAVAGANCE HAS
FOUNDATION

WHICH SELF-EXTRAVAGANCE HAS
FOUNDATION
LAVISHED EVERY ARTIFICE FOR

FOUNDATION
LAVISHED EVERY ARTIFICE FOR
WALTER

LAVISHED EVERY ARTIFICE FOR
WALTER
LUXURY AND DISPLAY, AND HERE

WALTER
LUXURY AND DISPLAY, AND HERE
CORPORATION, AND BY THE

LUXURY AND DISPLAY, AND HERE
CORPORATION, AND BY THE

CORPORATION, AND BY THE
TENEMENTS, WHERE, IN DEFIANCE OF

TENEMENTS, WHERE, IN DEFIANCE OF
EVERY LAW, MORAL AND SANITARY,

TENEMENTS, WHERE, IN DEFIANCE OF
EVERY LAW, MORAL AND SANITARY,
MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN ARE



EVERY LAW, MORAL AND SANITARY,
MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN ARE
CROWDED TOGETHER LIKE MAGGOTS IN

MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN ARE
CROWDED TOGETHER LIKE MAGGOTS IN
A CHEESE.

CROWDED TOGETHER LIKE MAGGOTS IN
A CHEESE.
HERE ARE THE NOBLEST MEN AND

A CHEESE.
HERE ARE THE NOBLEST MEN AND
WOMEN PUTTING FORTH THE MOST

HERE ARE THE NOBLEST MEN AND
WOMEN PUTTING FORTH THE MOST
CONSECRATED ENERGIES IN SELF-

WOMEN PUTTING FORTH THE MOST
CONSECRATED ENERGIES IN SELF-
SACRIFICING LABORS FOR THE

CONSECRATED ENERGIES IN SELF-
SACRIFICING LABORS FOR THE
REDEMPTION OF THEIR FELLOW MEN,

SACRIFICING LABORS FOR THE
REDEMPTION OF THEIR FELLOW MEN,
Reader: "THE CITY PRESENTS IN

REDEMPTION OF THEIR FELLOW MEN,
Reader: "THE CITY PRESENTS IN
APPALLED, BUT NOT DISCOURAGED,

Reader: "THE CITY PRESENTS IN
APPALLED, BUT NOT DISCOURAGED,
MICROCOSM ALL THE CONTRASTS OF

APPALLED, BUT NOT DISCOURAGED,
MICROCOSM ALL THE CONTRASTS OF
BY THE IMMENSITY OF THE PROBLEM

MICROCOSM ALL THE CONTRASTS OF
BY THE IMMENSITY OF THE PROBLEM
WHICH CONFRONTS THEM; AND HERE,

BY THE IMMENSITY OF THE PROBLEM
WHICH CONFRONTS THEM; AND HERE,
THE MOST HOPELESS SPECIMENS OF

WHICH CONFRONTS THEM; AND HERE,
THE MOST HOPELESS SPECIMENS OF
DEGRADED HUMANITY, IN WHOM, SO

THE MOST HOPELESS SPECIMENS OF
DEGRADED HUMANITY, IN WHOM, SO
FAR AS HUMAN SIGHT CAN SEE, THE

DEGRADED HUMANITY, IN WHOM, SO
FAR AS HUMAN SIGHT CAN SEE, THE
LAST SPARK OF DIVINITY HAS BEEN

FAR AS HUMAN SIGHT CAN SEE, THE
LAST SPARK OF DIVINITY HAS BEEN
QUENCHED FOREVER.

LAST SPARK OF DIVINITY HAS BEEN
QUENCHED FOREVER.
WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH OUR GREAT

QUENCHED FOREVER.
WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH OUR GREAT
CITIES?

WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH OUR GREAT
CITIES?
WHAT WILL OUR GREAT CITIES DO

CITIES?
WHAT WILL OUR GREAT CITIES DO
WITH US?

WHAT WILL OUR GREAT CITIES DO
WITH US?
THESE ARE THE TWO PROBLEMS WHICH

WITH US?
THESE ARE THE TWO PROBLEMS WHICH
CONFRONT EVERY THOUGHTFUL

THESE ARE THE TWO PROBLEMS WHICH
CONFRONT EVERY THOUGHTFUL
AMERICAN."

CONFRONT EVERY THOUGHTFUL
AMERICAN."
THE REVEREND LYMAN ABBOTT,

AMERICAN."
THE REVEREND LYMAN ABBOTT,
PLYMOUTH CHURCH, BROOKLYN,

THE REVEREND LYMAN ABBOTT,
PLYMOUTH CHURCH, BROOKLYN,
NEW YORK.

PLYMOUTH CHURCH, BROOKLYN,
NEW YORK.
Reader: "WHEN ONE IS INCLINED

NEW YORK.
Reader: "WHEN ONE IS INCLINED
TO DESPAIR OF THE COUNTRY, LET

Reader: "WHEN ONE IS INCLINED
TO DESPAIR OF THE COUNTRY, LET
HIM GO TO THE CENTRAL PARK ON A

TO DESPAIR OF THE COUNTRY, LET
HIM GO TO THE CENTRAL PARK ON A
SATURDAY AND SPEND A FEW HOURS

HIM GO TO THE CENTRAL PARK ON A
SATURDAY AND SPEND A FEW HOURS
THERE LOOKING AT THE PEOPLE, NOT

SATURDAY AND SPEND A FEW HOURS
THERE LOOKING AT THE PEOPLE, NOT
THOSE WHO COME IN GORGEOUS

THERE LOOKING AT THE PEOPLE, NOT
THOSE WHO COME IN GORGEOUS
CARRIAGES, BUT THOSE WHO ARRIVE

THOSE WHO COME IN GORGEOUS
CARRIAGES, BUT THOSE WHO ARRIVE
ON FOOT, OR IN THOSE EXCEEDINGLY

CARRIAGES, BUT THOSE WHO ARRIVE
ON FOOT, OR IN THOSE EXCEEDINGLY
DEMOCRATIC CONVEYANCES, THE

ON FOOT, OR IN THOSE EXCEEDINGLY
DEMOCRATIC CONVEYANCES, THE
STREETCARS."

DEMOCRATIC CONVEYANCES, THE
STREETCARS."
NEW YORK HERALD.

STREETCARS."
NEW YORK HERALD.
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER OF

NEW YORK HERALD.
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER OF
1865, AS FOUR LONG YEARS OF

Narrator: IN THE SUMMER OF
1865, AS FOUR LONG YEARS OF
CIVIL WAR CAME TO AN END,

1865, AS FOUR LONG YEARS OF
CIVIL WAR CAME TO AN END,
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED RETURNED

CIVIL WAR CAME TO AN END,
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED RETURNED
TO NEW YORK AND RESUMED WORK ON

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED RETURNED
TO NEW YORK AND RESUMED WORK ON
THE GREAT PARK HE HAD BEGUN

TO NEW YORK AND RESUMED WORK ON
THE GREAT PARK HE HAD BEGUN
EIGHT YEARS BEFORE.

THE GREAT PARK HE HAD BEGUN
EIGHT YEARS BEFORE.
ONE OF HIS FIRST ACTS WAS TO

EIGHT YEARS BEFORE.
ONE OF HIS FIRST ACTS WAS TO
COMMISSION A SPECIAL MEMORIAL TO

ONE OF HIS FIRST ACTS WAS TO
COMMISSION A SPECIAL MEMORIAL TO
THE UNION NAVAL DEAD.

COMMISSION A SPECIAL MEMORIAL TO
THE UNION NAVAL DEAD.
EIGHT YEARS LATER, THE STATUE

THE UNION NAVAL DEAD.
EIGHT YEARS LATER, THE STATUE
WAS COMPLETE.

EIGHT YEARS LATER, THE STATUE
WAS COMPLETE.
RISING ABOVE THE BETHESDA

WAS COMPLETE.
RISING ABOVE THE BETHESDA
FOUNTAIN, AT THE VERY HEART OF

RISING ABOVE THE BETHESDA
FOUNTAIN, AT THE VERY HEART OF
THE PARK AND THE RESTLESS CITY

FOUNTAIN, AT THE VERY HEART OF
THE PARK AND THE RESTLESS CITY
ALREADY GROWING UP AROUND IT,

THE PARK AND THE RESTLESS CITY
ALREADY GROWING UP AROUND IT,
THE ARTIST HAD SET A SIMPLE

ALREADY GROWING UP AROUND IT,
THE ARTIST HAD SET A SIMPLE
BRONZE FIGURE, THE ANGEL OF THE

THE ARTIST HAD SET A SIMPLE
BRONZE FIGURE, THE ANGEL OF THE
WATERS, DRAWN FROM THE GOSPEL OF

BRONZE FIGURE, THE ANGEL OF THE
WATERS, DRAWN FROM THE GOSPEL OF
ST. JOHN, SYMBOL OF THE HEALING

WATERS, DRAWN FROM THE GOSPEL OF
ST. JOHN, SYMBOL OF THE HEALING
POWER OF NATURE.

ST. JOHN, SYMBOL OF THE HEALING
POWER OF NATURE.
Tony Kushner: I THINK THAT

POWER OF NATURE.
Tony Kushner: I THINK THAT
ANGEL IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL

Tony Kushner: I THINK THAT
ANGEL IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
ANGEL ON EARTH.

ANGEL IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
ANGEL ON EARTH.
I MEAN, IT IS A VERY AMERICAN

ANGEL ON EARTH.
I MEAN, IT IS A VERY AMERICAN
ANGEL.

I MEAN, IT IS A VERY AMERICAN
ANGEL.
I THINK SHE HAS A VERY HOMESPUN

ANGEL.
I THINK SHE HAS A VERY HOMESPUN
QUALITY.

I THINK SHE HAS A VERY HOMESPUN
QUALITY.
HER DRESS IS NOT COMPLETELY

QUALITY.
HER DRESS IS NOT COMPLETELY
FULL-LENGTH.

HER DRESS IS NOT COMPLETELY
FULL-LENGTH.
IT SORT OF STOPS AT HER ANKLES.

IN FACT, I THINK EMMA STEBBINS,
THE WOMAN WHO SCULPTED HER, GOT

THE WOMAN WHO SCULPTED HER, GOT
A LOT OF BAD REVIEWS WHEN THE

A LOT OF BAD REVIEWS WHEN THE
STATUE WAS UNVEILED, BECAUSE

STATUE WAS UNVEILED, BECAUSE
CRITICS, WHO ARE ALWAYS WRONG

CRITICS, WHO ARE ALWAYS WRONG
ABOUT EVERYTHING, SAID, "OH, SHE

ABOUT EVERYTHING, SAID, "OH, SHE
LOOKS LIKE A MILKMAID, AND THIS

LOOKS LIKE A MILKMAID, AND THIS
IS NOT A GRAND, BEAUTIFUL ANGEL;

IS NOT A GRAND, BEAUTIFUL ANGEL;
THIS IS KIND OF A LUMPY PEASANT

THIS IS KIND OF A LUMPY PEASANT
GIRL ANGEL."
AND I THINK THAT THAT'S TRUE TO

AND I THINK THAT THAT'S TRUE TO
A CERTAIN EXTENT, AND PART OF
WHAT MAKES HER EXQUISITE.

A CERTAIN EXTENT, AND PART OF
WHAT MAKES HER EXQUISITE.
I LOVE HER... THIS GESTURE AS IF

WHAT MAKES HER EXQUISITE.
I LOVE HER... THIS GESTURE AS IF
SHE'S REACHING OUT AND TOUCHING

I LOVE HER... THIS GESTURE AS IF
SHE'S REACHING OUT AND TOUCHING
SOMETHING INCREDIBLY SPECIFIC

SHE'S REACHING OUT AND TOUCHING
SOMETHING INCREDIBLY SPECIFIC
AND INCREDIBLY PRECIOUS AND

SOMETHING INCREDIBLY SPECIFIC
AND INCREDIBLY PRECIOUS AND
WITHIN REACH.

AND INCREDIBLY PRECIOUS AND
WITHIN REACH.
Narrator: ORDINARY NEW

WITHIN REACH.
Narrator: ORDINARY NEW
YORKERS TOOK TO THE ANGEL AT

Narrator: ORDINARY NEW
YORKERS TOOK TO THE ANGEL AT
ONCE.

YORKERS TOOK TO THE ANGEL AT
ONCE.
IN THE YEARS TO COME, CENTRAL

ONCE.
IN THE YEARS TO COME, CENTRAL
PARK WOULD FINALLY BECOME THE

IN THE YEARS TO COME, CENTRAL
PARK WOULD FINALLY BECOME THE
GREAT DEMOCRATIC MEETING GROUND

PARK WOULD FINALLY BECOME THE
GREAT DEMOCRATIC MEETING GROUND
OLMSTED AND VAUX HAD ALWAYS

GREAT DEMOCRATIC MEETING GROUND
OLMSTED AND VAUX HAD ALWAYS
DREAMED OF, IF NOT ALWAYS IN

OLMSTED AND VAUX HAD ALWAYS
DREAMED OF, IF NOT ALWAYS IN
WAYS THEY HAD ENVISIONED, AS NEW

DREAMED OF, IF NOT ALWAYS IN
WAYS THEY HAD ENVISIONED, AS NEW
ELEVATED RAILWAYS SOON BROUGHT

WAYS THEY HAD ENVISIONED, AS NEW
ELEVATED RAILWAYS SOON BROUGHT
POOR NEW YORKERS AS WELL AS RICH

ELEVATED RAILWAYS SOON BROUGHT
POOR NEW YORKERS AS WELL AS RICH
UP ON WEEKENDS, AND CARRIED THE

POOR NEW YORKERS AS WELL AS RICH
UP ON WEEKENDS, AND CARRIED THE
CITY ITSELF NORTHWARD IN NEW

UP ON WEEKENDS, AND CARRIED THE
CITY ITSELF NORTHWARD IN NEW
RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS THAT SOON

CITY ITSELF NORTHWARD IN NEW
RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS THAT SOON
FLANKED THE PARK.

RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS THAT SOON
FLANKED THE PARK.
LESS THAN A DECADE AFTER THE

FLANKED THE PARK.
LESS THAN A DECADE AFTER THE
WAR, MORE THAN EIGHT AND A HALF

LESS THAN A DECADE AFTER THE
WAR, MORE THAN EIGHT AND A HALF
MILLION PEOPLE A YEAR WERE

WAR, MORE THAN EIGHT AND A HALF
MILLION PEOPLE A YEAR WERE
ESCAPING THE NOISE AND TUMULT OF

MILLION PEOPLE A YEAR WERE
ESCAPING THE NOISE AND TUMULT OF
THE CITY STREETS AND PLUNGING

ESCAPING THE NOISE AND TUMULT OF
THE CITY STREETS AND PLUNGING
INTO CENTRAL PARK, WHICH HAD

THE CITY STREETS AND PLUNGING
INTO CENTRAL PARK, WHICH HAD
BECOME, THE NEW YORK TIMES

INTO CENTRAL PARK, WHICH HAD
BECOME, THE NEW YORK TIMES
DECLARED, "A MAJESTIC BREATHING

BECOME, THE NEW YORK TIMES
DECLARED, "A MAJESTIC BREATHING
SPACE FOR THE LIFE OF THE CITY."

DECLARED, "A MAJESTIC BREATHING
SPACE FOR THE LIFE OF THE CITY."
Reader: "HERE ARE ALL CLASSES

SPACE FOR THE LIFE OF THE CITY."
Reader: "HERE ARE ALL CLASSES
REPRESENTED WITH COMMON PURPOSE,

Reader: "HERE ARE ALL CLASSES
REPRESENTED WITH COMMON PURPOSE,
COMPETITIVE WITH NONE, DISPOSING

REPRESENTED WITH COMMON PURPOSE,
COMPETITIVE WITH NONE, DISPOSING
OF JEALOUSY TOWARD NONE, EACH

COMPETITIVE WITH NONE, DISPOSING
OF JEALOUSY TOWARD NONE, EACH
ADDING BY HIS MERE PRESENCE TO

OF JEALOUSY TOWARD NONE, EACH
ADDING BY HIS MERE PRESENCE TO
THE PLEASURE OF ALL THE OTHERS.

ADDING BY HIS MERE PRESENCE TO
THE PLEASURE OF ALL THE OTHERS.
YOU MAY OFTEN SEE VAST NUMBERS

THE PLEASURE OF ALL THE OTHERS.
YOU MAY OFTEN SEE VAST NUMBERS
OF PERSONS BROUGHT CLOSELY

YOU MAY OFTEN SEE VAST NUMBERS
OF PERSONS BROUGHT CLOSELY
TOGETHER, POOR AND RICH, YOUNG

OF PERSONS BROUGHT CLOSELY
TOGETHER, POOR AND RICH, YOUNG
AND OLD, JEW AND GENTILE.

TOGETHER, POOR AND RICH, YOUNG
AND OLD, JEW AND GENTILE.
IS IT DOUBTFUL THAT IT DOES MEN

AND OLD, JEW AND GENTILE.
IS IT DOUBTFUL THAT IT DOES MEN
GOOD TO COME TOGETHER IN THIS

IS IT DOUBTFUL THAT IT DOES MEN
GOOD TO COME TOGETHER IN THIS
WAY, IN PURE AIR AND UNDER THE

GOOD TO COME TOGETHER IN THIS
WAY, IN PURE AIR AND UNDER THE
LIGHT OF HEAVEN?"

WAY, IN PURE AIR AND UNDER THE
LIGHT OF HEAVEN?"
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.

Peter Quinn: IT'S AN AMAZING
THING TO GO THERE ON AN

THING TO GO THERE ON AN
AFTERNOON AND SEE PEOPLE OF ALL

AFTERNOON AND SEE PEOPLE OF ALL
CLASSES AND RACES IN THIS PUBLIC

CLASSES AND RACES IN THIS PUBLIC
SQUARE, THIS GREAT PUBLIC

SQUARE, THIS GREAT PUBLIC
SQUARE, WHICH IS WHAT IT IS,
MINGLING AND HAVING FUN AND

MINGLING AND HAVING FUN AND
RELAXING TOGETHER; THAT JUST THE
EXPERIENCE OF DOING THINGS

RELAXING TOGETHER; THAT JUST THE
EXPERIENCE OF DOING THINGS
TOGETHER LIKE THAT CREATES A

EXPERIENCE OF DOING THINGS
TOGETHER LIKE THAT CREATES A
COMMON BOND, A COMMON IDENTITY,

TOGETHER LIKE THAT CREATES A
COMMON BOND, A COMMON IDENTITY,
A COMMON SENSE OF THE CITY.

COMMON BOND, A COMMON IDENTITY,
A COMMON SENSE OF THE CITY.
Caleb Carr: CENTRAL PARK IS

A COMMON SENSE OF THE CITY.
Caleb Carr: CENTRAL PARK IS
REALLY THE THING THAT MAKES LIFE

Caleb Carr: CENTRAL PARK IS
REALLY THE THING THAT MAKES LIFE
IN NEW YORK POSSIBLE.

NEW YORK'S NOT A PRACTICAL
PROPOSITION WITHOUT CENTRAL

PROPOSITION WITHOUT CENTRAL
PARK, AND I THINK THAT YOU GET

PARK, AND I THINK THAT YOU GET
THAT SENSE OF JUXTAPOSITION,

THAT SENSE OF JUXTAPOSITION,
THAT YOU'RE REALLY IN A WILD

THAT YOU'RE REALLY IN A WILD
PLACE, AND THEN YOU CAN LOOK

PLACE, AND THEN YOU CAN LOOK
AROUND YOU, AND YOU'RE

AROUND YOU, AND YOU'RE
COMPLETELY SURROUNDED BY

COMPLETELY SURROUNDED BY
SKYSCRAPERS, OFFICE BUILDINGS.
AND NO OTHER CITY IN THE WORLD,

AND NO OTHER CITY IN THE WORLD,
I DON'T THINK, WOULD ALLOW THAT
MUCH OF THE MOST EXPENSIVE

I DON'T THINK, WOULD ALLOW THAT
MUCH OF THE MOST EXPENSIVE
ACREAGE IN THE WORLD TO REMAIN

MUCH OF THE MOST EXPENSIVE
ACREAGE IN THE WORLD TO REMAIN
PARKLAND.

ACREAGE IN THE WORLD TO REMAIN
PARKLAND.
Narrator: INSCRIBED IN

PARKLAND.
Narrator: INSCRIBED IN
CENTRAL PARK WAS AN

Narrator: INSCRIBED IN
CENTRAL PARK WAS AN
EXTRAORDINARY VISION OF WHAT A

CENTRAL PARK WAS AN
EXTRAORDINARY VISION OF WHAT A
GREAT DEMOCRATIC CITY COULD BE.

EXTRAORDINARY VISION OF WHAT A
GREAT DEMOCRATIC CITY COULD BE.
YET BEYOND ITS BORDERS,

GREAT DEMOCRATIC CITY COULD BE.
YET BEYOND ITS BORDERS,
TREMENDOUS TENSIONS AND

YET BEYOND ITS BORDERS,
TREMENDOUS TENSIONS AND
CONFLICTS REMAINED.

TREMENDOUS TENSIONS AND
CONFLICTS REMAINED.
BY 1870, THE PARK ITSELF HAD

CONFLICTS REMAINED.
BY 1870, THE PARK ITSELF HAD
BECOME DEEPLY EMBROILED IN A

BY 1870, THE PARK ITSELF HAD
BECOME DEEPLY EMBROILED IN A
BITTER DEBATE OVER WHO

BECOME DEEPLY EMBROILED IN A
BITTER DEBATE OVER WHO
CONTROLLED THE CITY'S FUTURE:

BITTER DEBATE OVER WHO
MIDDLE-CLASS REFORMERS, ROBBER

MIDDLE-CLASS REFORMERS, ROBBER
BARONS AND FINANCIERS, TAMMANY

MIDDLE-CLASS REFORMERS, ROBBER
BARONS AND FINANCIERS, TAMMANY
HALL OFFICIALS, OR THE PEOPLE

BARONS AND FINANCIERS, TAMMANY
HALL OFFICIALS, OR THE PEOPLE
THEMSELVES.

HALL OFFICIALS, OR THE PEOPLE
THEMSELVES.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, AS THE

THEMSELVES.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, AS THE
FORCES UNLEASHED BY THE CIVIL

IN THE DECADES TO COME, AS THE
FORCES UNLEASHED BY THE CIVIL
WAR BROUGHT A STUNNING NEW SCALE

FORCES UNLEASHED BY THE CIVIL
WAR BROUGHT A STUNNING NEW SCALE
TO THE CITY AND COUNTRY, NEW

WAR BROUGHT A STUNNING NEW SCALE
TO THE CITY AND COUNTRY, NEW
YORK WOULD BECOME ONE OF THE

TO THE CITY AND COUNTRY, NEW
YORK WOULD BECOME ONE OF THE
MOST EERILY DIVIDED PLACES ON

YORK WOULD BECOME ONE OF THE
MOST EERILY DIVIDED PLACES ON
EARTH, CAUGHT BETWEEN AN

MOST EERILY DIVIDED PLACES ON
EARTH, CAUGHT BETWEEN AN
INSATIABLE GREED FOR MONEY AND

EARTH, CAUGHT BETWEEN AN
INSATIABLE GREED FOR MONEY AND
WEALTH AND A YEARNING FOR

INSATIABLE GREED FOR MONEY AND
WEALTH AND A YEARNING FOR
SOMETHING HIGHER.

Kenneth T. Jackson: THE
SECOND HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY,

SECOND HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY,
OR THE DECADES AFTER THE CIVIL

OR THE DECADES AFTER THE CIVIL
WAR, DO WITNESS MAJOR CHANGES IN

WAR, DO WITNESS MAJOR CHANGES IN
THE CITY.
FIRST OF ALL, IT BECOMES A TRUE

FIRST OF ALL, IT BECOMES A TRUE
METROPOLIS.
IT HAS A MILLION PEOPLE IN 1860

METROPOLIS.
IT HAS A MILLION PEOPLE IN 1860
AND FIVE MILLION BY THE END OF

IT HAS A MILLION PEOPLE IN 1860
AND FIVE MILLION BY THE END OF
THE CENTURY, SO THE SHEER SIZE

AND FIVE MILLION BY THE END OF
THE CENTURY, SO THE SHEER SIZE
OF THE CITY NOW IS WORLD CLASS,

THE CENTURY, SO THE SHEER SIZE
OF THE CITY NOW IS WORLD CLASS,
SO THE PROBLEMS IT'S

OF THE CITY NOW IS WORLD CLASS,
SO THE PROBLEMS IT'S
ENCOUNTERING IN TERMS OF

SO THE PROBLEMS IT'S
ENCOUNTERING IN TERMS OF
DISEASE, IN TERMS OF POLICE

ENCOUNTERING IN TERMS OF
DISEASE, IN TERMS OF POLICE
PROTECTION, IN TERMS OF FIRE,

DISEASE, IN TERMS OF POLICE
PROTECTION, IN TERMS OF FIRE,
IT'S ENCOUNTERING THEM AS SOON

PROTECTION, IN TERMS OF FIRE,
IT'S ENCOUNTERING THEM AS SOON
AS ANY OTHER CITY ON THE PLANET.

IT'S ENCOUNTERING THEM AS SOON
AS ANY OTHER CITY ON THE PLANET.
Narrator: BETWEEN 1865 AND

AS ANY OTHER CITY ON THE PLANET.
Narrator: BETWEEN 1865 AND
1898, NEW YORK WOULD BECOME HOME

Narrator: BETWEEN 1865 AND
1898, NEW YORK WOULD BECOME HOME
TO THE GREATEST CONCENTRATION OF

1898, NEW YORK WOULD BECOME HOME
TO THE GREATEST CONCENTRATION OF
WEALTH IN HUMAN HISTORY.

TO THE GREATEST CONCENTRATION OF
WEALTH IN HUMAN HISTORY.
IT WOULD ALSO BECOME HOME TO THE

WEALTH IN HUMAN HISTORY.
IT WOULD ALSO BECOME HOME TO THE
GREATEST CONCENTRATION OF

IT WOULD ALSO BECOME HOME TO THE
GREATEST CONCENTRATION OF
POVERTY, AND TO THE GREATEST

GREATEST CONCENTRATION OF
POVERTY, AND TO THE GREATEST
DIVISIONS OF RICH AND POOR, NOT

POVERTY, AND TO THE GREATEST
DIVISIONS OF RICH AND POOR, NOT
ONE CITY, BUT TWO: ONE DAZZLING

DIVISIONS OF RICH AND POOR, NOT
ONE CITY, BUT TWO: ONE DAZZLING
AND ONE BENIGHTED; ONE

ONE CITY, BUT TWO: ONE DAZZLING
AND ONE BENIGHTED; ONE
PROSPEROUS AND ONE POOR; ONE

AND ONE BENIGHTED; ONE
PROSPEROUS AND ONE POOR; ONE
CITY OF SUNSHINE AND ANOTHER OF

PROSPEROUS AND ONE POOR; ONE
CITY OF SUNSHINE AND ANOTHER OF
SHADOW.

David McCullough: THERE WAS
APPALLING MISERY IN NEW YORK,

APPALLING MISERY IN NEW YORK,
TERRIBLE CROWDING, TERRIBLE

TERRIBLE CROWDING, TERRIBLE
SLUMS, ALL KINDS OF DISEASE,

SLUMS, ALL KINDS OF DISEASE,
CRIME, PROSTITUTION, CHILDREN

CRIME, PROSTITUTION, CHILDREN
SLEEPING IN THE STREETS,

SLEEPING IN THE STREETS,
CHILDREN BEGGING IN THE STREETS.
IT WAS CROWDED; IT WAS DIRTY.

IT WAS CROWDED; IT WAS DIRTY.
IT SMELLED TERRIBLE, MUCH OF IT.
TRAFFIC WAS WORSE THAN IT IS

IT SMELLED TERRIBLE, MUCH OF IT.
TRAFFIC WAS WORSE THAN IT IS
TODAY, IF THAT'S POSSIBLE TO

TRAFFIC WAS WORSE THAN IT IS
TODAY, IF THAT'S POSSIBLE TO
IMAGINE.

Daniel Czitrom: I THINK THAT
WE'VE TENDED TO FORGET OR WE'VE

WE'VE TENDED TO FORGET OR WE'VE
PERHAPS IGNORED AND NOT PAID

PERHAPS IGNORED AND NOT PAID
ENOUGH ATTENTION TO HOW

ENOUGH ATTENTION TO HOW
DESPERATE LIFE WAS FOR SO MANY

DESPERATE LIFE WAS FOR SO MANY
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS, MILLIONS

HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS, MILLIONS
OF PEOPLE IN NEW YORK IN THIS

OF PEOPLE IN NEW YORK IN THIS
PERIOD.
I THINK THAT AN ENORMOUS NUMBER

I THINK THAT AN ENORMOUS NUMBER
OF PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY PEOPLE
LIVING IN

OF PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY PEOPLE
LIVING IN
LIFE-THREATENING SITUATIONS.

LIVING IN
LIFE-THREATENING SITUATIONS.
POVERTY IN THOSE DAYS WAS

LIFE-THREATENING SITUATIONS.
POVERTY IN THOSE DAYS WAS
CONCEIVED AS SOMETHING THAT WAS

POVERTY IN THOSE DAYS WAS
CONCEIVED AS SOMETHING THAT WAS
A PERSONAL PROBLEM.

CONCEIVED AS SOMETHING THAT WAS
A PERSONAL PROBLEM.
IF YOU WERE POOR, THE REASON

A PERSONAL PROBLEM.
IF YOU WERE POOR, THE REASON
PROBABLY HAD SOMETHING TO DO

IF YOU WERE POOR, THE REASON
PROBABLY HAD SOMETHING TO DO
WITH SOME CHARACTER FLAW,

PROBABLY HAD SOMETHING TO DO
WITH SOME CHARACTER FLAW,
SOMETHING THAT WAS WRONG WITH

WITH SOME CHARACTER FLAW,
SOMETHING THAT WAS WRONG WITH
YOU.

SOMETHING THAT WAS WRONG WITH
YOU.
Reader: "THE OPPORTUNITY TO

YOU.
Reader: "THE OPPORTUNITY TO
ATTAIN GREAT WEALTH IS WITHIN

Reader: "THE OPPORTUNITY TO
ATTAIN GREAT WEALTH IS WITHIN
THE REACH OF ALMOST EVERY MAN

ATTAIN GREAT WEALTH IS WITHIN
THE REACH OF ALMOST EVERY MAN
AND WOMAN.

THE REACH OF ALMOST EVERY MAN
AND WOMAN.
LET US REMEMBER THERE IS NOT A

AND WOMAN.
LET US REMEMBER THERE IS NOT A
POOR PERSON IN THE UNITED STATES

LET US REMEMBER THERE IS NOT A
POOR PERSON IN THE UNITED STATES
WHO WAS NOT MADE POOR BY HIS OWN

POOR PERSON IN THE UNITED STATES
WHO WAS NOT MADE POOR BY HIS OWN
SHORTCOMINGS.

WHO WAS NOT MADE POOR BY HIS OWN
SHORTCOMINGS.
IT IS ALL WRONG TO BE POOR

SHORTCOMINGS.
IT IS ALL WRONG TO BE POOR
ANYHOW."

IT IS ALL WRONG TO BE POOR
ANYHOW."
THE REVEREND RUSSELL H. CONWELL.

ANYHOW."
THE REVEREND RUSSELL H. CONWELL.
Narrator: BEFORE THE 19th

THE REVEREND RUSSELL H. CONWELL.
Narrator: BEFORE THE 19th
CENTURY CAME TO AN END, NEW

Narrator: BEFORE THE 19th
CENTURY CAME TO AN END, NEW
YORKERS WOULD BE FORCED TO FACE

CENTURY CAME TO AN END, NEW
YORKERS WOULD BE FORCED TO FACE
THE MOST PERPLEXING CONUNDRUM OF

YORKERS WOULD BE FORCED TO FACE
THE MOST PERPLEXING CONUNDRUM OF
THE INDUSTRIAL AGE.

THE MOST PERPLEXING CONUNDRUM OF
THE INDUSTRIAL AGE.
"WHERE MATERIAL PROGRESS IS MOST

THE INDUSTRIAL AGE.
"WHERE MATERIAL PROGRESS IS MOST
FULLY REALIZED," ONE REFORMER

"WHERE MATERIAL PROGRESS IS MOST
FULLY REALIZED," ONE REFORMER
WROTE IN DESPAIR, THERE "WE FIND

FULLY REALIZED," ONE REFORMER
WROTE IN DESPAIR, THERE "WE FIND
THE DEEPEST POVERTY."

WROTE IN DESPAIR, THERE "WE FIND
THE DEEPEST POVERTY."
Robert A.M. Stern: PRE-CIVIL

THE DEEPEST POVERTY."
Robert A.M. Stern: PRE-CIVIL
WAR NEW YORK WAS PROVINCIAL.

Robert A.M. Stern: PRE-CIVIL
WAR NEW YORK WAS PROVINCIAL.
PRE-CIVIL WAR NEW YORK WAS A

WAR NEW YORK WAS PROVINCIAL.
PRE-CIVIL WAR NEW YORK WAS A
PLACE THAT THE DICKENSES AND THE

PRE-CIVIL WAR NEW YORK WAS A
PLACE THAT THE DICKENSES AND THE
MRS. TROLLOPES AND SO FORTH

PLACE THAT THE DICKENSES AND THE
MRS. TROLLOPES AND SO FORTH
CAME, AND TROLLOPE HIMSELF, CAME

MRS. TROLLOPES AND SO FORTH
CAME, AND TROLLOPE HIMSELF, CAME
TO SEE, YOU KNOW, HOW THE

CAME, AND TROLLOPE HIMSELF, CAME
TO SEE, YOU KNOW, HOW THE
NATIVES DISPORTED THEMSELVES.

TO SEE, YOU KNOW, HOW THE
NATIVES DISPORTED THEMSELVES.
PRE-CIVIL WAR NEW YORK WAS STILL

NATIVES DISPORTED THEMSELVES.
PRE-CIVIL WAR NEW YORK WAS STILL
AN ENGLISH PROVINCE IN AN

PRE-CIVIL WAR NEW YORK WAS STILL
AN ENGLISH PROVINCE IN AN
AMAZINGLY BASIC WAY.

POST-CIVIL WAR NEW YORK, NEW
YORK, WAS NEW YORK.

YORK, WAS NEW YORK.
NEW YORK WAS AMERICA.
NEW YORK WAS THE REPRESENTATION

NEW YORK WAS THE REPRESENTATION
TO THE WORLD AND TO ITSELF OF
WHAT AMERICA WAS LIKE, WHAT ITS

TO THE WORLD AND TO ITSELF OF
WHAT AMERICA WAS LIKE, WHAT ITS
DIFFERENCE WAS, THE POWER AND

WHAT AMERICA WAS LIKE, WHAT ITS
DIFFERENCE WAS, THE POWER AND
MIGHT OF AMERICA.

DIFFERENCE WAS, THE POWER AND
MIGHT OF AMERICA.
McCullough: BETWEEN THE END

MIGHT OF AMERICA.
McCullough: BETWEEN THE END
OF THE CIVIL WAR AND THE START

McCullough: BETWEEN THE END
OF THE CIVIL WAR AND THE START
OF WORLD WAR I, GREAT NEW WEALTH

OF THE CIVIL WAR AND THE START
OF WORLD WAR I, GREAT NEW WEALTH
WAS CREATED IN THE CITY OF

OF WORLD WAR I, GREAT NEW WEALTH
WAS CREATED IN THE CITY OF
UNPRECEDENTED SCALE.

WAS CREATED IN THE CITY OF
UNPRECEDENTED SCALE.
BUT IT WASN'T JUST THAT THERE

UNPRECEDENTED SCALE.
BUT IT WASN'T JUST THAT THERE
WAS GREAT WEALTH.

BUT IT WASN'T JUST THAT THERE
WAS GREAT WEALTH.
WHAT'S SO IMPORTANT TO

WAS GREAT WEALTH.
WHAT'S SO IMPORTANT TO
UNDERSTAND, TOO, IS THAT THE

WHAT'S SO IMPORTANT TO
UNDERSTAND, TOO, IS THAT THE
WEALTH WAS BEING CREATED BY NEW

UNDERSTAND, TOO, IS THAT THE
WEALTH WAS BEING CREATED BY NEW
IDEAS, NEW PROCESSES, A WHOLE

WEALTH WAS BEING CREATED BY NEW
IDEAS, NEW PROCESSES, A WHOLE
NEW KIND OF AMERICA, WITH THE

IDEAS, NEW PROCESSES, A WHOLE
NEW KIND OF AMERICA, WITH THE
TELEGRAPH, WITH THE ADVENT OF

NEW KIND OF AMERICA, WITH THE
TELEGRAPH, WITH THE ADVENT OF
CHEAP STEEL, WITH THE DISCOVERY

TELEGRAPH, WITH THE ADVENT OF
CHEAP STEEL, WITH THE DISCOVERY
OF OIL, AND THIS NEW MONEY

CHEAP STEEL, WITH THE DISCOVERY
OF OIL, AND THIS NEW MONEY
COMING FROM NEW WAYS OF MAKING

OF OIL, AND THIS NEW MONEY
COMING FROM NEW WAYS OF MAKING
MONEY WAS CREATING A NEW CITY IN

COMING FROM NEW WAYS OF MAKING
MONEY WAS CREATING A NEW CITY IN
NEW YORK, BECAUSE IT WAS THE

MONEY WAS CREATING A NEW CITY IN
NEW YORK, BECAUSE IT WAS THE
POINT AT WHICH ALL THESE CURVES,

NEW YORK, BECAUSE IT WAS THE
POINT AT WHICH ALL THESE CURVES,
ALL THESE TRAFFIC PATTERNS WERE

POINT AT WHICH ALL THESE CURVES,
ALL THESE TRAFFIC PATTERNS WERE
CONVERGING.

ALL THESE TRAFFIC PATTERNS WERE
CONVERGING.
Narrator: MORE THAN ANYPLACE

CONVERGING.
Narrator: MORE THAN ANYPLACE
ELSE IN AMERICA, NEW YORK CITY

Narrator: MORE THAN ANYPLACE
ELSE IN AMERICA, NEW YORK CITY
HAD WON THE CIVIL WAR.

ELSE IN AMERICA, NEW YORK CITY
HAD WON THE CIVIL WAR.
SUPERCHARGED BY THE DEMANDS OF

HAD WON THE CIVIL WAR.
SUPERCHARGED BY THE DEMANDS OF
THE FOUR-YEAR-LONG STRUGGLE, THE

SUPERCHARGED BY THE DEMANDS OF
THE FOUR-YEAR-LONG STRUGGLE, THE
CITY'S INDUSTRIAL MACHINE HAD

THE FOUR-YEAR-LONG STRUGGLE, THE
CITY'S INDUSTRIAL MACHINE HAD
SIMPLY EXPLODED, MAKING NEW YORK

CITY'S INDUSTRIAL MACHINE HAD
SIMPLY EXPLODED, MAKING NEW YORK
THE UNDISPUTED FINANCIAL

SIMPLY EXPLODED, MAKING NEW YORK
THE UNDISPUTED FINANCIAL
CLEARINGHOUSE OF THE NATION AND

THE UNDISPUTED FINANCIAL
CLEARINGHOUSE OF THE NATION AND
THE RICHEST CITY IN AMERICA.

CLEARINGHOUSE OF THE NATION AND
THE RICHEST CITY IN AMERICA.
THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE,

THE RICHEST CITY IN AMERICA.
THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE,
OPERATING OUT OF ITS MAMMOTH NEW

THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE,
OPERATING OUT OF ITS MAMMOTH NEW
HEADQUARTERS AT BROAD STREET AND

OPERATING OUT OF ITS MAMMOTH NEW
HEADQUARTERS AT BROAD STREET AND
WALL, WAS SOON TRADING MORE THAN

HEADQUARTERS AT BROAD STREET AND
WALL, WAS SOON TRADING MORE THAN
$3.5 BILLION A YEAR.

WALL, WAS SOON TRADING MORE THAN
$3.5 BILLION A YEAR.
"THE LIGHT OF MAMMON," ONE

$3.5 BILLION A YEAR.
"THE LIGHT OF MAMMON," ONE
VISITOR REPORTED, "GLEAMS ON

"THE LIGHT OF MAMMON," ONE
VISITOR REPORTED, "GLEAMS ON
EVERY FACE IN BROADWAY AND WALL

VISITOR REPORTED, "GLEAMS ON
EVERY FACE IN BROADWAY AND WALL
STREET."

EVERY FACE IN BROADWAY AND WALL
STREET."
Stern: THE CIVIL WAR IN

STREET."
Stern: THE CIVIL WAR IN
AMERICA MARKS THE WATERSHED

Stern: THE CIVIL WAR IN
AMERICA MARKS THE WATERSHED
BETWEEN A MERCANTILE WORLD OR AN

AMERICA MARKS THE WATERSHED
BETWEEN A MERCANTILE WORLD OR AN
AGRICULTURAL WORLD AND

BETWEEN A MERCANTILE WORLD OR AN
AGRICULTURAL WORLD AND
CAPITALISM, THE INDUSTRIAL AGE,

AGRICULTURAL WORLD AND
CAPITALISM, THE INDUSTRIAL AGE,
THE INDUSTRIAL AGE IN A BIG WAY,

CAPITALISM, THE INDUSTRIAL AGE,
THE INDUSTRIAL AGE IN A BIG WAY,
THE AGE OF MACHINES, THE AGE

THE INDUSTRIAL AGE IN A BIG WAY,
THE AGE OF MACHINES, THE AGE
WHERE FORTUNES ARE MADE BY

THE AGE OF MACHINES, THE AGE
WHERE FORTUNES ARE MADE BY
DOMINATING A NATURAL PRODUCT.

WHERE FORTUNES ARE MADE BY
DOMINATING A NATURAL PRODUCT.
YOU DEFINE THE FORTUNES OF

DOMINATING A NATURAL PRODUCT.
YOU DEFINE THE FORTUNES OF
PEOPLE IN NEW YORK AFTER THE

YOU DEFINE THE FORTUNES OF
PEOPLE IN NEW YORK AFTER THE
CIVIL WAR IN TERMS OF A

PEOPLE IN NEW YORK AFTER THE
CIVIL WAR IN TERMS OF A
RESOURCE... OIL, COAL, OR

CIVIL WAR IN TERMS OF A
RESOURCE... OIL, COAL, OR
SOMETHING THAT ALSO NEEDS HUGE

RESOURCE... OIL, COAL, OR
SOMETHING THAT ALSO NEEDS HUGE
CAPITAL, SOMETHING LIKE A

SOMETHING THAT ALSO NEEDS HUGE
CAPITAL, SOMETHING LIKE A
RAILROAD.

CAPITAL, SOMETHING LIKE A
RAILROAD.
Narrator: AS THE AGE OF SHIPS

RAILROAD.
Narrator: AS THE AGE OF SHIPS
GAVE WAY TO THE AGE OF RAIL AND

Narrator: AS THE AGE OF SHIPS
GAVE WAY TO THE AGE OF RAIL AND
STEAM, 75-YEAR-OLD CORNELIUS

GAVE WAY TO THE AGE OF RAIL AND
STEAM, 75-YEAR-OLD CORNELIUS
VANDERBILT SOLD HIS VAST

STEAM, 75-YEAR-OLD CORNELIUS
VANDERBILT SOLD HIS VAST
SHIPPING EMPIRE AND REINVESTED

VANDERBILT SOLD HIS VAST
SHIPPING EMPIRE AND REINVESTED
IN RAILROADS, RUTHLESSLY

SHIPPING EMPIRE AND REINVESTED
IN RAILROADS, RUTHLESSLY
CONSOLIDATING 17 SMALLER LINES

IN RAILROADS, RUTHLESSLY
CONSOLIDATING 17 SMALLER LINES
TO FORM A SINGLE GIANT SYSTEM,

CONSOLIDATING 17 SMALLER LINES
TO FORM A SINGLE GIANT SYSTEM,
THE NEW YORK CENTRAL.

TO FORM A SINGLE GIANT SYSTEM,
THE NEW YORK CENTRAL.
AN ECCENTRIC AUTOCRAT UTTERLY

THE NEW YORK CENTRAL.
AN ECCENTRIC AUTOCRAT UTTERLY
INDIFFERENT TO PUBLIC OPINION,

AN ECCENTRIC AUTOCRAT UTTERLY
INDIFFERENT TO PUBLIC OPINION,
VANDERBILT TRAVELED EVERYWHERE

INDIFFERENT TO PUBLIC OPINION,
VANDERBILT TRAVELED EVERYWHERE
HE COULD IN HIS OWN CRIMSON AND

VANDERBILT TRAVELED EVERYWHERE
HE COULD IN HIS OWN CRIMSON AND
GOLD RAILROAD CAR, ROUTINELY

HE COULD IN HIS OWN CRIMSON AND
GOLD RAILROAD CAR, ROUTINELY
TERRORIZED HIS COMPETITORS, AND

GOLD RAILROAD CAR, ROUTINELY
TERRORIZED HIS COMPETITORS, AND
RARELY GAVE TO CHARITY ON

TERRORIZED HIS COMPETITORS, AND
RARELY GAVE TO CHARITY ON
PRINCIPLE.

RARELY GAVE TO CHARITY ON
PRINCIPLE.
"LET OTHERS DO WHAT I HAVE

PRINCIPLE.
"LET OTHERS DO WHAT I HAVE
DONE," HE SAID, "AND THEY NEED

"LET OTHERS DO WHAT I HAVE
DONE," HE SAID, "AND THEY NEED
NOT BE AROUND HERE BEGGING."

DONE," HE SAID, "AND THEY NEED
NOT BE AROUND HERE BEGGING."
Brendan Gill: NEW YORK CITY

NOT BE AROUND HERE BEGGING."
Brendan Gill: NEW YORK CITY
WAS BASED UPON GREED AND BASED

Brendan Gill: NEW YORK CITY
WAS BASED UPON GREED AND BASED
UPON MAKING MONEY.

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT, "THE
COMMODORE"... WHAT A WONDERFUL

COMMODORE"... WHAT A WONDERFUL
PIRATE HE WAS.

PIRATE HE WAS.
HE NEVER HAD A THOUGHT IN HIS

HE NEVER HAD A THOUGHT IN HIS
HEAD EXCEPT TO MAKE MONEY.
Reader: "A STRANGE CRAZINESS

Reader: "A STRANGE CRAZINESS
IS ABROAD IN THE LAND.
SOME MYSTERIOUS SPIRIT OF EVIL

IS ABROAD IN THE LAND.
SOME MYSTERIOUS SPIRIT OF EVIL
HAS LED OUR PEOPLE INTO THE

SOME MYSTERIOUS SPIRIT OF EVIL
HAS LED OUR PEOPLE INTO THE
BLINDEST, WILDEST INFATUATION,

HAS LED OUR PEOPLE INTO THE
BLINDEST, WILDEST INFATUATION,
WILD AND FOOLISH SPECULATION.

BLINDEST, WILDEST INFATUATION,
WILD AND FOOLISH SPECULATION.
AT LEAST HALF THE PEOPLE ARE

WILD AND FOOLISH SPECULATION.
AT LEAST HALF THE PEOPLE ARE
LIVING BEYOND THEIR MEANS."

AT LEAST HALF THE PEOPLE ARE
LIVING BEYOND THEIR MEANS."
THE ROUND TABLE, 1866.

LIVING BEYOND THEIR MEANS."
THE ROUND TABLE, 1866.
Narrator: WALL STREET

THE ROUND TABLE, 1866.
Narrator: WALL STREET
EXPLODED IN A FRENZY OF

Narrator: WALL STREET
EXPLODED IN A FRENZY OF
RECKLESS, UNREGULATED, AND OFTEN

EXPLODED IN A FRENZY OF
RECKLESS, UNREGULATED, AND OFTEN
UNPRINCIPLED SPECULATION.

RECKLESS, UNREGULATED, AND OFTEN
UNPRINCIPLED SPECULATION.
Mike Wallace: THERE WERE NO

UNPRINCIPLED SPECULATION.
Mike Wallace: THERE WERE NO
RULES.

Mike Wallace: THERE WERE NO
RULES.
ALL BETS WERE OFF.

RULES.
ALL BETS WERE OFF.
YOU COULD DO WHATEVER YOU WANT,

ALL BETS WERE OFF.
YOU COULD DO WHATEVER YOU WANT,
SO PEOPLE MADE THE MOST

YOU COULD DO WHATEVER YOU WANT,
SO PEOPLE MADE THE MOST
OUTRAGEOUS EFFORTS AT BASICALLY

SO PEOPLE MADE THE MOST
OUTRAGEOUS EFFORTS AT BASICALLY
BOARDING AND SEIZING

OUTRAGEOUS EFFORTS AT BASICALLY
BOARDING AND SEIZING
CORPORATIONS AND USING THEM AS

BOARDING AND SEIZING
CORPORATIONS AND USING THEM AS
PLAYTHINGS... YOU KNOW, PRINTING

CORPORATIONS AND USING THEM AS
PLAYTHINGS... YOU KNOW, PRINTING
STOCKS SECRETLY IN A BASEMENT

PLAYTHINGS... YOU KNOW, PRINTING
STOCKS SECRETLY IN A BASEMENT
AND SELLING IT TO PEOPLE UNTIL

STOCKS SECRETLY IN A BASEMENT
AND SELLING IT TO PEOPLE UNTIL
IT WAS WORTHLESS; RIGGING THE

AND SELLING IT TO PEOPLE UNTIL
IT WAS WORTHLESS; RIGGING THE
MARKET, TRYING TO BUY UP ALL THE

IT WAS WORTHLESS; RIGGING THE
MARKET, TRYING TO BUY UP ALL THE
SILVER AND ALL THE GOLD.

THERE WAS AN ATTEMPT TO CORNER
THE NATION'S GOLD SUPPLY AND

THE NATION'S GOLD SUPPLY AND
THEN BE IN A POSITION TO MAKE

THEN BE IN A POSITION TO MAKE
ENORMOUS PROFITS THAT HAD ZERO

ENORMOUS PROFITS THAT HAD ZERO
ETHICAL BASIS AND ZERO FALLOUT

ETHICAL BASIS AND ZERO FALLOUT
FOR THE LARGER ECONOMY.
Narrator: IN 1869, A DAPPER

Narrator: IN 1869, A DAPPER
BUT CORRUPT FINANCIAL GENIUS
NAMED JAY GOULD AND HIS PARTNER,

BUT CORRUPT FINANCIAL GENIUS
NAMED JAY GOULD AND HIS PARTNER,
JIM FISK, A FLAMBOYANT FINANCIER

NAMED JAY GOULD AND HIS PARTNER,
JIM FISK, A FLAMBOYANT FINANCIER
AND LADIES' MAN, TRIED TO CORNER

JIM FISK, A FLAMBOYANT FINANCIER
AND LADIES' MAN, TRIED TO CORNER
THE MARKET IN GOLD, USING MONEY

AND LADIES' MAN, TRIED TO CORNER
THE MARKET IN GOLD, USING MONEY
THEY HAD PERSONALLY EMBEZZLED

THE MARKET IN GOLD, USING MONEY
THEY HAD PERSONALLY EMBEZZLED
FROM THE STOCKHOLDERS OF THE

THEY HAD PERSONALLY EMBEZZLED
FROM THE STOCKHOLDERS OF THE
ERIE RAILROAD.

FROM THE STOCKHOLDERS OF THE
ERIE RAILROAD.
Reader: "THE GENUINE

ERIE RAILROAD.
Reader: "THE GENUINE
ARISTOCRACY OF THE CITY STAND

Reader: "THE GENUINE
ARISTOCRACY OF THE CITY STAND
STUNNED AND HELPLESS UNDER THE

ARISTOCRACY OF THE CITY STAND
STUNNED AND HELPLESS UNDER THE
NEW ORDER OF THINGS.

STUNNED AND HELPLESS UNDER THE
NEW ORDER OF THINGS.
THEY FIND THEMSELVES SUPPLANTED

NEW ORDER OF THINGS.
THEY FIND THEMSELVES SUPPLANTED
BY UPSTART PRINCES OF SHODDY.

THEY FIND THEMSELVES SUPPLANTED
BY UPSTART PRINCES OF SHODDY.
THEY MOVE INTO REMOTE NEW

BY UPSTART PRINCES OF SHODDY.
THEY MOVE INTO REMOTE NEW
STREETS UPTOWN AND TALK

THEY MOVE INTO REMOTE NEW
STREETS UPTOWN AND TALK
FEELINGLY OF THE CRASH WHICH IS

STREETS UPTOWN AND TALK
FEELINGLY OF THE CRASH WHICH IS
TO COME WHEN THE PROPS ARE

FEELINGLY OF THE CRASH WHICH IS
TO COME WHEN THE PROPS ARE
KNOCKED FROM UNDER THIS FLIMSY

TO COME WHEN THE PROPS ARE
KNOCKED FROM UNDER THIS FLIMSY
EDIFICE OF PROSPERITY."

KNOCKED FROM UNDER THIS FLIMSY
EDIFICE OF PROSPERITY."
MARK TWAIN.

EDIFICE OF PROSPERITY."
MARK TWAIN.
Gill: THE THINKERS OF

MARK TWAIN.
Gill: THE THINKERS OF
AMERICA, THE INTELLECTUALS OF

Gill: THE THINKERS OF
AMERICA, THE INTELLECTUALS OF
AMERICA, UNIFORMLY WERE IN

AMERICA, THE INTELLECTUALS OF
AMERICA, UNIFORMLY WERE IN
DESPAIR AT THAT MOMENT.

AMERICA, UNIFORMLY WERE IN
DESPAIR AT THAT MOMENT.
THEY WERE SAYING THAT AMERICA

DESPAIR AT THAT MOMENT.
THEY WERE SAYING THAT AMERICA
HAD TAKEN A WRONG TURN AND THAT

THEY WERE SAYING THAT AMERICA
HAD TAKEN A WRONG TURN AND THAT
WE HAD SAVED THE UNION, BUT THE

HAD TAKEN A WRONG TURN AND THAT
WE HAD SAVED THE UNION, BUT THE
UNION HAD THEN REALLY BEEN GIVEN

WE HAD SAVED THE UNION, BUT THE
UNION HAD THEN REALLY BEEN GIVEN
TO THE CARPETBAGGERS, TO THE

UNION HAD THEN REALLY BEEN GIVEN
TO THE CARPETBAGGERS, TO THE
PEOPLE WHO WOULD... THE NEW RICH

TO THE CARPETBAGGERS, TO THE
PEOPLE WHO WOULD... THE NEW RICH
WHO HAD MADE MONEY OUT OF THE

PEOPLE WHO WOULD... THE NEW RICH
WHO HAD MADE MONEY OUT OF THE
CIVIL WAR, ENORMOUS FORTUNES

WHO HAD MADE MONEY OUT OF THE
CIVIL WAR, ENORMOUS FORTUNES
BEING MADE OUT OF THE CIVIL WAR.

CIVIL WAR, ENORMOUS FORTUNES
BEING MADE OUT OF THE CIVIL WAR.
THESE NEW PEOPLE WERE NOT THE

BEING MADE OUT OF THE CIVIL WAR.
THESE NEW PEOPLE WERE NOT THE
PEOPLE THAT OUR THINKERS HAD

THESE NEW PEOPLE WERE NOT THE
PEOPLE THAT OUR THINKERS HAD
HOPED WERE GOING TO EMERGE FROM

PEOPLE THAT OUR THINKERS HAD
HOPED WERE GOING TO EMERGE FROM
THIS FRATRICIDAL, MONSTROUS

HOPED WERE GOING TO EMERGE FROM
THIS FRATRICIDAL, MONSTROUS
THING, INSTEAD OF WHICH IT WAS

THIS FRATRICIDAL, MONSTROUS
THING, INSTEAD OF WHICH IT WAS
VULGAR, AGGRESSIVE, AND IT WAS

THING, INSTEAD OF WHICH IT WAS
VULGAR, AGGRESSIVE, AND IT WAS
JIM FISK; IT WAS GOULD.

VULGAR, AGGRESSIVE, AND IT WAS
JIM FISK; IT WAS GOULD.
IT WAS THE WORST ELEMENTS WHO

JIM FISK; IT WAS GOULD.
IT WAS THE WORST ELEMENTS WHO
HAD SUDDENLY COME TO THE TOP.

IT WAS THE WORST ELEMENTS WHO
HAD SUDDENLY COME TO THE TOP.
Narrator: AND STILL THE BOOM

HAD SUDDENLY COME TO THE TOP.
Narrator: AND STILL THE BOOM
WENT ON.

Narrator: AND STILL THE BOOM
WENT ON.
POWERED BY THE SURGE OF

WENT ON.
POWERED BY THE SURGE OF
INVESTMENT ON WALL STREET, THE

POWERED BY THE SURGE OF
INVESTMENT ON WALL STREET, THE
SAME STEAM AND STEEL REVOLUTION

INVESTMENT ON WALL STREET, THE
SAME STEAM AND STEEL REVOLUTION
UNIFYING THE CONTINENT NOW BEGAN

SAME STEAM AND STEEL REVOLUTION
UNIFYING THE CONTINENT NOW BEGAN
TRANSFORMING THE CITY ITSELF.

UNIFYING THE CONTINENT NOW BEGAN
TRANSFORMING THE CITY ITSELF.
IN LESS THAN A DECADE, FOUR

TRANSFORMING THE CITY ITSELF.
IN LESS THAN A DECADE, FOUR
ELEVATED RAILROAD LINES

IN LESS THAN A DECADE, FOUR
ELEVATED RAILROAD LINES
STRETCHED THE LENGTH OF THE

ELEVATED RAILROAD LINES
STRETCHED THE LENGTH OF THE
ISLAND, AND THE UPPER EAST SIDE

STRETCHED THE LENGTH OF THE
ISLAND, AND THE UPPER EAST SIDE
AND UPPER WEST SIDE HAD EXPLODED

ISLAND, AND THE UPPER EAST SIDE
AND UPPER WEST SIDE HAD EXPLODED
IN A FRENZY OF CONSTRUCTION, AS

AND UPPER WEST SIDE HAD EXPLODED
IN A FRENZY OF CONSTRUCTION, AS
BLOCK AFTER BLOCK WAS FILLED

IN A FRENZY OF CONSTRUCTION, AS
BLOCK AFTER BLOCK WAS FILLED
WITH WORKING-CLASS TENEMENTS AND

BLOCK AFTER BLOCK WAS FILLED
WITH WORKING-CLASS TENEMENTS AND
MIDDLE-CLASS ROW HOUSES.

WITH WORKING-CLASS TENEMENTS AND
MIDDLE-CLASS ROW HOUSES.
ONCE TRANSIT LINES HAD FOLLOWED

MIDDLE-CLASS ROW HOUSES.
ONCE TRANSIT LINES HAD FOLLOWED
PATTERNS OF

ONCE TRANSIT LINES HAD FOLLOWED
PATTERNS OF
HELPED CREATE THEM.

PATTERNS OF
HELPED CREATE THEM.
"PUT THE ROAD THERE," COMMODORE

HELPED CREATE THEM.
"PUT THE ROAD THERE," COMMODORE
VANDERBILT DECLARED, "AND PEOPLE

"PUT THE ROAD THERE," COMMODORE
VANDERBILT DECLARED, "AND PEOPLE
WILL GO THERE TO LIVE."

VANDERBILT DECLARED, "AND PEOPLE
WILL GO THERE TO LIVE."
YEAR AFTER YEAR, ISOLATED

WILL GO THERE TO LIVE."
YEAR AFTER YEAR, ISOLATED
FARMLAND IN THE FAR-FLUNG BRONX,

YEAR AFTER YEAR, ISOLATED
FARMLAND IN THE FAR-FLUNG BRONX,
ALONG WITH HAMLETS IN QUEENS AND

FARMLAND IN THE FAR-FLUNG BRONX,
ALONG WITH HAMLETS IN QUEENS AND
STATEN ISLAND, BEGAN TO BE

ALONG WITH HAMLETS IN QUEENS AND
STATEN ISLAND, BEGAN TO BE
PULLED INTO THE ORBIT OF THE

STATEN ISLAND, BEGAN TO BE
PULLED INTO THE ORBIT OF THE
RAPIDLY GROWING METROPOLIS.

PULLED INTO THE ORBIT OF THE
RAPIDLY GROWING METROPOLIS.
Jackson: IT'S THE ABSOLUTE

RAPIDLY GROWING METROPOLIS.
Jackson: IT'S THE ABSOLUTE
SIZE OF NEW YORK WHICH BECOMES

Jackson: IT'S THE ABSOLUTE
SIZE OF NEW YORK WHICH BECOMES
SO IMPRESSIVE IN THE SECOND HALF

SIZE OF NEW YORK WHICH BECOMES
SO IMPRESSIVE IN THE SECOND HALF
OF THE 19th CENTURY.

SO IMPRESSIVE IN THE SECOND HALF
OF THE 19th CENTURY.
THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE BRONX,

OF THE 19th CENTURY.
THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE BRONX,
WHICH WAS THEN PART OF

THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE BRONX,
WHICH WAS THEN PART OF
WESTCHESTER COUNTY, SO THAT THE

WHICH WAS THEN PART OF
WESTCHESTER COUNTY, SO THAT THE
BRONX IS BEGINNING TO EXPLODE IN

WESTCHESTER COUNTY, SO THAT THE
BRONX IS BEGINNING TO EXPLODE IN
POPULATION.

BRONX IS BEGINNING TO EXPLODE IN
POPULATION.
ALL OF UPPER MANHATTAN, THAT

POPULATION.
ALL OF UPPER MANHATTAN, THAT
AREA AROUND CENTRAL PARK WHICH

ALL OF UPPER MANHATTAN, THAT
AREA AROUND CENTRAL PARK WHICH
WAS EMPTY AROUND THE TIME OF THE

AREA AROUND CENTRAL PARK WHICH
WAS EMPTY AROUND THE TIME OF THE
CIVIL WAR BY 1900 IS ALL FILLED

WAS EMPTY AROUND THE TIME OF THE
CIVIL WAR BY 1900 IS ALL FILLED
UP.

CIVIL WAR BY 1900 IS ALL FILLED
UP.
BROOKLYN, FOR EXAMPLE, EXPANDS

UP.
BROOKLYN, FOR EXAMPLE, EXPANDS
FROM WHAT IS ARGUABLY THE FIRST

BROOKLYN, FOR EXAMPLE, EXPANDS
FROM WHAT IS ARGUABLY THE FIRST
SUBURB IN THE WORLD, OR

FROM WHAT IS ARGUABLY THE FIRST
SUBURB IN THE WORLD, OR
CERTAINLY THE UNITED STATES,

SUBURB IN THE WORLD, OR
CERTAINLY THE UNITED STATES,
UNTIL, BY THE END OF THE

CERTAINLY THE UNITED STATES,
UNTIL, BY THE END OF THE
CENT

UNTIL, BY THE END OF THE
CENT
CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.

CENT
CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.
THAT'S AN INCREDIBLE GROWTH.

CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.
THAT'S AN INCREDIBLE GROWTH.
Reader: "MARCH 18, 1865.

THAT'S AN INCREDIBLE GROWTH.
Reader: "MARCH 18, 1865.
CROSSED AT WALL STREET FERRY AND

Reader: "MARCH 18, 1865.
CROSSED AT WALL STREET FERRY AND
EXPLORED SUNDRY NEW DISTRICTS IN

CROSSED AT WALL STREET FERRY AND
EXPLORED SUNDRY NEW DISTRICTS IN
BROOKLYN.

EXPLORED SUNDRY NEW DISTRICTS IN
BROOKLYN.
I HEREBY PROPHESY THAT IN 1900

BROOKLYN.
I HEREBY PROPHESY THAT IN 1900
A.D., BROOKLYN WILL BE THE CITY,

I HEREBY PROPHESY THAT IN 1900
A.D., BROOKLYN WILL BE THE CITY,
AND NEW YORK WILL BE THE SUBURB.

A.D., BROOKLYN WILL BE THE CITY,
AND NEW YORK WILL BE THE SUBURB.
IT IS INEVITABLE IF BOTH GO ON

AND NEW YORK WILL BE THE SUBURB.
IT IS INEVITABLE IF BOTH GO ON
GROWING AS THEY HAVE GROWN IN

IT IS INEVITABLE IF BOTH GO ON
GROWING AS THEY HAVE GROWN IN
THE LAST 40 YEARS.

GROWING AS THEY HAVE GROWN IN
THE LAST 40 YEARS.
BROOKLYN HAS ROOM TO SPREAD, AND

THE LAST 40 YEARS.
BROOKLYN HAS ROOM TO SPREAD, AND
NEW YORK HAS NOT."

BROOKLYN HAS ROOM TO SPREAD, AND
NEW YORK HAS NOT."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

NEW YORK HAS NOT."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: YEAR AFTER YEAR,

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: YEAR AFTER YEAR,
NEW YORK HURTLED BLINDLY INTO

Narrator: YEAR AFTER YEAR,
NEW YORK HURTLED BLINDLY INTO
THE FUTURE, WITH SCARCELY A

NEW YORK HURTLED BLINDLY INTO
THE FUTURE, WITH SCARCELY A
THOUGHT FOR WHAT WAS BEING LEFT

THE FUTURE, WITH SCARCELY A
THOUGHT FOR WHAT WAS BEING LEFT
BEHIND.

THOUGHT FOR WHAT WAS BEING LEFT
BEHIND.
FOR MORE THAN 200 YEARS, A

BEHIND.
FOR MORE THAN 200 YEARS, A
VENERABLE PEAR TREE HAD STOOD AT

FOR MORE THAN 200 YEARS, A
VENERABLE PEAR TREE HAD STOOD AT
THE CORNER OF THIRD AVENUE AND

VENERABLE PEAR TREE HAD STOOD AT
THE CORNER OF THIRD AVENUE AND
13th STREET, WHERE PETER

THE CORNER OF THIRD AVENUE AND
13th STREET, WHERE PETER
STUYVESANT HIMSELF HAD PLANTED

13th STREET, WHERE PETER
STUYVESANT HIMSELF HAD PLANTED
IT BACK IN 1667.

STUYVESANT HIMSELF HAD PLANTED
IT BACK IN 1667.
NOW, IN THE WINTER OF 1867, THE

IT BACK IN 1667.
NOW, IN THE WINTER OF 1867, THE
COLDEST IN LIVING MEMORY, THE

NOW, IN THE WINTER OF 1867, THE
COLDEST IN LIVING MEMORY, THE
BATTLE-SCARRED VETERAN OF

COLDEST IN LIVING MEMORY, THE
BATTLE-SCARRED VETERAN OF
INNUMERABLE ENCOUNTERS WITH THE

BATTLE-SCARRED VETERAN OF
INNUMERABLE ENCOUNTERS WITH THE
LORRIES AND WAGONS OF LOWER

INNUMERABLE ENCOUNTERS WITH THE
LORRIES AND WAGONS OF LOWER
MANHATTAN SUCCUMBED TO THE

LORRIES AND WAGONS OF LOWER
MANHATTAN SUCCUMBED TO THE
RAVAGES OF TIME AND THE WEATHER,

MANHATTAN SUCCUMBED TO THE
RAVAGES OF TIME AND THE WEATHER,
AND WAS PULLED DOWN.

RAVAGES OF TIME AND THE WEATHER,
AND WAS PULLED DOWN.
THE LAST LIVING CONNECTION TO

AND WAS PULLED DOWN.
THE LAST LIVING CONNECTION TO
THE OLD DUTCH SETTLEMENT WAS

THE LAST LIVING CONNECTION TO
THE OLD DUTCH SETTLEMENT WAS
GONE.

THE OLD DUTCH SETTLEMENT WAS
GONE.
Reader: "NEW YORK IS

GONE.
Reader: "NEW YORK IS
NOTORIOUSLY THE LARGEST AND

Reader: "NEW YORK IS
NOTORIOUSLY THE LARGEST AND
LEAST LOVED OF ANY OF OUR GREAT

NOTORIOUSLY THE LARGEST AND
LEAST LOVED OF ANY OF OUR GREAT
CITIES.

LEAST LOVED OF ANY OF OUR GREAT
CITIES.
WHY SHOULD IT BE LOVED AS A

CITIES.
WHY SHOULD IT BE LOVED AS A
CITY?

WHY SHOULD IT BE LOVED AS A
CITY?
IT IS NEVER THE SAME CITY FOR A

CITY?
IT IS NEVER THE SAME CITY FOR A
DOZEN YEARS ALTOGETHER.

IT IS NEVER THE SAME CITY FOR A
DOZEN YEARS ALTOGETHER.
A MAN BORN 40 YEARS AGO FINDS

DOZEN YEARS ALTOGETHER.
A MAN BORN 40 YEARS AGO FINDS
NOTHING, ABSOLUTELY NOTHING, OF

A MAN BORN 40 YEARS AGO FINDS
NOTHING, ABSOLUTELY NOTHING, OF
THE NEW YORK HE KNEW.

NOTHING, ABSOLUTELY NOTHING, OF
THE NEW YORK HE KNEW.
IF HE CHANCES TO STUMBLE UPON A

THE NEW YORK HE KNEW.
IF HE CHANCES TO STUMBLE UPON A
FEW OLD HOUSES NOT YET LEVELED,

IF HE CHANCES TO STUMBLE UPON A
FEW OLD HOUSES NOT YET LEVELED,
HE IS FORTUNATE.

FEW OLD HOUSES NOT YET LEVELED,
HE IS FORTUNATE.
BUT THE LANDMARKS, THE OBJECTS,

HE IS FORTUNATE.
BUT THE LANDMARKS, THE OBJECTS,
WHICH MARKED THE CITY TO HIM, AS

BUT THE LANDMARKS, THE OBJECTS,
WHICH MARKED THE CITY TO HIM, AS
A CITY, ARE GONE."

WHICH MARKED THE CITY TO HIM, AS
A CITY, ARE GONE."
HARPER'S MONTHLY.

A CITY, ARE GONE."
HARPER'S MONTHLY.
Narrator: ON THE MORNING OF

HARPER'S MONTHLY.
Narrator: ON THE MORNING OF
JANUARY 23, 1867, THE CITIZENS

Narrator: ON THE MORNING OF
JANUARY 23, 1867, THE CITIZENS
OF NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN AWOKE

JANUARY 23, 1867, THE CITIZENS
OF NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN AWOKE
TO AN EXTRAORDINARY SIGHT.

OF NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN AWOKE
TO AN EXTRAORDINARY SIGHT.
DURING THE NIGHT, THE EAST RIVER

TO AN EXTRAORDINARY SIGHT.
DURING THE NIGHT, THE EAST RIVER
HAD FROZEN OVER SOLID, LOCKING

DURING THE NIGHT, THE EAST RIVER
HAD FROZEN OVER SOLID, LOCKING
THE FERRIES IN ICE, BRINGING

HAD FROZEN OVER SOLID, LOCKING
THE FERRIES IN ICE, BRINGING
TRAFFIC IN THE HARBOR TO A

THE FERRIES IN ICE, BRINGING
TRAFFIC IN THE HARBOR TO A
STANDSTILL, AND CRIPPLING

TRAFFIC IN THE HARBOR TO A
STANDSTILL, AND CRIPPLING
COMMERCE BETWEEN THE TWO CITIES

STANDSTILL, AND CRIPPLING
COMMERCE BETWEEN THE TWO CITIES
FOR WEEKS.

COMMERCE BETWEEN THE TWO CITIES
FOR WEEKS.
FOR YEARS, PEOPLE HAD BEEN

FOR WEEKS.
FOR YEARS, PEOPLE HAD BEEN
DREAMING OF A STRUCTURE THAT

FOR YEARS, PEOPLE HAD BEEN
DREAMING OF A STRUCTURE THAT
COULD SPAN THE TURBULENT RIVER,

DREAMING OF A STRUCTURE THAT
COULD SPAN THE TURBULENT RIVER,
A GIGANTIC BRIDGE THAT WOULD

COULD SPAN THE TURBULENT RIVER,
A GIGANTIC BRIDGE THAT WOULD
UNITE THE TWO CITIES AND FREE

A GIGANTIC BRIDGE THAT WOULD
UNITE THE TWO CITIES AND FREE
TRANSPORTATION FROM THE TYRANNY

UNITE THE TWO CITIES AND FREE
TRANSPORTATION FROM THE TYRANNY
OF THE WEATHER.

TRANSPORTATION FROM THE TYRANNY
OF THE WEATHER.
NOW SOMETHING, EVERYONE AGREED,

OF THE WEATHER.
NOW SOMETHING, EVERYONE AGREED,
HAD TO BE DONE.

NOW SOMETHING, EVERYONE AGREED,
HAD TO BE DONE.
BEFORE THE ICE HAD THAWED THAT

HAD TO BE DONE.
BEFORE THE ICE HAD THAWED THAT
SPRING, THE NEW YORK BRIDGE

BEFORE THE ICE HAD THAWED THAT
SPRING, THE NEW YORK BRIDGE
COMPANY HAD BEEN INCORPORATED

SPRING, THE NEW YORK BRIDGE
COMPANY HAD BEEN INCORPORATED
AND CHARGED WITH THE TASK OF

COMPANY HAD BEEN INCORPORATED
AND CHARGED WITH THE TASK OF
FINDING SOMEONE CAPABLE OF

AND CHARGED WITH THE TASK OF
FINDING SOMEONE CAPABLE OF
BUILDING SUCH A STRUCTURE.

FINDING SOMEONE CAPABLE OF
BUILDING SUCH A STRUCTURE.
McCullough: THEY BUILT THE

BUILDING SUCH A STRUCTURE.
McCullough: THEY BUILT THE
BRIDGE BECAUSE THEY SAW NEW YORK

McCullough: THEY BUILT THE
BRIDGE BECAUSE THEY SAW NEW YORK
CITY RUNNING OUT OF SPACE.

BRIDGE BECAUSE THEY SAW NEW YORK
CITY RUNNING OUT OF SPACE.
MANHATTAN ISLAND WAS FINITE.

CITY RUNNING OUT OF SPACE.
MANHATTAN ISLAND WAS FINITE.
THERE WAS JUST SO MUCH OF IT,

MANHATTAN ISLAND WAS FINITE.
THERE WAS JUST SO MUCH OF IT,
AND IT WAS FILLING UP FAST, BUT

THERE WAS JUST SO MUCH OF IT,
AND IT WAS FILLING UP FAST, BUT
BROOKLYN, IT SEEMED, COULD

AND IT WAS FILLING UP FAST, BUT
BROOKLYN, IT SEEMED, COULD
EXPAND ENDLESSLY OUT ON TO LONG

BROOKLYN, IT SEEMED, COULD
EXPAND ENDLESSLY OUT ON TO LONG
ISLAND.

EXPAND ENDLESSLY OUT ON TO LONG
ISLAND.
THEREFORE, THE BRIDGE WAS BUILT

ISLAND.
THEREFORE, THE BRIDGE WAS BUILT
NOT TO GET TO NEW YORK, BUT TO

THEREFORE, THE BRIDGE WAS BUILT
NOT TO GET TO NEW YORK, BUT TO
GET TO BROOKLYN, AND IT WAS SEEN

NOT TO GET TO NEW YORK, BUT TO
GET TO BROOKLYN, AND IT WAS SEEN
AS A WAY OF HAVING THE CITY

GET TO BROOKLYN, AND IT WAS SEEN
AS A WAY OF HAVING THE CITY
EXPAND INTO THAT OPEN SPACE IN

AS A WAY OF HAVING THE CITY
EXPAND INTO THAT OPEN SPACE IN
BROOKLYN, BECAUSE NOBODY HAD YET

EXPAND INTO THAT OPEN SPACE IN
BROOKLYN, BECAUSE NOBODY HAD YET
IMAGINED A CITY GROWING UPWARD

BROOKLYN, BECAUSE NOBODY HAD YET
IMAGINED A CITY GROWING UPWARD
INSTEAD OF OUT.

IMAGINED A CITY GROWING UPWARD
INSTEAD OF OUT.
Narrator: THE VERY THING THAT

INSTEAD OF OUT.
Narrator: THE VERY THING THAT
MADE THE BRIDGE SO CRUCIAL MADE

Narrator: THE VERY THING THAT
MADE THE BRIDGE SO CRUCIAL MADE
IT ALL BUT IMPOSSIBLE TO BUILD.

MADE THE BRIDGE SO CRUCIAL MADE
IT ALL BUT IMPOSSIBLE TO BUILD.
THE EAST RIVER WAS THE BUSIEST

IT ALL BUT IMPOSSIBLE TO BUILD.
THE EAST RIVER WAS THE BUSIEST
STRETCH OF WATER IN THE WORLD,

THE EAST RIVER WAS THE BUSIEST
STRETCH OF WATER IN THE WORLD,
FILLED WITH FERRIES, STEAMERS,

STRETCH OF WATER IN THE WORLD,
FILLED WITH FERRIES, STEAMERS,
CLIPPER SHIPS, AND LAUNCHES.

FILLED WITH FERRIES, STEAMERS,
CLIPPER SHIPS, AND LAUNCHES.
"IF THERE IS TO BE A BRIDGE,"

CLIPPER SHIPS, AND LAUNCHES.
"IF THERE IS TO BE A BRIDGE,"
ONE SKEPTIC WROTE, "IT MUST TAKE

"IF THERE IS TO BE A BRIDGE,"
ONE SKEPTIC WROTE, "IT MUST TAKE
ONE GRAND FLYING LEAP FROM SHORE

ONE SKEPTIC WROTE, "IT MUST TAKE
ONE GRAND FLYING LEAP FROM SHORE
TO SHORE OVE

ONE GRAND FLYING LEAP FROM SHORE
TO SHORE OVE
SHIPS.OF

TO SHORE OVE
SHIPS.OF
THERE CAN BE NO PIERS OR

SHIPS.OF
THERE CAN BE NO PIERS OR
DRAWBRIDGE.

THERE CAN BE NO PIERS OR
DRAWBRIDGE.
THERE MUST BE ONLY ONE GREAT

DRAWBRIDGE.
THERE MUST BE ONLY ONE GREAT
ARCH ALL THE WAY ACROSS."

THERE MUST BE ONLY ONE GREAT
ARCH ALL THE WAY ACROSS."
THERE WAS PROBABLY ONLY ONE MAN

ARCH ALL THE WAY ACROSS."
THERE WAS PROBABLY ONLY ONE MAN
IN THE WORLD WHO COULD BUILD

THERE WAS PROBABLY ONLY ONE MAN
IN THE WORLD WHO COULD BUILD
SUCH A STRUCTURE, AN INTENSE,

IN THE WORLD WHO COULD BUILD
SUCH A STRUCTURE, AN INTENSE,
ENIGMATIC 61-YEAR-OLD GERMAN-

SUCH A STRUCTURE, AN INTENSE,
ENIGMATIC 61-YEAR-OLD GERMAN-
BORN ENGINEER AND INVENTOR NAMED

ENIGMATIC 61-YEAR-OLD GERMAN-
BORN ENGINEER AND INVENTOR NAMED
JOHN AUGUSTUS ROEBLING, WHO HAD

BORN ENGINEER AND INVENTOR NAMED
JOHN AUGUSTUS ROEBLING, WHO HAD
ALREADY MADE A FORTUNE

JOHN AUGUSTUS ROEBLING, WHO HAD
ALREADY MADE A FORTUNE
PIONEERING THE MANUFACTURE OF

ALREADY MADE A FORTUNE
PIONEERING THE MANUFACTURE OF
WIRE ROPE.

PIONEERING THE MANUFACTURE OF
WIRE ROPE.
NOW, WITH HIS SON, WASHINGTON, A

WIRE ROPE.
NOW, WITH HIS SON, WASHINGTON, A
FORMER COLONEL IN THE ARMY CORPS

NOW, WITH HIS SON, WASHINGTON, A
FORMER COLONEL IN THE ARMY CORPS
OF ENGINEERS, ROEBLING DREW UP

FORMER COLONEL IN THE ARMY CORPS
OF ENGINEERS, ROEBLING DREW UP
PLANS FOR A STRUCTURE FAR LARGER

OF ENGINEERS, ROEBLING DREW UP
PLANS FOR A STRUCTURE FAR LARGER
THAN ANYTHING EVER BEFORE

PLANS FOR A STRUCTURE FAR LARGER
THAN ANYTHING EVER BEFORE
ATTEMPTED.

THAN ANYTHING EVER BEFORE
ATTEMPTED.
ITS CENTRAL SPAN WOULD BE 1,600

ATTEMPTED.
ITS CENTRAL SPAN WOULD BE 1,600
FEET LONG, HALF AGAIN AS LONG AS

ITS CENTRAL SPAN WOULD BE 1,600
FEET LONG, HALF AGAIN AS LONG AS
ANY BRIDGE IN EXISTENCE, AND ITS

FEET LONG, HALF AGAIN AS LONG AS
ANY BRIDGE IN EXISTENCE, AND ITS
TOWERS 275 FEET TALL, SEVEN

ANY BRIDGE IN EXISTENCE, AND ITS
TOWERS 275 FEET TALL, SEVEN
TIMES HIGHER THAN THE FOUR-STORY

TOWERS 275 FEET TALL, SEVEN
TIMES HIGHER THAN THE FOUR-STORY
SKYLINE OF MANHATTAN.

TIMES HIGHER THAN THE FOUR-STORY
SKYLINE OF MANHATTAN.
BY THE SUMMER OF 1869, WORK ON

SKYLINE OF MANHATTAN.
BY THE SUMMER OF 1869, WORK ON
THE GIANT ENTERPRISE HAD BEGUN.

BY THE SUMMER OF 1869, WORK ON
THE GIANT ENTERPRISE HAD BEGUN.
JOHN ROEBLING HIMSELF WAS

THE GIANT ENTERPRISE HAD BEGUN.
JOHN ROEBLING HIMSELF WAS
SURVEYING THE FOUNDATION FOR THE

JOHN ROEBLING HIMSELF WAS
SURVEYING THE FOUNDATION FOR THE
BROOKLYN TOWER ON THE MORNING OF

SURVEYING THE FOUNDATION FOR THE
BROOKLYN TOWER ON THE MORNING OF
JUNE 28, WHEN A FERRY RAMMED THE

BROOKLYN TOWER ON THE MORNING OF
JUNE 28, WHEN A FERRY RAMMED THE
PIER HE WAS STANDING ON,

JUNE 28, WHEN A FERRY RAMMED THE
PIER HE WAS STANDING ON,
CRUSHING HIS RIGHT FOOT.

PIER HE WAS STANDING ON,
CRUSHING HIS RIGHT FOOT.
TETANUS SET IN, THEN LOCKJAW,

CRUSHING HIS RIGHT FOOT.
TETANUS SET IN, THEN LOCKJAW,
AND AFTER THREE WEEKS OF AGONY,

TETANUS SET IN, THEN LOCKJAW,
AND AFTER THREE WEEKS OF AGONY,
HE DIED, LEAVING RESPONSIBILITY

AND AFTER THREE WEEKS OF AGONY,
HE DIED, LEAVING RESPONSIBILITY
FOR THE MOST AMBITIOUS

HE DIED, LEAVING RESPONSIBILITY
FOR THE MOST AMBITIOUS
ENGINEERING PROJECT OF THE 19th

FOR THE MOST AMBITIOUS
ENGINEERING PROJECT OF THE 19th
CENTURY ON THE SHOULDERS OF HIS

ENGINEERING PROJECT OF THE 19th
CENTURY ON THE SHOULDERS OF HIS
32-YEAR-OLD SON, WASHINGTON.

CENTURY ON THE SHOULDERS OF HIS
32-YEAR-OLD SON, WASHINGTON.
IN THE END, IT WOULD PROVE FAR

32-YEAR-OLD SON, WASHINGTON.
IN THE END, IT WOULD PROVE FAR
MORE DIFFICULT AND TAKE FAR

IN THE END, IT WOULD PROVE FAR
MORE DIFFICULT AND TAKE FAR
LONGER THAN ANYONE COULD HAVE

MORE DIFFICULT AND TAKE FAR
LONGER THAN ANYONE COULD HAVE
IMAGINED.

LONGER THAN ANYONE COULD HAVE
IMAGINED.
BEFORE IT WAS OVER, THE TWIN

IMAGINED.
BEFORE IT WAS OVER, THE TWIN
CITIES WASHINGTON ROEBLING HOPED

BEFORE IT WAS OVER, THE TWIN
CITIES WASHINGTON ROEBLING HOPED
IT WOULD CONNECT WOULD HAVE TO

CITIES WASHINGTON ROEBLING HOPED
IT WOULD CONNECT WOULD HAVE TO
DESCEND INTO A MAELSTROM OF

IT WOULD CONNECT WOULD HAVE TO
DESCEND INTO A MAELSTROM OF
POLITICAL AND FINANCIAL CHAOS,

DESCEND INTO A MAELSTROM OF
POLITICAL AND FINANCIAL CHAOS,
AND RISE AGAIN.

Phillip Lopate: AMERICA IS
KNOWN AS A COUNTRY OF ENTHUSIASM

KNOWN AS A COUNTRY OF ENTHUSIASM
AND OPTIMISM, OF A CAN-DO SPIRIT

AND OPTIMISM, OF A CAN-DO SPIRIT
OF ENGINEERING.
NEW YORK WAS BUILT ON THIS CAN-

NEW YORK WAS BUILT ON THIS CAN-
DO SPIRIT OF ENGINEERING, BUT
NEW YORK IS ALSO A PLACE OF

DO SPIRIT OF ENGINEERING, BUT
NEW YORK IS ALSO A PLACE OF
CORRUPTION, AND SO IT'S A PLACE

NEW YORK IS ALSO A PLACE OF
CORRUPTION, AND SO IT'S A PLACE
WHERE PEOPLE KNOW THAT SOMETIMES

CORRUPTION, AND SO IT'S A PLACE
WHERE PEOPLE KNOW THAT SOMETIMES
THE BUREAUCRACY WILL LET YOU

WHERE PEOPLE KNOW THAT SOMETIMES
THE BUREAUCRACY WILL LET YOU
DOWN, THAT YOU WILL HAVE TO

THE BUREAUCRACY WILL LET YOU
DOWN, THAT YOU WILL HAVE TO
GREASE SOMEBODY'S PALM.

DOWN, THAT YOU WILL HAVE TO
GREASE SOMEBODY'S PALM.
SO THERE'S A DIFFERENT

GREASE SOMEBODY'S PALM.
SO THERE'S A DIFFERENT
RELATIONSHIP TO VENALITY, TO

SO THERE'S A DIFFERENT
RELATIONSHIP TO VENALITY, TO
MORAL INIQUITY, MORE OF AN

RELATIONSHIP TO VENALITY, TO
MORAL INIQUITY, MORE OF AN
ACCEPTANCE OF IT, THAT THIS IS

MORAL INIQUITY, MORE OF AN
ACCEPTANCE OF IT, THAT THIS IS
WHAT PEOPLE ARE LIKE, YOU KNOW.

ACCEPTANCE OF IT, THAT THIS IS
WHAT PEOPLE ARE LIKE, YOU KNOW.
THEY'RE NOT PERFECT; THEY'RE NOT

WHAT PEOPLE ARE LIKE, YOU KNOW.
THEY'RE NOT PERFECT; THEY'RE NOT
ANGELIC.

THEY'RE NOT PERFECT; THEY'RE NOT
ANGELIC.
Reader: "TO BE A CITIZEN OF

ANGELIC.
Reader: "TO BE A CITIZEN OF
NEW YORK IS A DISGRACE.

Reader: "TO BE A CITIZEN OF
NEW YORK IS A DISGRACE.
THE NEW YORKER BELONGS TO A

NEW YORK IS A DISGRACE.
THE NEW YORKER BELONGS TO A
COMMUNITY WORSE GOVERNED BY

THE NEW YORKER BELONGS TO A
COMMUNITY WORSE GOVERNED BY
LOWER AND BASER BLACKGUARD SCUM

COMMUNITY WORSE GOVERNED BY
LOWER AND BASER BLACKGUARD SCUM
THAN ANY CITY IN WESTERN

LOWER AND BASER BLACKGUARD SCUM
THAN ANY CITY IN WESTERN
CHRISTENDOM."

THAN ANY CITY IN WESTERN
CHRISTENDOM."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

CHRISTENDOM."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER OF

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER OF
1871, AS WORK ON THE BROOKLYN

Narrator: IN THE SUMMER OF
1871, AS WORK ON THE BROOKLYN
BRIDGE BEGAN, NEW YORK CITY

1871, AS WORK ON THE BROOKLYN
BRIDGE BEGAN, NEW YORK CITY
EXPLODED IN THE BIGGEST

BRIDGE BEGAN, NEW YORK CITY
EXPLODED IN THE BIGGEST
POLITICAL SCANDAL OF ITS

EXPLODED IN THE BIGGEST
POLITICAL SCANDAL OF ITS
HISTORY.

POLITICAL SCANDAL OF ITS
HISTORY.
AT THE CENTER OF THE STORM STOOD

HISTORY.
AT THE CENTER OF THE STORM STOOD
ANOTHER STRUCTURE, ONLY 100

AT THE CENTER OF THE STORM STOOD
ANOTHER STRUCTURE, ONLY 100
YARDS AWAY FROM THE NEW YORK

ANOTHER STRUCTURE, ONLY 100
YARDS AWAY FROM THE NEW YORK
ENTRANCE TO THE BRIDGE, AN

YARDS AWAY FROM THE NEW YORK
ENTRANCE TO THE BRIDGE, AN
UNFINISHED STONE COURTHOUSE THAT

ENTRANCE TO THE BRIDGE, AN
UNFINISHED STONE COURTHOUSE THAT
BY 1871 WAS ENTERING ITS 12th

UNFINISHED STONE COURTHOUSE THAT
BY 1871 WAS ENTERING ITS 12th
YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION, WITH NO

BY 1871 WAS ENTERING ITS 12th
YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION, WITH NO
END IN SIGHT.

YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION, WITH NO
END IN SIGHT.
THE REVELATIONS ABOUT TO EMERGE

END IN SIGHT.
THE REVELATIONS ABOUT TO EMERGE
FROM IT WOULD SHOW HOW POLITICS

THE REVELATIONS ABOUT TO EMERGE
FROM IT WOULD SHOW HOW POLITICS
WORKED IN THE SPRAWLING

FROM IT WOULD SHOW HOW POLITICS
WORKED IN THE SPRAWLING
COMMERCIAL METROPOLIS.

WORKED IN THE SPRAWLING
COMMERCIAL METROPOLIS.
THEY WOULD ALSO IMMORTALIZE ONE

COMMERCIAL METROPOLIS.
THEY WOULD ALSO IMMORTALIZE ONE
MAN ABOVE ALL AS THE MOST

THEY WOULD ALSO IMMORTALIZE ONE
MAN ABOVE ALL AS THE MOST
CORRUPT URBAN POLITICIAN IN

MAN ABOVE ALL AS THE MOST
CORRUPT URBAN POLITICIAN IN
AMERICAN HISTORY, BOSS WILLIAM

CORRUPT URBAN POLITICIAN IN
AMERICAN HISTORY, BOSS WILLIAM
M. TWEED.

AMERICAN HISTORY, BOSS WILLIAM
M. TWEED.
McCullough: IF NEW YORK WAS

M. TWEED.
McCullough: IF NEW YORK WAS
GOING TO HAVE CORRUPTION, IF NEW

McCullough: IF NEW YORK WAS
GOING TO HAVE CORRUPTION, IF NEW
YORK WAS GOING TO HAVE A CORRUPT

GOING TO HAVE CORRUPTION, IF NEW
YORK WAS GOING TO HAVE A CORRUPT
POLITICIAN, IT WAS GOING TO HAVE

YORK WAS GOING TO HAVE A CORRUPT
POLITICIAN, IT WAS GOING TO HAVE
THE BIGGEST AND MOST CORRUPT OF

POLITICIAN, IT WAS GOING TO HAVE
THE BIGGEST AND MOST CORRUPT OF
ANYBODY.

THE BIGGEST AND MOST CORRUPT OF
ANYBODY.
AND HE WAS NEW.

ANYBODY.
AND HE WAS NEW.
HE WAS A NEW KIND OF CORRUPT

AND HE WAS NEW.
HE WAS A NEW KIND OF CORRUPT
POLITICIAN.

HE WAS A NEW KIND OF CORRUPT
POLITICIAN.
THAT, TOO, WAS PART OF IT.

POLITICIAN.
THAT, TOO, WAS PART OF IT.
Carr: BOSS TWEED... THE NAME

THAT, TOO, WAS PART OF IT.
Carr: BOSS TWEED... THE NAME
IS ASSOCIATED WITH PURELY BAD

Carr: BOSS TWEED... THE NAME
IS ASSOCIATED WITH PURELY BAD
THINGS NOW.

IS ASSOCIATED WITH PURELY BAD
THINGS NOW.
THE TAMMANY ORGANIZATION REALLY

THINGS NOW.
THE TAMMANY ORGANIZATION REALLY
WAS ONE OF THOSE LOCAL, SHADY

THE TAMMANY ORGANIZATION REALLY
WAS ONE OF THOSE LOCAL, SHADY
ORGANIZATIONS THAT ALSO DID DO A

WAS ONE OF THOSE LOCAL, SHADY
ORGANIZATIONS THAT ALSO DID DO A
LOT OF GOOD THINGS FOR THE

ORGANIZATIONS THAT ALSO DID DO A
LOT OF GOOD THINGS FOR THE
PEOPLE THAT THEY WERE SUPPOSED

LOT OF GOOD THINGS FOR THE
PEOPLE THAT THEY WERE SUPPOSED
TO BE REPRESENTING.

PEOPLE THAT THEY WERE SUPPOSED
TO BE REPRESENTING.
Narrator: FOR YEARS, A NEW

TO BE REPRESENTING.
Narrator: FOR YEARS, A NEW
KIND OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

Narrator: FOR YEARS, A NEW
KIND OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
HAD BEEN RISING FROM THE STREETS

KIND OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
HAD BEEN RISING FROM THE STREETS
OF THE LOWER EAST SIDE.

HAD BEEN RISING FROM THE STREETS
OF THE LOWER EAST SIDE.
IT WAS CALLED TAMMANY HALL, AND

OF THE LOWER EAST SIDE.
IT WAS CALLED TAMMANY HALL, AND
THE MEN WHO RAN IT HAD FEW

IT WAS CALLED TAMMANY HALL, AND
THE MEN WHO RAN IT HAD FEW
ILLUSIONS, NO IDEOLOGY, AND NO

THE MEN WHO RAN IT HAD FEW
ILLUSIONS, NO IDEOLOGY, AND NO
IDEALS.

ILLUSIONS, NO IDEOLOGY, AND NO
IDEALS.
WHAT THEY HAD WAS A SHREWD GRASP

IDEALS.
WHAT THEY HAD WAS A SHREWD GRASP
OF THE NEW POLITICAL

WHAT THEY HAD WAS A SHREWD GRASP
OF THE NEW POLITICAL
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SPRAWLING

OF THE NEW POLITICAL
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SPRAWLING
CITY OF IMMIGRANTS.

OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SPRAWLING
CITY OF IMMIGRANTS.
REACHING OUT TO NEW YORK'S

CITY OF IMMIGRANTS.
REACHING OUT TO NEW YORK'S
DESPISED AND DOWNTRODDEN IRISH

REACHING OUT TO NEW YORK'S
DESPISED AND DOWNTRODDEN IRISH
AND GERMAN NEWCOMERS, TAMMANY

DESPISED AND DOWNTRODDEN IRISH
AND GERMAN NEWCOMERS, TAMMANY
ALONE OFFERED THEM COMFORT AND A

AND GERMAN NEWCOMERS, TAMMANY
ALONE OFFERED THEM COMFORT AND A
VOICE IN THE SYSTEM, KNOWING

ALONE OFFERED THEM COMFORT AND A
VOICE IN THE SYSTEM, KNOWING
THAT ON ELECTION DAY THEY WOULD

VOICE IN THE SYSTEM, KNOWING
THAT ON ELECTION DAY THEY WOULD
REAP THE GRATITUDE OF THE NEW

THAT ON ELECTION DAY THEY WOULD
REAP THE GRATITUDE OF THE NEW
VOTERS.

REAP THE GRATITUDE OF THE NEW
VOTERS.
Czitrom: PEOPLE WHO WERE JUST

VOTERS.
Czitrom: PEOPLE WHO WERE JUST
OFF THE BOAT, WHO WERE LOOKING

Czitrom: PEOPLE WHO WERE JUST
OFF THE BOAT, WHO WERE LOOKING
TO MAKE A WAY IN THE WORLD,

OFF THE BOAT, WHO WERE LOOKING
TO MAKE A WAY IN THE WORLD,
TAMMANY PROVIDED THEM WITH AN

TO MAKE A WAY IN THE WORLD,
TAMMANY PROVIDED THEM WITH AN
AWFUL LOT OF REAL SERVICES.

TAMMANY PROVIDED THEM WITH AN
AWFUL LOT OF REAL SERVICES.
IN THESE DAYS, WHEN SO MANY

AWFUL LOT OF REAL SERVICES.
IN THESE DAYS, WHEN SO MANY
PEOPLE NEEDED HELP... YOUR KID'S

IN THESE DAYS, WHEN SO MANY
PEOPLE NEEDED HELP... YOUR KID'S
IN TROUBLE WITH THE LAW OR YOUR

PEOPLE NEEDED HELP... YOUR KID'S
IN TROUBLE WITH THE LAW OR YOUR
CHILD'S NOT DOING WELL IN

IN TROUBLE WITH THE LAW OR YOUR
CHILD'S NOT DOING WELL IN
SCHOOL; YOU CAN'T PAY THE RENT;

CHILD'S NOT DOING WELL IN
SCHOOL; YOU CAN'T PAY THE RENT;
YOUR HUSBAND'S OUT OF WORK, OR

SCHOOL; YOU CAN'T PAY THE RENT;
YOUR HUSBAND'S OUT OF WORK, OR
YOUR HUSBAND HAS JUST DIED;

YOUR HUSBAND'S OUT OF WORK, OR
YOUR HUSBAND HAS JUST DIED;
YOU'RE ABOUT TO BE EVICTED,

YOUR HUSBAND HAS JUST DIED;
YOU'RE ABOUT TO BE EVICTED,
YOU'RE LOOKING FOR A JOB... ANY

YOU'RE ABOUT TO BE EVICTED,
YOU'RE LOOKING FOR A JOB... ANY
OF THESE KINDS THINGS REQUIRE

YOU'RE LOOKING FOR A JOB... ANY
OF THESE KINDS THINGS REQUIRE
THE INTERVENTION OF SOMEONE.

OF THESE KINDS THINGS REQUIRE
THE INTERVENTION OF SOMEONE.
AND FOR AN AWFUL LOT OF PEOPLE,

THE INTERVENTION OF SOMEONE.
AND FOR AN AWFUL LOT OF PEOPLE,
THAT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING WAS

AND FOR AN AWFUL LOT OF PEOPLE,
THAT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING WAS
TAMMANY, OR THE LOCAL TAMMANY

THAT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING WAS
TAMMANY, OR THE LOCAL TAMMANY
LEADER.

TAMMANY, OR THE LOCAL TAMMANY
LEADER.
Jackson: NOTHING WAS AS

LEADER.
Jackson: NOTHING WAS AS
FAMOUS AS TAMMANY HALL.

Jackson: NOTHING WAS AS
FAMOUS AS TAMMANY HALL.
NO AMERICAN POLITICAL FIGURE HAS

FAMOUS AS TAMMANY HALL.
NO AMERICAN POLITICAL FIGURE HAS
EVER BEEN QUITE AS FAMOUS OR AS

NO AMERICAN POLITICAL FIGURE HAS
EVER BEEN QUITE AS FAMOUS OR AS
INFAMOUS AS BOSS TWEED.

EVER BEEN QUITE AS FAMOUS OR AS
INFAMOUS AS BOSS TWEED.
BUT WE NEED TO REMEMBER WHY IT

INFAMOUS AS BOSS TWEED.
BUT WE NEED TO REMEMBER WHY IT
WAS THAT THE POLITICAL MACHINE

BUT WE NEED TO REMEMBER WHY IT
WAS THAT THE POLITICAL MACHINE
HAD SUCH ATTRACTION TO THESE

WAS THAT THE POLITICAL MACHINE
HAD SUCH ATTRACTION TO THESE
IMMIGRANTS.

HAD SUCH ATTRACTION TO THESE
IMMIGRANTS.
Narrator: AN EX-FIREMEN AND

IMMIGRANTS.
Narrator: AN EX-FIREMEN AND
ONE-TIME CHAIR MAKER FROM THE

Narrator: AN EX-FIREMEN AND
ONE-TIME CHAIR MAKER FROM THE
LOWER EAST SIDE, THERE HAD NEVER

ONE-TIME CHAIR MAKER FROM THE
LOWER EAST SIDE, THERE HAD NEVER
BEEN ANYONE QUITE LIKE WILLIAM

LOWER EAST SIDE, THERE HAD NEVER
BEEN ANYONE QUITE LIKE WILLIAM
M. TWEED.

BEEN ANYONE QUITE LIKE WILLIAM
M. TWEED.
OVER SIX FEET TALL AND NEARLY

M. TWEED.
OVER SIX FEET TALL AND NEARLY
300 POUNDS, HE WAS SURPRISINGLY

OVER SIX FEET TALL AND NEARLY
300 POUNDS, HE WAS SURPRISINGLY
NIMBLE AND GRACEFUL ON HIS FEET.

300 POUNDS, HE WAS SURPRISINGLY
NIMBLE AND GRACEFUL ON HIS FEET.
CARICATURED BY HIS REPUBLICAN

NIMBLE AND GRACEFUL ON HIS FEET.
CARICATURED BY HIS REPUBLICAN
OPPONENTS AS A VULGAR, HARD-

CARICATURED BY HIS REPUBLICAN
OPPONENTS AS A VULGAR, HARD-
DRINKING IRISHMAN, HE WAS IN

OPPONENTS AS A VULGAR, HARD-
DRINKING IRISHMAN, HE WAS IN
FACT A FOURTH-GENERATION SCOTS

DRINKING IRISHMAN, HE WAS IN
FACT A FOURTH-GENERATION SCOTS
PROTESTANT, UNFAILINGLY

FACT A FOURTH-GENERATION SCOTS
PROTESTANT, UNFAILINGLY
COURTEOUS AND NEARLY TEETOTAL.

PROTESTANT, UNFAILINGLY
COURTEOUS AND NEARLY TEETOTAL.
HE WAS ALSO A SUPERB POLITICIAN

COURTEOUS AND NEARLY TEETOTAL.
HE WAS ALSO A SUPERB POLITICIAN
WHO TOOK CARE OF HIS MAINLY

HE WAS ALSO A SUPERB POLITICIAN
WHO TOOK CARE OF HIS MAINLY
IMMIGRANT CONSTITUENCY,

WHO TOOK CARE OF HIS MAINLY
IMMIGRANT CONSTITUENCY,
PROVIDING JOBS FOR THE

IMMIGRANT CONSTITUENCY,
PROVIDING JOBS FOR THE
UNEMPLOYED, COAL IN WINTER, AND

PROVIDING JOBS FOR THE
UNEMPLOYED, COAL IN WINTER, AND
ORPHANAGES, HOSPITALS, AND

UNEMPLOYED, COAL IN WINTER, AND
ORPHANAGES, HOSPITALS, AND
SHELTERS FOR THE POOR.

ORPHANAGES, HOSPITALS, AND
SHELTERS FOR THE POOR.
Quinn: HE WAS ONE OF THE

SHELTERS FOR THE POOR.
Quinn: HE WAS ONE OF THE
FIRST PEOPLE WHO SAW THE POWER

Quinn: HE WAS ONE OF THE
FIRST PEOPLE WHO SAW THE POWER
OF MASS POLITICS IN THE CITIES.

FIRST PEOPLE WHO SAW THE POWER
OF MASS POLITICS IN THE CITIES.
AND FOR ALL HIS THIEVERY, THERE

OF MASS POLITICS IN THE CITIES.
AND FOR ALL HIS THIEVERY, THERE
WAS THE RECOGNITION OF

AND FOR ALL HIS THIEVERY, THERE
WAS THE RECOGNITION OF
MOBILIZING THIS MASS OF PEOPLE

WAS THE RECOGNITION OF
MOBILIZING THIS MASS OF PEOPLE
TO SOME POLITICAL END.

MOBILIZING THIS MASS OF PEOPLE
TO SOME POLITICAL END.
HE'S NOT REMEMBERED FOR THAT;

TO SOME POLITICAL END.
HE'S NOT REMEMBERED FOR THAT;
HE'S REMEMBERED FOR THE $50

HE'S NOT REMEMBERED FOR THAT;
HE'S REMEMBERED FOR THE $50
MILLION THAT HE STOLE, WHICH IF

HE'S REMEMBERED FOR THE $50
MILLION THAT HE STOLE, WHICH IF
YOU WANTED TO GET THE EQUIVALENT

MILLION THAT HE STOLE, WHICH IF
YOU WANTED TO GET THE EQUIVALENT
TODAY, MULTIPLY TIMES TEN.

YOU WANTED TO GET THE EQUIVALENT
TODAY, MULTIPLY TIMES TEN.
Narrator: ACCELERATING NEW

TODAY, MULTIPLY TIMES TEN.
Narrator: ACCELERATING NEW
YORK'S ALREADY EXPLOSIVE GROWTH

Narrator: ACCELERATING NEW
YORK'S ALREADY EXPLOSIVE GROWTH
STILL FURTHER, TWEED AND HIS

YORK'S ALREADY EXPLOSIVE GROWTH
STILL FURTHER, TWEED AND HIS
ASSOCIATES BRAZENLY SIPHONED OFF

STILL FURTHER, TWEED AND HIS
ASSOCIATES BRAZENLY SIPHONED OFF
STAGGERING SUMS FROM THE

ASSOCIATES BRAZENLY SIPHONED OFF
STAGGERING SUMS FROM THE
HUNDREDS OF CITY PROJECTS UNDER

STAGGERING SUMS FROM THE
HUNDREDS OF CITY PROJECTS UNDER
THEIR CONTROL, AND HELPED ROBBER

HUNDREDS OF CITY PROJECTS UNDER
THEIR CONTROL, AND HELPED ROBBER
BARONS LIKE JAY GOULD AND JIM

THEIR CONTROL, AND HELPED ROBBER
BARONS LIKE JAY GOULD AND JIM
FISK MAKE OFF WITH STILL MORE.

BARONS LIKE JAY GOULD AND JIM
FISK MAKE OFF WITH STILL MORE.
THERE WERE LUCRATIVE CONTRACTS

FISK MAKE OFF WITH STILL MORE.
THERE WERE LUCRATIVE CONTRACTS
FOR GRATEFUL BUILDERS, WHO

THERE WERE LUCRATIVE CONTRACTS
FOR GRATEFUL BUILDERS, WHO
HAPPILY PAID TAMMANY'S LEADERS

FOR GRATEFUL BUILDERS, WHO
HAPPILY PAID TAMMANY'S LEADERS
ENORMOUS CASH KICKBACKS TO GET

HAPPILY PAID TAMMANY'S LEADERS
ENORMOUS CASH KICKBACKS TO GET
THEM.

ENORMOUS CASH KICKBACKS TO GET
THEM.
THERE WERE THOUSANDS OF JOBS FOR

THEM.
THERE WERE THOUSANDS OF JOBS FOR
TAMMANY'S LOYAL CONSTITUENTS,

THERE WERE THOUSANDS OF JOBS FOR
TAMMANY'S LOYAL CONSTITUENTS,
WHO GRATEFULLY VOTED TAMMANY'S

TAMMANY'S LOYAL CONSTITUENTS,
WHO GRATEFULLY VOTED TAMMANY'S
LEADERS BACK IN POWER.

WHO GRATEFULLY VOTED TAMMANY'S
LEADERS BACK IN POWER.
NEW YORK'S UPPER CLASSES,

LEADERS BACK IN POWER.
NEW YORK'S UPPER CLASSES,
MEANWHILE, PROFESSED TO BE

NEW YORK'S UPPER CLASSES,
MEANWHILE, PROFESSED TO BE
APPALLED, BUT QUIETLY LOOKED THE

MEANWHILE, PROFESSED TO BE
APPALLED, BUT QUIETLY LOOKED THE
OTHER WAY AS REAL ESTATE VALUES

APPALLED, BUT QUIETLY LOOKED THE
OTHER WAY AS REAL ESTATE VALUES
IN THE CITY SKYROCKETED.

OTHER WAY AS REAL ESTATE VALUES
IN THE CITY SKYROCKETED.
IT ALL WORKED LIKE A MACHINE, A

IN THE CITY SKYROCKETED.
IT ALL WORKED LIKE A MACHINE, A
POLITICAL MACHINE, AND NO ONE

IT ALL WORKED LIKE A MACHINE, A
POLITICAL MACHINE, AND NO ONE
KNEW HOW THAT MACHINE WORKED

POLITICAL MACHINE, AND NO ONE
KNEW HOW THAT MACHINE WORKED
BETTER THAN WILLIAM TWEED, WHO

KNEW HOW THAT MACHINE WORKED
BETTER THAN WILLIAM TWEED, WHO
BY 1870 HAD CONCENTRATED MORE

BETTER THAN WILLIAM TWEED, WHO
BY 1870 HAD CONCENTRATED MORE
POWER IN HIMSELF THAN ANYONE IN

BY 1870 HAD CONCENTRATED MORE
POWER IN HIMSELF THAN ANYONE IN
THE CITY'S HISTORY.

Pete Hamill: IT WAS TWEED WHO
HELPED MANEUVER THE MONEY

HELPED MANEUVER THE MONEY
THROUGH THE CITY COUNCIL... OR

THROUGH THE CITY COUNCIL... OR
THE BOARD OF ALDERMAN, AS IT

THE BOARD OF ALDERMAN, AS IT
THEN WAS... FOR THE BROOKLYN

THEN WAS... FOR THE BROOKLYN
BRIDGE, FOR CENTRAL PARK, FOR A

BRIDGE, FOR CENTRAL PARK, FOR A
LOT OF THE ROAD REPAIR AND THE

LOT OF THE ROAD REPAIR AND THE
CREATION OF STREETS AND AVENUES

CREATION OF STREETS AND AVENUES
IN UPTOWN MANHATTAN.
NOW, HE MADE A LOT OF MONEY WITH

NOW, HE MADE A LOT OF MONEY WITH
THAT, AND IT WAS ABSOLUTELY
CORRUPT.

THAT, AND IT WAS ABSOLUTELY
CORRUPT.
Wallace: TWEED'S FIRST

CORRUPT.
Wallace: TWEED'S FIRST
POSITION WAS COMMISSIONER OF

Wallace: TWEED'S FIRST
POSITION WAS COMMISSIONER OF
PUBLIC WORKS.

POSITION WAS COMMISSIONER OF
PUBLIC WORKS.
HE WAS NO FOOL.

PUBLIC WORKS.
HE WAS NO FOOL.
AND IF YOU KNOW WHERE THE SEWER

HE WAS NO FOOL.
AND IF YOU KNOW WHERE THE SEWER
LINES ARE GOING TO GO, AND IF

AND IF YOU KNOW WHERE THE SEWER
LINES ARE GOING TO GO, AND IF
YOU KNOW WHERE THE NEW STREET

LINES ARE GOING TO GO, AND IF
YOU KNOW WHERE THE NEW STREET
EXTENSIONS ARE GOING TO BE

YOU KNOW WHERE THE NEW STREET
EXTENSIONS ARE GOING TO BE
OPENED UP, AND YOU GET THERE

EXTENSIONS ARE GOING TO BE
OPENED UP, AND YOU GET THERE
FIRST AND BUY UP THAT TERRITORY,

OPENED UP, AND YOU GET THERE
FIRST AND BUY UP THAT TERRITORY,
ALL YOU'VE GOT TO DO IS SIT

FIRST AND BUY UP THAT TERRITORY,
ALL YOU'VE GOT TO DO IS SIT
BACK, WAIT, AND BOOM, THE PRICE

ALL YOU'VE GOT TO DO IS SIT
BACK, WAIT, AND BOOM, THE PRICE
EXPLODES.

BACK, WAIT, AND BOOM, THE PRICE
EXPLODES.
SO TWEED, IN FACT, BECAME ONE OF

EXPLODES.
SO TWEED, IN FACT, BECAME ONE OF
THE LARGEST REAL ESTATE OWNERS

SO TWEED, IN FACT, BECAME ONE OF
THE LARGEST REAL ESTATE OWNERS
IN THE CITY.

THE LARGEST REAL ESTATE OWNERS
IN THE CITY.
Hamill: I THINK THERE WAS

IN THE CITY.
Hamill: I THINK THERE WAS
SOMETHING IN HIM, SOME

Hamill: I THINK THERE WAS
SOMETHING IN HIM, SOME
OVERPOWERING APPETITE THAT HE

SOMETHING IN HIM, SOME
OVERPOWERING APPETITE THAT HE
COULD NEVER SLAKE.

OVERPOWERING APPETITE THAT HE
COULD NEVER SLAKE.
HE COULDN'T HAVE ONE MISTRESS;

COULD NEVER SLAKE.
HE COULDN'T HAVE ONE MISTRESS;
HE HAD TO HAVE TWO.

HE COULDN'T HAVE ONE MISTRESS;
HE HAD TO HAVE TWO.
HE COULDN'T HAVE ONE ROAST BEEF;

HE HAD TO HAVE TWO.
HE COULDN'T HAVE ONE ROAST BEEF;
HE HAD TO HAVE FOUR, YOU KNOW?

HE COULDN'T HAVE ONE ROAST BEEF;
HE HAD TO HAVE FOUR, YOU KNOW?
AND HE COULDN'T HAVE TWO JUDGES;

HE HAD TO HAVE FOUR, YOU KNOW?
AND HE COULDN'T HAVE TWO JUDGES;
HE HAD TO HAVE THEM ALL, YOU

AND HE COULDN'T HAVE TWO JUDGES;
HE HAD TO HAVE THEM ALL, YOU
KNOW.

HE HAD TO HAVE THEM ALL, YOU
KNOW.
AND FINALLY IT CAUGHT UP WITH

KNOW.
AND FINALLY IT CAUGHT UP WITH
HIM AND DESTROYED HIM.

AND FINALLY IT CAUGHT UP WITH
HIM AND DESTROYED HIM.
Narrator: IN 1870, AS

HIM AND DESTROYED HIM.
Narrator: IN 1870, AS
NEWSPAPER EDITORS AND INDIGNANT

Narrator: IN 1870, AS
NEWSPAPER EDITORS AND INDIGNANT
REFORMERS BEGAN QUESTIONING

NEWSPAPER EDITORS AND INDIGNANT
REFORMERS BEGAN QUESTIONING
WHERE TWEED'S LAVISH LIFESTYLE

REFORMERS BEGAN QUESTIONING
WHERE TWEED'S LAVISH LIFESTYLE
CAME FROM, ALL EYES TURNED TO

WHERE TWEED'S LAVISH LIFESTYLE
CAME FROM, ALL EYES TURNED TO
THE STILL-UNFINISHED COUNTY

CAME FROM, ALL EYES TURNED TO
THE STILL-UNFINISHED COUNTY
COURTHOUSE ON CHAMBERS STREET, A

THE STILL-UNFINISHED COUNTY
COURTHOUSE ON CHAMBERS STREET, A
SPECIAL PROJECT OF TWEED'S.

COURTHOUSE ON CHAMBERS STREET, A
SPECIAL PROJECT OF TWEED'S.
BEGUN IN 1858, IT WAS SUPPOSED

SPECIAL PROJECT OF TWEED'S.
BEGUN IN 1858, IT WAS SUPPOSED
TO HAVE COST $350,000.

BEGUN IN 1858, IT WAS SUPPOSED
TO HAVE COST $350,000.
12 YEARS LATER, THE PRICE TAG

TO HAVE COST $350,000.
12 YEARS LATER, THE PRICE TAG
HAD REACHED $13 MILLION, AND

12 YEARS LATER, THE PRICE TAG
HAD REACHED $13 MILLION, AND
KEPT RIGHT ON RISING.

HAD REACHED $13 MILLION, AND
KEPT RIGHT ON RISING.
Wallace: SOMEHOW OR ANOTHER,

KEPT RIGHT ON RISING.
Wallace: SOMEHOW OR ANOTHER,
THIS ONE BUILDING, WHICH IS

Wallace: SOMEHOW OR ANOTHER,
THIS ONE BUILDING, WHICH IS
ACTUALLY QUITE A NICE BUILDING,

THIS ONE BUILDING, WHICH IS
ACTUALLY QUITE A NICE BUILDING,
WOUND UP COSTING MORE THAN THE

ACTUALLY QUITE A NICE BUILDING,
WOUND UP COSTING MORE THAN THE
ENTIRE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.

WOUND UP COSTING MORE THAN THE
ENTIRE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.
WELL, YOU KNOW, THE DEAL WAS

ENTIRE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.
WELL, YOU KNOW, THE DEAL WAS
STRAIGHTFORWARD.

WELL, YOU KNOW, THE DEAL WAS
STRAIGHTFORWARD.
"WE WANT TO BUY A LOT OF CHAIRS.

STRAIGHTFORWARD.
"WE WANT TO BUY A LOT OF CHAIRS.
HOW MUCH DOES THAT CHAIR COST?"

"WE WANT TO BUY A LOT OF CHAIRS.
HOW MUCH DOES THAT CHAIR COST?"
"LET'S SAY FIVE DOLLARS."

HOW MUCH DOES THAT CHAIR COST?"
"LET'S SAY FIVE DOLLARS."
"NO," SAYS TWEED.

"LET'S SAY FIVE DOLLARS."
"NO," SAYS TWEED.
"YOU DON'T MEAN FIVE DOLLARS;

"NO," SAYS TWEED.
"YOU DON'T MEAN FIVE DOLLARS;
YOU MEAN $50."

"YOU DON'T MEAN FIVE DOLLARS;
YOU MEAN $50."
"OH, I DO?

YOU MEAN $50."
"OH, I DO?
ALL RIGHT.

"OH, I DO?
ALL RIGHT.
AND, YOU KNOW, GIVE ME THE

ALL RIGHT.
AND, YOU KNOW, GIVE ME THE
CHAIR, $50, YOU KNOW.

AND, YOU KNOW, GIVE ME THE
CHAIR, $50, YOU KNOW.
$20 BACK FOR YOU," AND SO FORTH.

CHAIR, $50, YOU KNOW.
$20 BACK FOR YOU," AND SO FORTH.
Narrator: EVEN THE MOST

$20 BACK FOR YOU," AND SO FORTH.
Narrator: EVEN THE MOST
WORLDLY NEW YORKERS KNEW THAT

Narrator: EVEN THE MOST
WORLDLY NEW YORKERS KNEW THAT
SOMETHING HAD TO BE DONE.

WORLDLY NEW YORKERS KNEW THAT
SOMETHING HAD TO BE DONE.
"PEOPLE BEGIN TO TIRE OF HOLDING

SOMETHING HAD TO BE DONE.
"PEOPLE BEGIN TO TIRE OF HOLDING
THEIR NOSES," GEORGE TEMPLETON

"PEOPLE BEGIN TO TIRE OF HOLDING
THEIR NOSES," GEORGE TEMPLETON
STRONG WROTE, "AND ARE LOOKING

THEIR NOSES," GEORGE TEMPLETON
STRONG WROTE, "AND ARE LOOKING
ABOUT IN A HELPLESS WAY FOR SOME

STRONG WROTE, "AND ARE LOOKING
ABOUT IN A HELPLESS WAY FOR SOME
REMEDY."

ABOUT IN A HELPLESS WAY FOR SOME
REMEDY."
Reader: "NO CALIPH, KHAN, OR

REMEDY."
Reader: "NO CALIPH, KHAN, OR
CAESAR HAS RISEN TO POWER OR

Reader: "NO CALIPH, KHAN, OR
CAESAR HAS RISEN TO POWER OR
OPULENCE MORE RAPIDLY THAN TWEED

CAESAR HAS RISEN TO POWER OR
OPULENCE MORE RAPIDLY THAN TWEED
THE FIRST.

OPULENCE MORE RAPIDLY THAN TWEED
THE FIRST.
TEN YEARS AGO, THIS MONARCH WAS

THE FIRST.
TEN YEARS AGO, THIS MONARCH WAS
PURSUING THE HUMBLE OCCU

TEN YEARS AGO, THIS MONARCH WAS
PURSUING THE HUMBLE OCCU
OF A CHAIR MAKER.

PURSUING THE HUMBLE OCCU
OF A CHAIR MAKER.
HE NOW RULES THE STATE AS

OF A CHAIR MAKER.
HE NOW RULES THE STATE AS
NAPOLEON RULED FRANCE.

HE NOW RULES THE STATE AS
NAPOLEON RULED FRANCE.
THERE IS ABSOLUTELY NOTHING,

NAPOLEON RULED FRANCE.
THERE IS ABSOLUTELY NOTHING,
NOTHING IN THE CITY WHICH IS

THERE IS ABSOLUTELY NOTHING,
NOTHING IN THE CITY WHICH IS
BEYOND THE REACH OF THE

NOTHING IN THE CITY WHICH IS
BEYOND THE REACH OF THE
INSATIABLE GANG WHO HAVE

BEYOND THE REACH OF THE
INSATIABLE GANG WHO HAVE
OBTAINED POSSESSION OF IT."

INSATIABLE GANG WHO HAVE
OBTAINED POSSESSION OF IT."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.

OBTAINED POSSESSION OF IT."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: IN 1869, A GERMAN-

THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: IN 1869, A GERMAN-
BORN ARTIST NAMED THOMAS NAST,

Narrator: IN 1869, A GERMAN-
BORN ARTIST NAMED THOMAS NAST,
WITH CLOSE TIES TO THE

BORN ARTIST NAMED THOMAS NAST,
WITH CLOSE TIES TO THE
REPUBLICAN PARTY, BEGAN

WITH CLOSE TIES TO THE
REPUBLICAN PARTY, BEGAN
PUBLISHING A SERIES OF POLITICAL

REPUBLICAN PARTY, BEGAN
PUBLISHING A SERIES OF POLITICAL
CARTOONS IN HARPER'S WEEKLY.

PUBLISHING A SERIES OF POLITICAL
CARTOONS IN HARPER'S WEEKLY.
WEEK AFTER WEEK, NAST

CARTOONS IN HARPER'S WEEKLY.
WEEK AFTER WEEK, NAST
RELENTLESSLY EXCORIATED WHAT HE

WEEK AFTER WEEK, NAST
RELENTLESSLY EXCORIATED WHAT HE
CALLED THE "TAMMANY HALL RING."

RELENTLESSLY EXCORIATED WHAT HE
CALLED THE "TAMMANY HALL RING."
THERE WAS PETER "BRAINS" SWEENY,

CALLED THE "TAMMANY HALL RING."
THERE WAS PETER "BRAINS" SWEENY,
THE CITY TREASURER; MAYOR

THERE WAS PETER "BRAINS" SWEENY,
THE CITY TREASURER; MAYOR
ABRAHAM OAKEY HALL, TWEED'S

THE CITY TREASURER; MAYOR
ABRAHAM OAKEY HALL, TWEED'S
PUPPET IN CITY HALL; RICHARD

ABRAHAM OAKEY HALL, TWEED'S
PUPPET IN CITY HALL; RICHARD
"SLIPPERY DICK" CONNOLLY, THE

PUPPET IN CITY HALL; RICHARD
"SLIPPERY DICK" CONNOLLY, THE
COMPTROLLER; AND BOSS TWEED

"SLIPPERY DICK" CONNOLLY, THE
COMPTROLLER; AND BOSS TWEED
HIMSELF, WHOM NAST DEPICTED AS A

COMPTROLLER; AND BOSS TWEED
HIMSELF, WHOM NAST DEPICTED AS A
LICENTIOUS, BALDING, OVERFED

HIMSELF, WHOM NAST DEPICTED AS A
LICENTIOUS, BALDING, OVERFED
MONSTER, LITERALLY DEVOURING THE

LICENTIOUS, BALDING, OVERFED
MONSTER, LITERALLY DEVOURING THE
CITY.

MONSTER, LITERALLY DEVOURING THE
CITY.
"I DON'T CARE A STRAW FOR

CITY.
"I DON'T CARE A STRAW FOR
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES," TWEED

"I DON'T CARE A STRAW FOR
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES," TWEED
DECLARED.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES," TWEED
DECLARED.
"MY CONSTITUENTS DON'T KNOW HOW

DECLARED.
"MY CONSTITUENTS DON'T KNOW HOW
TO READ.

"MY CONSTITUENTS DON'T KNOW HOW
TO READ.
BUT THEY CAN'T HELP SEEING THEM

TO READ.
BUT THEY CAN'T HELP SEEING THEM
DAMNED PICTURES."

BUT THEY CAN'T HELP SEEING THEM
DAMNED PICTURES."
Hamill: HE WAS THE OBJECT OF

DAMNED PICTURES."
Hamill: HE WAS THE OBJECT OF
ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL

Hamill: HE WAS THE OBJECT OF
ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL
CAMPAIGNS BY A POLITICAL

ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL
CAMPAIGNS BY A POLITICAL
CARTOONIST IN HISTORY.

CAMPAIGNS BY A POLITICAL
CARTOONIST IN HISTORY.
THOMAS NAST REALLY DID THE MOST

CARTOONIST IN HISTORY.
THOMAS NAST REALLY DID THE MOST
EXTRAORDINARY JOB OF ATTACKING

THOMAS NAST REALLY DID THE MOST
EXTRAORDINARY JOB OF ATTACKING
TWEED AND EXPOSING THE TWEED

EXTRAORDINARY JOB OF ATTACKING
TWEED AND EXPOSING THE TWEED
RING IN HARPER'S WEEKLY.

TWEED AND EXPOSING THE TWEED
RING IN HARPER'S WEEKLY.
THOSE PICTURES WILL LIVE

RING IN HARPER'S WEEKLY.
THOSE PICTURES WILL LIVE
FOREVER.

THOSE PICTURES WILL LIVE
FOREVER.
THE WAY YOU CAN NEVER SEPARATE

FOREVER.
THE WAY YOU CAN NEVER SEPARATE
NIXON FROM WOODWARD AND

THE WAY YOU CAN NEVER SEPARATE
NIXON FROM WOODWARD AND
BERNSTEIN, YOU CAN'T SEPARATE

NIXON FROM WOODWARD AND
BERNSTEIN, YOU CAN'T SEPARATE
TWEED FROM THOMAS NAST.

BERNSTEIN, YOU CAN'T SEPARATE
TWEED FROM THOMAS NAST.
THEY'RE WED TOGETHER FOR THE

TWEED FROM THOMAS NAST.
THEY'RE WED TOGETHER FOR THE
REST OF HISTORY, I GUESS.

THEY'RE WED TOGETHER FOR THE
REST OF HISTORY, I GUESS.
Narrator: ON JULY 8, 1871,

REST OF HISTORY, I GUESS.
Narrator: ON JULY 8, 1871,
THE NEW YORK TIMES JOINED THE

Narrator: ON JULY 8, 1871,
THE NEW YORK TIMES JOINED THE
FRAY, PUBLISHING EXCERPTS FROM

THE NEW YORK TIMES JOINED THE
FRAY, PUBLISHING EXCERPTS FROM
SECRET COURTHOUSE RECORDS,

FRAY, PUBLISHING EXCERPTS FROM
SECRET COURTHOUSE RECORDS,
OBTAINED FROM A DISGRUNTLED CITY

SECRET COURTHOUSE RECORDS,
OBTAINED FROM A DISGRUNTLED CITY
OFFICIAL TWEED HAD CHEATED OUT

OBTAINED FROM A DISGRUNTLED CITY
OFFICIAL TWEED HAD CHEATED OUT
OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS IN

OFFICIAL TWEED HAD CHEATED OUT
OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS IN
KICKBACKS.

OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS IN
KICKBACKS.
THE FIGURES WERE ASTONISHING.

KICKBACKS.
THE FIGURES WERE ASTONISHING.
11 THERMOMETERS HAD BEEN

THE FIGURES WERE ASTONISHING.
11 THERMOMETERS HAD BEEN
PURCHASED FOR $7,500, DUST

11 THERMOMETERS HAD BEEN
PURCHASED FOR $7,500, DUST
BROOMS FOR $41,000.

PURCHASED FOR $7,500, DUST
BROOMS FOR $41,000.
ONE CONTRACTOR HAD BEEN PAID

BROOMS FOR $41,000.
ONE CONTRACTOR HAD BEEN PAID
$5.5 MILLION FOR WINDOW SHADES,

ONE CONTRACTOR HAD BEEN PAID
$5.5 MILLION FOR WINDOW SHADES,
CARPETS, AND FURNITURE.

$5.5 MILLION FOR WINDOW SHADES,
CARPETS, AND FURNITURE.
IT WOULD NEVER BE CLEAR HOW MUCH

CARPETS, AND FURNITURE.
IT WOULD NEVER BE CLEAR HOW MUCH
TWEED'S CORRUPTION HAD BEEN

IT WOULD NEVER BE CLEAR HOW MUCH
TWEED'S CORRUPTION HAD BEEN
EXAGGERATED BY THE PRESS.

TWEED'S CORRUPTION HAD BEEN
EXAGGERATED BY THE PRESS.
THE NEW YORK TIMES PUT THE FINAL

EXAGGERATED BY THE PRESS.
THE NEW YORK TIMES PUT THE FINAL
TALLY AT ALMOST $200 MILLION.

THE NEW YORK TIMES PUT THE FINAL
TALLY AT ALMOST $200 MILLION.
BUT IN THE END, IT DIDN'T

TALLY AT ALMOST $200 MILLION.
BUT IN THE END, IT DIDN'T
MATTER.

BUT IN THE END, IT DIDN'T
MATTER.
NEW YORK NEEDED A VILLAIN EQUAL

MATTER.
NEW YORK NEEDED A VILLAIN EQUAL
IN SCALE TO ITS GIANT PARK AND

NEW YORK NEEDED A VILLAIN EQUAL
IN SCALE TO ITS GIANT PARK AND
GIANT BRIDGE, AND TWEED FIT THE

IN SCALE TO ITS GIANT PARK AND
GIANT BRIDGE, AND TWEED FIT THE
BILL, IN PART BECAUSE HE SIMPLY

GIANT BRIDGE, AND TWEED FIT THE
BILL, IN PART BECAUSE HE SIMPLY
LOOKED THE PART.

BILL, IN PART BECAUSE HE SIMPLY
LOOKED THE PART.
Hamill: HE ENDED UP A SAD,

LOOKED THE PART.
Hamill: HE ENDED UP A SAD,
TRAGIC FIGURE BECAUSE HE

Hamill: HE ENDED UP A SAD,
TRAGIC FIGURE BECAUSE HE
BASICALLY TOOK THE FALL FOR A

TRAGIC FIGURE BECAUSE HE
BASICALLY TOOK THE FALL FOR A
SYSTEM, AND THE SYSTEM INVOLVED

BASICALLY TOOK THE FALL FOR A
SYSTEM, AND THE SYSTEM INVOLVED
THE BANKERS, THE SO-CALLED

SYSTEM, AND THE SYSTEM INVOLVED
THE BANKERS, THE SO-CALLED
RESPECTABLE PEOPLE, THE GOULDS

THE BANKERS, THE SO-CALLED
RESPECTABLE PEOPLE, THE GOULDS
AND FISKS AND ALL THE OTHER GUYS

RESPECTABLE PEOPLE, THE GOULDS
AND FISKS AND ALL THE OTHER GUYS
WHO WERE NOT REALLY INDICTED FOR

AND FISKS AND ALL THE OTHER GUYS
WHO WERE NOT REALLY INDICTED FOR
THE THINGS THAT TWEED ENDED UP

WHO WERE NOT REALLY INDICTED FOR
THE THINGS THAT TWEED ENDED UP
TAKING THE FALL FOR.

THE THINGS THAT TWEED ENDED UP
TAKING THE FALL FOR.
Narrator: ON DECEMBER 15,

TAKING THE FALL FOR.
Narrator: ON DECEMBER 15,
1871, BOSS TWEED WAS INDICTED ON

Narrator: ON DECEMBER 15,
1871, BOSS TWEED WAS INDICTED ON
THREE COUNTS OF FRAUD AND GRAND

1871, BOSS TWEED WAS INDICTED ON
THREE COUNTS OF FRAUD AND GRAND
LARCENY AND, TWO MONTHS LATER,

THREE COUNTS OF FRAUD AND GRAND
LARCENY AND, TWO MONTHS LATER,
220 MISDEMEANOR CHARGES.

LARCENY AND, TWO MONTHS LATER,
220 MISDEMEANOR CHARGES.
HE WAS SENTENCED TO 12 YEARS IN

220 MISDEMEANOR CHARGES.
HE WAS SENTENCED TO 12 YEARS IN
PRISON, AND THOUGH THE

HE WAS SENTENCED TO 12 YEARS IN
PRISON, AND THOUGH THE
CONVICTIONS WERE LATER

PRISON, AND THOUGH THE
CONVICTIONS WERE LATER
OVERTURNED, A CIVIL SUIT

CONVICTIONS WERE LATER
OVERTURNED, A CIVIL SUIT
STRIPPED HIM OF HIS ASSETS AND

OVERTURNED, A CIVIL SUIT
STRIPPED HIM OF HIS ASSETS AND
FORCED HIM INTO PRISON.

STRIPPED HIM OF HIS ASSETS AND
FORCED HIM INTO PRISON.
GAUNT AND AILING, HE EKED OUT

FORCED HIM INTO PRISON.
GAUNT AND AILING, HE EKED OUT
HIS LAST YEARS IN JAIL.

GAUNT AND AILING, HE EKED OUT
HIS LAST YEARS IN JAIL.
IN THE WINTER OF 1875, HE

HIS LAST YEARS IN JAIL.
IN THE WINTER OF 1875, HE
SOMEHOW SLIPPED PAST HIS GUARDS

IN THE WINTER OF 1875, HE
SOMEHOW SLIPPED PAST HIS GUARDS
AND ESCAPED TO SPAIN, BUT HE WAS

SOMEHOW SLIPPED PAST HIS GUARDS
AND ESCAPED TO SPAIN, BUT HE WAS
QUICKLY RECAPTURED AND RETURNED

AND ESCAPED TO SPAIN, BUT HE WAS
QUICKLY RECAPTURED AND RETURNED
TO PRISON.

QUICKLY RECAPTURED AND RETURNED
TO PRISON.
THE SPANISH POLICE, IT WAS LATER

TO PRISON.
THE SPANISH POLICE, IT WAS LATER
SAID, HAD RECOGNIZED HIM FROM

THE SPANISH POLICE, IT WAS LATER
SAID, HAD RECOGNIZED HIM FROM
ONE OF THOMAS NAST'S CARTOONS.

SAID, HAD RECOGNIZED HIM FROM
ONE OF THOMAS NAST'S CARTOONS.
ON APRIL 12, 1878, HE DIED OF

ONE OF THOMAS NAST'S CARTOONS.
ON APRIL 12, 1878, HE DIED OF
PNEUMONIA IN HIS CELL IN THE

ON APRIL 12, 1878, HE DIED OF
PNEUMONIA IN HIS CELL IN THE
LUDLOW STREET JAIL HE HIMSELF

PNEUMONIA IN HIS CELL IN THE
LUDLOW STREET JAIL HE HIMSELF
HAD BUILT, PENNILESS AND BROKEN.

LUDLOW STREET JAIL HE HIMSELF
HAD BUILT, PENNILESS AND BROKEN.
Carr: HE GETS A LOT OF THE

HAD BUILT, PENNILESS AND BROKEN.
Carr: HE GETS A LOT OF THE
BLAME PROBABLY THAT BELONGS TO A

Carr: HE GETS A LOT OF THE
BLAME PROBABLY THAT BELONGS TO A
LOT MORE PEOPLE, A LOT MORE

BLAME PROBABLY THAT BELONGS TO A
LOT MORE PEOPLE, A LOT MORE
PEOPLE WHO WE THINK OF AS

LOT MORE PEOPLE, A LOT MORE
PEOPLE WHO WE THINK OF AS
LEGITIMATE POLITICIANS.

PEOPLE WHO WE THINK OF AS
LEGITIMATE POLITICIANS.
THERE ARE OTHER BOSSES THAT HAD

LEGITIMATE POLITICIANS.
THERE ARE OTHER BOSSES THAT HAD
A SMOOTHER STYLE.

THERE ARE OTHER BOSSES THAT HAD
A SMOOTHER STYLE.
I THINK PART OF THE REASON THAT

A SMOOTHER STYLE.
I THINK PART OF THE REASON THAT
PEOPLE REMEMBER BOSS TWEED SO

I THINK PART OF THE REASON THAT
PEOPLE REMEMBER BOSS TWEED SO
MUCH WAS THAT HE WAS SO

PEOPLE REMEMBER BOSS TWEED SO
MUCH WAS THAT HE WAS SO
FLAMBOYANT, AND BY THE TIME OF

MUCH WAS THAT HE WAS SO
FLAMBOYANT, AND BY THE TIME OF
HIS DOWNFALL, HE WAS SUCH A

FLAMBOYANT, AND BY THE TIME OF
HIS DOWNFALL, HE WAS SUCH A
LEFTOVER FROM ANOTHER AGE.

HIS DOWNFALL, HE WAS SUCH A
LEFTOVER FROM ANOTHER AGE.
Reader: "A VILLAIN OF MORE

LEFTOVER FROM ANOTHER AGE.
Reader: "A VILLAIN OF MORE
BRAINS WOULD HAVE HAD A MODEST

Reader: "A VILLAIN OF MORE
BRAINS WOULD HAVE HAD A MODEST
DWELLING AND GUZZLED IN SECRET.

BRAINS WOULD HAVE HAD A MODEST
DWELLING AND GUZZLED IN SECRET.
HIS SUCCESSORS HERE WILL NOT

DWELLING AND GUZZLED IN SECRET.
HIS SUCCESSORS HERE WILL NOT
IMITATE HIM IN THIS, BUT THAT HE

HIS SUCCESSORS HERE WILL NOT
IMITATE HIM IN THIS, BUT THAT HE
WILL HAVE SUCCESSORS THERE IS NO

IMITATE HIM IN THIS, BUT THAT HE
WILL HAVE SUCCESSORS THERE IS NO
DOUBT."

WILL HAVE SUCCESSORS THERE IS NO
DOUBT."
Reader: "LET US REMEMBER THAT

DOUBT."
Reader: "LET US REMEMBER THAT
HE FELL WITHOUT LOSS OF

Reader: "LET US REMEMBER THAT
HE FELL WITHOUT LOSS OF
REPUTATION AMONG THE BULK OF

HE FELL WITHOUT LOSS OF
REPUTATION AMONG THE BULK OF
POOR VOTERS OF THIS CITY, WHO

REPUTATION AMONG THE BULK OF
POOR VOTERS OF THIS CITY, WHO
REVERE HIS MEMORY AND LOOK ON

POOR VOTERS OF THIS CITY, WHO
REVERE HIS MEMORY AND LOOK ON
HIM AS THE VICTIM OF RICH MEN'S

REVERE HIS MEMORY AND LOOK ON
HIM AS THE VICTIM OF RICH MEN'S
MALICE; AS, IN SHORT, A FRIEND

HIM AS THE VICTIM OF RICH MEN'S
MALICE; AS, IN SHORT, A FRIEND
TO THE NEEDY AND THE

MALICE; AS, IN SHORT, A FRIEND
TO THE NEEDY AND THE
WORKINGMAN."

TO THE NEEDY AND THE
WORKINGMAN."
HARPER'S WEEKLY.

WORKINGMAN."
HARPER'S WEEKLY.
Narrator: LOST IN THE UPROAR

HARPER'S WEEKLY.
Narrator: LOST IN THE UPROAR
OF TWEED'S DOWNFALL WERE THE

Narrator: LOST IN THE UPROAR
OF TWEED'S DOWNFALL WERE THE
NEEDS OF NEW YORK'S DESPERATE

OF TWEED'S DOWNFALL WERE THE
NEEDS OF NEW YORK'S DESPERATE
IMMIGRANT POOR, WHICH TAMMANY

NEEDS OF NEW YORK'S DESPERATE
IMMIGRANT POOR, WHICH TAMMANY
ALONE HAD BEEN ADDRESSING,

IMMIGRANT POOR, WHICH TAMMANY
ALONE HAD BEEN ADDRESSING,
HOWEVER IMPERFECTLY.

ALONE HAD BEEN ADDRESSING,
HOWEVER IMPERFECTLY.
THOUGH SOME STEPS HAD BEEN TAKEN

HOWEVER IMPERFECTLY.
THOUGH SOME STEPS HAD BEEN TAKEN
TO ALLEVIATE THE WORST SUFFERING

THOUGH SOME STEPS HAD BEEN TAKEN
TO ALLEVIATE THE WORST SUFFERING
AMONGST THE POOR, THE CEASELESS

TO ALLEVIATE THE WORST SUFFERING
AMONGST THE POOR, THE CEASELESS
INFLUX OF NEW IMMIGRANTS INTO

AMONGST THE POOR, THE CEASELESS
INFLUX OF NEW IMMIGRANTS INTO
NEW YORK CONTINUED TO OUTSTRIP

INFLUX OF NEW IMMIGRANTS INTO
NEW YORK CONTINUED TO OUTSTRIP
THE CITY'S SOCIAL SERVICES.

NEW YORK CONTINUED TO OUTSTRIP
THE CITY'S SOCIAL SERVICES.
IN THE WAKE OF THE TWEED

THE CITY'S SOCIAL SERVICES.
IN THE WAKE OF THE TWEED
SCANDAL, EVEN WALT WHITMAN'S

IN THE WAKE OF THE TWEED
SCANDAL, EVEN WALT WHITMAN'S
VISION OF THE CITY'S DEMOCRATIC

SCANDAL, EVEN WALT WHITMAN'S
VISION OF THE CITY'S DEMOCRATIC
PROMISE BEGAN TO DARKEN.

VISION OF THE CITY'S DEMOCRATIC
PROMISE BEGAN TO DARKEN.
Reader: "THE SPECTACLE IS

PROMISE BEGAN TO DARKEN.
Reader: "THE SPECTACLE IS
APPALLING.

Reader: "THE SPECTACLE IS
APPALLING.
THE OFFICIAL SERVICES OF

APPALLING.
THE OFFICIAL SERVICES OF
AMERICA ARE SATURATED IN

THE OFFICIAL SERVICES OF
AMERICA ARE SATURATED IN
CORRUPTION, BRIBERY, FALSEHOOD,

AMERICA ARE SATURATED IN
CORRUPTION, BRIBERY, FALSEHOOD,
MALADMINISTRATION.

CORRUPTION, BRIBERY, FALSEHOOD,
MALADMINISTRATION.
THE GREAT CITIES REEK WITH

MALADMINISTRATION.
THE GREAT CITIES REEK WITH
RESPECTABLE AS MUCH AS

THE GREAT CITIES REEK WITH
RESPECTABLE AS MUCH AS
NONRESPECTABLE ROBBERY AND

RESPECTABLE AS MUCH AS
NONRESPECTABLE ROBBERY AND
SCOUNDRELISM."

NONRESPECTABLE ROBBERY AND
SCOUNDRELISM."
WALT WHITMAN.

SCOUNDRELISM."
WALT WHITMAN.
Robert A. Caro: NEW YORK WAS

WALT WHITMAN.
Robert A. Caro: NEW YORK WAS
NOT, IN MY OPINION, COPING WITH

Robert A. Caro: NEW YORK WAS
NOT, IN MY OPINION, COPING WITH
THE PROBLEMS OF THE NEW

NOT, IN MY OPINION, COPING WITH
THE PROBLEMS OF THE NEW
INDUSTRIAL ORDER, BUT IT GOING

THE PROBLEMS OF THE NEW
INDUSTRIAL ORDER, BUT IT GOING
TO START COPING WITH IT, BECAUSE

INDUSTRIAL ORDER, BUT IT GOING
TO START COPING WITH IT, BECAUSE
IN 1873, AL SMITH WAS BORN.

AL SMITH'S GRANDPARENTS HAD COME
TO NEW YORK IN 1841, AND THEY

TO NEW YORK IN 1841, AND THEY
HAD COME TO A WHARF NEAR THE

HAD COME TO A WHARF NEAR THE
BOTTOM OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE

BOTTOM OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE
WHERE THE WEST MEESE LINE

WHERE THE WEST MEESE LINE
DOCKED, AND HAD TAKEN ROOMS IN A

DOCKED, AND HAD TAKEN ROOMS IN A
ROOMING HOUSE THERE, A TENEMENT,

ROOMING HOUSE THERE, A TENEMENT,
JUST BECAUSE THEY WERE TOO TIRED

JUST BECAUSE THEY WERE TOO TIRED
TO WALK ANY FURTHER.
BY THE TIME SMITH WAS BORN IN

BY THE TIME SMITH WAS BORN IN
1873, THE IRISH SECTIONS OF NEW
YORK WAS A WILDERNESS OF

1873, THE IRISH SECTIONS OF NEW
YORK WAS A WILDERNESS OF
TENEMENTS STRETCHING AWAY FROM

YORK WAS A WILDERNESS OF
TENEMENTS STRETCHING AWAY FROM
THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE.

TENEMENTS STRETCHING AWAY FROM
THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE.
THAT WAS THE HEART OF THE

THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE.
THAT WAS THE HEART OF THE
TAMMANY MACHINE.

THAT WAS THE HEART OF THE
TAMMANY MACHINE.
Narrator: ALFRED EMANUEL

TAMMANY MACHINE.
Narrator: ALFRED EMANUEL
SMITH, AL SMITH, ONE OF THE MOST

Narrator: ALFRED EMANUEL
SMITH, AL SMITH, ONE OF THE MOST
BELOVED FIGURES IN THE HISTORY

SMITH, AL SMITH, ONE OF THE MOST
BELOVED FIGURES IN THE HISTORY
OF NEW YORK POLITICS, GREW UP ON

BELOVED FIGURES IN THE HISTORY
OF NEW YORK POLITICS, GREW UP ON
SOUTH STREET, PLAYING ALONG THE

OF NEW YORK POLITICS, GREW UP ON
SOUTH STREET, PLAYING ALONG THE
WATERFRONT AMONG THE MAZE OF

SOUTH STREET, PLAYING ALONG THE
WATERFRONT AMONG THE MAZE OF
MASTS, BOWSPRITS, AND RIGGING.

WATERFRONT AMONG THE MAZE OF
MASTS, BOWSPRITS, AND RIGGING.
HIS FATHER, A GENIAL SELF-

MASTS, BOWSPRITS, AND RIGGING.
HIS FATHER, A GENIAL SELF-
EMPLOYED TEAMSTER WITH A BIG

HIS FATHER, A GENIAL SELF-
EMPLOYED TEAMSTER WITH A BIG
BOOMING VOICE, REGULARLY PUT IN

EMPLOYED TEAMSTER WITH A BIG
BOOMING VOICE, REGULARLY PUT IN
15 HOURS A DAY, SIX DAYS A WEEK,

BOOMING VOICE, REGULARLY PUT IN
15 HOURS A DAY, SIX DAYS A WEEK,
HAULING CARGO AROUND THE

15 HOURS A DAY, SIX DAYS A WEEK,
HAULING CARGO AROUND THE
WATERFRONT, FIERCELY PROUD OF

HAULING CARGO AROUND THE
WATERFRONT, FIERCELY PROUD OF
BEING ABLE TO KEEP HIS FAMILY

WATERFRONT, FIERCELY PROUD OF
BEING ABLE TO KEEP HIS FAMILY
ABOVE THE POVERTY LEVEL.

BEING ABLE TO KEEP HIS FAMILY
ABOVE THE POVERTY LEVEL.
FROM THE WINDOWS OF HIS FAMILY'S

ABOVE THE POVERTY LEVEL.
FROM THE WINDOWS OF HIS FAMILY'S
THIRD-FLOOR APARTMENT, THE BOY

FROM THE WINDOWS OF HIS FAMILY'S
THIRD-FLOOR APARTMENT, THE BOY
LIKED TO WATCH THE SWEEPING

THIRD-FLOOR APARTMENT, THE BOY
LIKED TO WATCH THE SWEEPING
EXPANSE OF THE EAST RIVER, THE

LIKED TO WATCH THE SWEEPING
EXPANSE OF THE EAST RIVER, THE
TRAFFIC OF HORSES AND PEOPLE ON

EXPANSE OF THE EAST RIVER, THE
TRAFFIC OF HORSES AND PEOPLE ON
SOUTH STREET, AND ESPECIALLY THE

TRAFFIC OF HORSES AND PEOPLE ON
SOUTH STREET, AND ESPECIALLY THE
GIGANTIC BRIDGE THAT WAS SLOWLY

SOUTH STREET, AND ESPECIALLY THE
GIGANTIC BRIDGE THAT WAS SLOWLY
FILLING THE SKY ABOVE THE

GIGANTIC BRIDGE THAT WAS SLOWLY
FILLING THE SKY ABOVE THE
HARBOR.

FILLING THE SKY ABOVE THE
HARBOR.
Reader: "THE BRIDGE AND I

HARBOR.
Reader: "THE BRIDGE AND I
GREW UP TOGETHER.

Reader: "THE BRIDGE AND I
GREW UP TOGETHER.
I HAVE NEVER LOST THE MEMORY OF

GREW UP TOGETHER.
I HAVE NEVER LOST THE MEMORY OF
THE ADMIRATION AND ENVY I FELT

I HAVE NEVER LOST THE MEMORY OF
THE ADMIRATION AND ENVY I FELT
FOR THE MEN SWARMING UP,

THE ADMIRATION AND ENVY I FELT
FOR THE MEN SWARMING UP,
STRINGING THE CABLES, PUTTING IN

FOR THE MEN SWARMING UP,
STRINGING THE CABLES, PUTTING IN
THE ROADWAYS AS THE BRIDGE TOOK

STRINGING THE CABLES, PUTTING IN
THE ROADWAYS AS THE BRIDGE TOOK
SHAPE."

THE ROADWAYS AS THE BRIDGE TOOK
SHAPE."
AL SMITH.

SHAPE."
AL SMITH.
Narrator: ONE WINTER SUNDAY,

AL SMITH.
Narrator: ONE WINTER SUNDAY,
SMITH AND HIS FATHER STOLE INTO

Narrator: ONE WINTER SUNDAY,
SMITH AND HIS FATHER STOLE INTO
THE CONSTRUCTION SITE AND WALKED

SMITH AND HIS FATHER STOLE INTO
THE CONSTRUCTION SITE AND WALKED
ACROSS THE ROUGH, WOODEN

THE CONSTRUCTION SITE AND WALKED
ACROSS THE ROUGH, WOODEN
PLANKING OF THE UNFINISHED SPAN.

ACROSS THE ROUGH, WOODEN
PLANKING OF THE UNFINISHED SPAN.
FOR YEARS AFTERWARD, HIS FATHER

PLANKING OF THE UNFINISHED SPAN.
FOR YEARS AFTERWARD, HIS FATHER
LIKED TO SAY THAT HE AND HIS BOY

FOR YEARS AFTERWARD, HIS FATHER
LIKED TO SAY THAT HE AND HIS BOY
HAD BEEN THE FIRST NEW YORKERS

LIKED TO SAY THAT HE AND HIS BOY
HAD BEEN THE FIRST NEW YORKERS
EVER TO USE THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE.

HAD BEEN THE FIRST NEW YORKERS
EVER TO USE THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE.
BY THE TIME SMITH WAS BORN, TO A

EVER TO USE THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE.
BY THE TIME SMITH WAS BORN, TO A
STARTLING DEGREE, THE FUTURE OF

BY THE TIME SMITH WAS BORN, TO A
STARTLING DEGREE, THE FUTURE OF
NEW YORK CITY WAS BEGINNING TO

STARTLING DEGREE, THE FUTURE OF
NEW YORK CITY WAS BEGINNING TO
EMERGE ON THE CROWDED STREETS

NEW YORK CITY WAS BEGINNING TO
EMERGE ON THE CROWDED STREETS
AND WARDS OF THE LOWER EAST

EMERGE ON THE CROWDED STREETS
AND WARDS OF THE LOWER EAST
SIDE, WHERE IMMIGRANTS BY THE

AND WARDS OF THE LOWER EAST
SIDE, WHERE IMMIGRANTS BY THE
THOUSANDS CONTINUED TO POUR IN,

SIDE, WHERE IMMIGRANTS BY THE
THOUSANDS CONTINUED TO POUR IN,
LOOKING FOR A CHANCE TO START

THOUSANDS CONTINUED TO POUR IN,
LOOKING FOR A CHANCE TO START
John Kuo Wei Tchen: THE PORT

LOOKING FOR A CHANCE TO START
John Kuo Wei Tchen: THE PORT
CULTURE OF LOWER MANHATTAN WAS A

John Kuo Wei Tchen: THE PORT
CULTURE OF LOWER MANHATTAN WAS A
PLACE IN WHICH THE BOUNDARIES

CULTURE OF LOWER MANHATTAN WAS A
PLACE IN WHICH THE BOUNDARIES
BETWEEN ONE COMMUNITY AND THE

PLACE IN WHICH THE BOUNDARIES
BETWEEN ONE COMMUNITY AND THE
NEXT WERE NOT TIGHTLY DRAWN.

BETWEEN ONE COMMUNITY AND THE
NEXT WERE NOT TIGHTLY DRAWN.
IN FACT, THEY REALLY DIDN'T

NEXT WERE NOT TIGHTLY DRAWN.
IN FACT, THEY REALLY DIDN'T
EXIST IN THE WAY I THINK WE TEND

IN FACT, THEY REALLY DIDN'T
EXIST IN THE WAY I THINK WE TEND
TO THINK OF THEM, IN TERMS OF

EXIST IN THE WAY I THINK WE TEND
TO THINK OF THEM, IN TERMS OF
SEGREGATED, ETHNIC ENCLAVES IN

TO THINK OF THEM, IN TERMS OF
SEGREGATED, ETHNIC ENCLAVES IN
WHICH YOU HAD AFRICAN AMERICANS

SEGREGATED, ETHNIC ENCLAVES IN
WHICH YOU HAD AFRICAN AMERICANS
MINGLING WITH IRISH, MINGLING

WHICH YOU HAD AFRICAN AMERICANS
MINGLING WITH IRISH, MINGLING
WITH BOWERY BOYS, MINGLING WITH

MINGLING WITH IRISH, MINGLING
WITH BOWERY BOYS, MINGLING WITH
WOMEN OF VARIOUS KINDS.

IT WAS IRISH; IT WAS CHINESE.
PEOPLE WERE LEARNING ABOUT EACH

PEOPLE WERE LEARNING ABOUT EACH
OTHER'S CULTURES.

OTHER'S CULTURES.
THERE WAS INTERMARRIAGE GOING

THERE WAS INTERMARRIAGE GOING
ON; THERE WERE PEOPLE LIVING

ON; THERE WERE PEOPLE LIVING
TOGETHER.
IN POINT OF FACT, ALL OF THESE

IN POINT OF FACT, ALL OF THESE
DIFFERENT PEOPLE WERE LIVING IN
THE SAME AREA, INTERMINGLING AND

DIFFERENT PEOPLE WERE LIVING IN
THE SAME AREA, INTERMINGLING AND
HAVING CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER,

THE SAME AREA, INTERMINGLING AND
HAVING CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER,
AND THAT'S WHAT MADE THE

HAVING CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER,
AND THAT'S WHAT MADE THE
DOWNTOWN COSMOPOLITANISM, THAT

AND THAT'S WHAT MADE THE
DOWNTOWN COSMOPOLITANISM, THAT
DOWNTOWN EVERYDAY MIXING, SO

DOWNTOWN COSMOPOLITANISM, THAT
DOWNTOWN EVERYDAY MIXING, SO
UNUSUAL.

DOWNTOWN EVERYDAY MIXING, SO
UNUSUAL.
IT WAS AN AMAZINGLY POROUS AND

UNUSUAL.
IT WAS AN AMAZINGLY POROUS AND
FLUID PROCESS, IN MANY WAYS, AN

IT WAS AN AMAZINGLY POROUS AND
FLUID PROCESS, IN MANY WAYS, AN
UNPRECEDENTED MINGLING OF

FLUID PROCESS, IN MANY WAYS, AN
UNPRECEDENTED MINGLING OF
PEOPLE, NOT ONLY FROM EUROPE

UNPRECEDENTED MINGLING OF
PEOPLE, NOT ONLY FROM EUROPE
OBVIOUSLY, BUT PEOPLE FROM ALL

PEOPLE, NOT ONLY FROM EUROPE
OBVIOUSLY, BUT PEOPLE FROM ALL
PARTS OF THE WORLD, AND IT'S

OBVIOUSLY, BUT PEOPLE FROM ALL
PARTS OF THE WORLD, AND IT'S
THAT KIND OF JUXTAPOSITION THAT

PARTS OF THE WORLD, AND IT'S
THAT KIND OF JUXTAPOSITION THAT
I THINK MADE THIS PARTICULAR

THAT KIND OF JUXTAPOSITION THAT
I THINK MADE THIS PARTICULAR
PORT CULTURE SO RICH AND SO

I THINK MADE THIS PARTICULAR
PORT CULTURE SO RICH AND SO
DIVERSE.

PORT CULTURE SO RICH AND SO
DIVERSE.
Narrator: WATCHING AFRICAN

DIVERSE.
Narrator: WATCHING AFRICAN
AMERICANS AND IRISH IMMIGRANTS

Narrator: WATCHING AFRICAN
AMERICANS AND IRISH IMMIGRANTS
DANCING AND MIMICKING AND

AMERICANS AND IRISH IMMIGRANTS
DANCING AND MIMICKING AND
PARODYING EACH OTHER IN MINSTREL

DANCING AND MIMICKING AND
PARODYING EACH OTHER IN MINSTREL
SHOWS ALONG THE BOWERY, WALT

PARODYING EACH OTHER IN MINSTREL
SHOWS ALONG THE BOWERY, WALT
WHITMAN PREDICTED IT WOULD ONE

SHOWS ALONG THE BOWERY, WALT
WHITMAN PREDICTED IT WOULD ONE
DAY GIVE RISE TO A "NATIVE GRAND

WHITMAN PREDICTED IT WOULD ONE
DAY GIVE RISE TO A "NATIVE GRAND
OPERA IN AMERICA."

DAY GIVE RISE TO A "NATIVE GRAND
OPERA IN AMERICA."
IN THE YEARS TO COME, AS AL

OPERA IN AMERICA."
IN THE YEARS TO COME, AS AL
SMITH ROSE THROUGH THE RANKS OF

IN THE YEARS TO COME, AS AL
SMITH ROSE THROUGH THE RANKS OF
THE TAMMANY MACHINE TO BECOME

SMITH ROSE THROUGH THE RANKS OF
THE TAMMANY MACHINE TO BECOME
ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL

THE TAMMANY MACHINE TO BECOME
ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL
POLITICIANS IN THE CITY, HE

ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL
POLITICIANS IN THE CITY, HE
WOULD NEVER FORGET THE PLACE HE

POLITICIANS IN THE CITY, HE
WOULD NEVER FORGET THE PLACE HE
GREW UP OR THE PEOPLE HE HAD

WOULD NEVER FORGET THE PLACE HE
GREW UP OR THE PEOPLE HE HAD
KNOWN THERE.

GREW UP OR THE PEOPLE HE HAD
KNOWN THERE.
Wallace: ONCE THIS PLACE

KNOWN THERE.
Wallace: ONCE THIS PLACE
BEGINS TO REALLY BE WORKING

Wallace: ONCE THIS PLACE
BEGINS TO REALLY BE WORKING
WITHIN THE RHYTHMS OF A GLOBAL

BEGINS TO REALLY BE WORKING
WITHIN THE RHYTHMS OF A GLOBAL
AND NATIONAL CAPITALIST ECONOMY,

WITHIN THE RHYTHMS OF A GLOBAL
AND NATIONAL CAPITALIST ECONOMY,
YOU GET THESE KIND OF

AND NATIONAL CAPITALIST ECONOMY,
YOU GET THESE KIND OF
OSCILLATING RHYTHMS.

YOU GET THESE KIND OF
OSCILLATING RHYTHMS.
THE CITY GROWS IN SURGES; IT

OSCILLATING RHYTHMS.
THE CITY GROWS IN SURGES; IT
GROWS IN SPURTS.

THE CITY GROWS IN SURGES; IT
GROWS IN SPURTS.
THERE'S A BOOM, AND THEN THERE'S

GROWS IN SPURTS.
THERE'S A BOOM, AND THEN THERE'S
A CRASH.

THERE'S A BOOM, AND THEN THERE'S
A CRASH.
THERE'S A SENSE OF OPTIMISM, OF

A CRASH.
THERE'S A SENSE OF OPTIMISM, OF
BUOYANCY, OF BUILDING, OFTEN OF

THERE'S A SENSE OF OPTIMISM, OF
BUOYANCY, OF BUILDING, OFTEN OF
CORRUPTION, ALSO OF WILD

BUOYANCY, OF BUILDING, OFTEN OF
CORRUPTION, ALSO OF WILD
SPECULATION, ALSO OF LUXURY AND

CORRUPTION, ALSO OF WILD
SPECULATION, ALSO OF LUXURY AND
EXTRAVAGANCE AND SUCH, AND THEN,

SPECULATION, ALSO OF LUXURY AND
EXTRAVAGANCE AND SUCH, AND THEN,
CRASH.

EXTRAVAGANCE AND SUCH, AND THEN,
CRASH.
Narrator: THE WORST FINANCIAL

CRASH.
Narrator: THE WORST FINANCIAL
CRISIS OF THE 19th CENTURY

Narrator: THE WORST FINANCIAL
CRISIS OF THE 19th CENTURY
STRUCKIN THE FALL OF 1873, LIKE

CRISIS OF THE 19th CENTURY
STRUCKIN THE FALL OF 1873, LIKE
"A CYCLONE," A YOUNG BANKER

STRUCKIN THE FALL OF 1873, LIKE
"A CYCLONE," A YOUNG BANKER
NAMED J.P. MORGAN REMEMBERED,

"A CYCLONE," A YOUNG BANKER
NAMED J.P. MORGAN REMEMBERED,
"WHICH CAME UPON US WITHOUT AN

NAMED J.P. MORGAN REMEMBERED,
"WHICH CAME UPON US WITHOUT AN
HOUR'S WARNING."

"WHICH CAME UPON US WITHOUT AN
HOUR'S WARNING."
WILD COMPETITION AND RECKLESS

HOUR'S WARNING."
WILD COMPETITION AND RECKLESS
OVERBUILDING ON THE NATION'S

WILD COMPETITION AND RECKLESS
OVERBUILDING ON THE NATION'S
RAILROADS HAD ALREADY STRAINED

OVERBUILDING ON THE NATION'S
RAILROADS HAD ALREADY STRAINED
WALL STREET'S FINANCIAL MARKETS

RAILROADS HAD ALREADY STRAINED
WALL STREET'S FINANCIAL MARKETS
TO THE LIMIT, WHEN, IN EARLY

WALL STREET'S FINANCIAL MARKETS
TO THE LIMIT, WHEN, IN EARLY
SEPTEMBER, THE NORTHERN PACIFIC

TO THE LIMIT, WHEN, IN EARLY
SEPTEMBER, THE NORTHERN PACIFIC
LINE WENT UNDER, BRINGING DOWN

SEPTEMBER, THE NORTHERN PACIFIC
LINE WENT UNDER, BRINGING DOWN
WITH IT THE LARGEST PRIVATE BANK

LINE WENT UNDER, BRINGING DOWN
WITH IT THE LARGEST PRIVATE BANK
IN THE NATION.

WITH IT THE LARGEST PRIVATE BANK
IN THE NATION.
Reader: "SEPTEMBER 19, 1873.

IN THE NATION.
Reader: "SEPTEMBER 19, 1873.
PANIC GROWS ON WALL STREET, THE

Reader: "SEPTEMBER 19, 1873.
PANIC GROWS ON WALL STREET, THE
HUBBUB MULTIPLIES, AND

PANIC GROWS ON WALL STREET, THE
HUBBUB MULTIPLIES, AND
INDICATIONS ARE GRAVER THAN ANY

HUBBUB MULTIPLIES, AND
INDICATIONS ARE GRAVER THAN ANY
CRISIS SINCE 1857.

INDICATIONS ARE GRAVER THAN ANY
CRISIS SINCE 1857.
MANY NOTABLE SPECULATORS HAVE

CRISIS SINCE 1857.
MANY NOTABLE SPECULATORS HAVE
SUSPENDED, AMONG THEM FISK &

MANY NOTABLE SPECULATORS HAVE
SUSPENDED, AMONG THEM FISK &
HATCH, REPUTED IMPREGNABLY

SUSPENDED, AMONG THEM FISK &
HATCH, REPUTED IMPREGNABLY
STRONG.

HATCH, REPUTED IMPREGNABLY
STRONG.
ALL THIS MAY BE A MERE FLURRY,

STRONG.
ALL THIS MAY BE A MERE FLURRY,
OR MAY BE MUCH MORE."

ALL THIS MAY BE A MERE FLURRY,
OR MAY BE MUCH MORE."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

OR MAY BE MUCH MORE."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: THE NEXT DAY,

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: THE NEXT DAY,
SEPTEMBER 20, 1873, WITH THE

Narrator: THE NEXT DAY,
SEPTEMBER 20, 1873, WITH THE
ENTIRE MARKET IN FREE FALL, THE

SEPTEMBER 20, 1873, WITH THE
ENTIRE MARKET IN FREE FALL, THE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE CLOSED

ENTIRE MARKET IN FREE FALL, THE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE CLOSED
THE TRADING FLOOR FOR THE FIRST

NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE CLOSED
THE TRADING FLOOR FOR THE FIRST
TIME IN ITS 81-YEAR HISTORY,

THE TRADING FLOOR FOR THE FIRST
TIME IN ITS 81-YEAR HISTORY,
HOPING TO STEM THE TIDE.

TIME IN ITS 81-YEAR HISTORY,
HOPING TO STEM THE TIDE.
IT DIDN'T WORK.

HOPING TO STEM THE TIDE.
IT DIDN'T WORK.
Reader: "OCTOBER 27, 1873.

IT DIDN'T WORK.
Reader: "OCTOBER 27, 1873.
WALL STREET CONTINUES IN

Reader: "OCTOBER 27, 1873.
WALL STREET CONTINUES IN
FEVERISH, NERVOUS MALAISE.

WALL STREET CONTINUES IN
FEVERISH, NERVOUS MALAISE.
FAITH IN FINANCIAL AGENTS IS

FEVERISH, NERVOUS MALAISE.
FAITH IN FINANCIAL AGENTS IS
GONE.

FAITH IN FINANCIAL AGENTS IS
GONE.
FACTORIES AND EMPLOYERS

GONE.
FACTORIES AND EMPLOYERS
THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY ARE

FACTORIES AND EMPLOYERS
THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY ARE
DISCHARGING HANDS, WORKING HALF

THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY ARE
DISCHARGING HANDS, WORKING HALF
TIME, OR REDUCING WAGES.

DISCHARGING HANDS, WORKING HALF
TIME, OR REDUCING WAGES.
OCTOBER 29.

TIME, OR REDUCING WAGES.
OCTOBER 29.
PROSPECTS FOR THE COMING WINTER

OCTOBER 29.
PROSPECTS FOR THE COMING WINTER
LOOK DARKER AND DARKER."

PROSPECTS FOR THE COMING WINTER
LOOK DARKER AND DARKER."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

LOOK DARKER AND DARKER."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Wallace: THE PANIC OF '73 IS

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Wallace: THE PANIC OF '73 IS
JUST A PANIC, BUT OVER THE NEXT

Wallace: THE PANIC OF '73 IS
JUST A PANIC, BUT OVER THE NEXT
FOUR OR FIVE YEARS, YOU HAD A

JUST A PANIC, BUT OVER THE NEXT
FOUR OR FIVE YEARS, YOU HAD A
WHOPPING DEPRESSION.

FOUR OR FIVE YEARS, YOU HAD A
WHOPPING DEPRESSION.
IT WAS THEN KNOWN AS THE GREAT

WHOPPING DEPRESSION.
IT WAS THEN KNOWN AS THE GREAT
DEPRESSION.

IT WAS THEN KNOWN AS THE GREAT
DEPRESSION.
CREDIT SEIZES UP.

DEPRESSION.
CREDIT SEIZES UP.
BANKERS ARE NOT WILLING TO MAKE

CREDIT SEIZES UP.
BANKERS ARE NOT WILLING TO MAKE
LOANS TO FACTORY OWNERS.

BANKERS ARE NOT WILLING TO MAKE
LOANS TO FACTORY OWNERS.
FACTORY OWNERS DON'T HAVE MONEY;

LOANS TO FACTORY OWNERS.
FACTORY OWNERS DON'T HAVE MONEY;
THEY LAY OFF THEIR EMPLOYEES.

FACTORY OWNERS DON'T HAVE MONEY;
THEY LAY OFF THEIR EMPLOYEES.
THE EMPLOYEES HAVE NO INCOME;

THEY LAY OFF THEIR EMPLOYEES.
THE EMPLOYEES HAVE NO INCOME;
THEY CAN'T BUY GOODS.

THE EMPLOYEES HAVE NO INCOME;
THEY CAN'T BUY GOODS.
DEMAND GOES DOWN.

THEY CAN'T BUY GOODS.
DEMAND GOES DOWN.
DEMAND GOES DOWN, OTHER

DEMAND GOES DOWN.
DEMAND GOES DOWN, OTHER
FACTORIES START LAYING OFF

DEMAND GOES DOWN, OTHER
FACTORIES START LAYING OFF
WORKERS.

FACTORIES START LAYING OFF
WORKERS.
AND YOU GET IN THIS TREMENDOUS

WORKERS.
AND YOU GET IN THIS TREMENDOUS
DOWNWARD CRUNCH.

Ruth Abram: PRIVATE
ASSOCIATIONS WERE CALLED UPON

ASSOCIATIONS WERE CALLED UPON
AND WERE OVERWHELMED IN THE

AND WERE OVERWHELMED IN THE
DEPRESSION OF 1873 AS WELL, WHEN
THEY REALLY DIDN'T HAVE THE

THEY REALLY DIDN'T HAVE THE
WHEREWITHAL TO RESPOND TO THE
ENORMOUS NEED.

WHEREWITHAL TO RESPOND TO THE
ENORMOUS NEED.
AND IN AN IMMIGRANT

ENORMOUS NEED.
AND IN AN IMMIGRANT
NEIGHBORHOOD, WHERE PEOPLE ARE

AND IN AN IMMIGRANT
NEIGHBORHOOD, WHERE PEOPLE ARE
STILL JUST GETTING ON THEIR

NEIGHBORHOOD, WHERE PEOPLE ARE
STILL JUST GETTING ON THEIR
FEET, WITHOUT ALL OF THE DEEP

STILL JUST GETTING ON THEIR
FEET, WITHOUT ALL OF THE DEEP
ROOTS THAT YOU NEED TO SURVIVE A

FEET, WITHOUT ALL OF THE DEEP
ROOTS THAT YOU NEED TO SURVIVE A
HUGE STORM, IT WAS PARTICULARLY

ROOTS THAT YOU NEED TO SURVIVE A
HUGE STORM, IT WAS PARTICULARLY
HARD HIT.

HUGE STORM, IT WAS PARTICULARLY
HARD HIT.
Wallace: THE HOMELESS

HARD HIT.
Wallace: THE HOMELESS
POPULATION BALLOONED.

Wallace: THE HOMELESS
POPULATION BALLOONED.
IN THOSE DAYS, POLICE STATIONS

POPULATION BALLOONED.
IN THOSE DAYS, POLICE STATIONS
WOULD OPEN THEIR BASEMENTS AND

IN THOSE DAYS, POLICE STATIONS
WOULD OPEN THEIR BASEMENTS AND
THESE BASEMENTS, VERMIN-COVERED,

WOULD OPEN THEIR BASEMENTS AND
THESE BASEMENTS, VERMIN-COVERED,
WERE CRAMMED WITH PEOPLE SEEKING

THESE BASEMENTS, VERMIN-COVERED,
WERE CRAMMED WITH PEOPLE SEEKING
SHELTER.

WERE CRAMMED WITH PEOPLE SEEKING
SHELTER.
SOME PEOPLE EVEN TALKED ABOUT

SHELTER.
SOME PEOPLE EVEN TALKED ABOUT
BUILDING HOUSES IN CENTRAL PARK

SOME PEOPLE EVEN TALKED ABOUT
BUILDING HOUSES IN CENTRAL PARK
AND ELSEWHERE FOR THE PEOPLE WHO

BUILDING HOUSES IN CENTRAL PARK
AND ELSEWHERE FOR THE PEOPLE WHO
HAD NO SHELTER.

AND ELSEWHERE FOR THE PEOPLE WHO
HAD NO SHELTER.
BUT THERE WAS ALSO, IN FACT,

HAD NO SHELTER.
BUT THERE WAS ALSO, IN FACT,
PROTESTS, AND IN 1874, FOR

BUT THERE WAS ALSO, IN FACT,
PROTESTS, AND IN 1874, FOR
INSTANCE, THEY RALLIED IN

PROTESTS, AND IN 1874, FOR
INSTANCE, THEY RALLIED IN
TOMPKINS SQUARE PARK WITH A

INSTANCE, THEY RALLIED IN
TOMPKINS SQUARE PARK WITH A
SERIES OF DEMANDS... THAT THE

TOMPKINS SQUARE PARK WITH A
SERIES OF DEMANDS... THAT THE
CITY SHOULD HELP OUT THE VICTIMS

SERIES OF DEMANDS... THAT THE
CITY SHOULD HELP OUT THE VICTIMS
OF THIS DOWNSIDE OF THE BUSINESS

CITY SHOULD HELP OUT THE VICTIMS
OF THIS DOWNSIDE OF THE BUSINESS
CYCLE.

OF THIS DOWNSIDE OF THE BUSINESS
CYCLE.
THE CITY'S RESPONSE WAS TO SEND

CYCLE.
THE CITY'S RESPONSE WAS TO SEND
THE POLICE ON HORSEBACK INTO

THE CITY'S RESPONSE WAS TO SEND
THE POLICE ON HORSEBACK INTO
TOMPKINS SQUARE, BATONS

THE POLICE ON HORSEBACK INTO
TOMPKINS SQUARE, BATONS
FLAILING, AND THESE PEOPLE WERE,

TOMPKINS SQUARE, BATONS
FLAILING, AND THESE PEOPLE WERE,
YOU KNOW, SORT OF DISPERSED AND

FLAILING, AND THESE PEOPLE WERE,
YOU KNOW, SORT OF DISPERSED AND
DRIVEN OUT.

YOU KNOW, SORT OF DISPERSED AND
DRIVEN OUT.
Narrator: ONE BLEAK FEBRUARY

DRIVEN OUT.
Narrator: ONE BLEAK FEBRUARY
MORNING, AS THE DEPRESSION

Narrator: ONE BLEAK FEBRUARY
MORNING, AS THE DEPRESSION
STRETCHED INTO ITS FOURTH YEAR,

MORNING, AS THE DEPRESSION
STRETCHED INTO ITS FOURTH YEAR,
A CURIOUS SCULPTURE, THE GIANT

STRETCHED INTO ITS FOURTH YEAR,
A CURIOUS SCULPTURE, THE GIANT
AMPUTATED HAND OF A WOMAN,

A CURIOUS SCULPTURE, THE GIANT
AMPUTATED HAND OF A WOMAN,
APPEARED ON THE WEST SIDE OF

AMPUTATED HAND OF A WOMAN,
APPEARED ON THE WEST SIDE OF
MADISON SQUARE, PART OF A

APPEARED ON THE WEST SIDE OF
MADISON SQUARE, PART OF A
TOWERING STATUE THE FRENCH HOPED

MADISON SQUARE, PART OF A
TOWERING STATUE THE FRENCH HOPED
TO PRESENT AS A GIFT TO THE

TOWERING STATUE THE FRENCH HOPED
TO PRESENT AS A GIFT TO THE
AMERICAN PEOPLE, IF NEW YORKERS

TO PRESENT AS A GIFT TO THE
AMERICAN PEOPLE, IF NEW YORKERS
WOULD SIMPLY PAY FOR THE

AMERICAN PEOPLE, IF NEW YORKERS
WOULD SIMPLY PAY FOR THE
PEDESTAL.

WOULD SIMPLY PAY FOR THE
PEDESTAL.
BUT NEW YORKERS REFUSED.

PEDESTAL.
BUT NEW YORKERS REFUSED.
"NO TRUE PATRIOT," THE NEW YORK

BUT NEW YORKERS REFUSED.
"NO TRUE PATRIOT," THE NEW YORK
TIMES DECLARED, "CAN SUPPORT

"NO TRUE PATRIOT," THE NEW YORK
TIMES DECLARED, "CAN SUPPORT
EXPENDITURES FOR A BRONZE FEMALE

TIMES DECLARED, "CAN SUPPORT
EXPENDITURES FOR A BRONZE FEMALE
IN THE PRESENT STATE OF OUR

EXPENDITURES FOR A BRONZE FEMALE
IN THE PRESENT STATE OF OUR
FINANCES."

IN THE PRESENT STATE OF OUR
FINANCES."
FOR FIVE YEARS, THE HUGE

FINANCES."
FOR FIVE YEARS, THE HUGE
UPRAISED HAND STOOD ON FIFTH

FOR FIVE YEARS, THE HUGE
UPRAISED HAND STOOD ON FIFTH
AVENUE, "AN EMBARRASSMENT," ONE

UPRAISED HAND STOOD ON FIFTH
AVENUE, "AN EMBARRASSMENT," ONE
NEWSPAPER COMPLAINED, TO

AVENUE, "AN EMBARRASSMENT," ONE
NEWSPAPER COMPLAINED, TO
NURSEMAIDS AND MOTHERS, UNABLE

NEWSPAPER COMPLAINED, TO
NURSEMAIDS AND MOTHERS, UNABLE
TO EXPLAIN TO THEIR YOUNG

NURSEMAIDS AND MOTHERS, UNABLE
TO EXPLAIN TO THEIR YOUNG
CHARGES WHAT THE SURREAL

TO EXPLAIN TO THEIR YOUNG
CHARGES WHAT THE SURREAL
SCULPTURE WITH ITS EIGHT-FOOT

CHARGES WHAT THE SURREAL
SCULPTURE WITH ITS EIGHT-FOOT
INDEX FINGER AND 12-INCH NAILS

SCULPTURE WITH ITS EIGHT-FOOT
INDEX FINGER AND 12-INCH NAILS
WAS DOING THERE.

INDEX FINGER AND 12-INCH NAILS
WAS DOING THERE.
DOWN ALONG THE EAST RIVER,

WAS DOING THERE.
DOWN ALONG THE EAST RIVER,
MEANWHILE, WORK ON THE BROOKLYN

DOWN ALONG THE EAST RIVER,
MEANWHILE, WORK ON THE BROOKLYN
BRIDGE GROUND ON WITH NO END IN

MEANWHILE, WORK ON THE BROOKLYN
BRIDGE GROUND ON WITH NO END IN
SIGHT, BATTERED BY FINANCIAL

BRIDGE GROUND ON WITH NO END IN
SIGHT, BATTERED BY FINANCIAL
TROUBLES, STRIKES, POLITICAL

SIGHT, BATTERED BY FINANCIAL
TROUBLES, STRIKES, POLITICAL
CORRUPTION, AND A SERIES OF

TROUBLES, STRIKES, POLITICAL
CORRUPTION, AND A SERIES OF
NIGHTMARISH ACCIDENTS.

CORRUPTION, AND A SERIES OF
NIGHTMARISH ACCIDENTS.
FOR SEVEN YEARS, WASHINGTON

NIGHTMARISH ACCIDENTS.
FOR SEVEN YEARS, WASHINGTON
ROEBLING HAD STRUGGLED TO KEEP

FOR SEVEN YEARS, WASHINGTON
ROEBLING HAD STRUGGLED TO KEEP
THE IMMENSE PROJECT ON TRACK

ROEBLING HAD STRUGGLED TO KEEP
THE IMMENSE PROJECT ON TRACK
WITHOUT THE AID OF HIS FATHER.

THE IMMENSE PROJECT ON TRACK
WITHOUT THE AID OF HIS FATHER.
SUPERVISING WORK ON THE

WITHOUT THE AID OF HIS FATHER.
SUPERVISING WORK ON THE
FOUNDATIONS, DEEP BENEATH THE

SUPERVISING WORK ON THE
FOUNDATIONS, DEEP BENEATH THE
RIVERBED, THE CHIEF ENGINEER

FOUNDATIONS, DEEP BENEATH THE
RIVERBED, THE CHIEF ENGINEER
HIMSELF HAD BEEN STRICKEN BY A

RIVERBED, THE CHIEF ENGINEER
HIMSELF HAD BEEN STRICKEN BY A
MYSTERIOUS NEW AFFLICTION CALLED

HIMSELF HAD BEEN STRICKEN BY A
MYSTERIOUS NEW AFFLICTION CALLED
CAISSON DISEASE, OR THE BENDS,

MYSTERIOUS NEW AFFLICTION CALLED
CAISSON DISEASE, OR THE BENDS,
AND HADN'T BEEN SEEN AT THE SITE

CAISSON DISEASE, OR THE BENDS,
AND HADN'T BEEN SEEN AT THE SITE
FOR YEARS.

AND HADN'T BEEN SEEN AT THE SITE
FOR YEARS.
BUT STILL THE WORK WENT ON,

FOR YEARS.
BUT STILL THE WORK WENT ON,
ROEBLING MONITORING PROGRESS

BUT STILL THE WORK WENT ON,
ROEBLING MONITORING PROGRESS
THROUGH BINOCULARS FROM HIS

ROEBLING MONITORING PROGRESS
THROUGH BINOCULARS FROM HIS
BEDROOM WINDOW AND RELAYING

THROUGH BINOCULARS FROM HIS
BEDROOM WINDOW AND RELAYING
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CONSTRUCTION

BEDROOM WINDOW AND RELAYING
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CONSTRUCTION
SITE THROUGH HIS WIFE, EMILY,

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CONSTRUCTION
SITE THROUGH HIS WIFE, EMILY,
WHO HAD TAKEN OVER DAY-TO-DAY

SITE THROUGH HIS WIFE, EMILY,
WHO HAD TAKEN OVER DAY-TO-DAY
SUPERVISION OF THE PROJECT.

WHO HAD TAKEN OVER DAY-TO-DAY
SUPERVISION OF THE PROJECT.
SLOWLY, THE GAUNT STONE TOWERS

SUPERVISION OF THE PROJECT.
SLOWLY, THE GAUNT STONE TOWERS
ROSE ABOVE THE TROUBLED

SLOWLY, THE GAUNT STONE TOWERS
ROSE ABOVE THE TROUBLED
METROPOLIS, BRINGING AN ENTIRELY

ROSE ABOVE THE TROUBLED
METROPOLIS, BRINGING AN ENTIRELY
NEW SCALE TO THE TWO CITIES.

METROPOLIS, BRINGING AN ENTIRELY
NEW SCALE TO THE TWO CITIES.
RISING ABOVE THE ROOFTOPS LIKE

NEW SCALE TO THE TWO CITIES.
RISING ABOVE THE ROOFTOPS LIKE
VISITORS FROM ANOTHER PLANET,

RISING ABOVE THE ROOFTOPS LIKE
VISITORS FROM ANOTHER PLANET,
THE 120 MILLION-POUND STRUCTURES

VISITORS FROM ANOTHER PLANET,
THE 120 MILLION-POUND STRUCTURES
WERE THE MOST MASSIVE MANMADE

THE 120 MILLION-POUND STRUCTURES
WERE THE MOST MASSIVE MANMADE
OBJECTS ON THE NORTH AMERICAN

WERE THE MOST MASSIVE MANMADE
OBJECTS ON THE NORTH AMERICAN
CONTINENT.

OBJECTS ON THE NORTH AMERICAN
CONTINENT.
ON A COLD, WINDY MORNING IN

CONTINENT.
ON A COLD, WINDY MORNING IN
JANUARY 1876, IN THE VERY HEART

ON A COLD, WINDY MORNING IN
JANUARY 1876, IN THE VERY HEART
OF THE DEPRESSION, A

JANUARY 1876, IN THE VERY HEART
OF THE DEPRESSION, A
PHOTOGRAPHER NAMED JOSHUA BEAL

OF THE DEPRESSION, A
PHOTOGRAPHER NAMED JOSHUA BEAL
WRESTLED HIS CUMBERSOME

PHOTOGRAPHER NAMED JOSHUA BEAL
WRESTLED HIS CUMBERSOME
EQUIPMENT UP 30 FLIGHTS OF

WRESTLED HIS CUMBERSOME
EQUIPMENT UP 30 FLIGHTS OF
STAIRS, THEN STEPPED OUT ONTO AN

EQUIPMENT UP 30 FLIGHTS OF
STAIRS, THEN STEPPED OUT ONTO AN
OPEN PLATFORM ATOP THE RECENTLY

STAIRS, THEN STEPPED OUT ONTO AN
OPEN PLATFORM ATOP THE RECENTLY
COMPLETED BROOKLYN TOWER AND SET

OPEN PLATFORM ATOP THE RECENTLY
COMPLETED BROOKLYN TOWER AND SET
TO WORK, CAREFULLY EXPOSING FIVE

COMPLETED BROOKLYN TOWER AND SET
TO WORK, CAREFULLY EXPOSING FIVE
GLASS-PLATE NEGATIVES TO FORM A

TO WORK, CAREFULLY EXPOSING FIVE
GLASS-PLATE NEGATIVES TO FORM A
SINGLE GIANT PHOTOGRAPH, MORE

GLASS-PLATE NEGATIVES TO FORM A
SINGLE GIANT PHOTOGRAPH, MORE
THAN SEVEN FEET LONG.

SINGLE GIANT PHOTOGRAPH, MORE
THAN SEVEN FEET LONG.
THE BREATHTAKING PANORAMIC IMAGE

THAN SEVEN FEET LONG.
THE BREATHTAKING PANORAMIC IMAGE
SHOWED NEW YORKERS THE CITY AS

THE BREATHTAKING PANORAMIC IMAGE
SHOWED NEW YORKERS THE CITY AS
THEY HAD NEVER SEEN IT BEFORE, A

SHOWED NEW YORKERS THE CITY AS
THEY HAD NEVER SEEN IT BEFORE, A
CITY THAT HAD GROWN TOO VAST TO

THEY HAD NEVER SEEN IT BEFORE, A
CITY THAT HAD GROWN TOO VAST TO
BE GRASPED OR UNDERSTOOD IN

CITY THAT HAD GROWN TOO VAST TO
BE GRASPED OR UNDERSTOOD IN
CONVENTIONAL TERMS... NO LONGER

BE GRASPED OR UNDERSTOOD IN
CONVENTIONAL TERMS... NO LONGER
SIMPLY A CITY, BUT A TEEMING,

CONVENTIONAL TERMS... NO LONGER
SIMPLY A CITY, BUT A TEEMING,
UNKNOWABLE METROPOLIS.

SIMPLY A CITY, BUT A TEEMING,
UNKNOWABLE METROPOLIS.
Reader: "FAR AS THE EYE CAN

UNKNOWABLE METROPOLIS.
Reader: "FAR AS THE EYE CAN
REACH, IT STRETCHES AWAY.

Reader: "FAR AS THE EYE CAN
REACH, IT STRETCHES AWAY.
THIS IS NOT EVEN A CITY IN THE

REACH, IT STRETCHES AWAY.
THIS IS NOT EVEN A CITY IN THE
SENSE IN WHICH WE UNDERSTAND THE

THIS IS NOT EVEN A CITY IN THE
SENSE IN WHICH WE UNDERSTAND THE
WORD.

SENSE IN WHICH WE UNDERSTAND THE
WORD.
SEEN FROM HERE, IT IS SO

WORD.
SEEN FROM HERE, IT IS SO
COLOSSAL, IT ENCLOSES SO

SEEN FROM HERE, IT IS SO
COLOSSAL, IT ENCLOSES SO
FORMIDABLE AN ACCUMULATION OF

COLOSSAL, IT ENCLOSES SO
FORMIDABLE AN ACCUMULATION OF
HUMAN EFFORTS, AS TO OVERPASS

FORMIDABLE AN ACCUMULATION OF
HUMAN EFFORTS, AS TO OVERPASS
THE BOUNDS OF IMAGINATION."

HUMAN EFFORTS, AS TO OVERPASS
THE BOUNDS OF IMAGINATION."
Narrator: THOUGH FEW PEOPLE

THE BOUNDS OF IMAGINATION."
Narrator: THOUGH FEW PEOPLE
COULD SEE IT, THE PANIC OF 1873

Narrator: THOUGH FEW PEOPLE
COULD SEE IT, THE PANIC OF 1873
AND THE TERRIBLE DEPRESSION THAT

COULD SEE IT, THE PANIC OF 1873
AND THE TERRIBLE DEPRESSION THAT
FOLLOWED HAD SET THE STAGE FOR

AND THE TERRIBLE DEPRESSION THAT
FOLLOWED HAD SET THE STAGE FOR
ONE OF THE MOST DRAMATIC

FOLLOWED HAD SET THE STAGE FOR
ONE OF THE MOST DRAMATIC
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE HISTORY

ONE OF THE MOST DRAMATIC
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE HISTORY
OF AMERICAN CAPITALISM.

TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE HISTORY
OF AMERICAN CAPITALISM.
TO A STARTLING DEGREE, IT WOULD

OF AMERICAN CAPITALISM.
TO A STARTLING DEGREE, IT WOULD
BE DRIVEN BY ONE MAN, AN

TO A STARTLING DEGREE, IT WOULD
BE DRIVEN BY ONE MAN, AN
IMPERIOUS 38-YEAR-OLD WALL

BE DRIVEN BY ONE MAN, AN
IMPERIOUS 38-YEAR-OLD WALL
STREET BANKER WHO BY 1876 WAS ON

IMPERIOUS 38-YEAR-OLD WALL
STREET BANKER WHO BY 1876 WAS ON
HIS WAY TO BECOMING ONE OF THE

STREET BANKER WHO BY 1876 WAS ON
HIS WAY TO BECOMING ONE OF THE
MOST POWERFUL MEN IN AMERICA.

HIS WAY TO BECOMING ONE OF THE
MOST POWERFUL MEN IN AMERICA.
HIS NAME WAS JOHN PIERPONT

MOST POWERFUL MEN IN AMERICA.
HIS NAME WAS JOHN PIERPONT
MORGAN, AND AS NEW YORK LAY SUNK

HIS NAME WAS JOHN PIERPONT
MORGAN, AND AS NEW YORK LAY SUNK
IN THE DEPTHS OF DEPRESSION, HE

MORGAN, AND AS NEW YORK LAY SUNK
IN THE DEPTHS OF DEPRESSION, HE
HAD BEGUN TO MASTERMIND THE

IN THE DEPTHS OF DEPRESSION, HE
HAD BEGUN TO MASTERMIND THE
REBIRTH OF THE ENTIRE AMERICAN

HAD BEGUN TO MASTERMIND THE
REBIRTH OF THE ENTIRE AMERICAN
ECONOMY.

REBIRTH OF THE ENTIRE AMERICAN
ECONOMY.
John Steele Gordon: WELL, HE

ECONOMY.
John Steele Gordon: WELL, HE
HAD FIRST ARRIVED IN 1860s, WHEN

John Steele Gordon: WELL, HE
HAD FIRST ARRIVED IN 1860s, WHEN
IT WAS REALLY THE WILD AND

HAD FIRST ARRIVED IN 1860s, WHEN
IT WAS REALLY THE WILD AND
WOOLLY DAYS OF WALL STREET AND

IT WAS REALLY THE WILD AND
WOOLLY DAYS OF WALL STREET AND
YOU COULD GET AWAY WITH ALMOST

WOOLLY DAYS OF WALL STREET AND
YOU COULD GET AWAY WITH ALMOST
ANYTHING.

YOU COULD GET AWAY WITH ALMOST
ANYTHING.
AND HE WANTED TO BRING ORDER TO

ANYTHING.
AND HE WANTED TO BRING ORDER TO
IT, BECAUSE HE REALIZED YOU

AND HE WANTED TO BRING ORDER TO
IT, BECAUSE HE REALIZED YOU
COULDN'T HAVE A VERY SUCCESSFUL

IT, BECAUSE HE REALIZED YOU
COULDN'T HAVE A VERY SUCCESSFUL
MARKET UNLESS PEOPLE KNEW WHAT

COULDN'T HAVE A VERY SUCCESSFUL
MARKET UNLESS PEOPLE KNEW WHAT
THE RULES WERE, AND THE RULES

MARKET UNLESS PEOPLE KNEW WHAT
THE RULES WERE, AND THE RULES
WERE ENFORCED.

HE LOVED THE RULES.
HE LOVED TO PLAY SOLITAIRE.

HE LOVED TO PLAY SOLITAIRE.
I MEAN, THIS WAS A REAL WINDOW

I MEAN, THIS WAS A REAL WINDOW
INTO MORGAN'S PSYCHE.
I MEAN, HE LOVED TO CREATE ORDER

I MEAN, HE LOVED TO CREATE ORDER
USING THE RULES OF THE GAME OUT
OF THE CHAOS CREATED BY THE

USING THE RULES OF THE GAME OUT
OF THE CHAOS CREATED BY THE
SHUFFLE, AND THAT'S WHAT HE

OF THE CHAOS CREATED BY THE
SHUFFLE, AND THAT'S WHAT HE
WANTED TO DO ON WALL STREET AND

SHUFFLE, AND THAT'S WHAT HE
WANTED TO DO ON WALL STREET AND
THE RAILROADS.

WANTED TO DO ON WALL STREET AND
THE RAILROADS.
Wallace: HE WAS COLOSSALLY

THE RAILROADS.
Wallace: HE WAS COLOSSALLY
ARROGANT.

Wallace: HE WAS COLOSSALLY
ARROGANT.
HE HAD TREMENDOUS DRIVE AND

ARROGANT.
HE HAD TREMENDOUS DRIVE AND
CONVICTION THAT CAME FROM

HE HAD TREMENDOUS DRIVE AND
CONVICTION THAT CAME FROM
PRECISELY BELIEVING THAT HE WAS

CONVICTION THAT CAME FROM
PRECISELY BELIEVING THAT HE WAS
A FORCE OF HISTORY, THAT HE WAS

PRECISELY BELIEVING THAT HE WAS
A FORCE OF HISTORY, THAT HE WAS
IN TUNE WITH THESE NEW, HIGHER

A FORCE OF HISTORY, THAT HE WAS
IN TUNE WITH THESE NEW, HIGHER
EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS AND ACTING

IN TUNE WITH THESE NEW, HIGHER
EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS AND ACTING
FOR SOME LARGER GOOD.

EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS AND ACTING
FOR SOME LARGER GOOD.
HE WAS TERRIFYING.

FOR SOME LARGER GOOD.
HE WAS TERRIFYING.
AND HE HAD THESE GREAT EYES...

HE WAS TERRIFYING.
AND HE HAD THESE GREAT EYES...
EDWARD STEICHEN CAUGHT THEM IN A

AND HE HAD THESE GREAT EYES...
EDWARD STEICHEN CAUGHT THEM IN A
FAMOUS PHOTOGRAPH... THAT SORT OF

EDWARD STEICHEN CAUGHT THEM IN A
FAMOUS PHOTOGRAPH... THAT SORT OF
GLARED THROUGH YOU.

FAMOUS PHOTOGRAPH... THAT SORT OF
GLARED THROUGH YOU.
Gordon: WELL, APPARENTLY THE

GLARED THROUGH YOU.
Gordon: WELL, APPARENTLY THE
FORCE OF HIS CHARACTER WAS QUITE

Gordon: WELL, APPARENTLY THE
FORCE OF HIS CHARACTER WAS QUITE
SOMETHING.

FORCE OF HIS CHARACTER WAS QUITE
SOMETHING.
THERE

SOMETHING.
THERE
HIM AND LEFT RECORDS THAT IT WAS

THERE
HIM AND LEFT RECORDS THAT IT WAS
LIKE WATCHING THE HEADLIGHTS OF

HIM AND LEFT RECORDS THAT IT WAS
LIKE WATCHING THE HEADLIGHTS OF
AN ONCOMING TRAIN.

LIKE WATCHING THE HEADLIGHTS OF
AN ONCOMING TRAIN.
HE WAS A VERY FORMIDABLE-LOOKING

AN ONCOMING TRAIN.
HE WAS A VERY FORMIDABLE-LOOKING
MAN, VERY LARGE, QUITE BULKY

HE WAS A VERY FORMIDABLE-LOOKING
MAN, VERY LARGE, QUITE BULKY
MAN.

MAN, VERY LARGE, QUITE BULKY
MAN.
HE WAS FOND OF FOOD AND NOT FOND

MAN.
HE WAS FOND OF FOOD AND NOT FOND
OF EXERCISE.

HE WAS FOND OF FOOD AND NOT FOND
OF EXERCISE.
HE HAD A VERY LARGE, BULBOUS,

OF EXERCISE.
HE HAD A VERY LARGE, BULBOUS,
EXTREMELY UGLY NOSE THAT HE HAD.

HE HAD A VERY LARGE, BULBOUS,
EXTREMELY UGLY NOSE THAT HE HAD.
HE SUFFERED FROM A CONDITION

EXTREMELY UGLY NOSE THAT HE HAD.
HE SUFFERED FROM A CONDITION
CALLED ACNE ROSACEA.

HE SUFFERED FROM A CONDITION
CALLED ACNE ROSACEA.
AND MOST OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS OF

CALLED ACNE ROSACEA.
AND MOST OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS OF
HIM, THE NOSE HAS BEEN

AND MOST OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS OF
HIM, THE NOSE HAS BEEN
RETOUCHED.

HIM, THE NOSE HAS BEEN
RETOUCHED.
Narrator: FROM HIS OFFICES AT

RETOUCHED.
Narrator: FROM HIS OFFICES AT
NUMBER 23 WALL STREET, MORGAN

Narrator: FROM HIS OFFICES AT
NUMBER 23 WALL STREET, MORGAN
WENT RIGHT TO WORK, DETERMINED

NUMBER 23 WALL STREET, MORGAN
WENT RIGHT TO WORK, DETERMINED
TO SAVE WALL STREET FROM ITSELF.

WENT RIGHT TO WORK, DETERMINED
TO SAVE WALL STREET FROM ITSELF.
"WE DO NOT WANT FINANCIAL

TO SAVE WALL STREET FROM ITSELF.
"WE DO NOT WANT FINANCIAL
CONVULSIONS," HE DECLARED, "AND

"WE DO NOT WANT FINANCIAL
CONVULSIONS," HE DECLARED, "AND
HAVE ONE THING ONE DAY AND

CONVULSIONS," HE DECLARED, "AND
HAVE ONE THING ONE DAY AND
ANOTHER THING THE NEXT."

HAVE ONE THING ONE DAY AND
ANOTHER THING THE NEXT."
"WASTEFUL COMPETITION MUST BE

ANOTHER THING THE NEXT."
"WASTEFUL COMPETITION MUST BE
REPLACED BY A COMMUNITY OF

"WASTEFUL COMPETITION MUST BE
REPLACED BY A COMMUNITY OF
INTEREST."

Jean Strouse: QUITE
SURPRISINGLY, FOR SOMEBODY WHO

SURPRISINGLY, FOR SOMEBODY WHO
HAS BEEN CAST AS THE HIGH PRIEST

HAS BEEN CAST AS THE HIGH PRIEST
OF MODERN CAPITALISM, MORGAN WAS

OF MODERN CAPITALISM, MORGAN WAS
NOT REALLY A FREE MARKETER.
HE THOUGHT THAT THERE NEEDED TO

HE THOUGHT THAT THERE NEEDED TO
BE A KIND OF MANAGED COMPETITION
IN AMERICAN INDUST

BE A KIND OF MANAGED COMPETITION
IN AMERICAN INDUST
AMERICAN SOCIETY, AND THAT HE

IN AMERICAN INDUST
AMERICAN SOCIETY, AND THAT HE
WOULD DO THE MANAGING.

AMERICAN SOCIETY, AND THAT HE
WOULD DO THE MANAGING.
Narrator: FIRST HE FORCED THE

WOULD DO THE MANAGING.
Narrator: FIRST HE FORCED THE
RAILROADS TO STOP UNDERCUTTING

Narrator: FIRST HE FORCED THE
RAILROADS TO STOP UNDERCUTTING
EACH OTHER, PUTTING HIS OWN

RAILROADS TO STOP UNDERCUTTING
EACH OTHER, PUTTING HIS OWN
PARTNERS ON THE BOARD OF EVERY

EACH OTHER, PUTTING HIS OWN
PARTNERS ON THE BOARD OF EVERY
COMPANY HE BAILED OUT, TO

PARTNERS ON THE BOARD OF EVERY
COMPANY HE BAILED OUT, TO
MAINTAIN DISCIPLINE.

COMPANY HE BAILED OUT, TO
MAINTAIN DISCIPLINE.
THEN HE BEGAN BUYING UP

MAINTAIN DISCIPLINE.
THEN HE BEGAN BUYING UP
RAILROADS HIMSELF, ELIMINATING

THEN HE BEGAN BUYING UP
RAILROADS HIMSELF, ELIMINATING
REDUNDANCIES AND REORGANIZING

RAILROADS HIMSELF, ELIMINATING
REDUNDANCIES AND REORGANIZING
SMALLER LINES INTO EVER-LARGER

REDUNDANCIES AND REORGANIZING
SMALLER LINES INTO EVER-LARGER
ONES, ALL OF THEM RUN

SMALLER LINES INTO EVER-LARGER
ONES, ALL OF THEM RUN
INCREASINGLY OUT OF NEW YORK.

ONES, ALL OF THEM RUN
INCREASINGLY OUT OF NEW YORK.
IT WAS CALLED "MORGANIZING."

INCREASINGLY OUT OF NEW YORK.
IT WAS CALLED "MORGANIZING."
Wallace: AND WHAT THEY TRY TO

IT WAS CALLED "MORGANIZING."
Wallace: AND WHAT THEY TRY TO
DO, DESPITE ALL THE THEORETICAL

Wallace: AND WHAT THEY TRY TO
DO, DESPITE ALL THE THEORETICAL
GLORIFICATION ABOUT FREE-MARKET

DO, DESPITE ALL THE THEORETICAL
GLORIFICATION ABOUT FREE-MARKET
CAPITALISM, THEY HATE THE

GLORIFICATION ABOUT FREE-MARKET
CAPITALISM, THEY HATE THE
MARKETPLACE, THEY HATE

CAPITALISM, THEY HATE THE
MARKETPLACE, THEY HATE
UNTRAMMELED COMPETITION, AND

MARKETPLACE, THEY HATE
UNTRAMMELED COMPETITION, AND
THEY SET OUT TO TRY TO REIN IT

UNTRAMMELED COMPETITION, AND
THEY SET OUT TO TRY TO REIN IT
IN.

THEY SET OUT TO TRY TO REIN IT
IN.
AND BASICALLY WHAT MORGAN AND

IN.
AND BASICALLY WHAT MORGAN AND
OTHERS DO IS THEY TAKE A LOT OF

AND BASICALLY WHAT MORGAN AND
OTHERS DO IS THEY TAKE A LOT OF
THESE COMPETING FIRMS, SMASH

OTHERS DO IS THEY TAKE A LOT OF
THESE COMPETING FIRMS, SMASH
THEM TOGETHER, AND CREATE NEW,

THESE COMPETING FIRMS, SMASH
THEM TOGETHER, AND CREATE NEW,
GIGANTIC CORPORATE MEGALITHS.

THEM TOGETHER, AND CREATE NEW,
GIGANTIC CORPORATE MEGALITHS.
THEY BIRTH THE CORPORATE

GIGANTIC CORPORATE MEGALITHS.
THEY BIRTH THE CORPORATE
ECONOMY.

THEY BIRTH THE CORPORATE
ECONOMY.
Narrator: FEW PEOPLE IN NEW

ECONOMY.
Narrator: FEW PEOPLE IN NEW
YORK HAD ANY IDEA WHAT MORGAN

Narrator: FEW PEOPLE IN NEW
YORK HAD ANY IDEA WHAT MORGAN
WAS DOING, AND MANY WHO DID

YORK HAD ANY IDEA WHAT MORGAN
WAS DOING, AND MANY WHO DID
WORRIED INCREASINGLY ABOUT THE

WAS DOING, AND MANY WHO DID
WORRIED INCREASINGLY ABOUT THE
POWER HE WAS ACCUMULATING.

WORRIED INCREASINGLY ABOUT THE
POWER HE WAS ACCUMULATING.
BUT BY

POWER HE WAS ACCUMULATING.
BUT BY
A THING OF THE PAST, AND NEW

BUT BY
A THING OF THE PAST, AND NEW
YORK WAS ONCE AGAIN AWASH IN

A THING OF THE PAST, AND NEW
YORK WAS ONCE AGAIN AWASH IN
MONEY AND POWER, THANKS IN PART

YORK WAS ONCE AGAIN AWASH IN
MONEY AND POWER, THANKS IN PART
TO J.P. MORGAN.

MONEY AND POWER, THANKS IN PART
TO J.P. MORGAN.
THE SUMMER, AS IF TO SIGNAL THE

TO J.P. MORGAN.
THE SUMMER, AS IF TO SIGNAL THE
RETURN OF PROSPERITY, A TEAM OF

THE SUMMER, AS IF TO SIGNAL THE
RETURN OF PROSPERITY, A TEAM OF
WORKERS LED BY A 35-YEAR-OLD

RETURN OF PROSPERITY, A TEAM OF
WORKERS LED BY A 35-YEAR-OLD
INVENTOR NAMED THOMAS ALVA

WORKERS LED BY A 35-YEAR-OLD
INVENTOR NAMED THOMAS ALVA
EDISON LABORED ROUND THE CLOCK

INVENTOR NAMED THOMAS ALVA
EDISON LABORED ROUND THE CLOCK
TO FINISH ASSEMBLING THE FIRST

EDISON LABORED ROUND THE CLOCK
TO FINISH ASSEMBLING THE FIRST
PERMANENT ELECTRICAL POWER PLANT

TO FINISH ASSEMBLING THE FIRST
PERMANENT ELECTRICAL POWER PLANT
IN THE WORLD AT 257 PEARL

PERMANENT ELECTRICAL POWER PLANT
IN THE WORLD AT 257 PEARL
STREET.

IN THE WORLD AT 257 PEARL
STREET.
ON SEPTEMBER 4, 1882, AT 3:00

STREET.
ON SEPTEMBER 4, 1882, AT 3:00
P.M. PRECISELY, AN ELECTRICIAN

ON SEPTEMBER 4, 1882, AT 3:00
P.M. PRECISELY, AN ELECTRICIAN
THREW THE MASTER SWITCH, AND AS

P.M. PRECISELY, AN ELECTRICIAN
THREW THE MASTER SWITCH, AND AS
CURRENT SURGED THROUGH 14 MILES

THREW THE MASTER SWITCH, AND AS
CURRENT SURGED THROUGH 14 MILES
OF UNDERGROUND CABLE, 3,000

CURRENT SURGED THROUGH 14 MILES
OF UNDERGROUND CABLE, 3,000
INCANDESCENT LAMPS IN LOWER

OF UNDERGROUND CABLE, 3,000
INCANDESCENT LAMPS IN LOWER
MANHATTAN BEGAN TO BURN.

INCANDESCENT LAMPS IN LOWER
MANHATTAN BEGAN TO BURN.
"THE EFFECT," ONE AWESTRUCK

MANHATTAN BEGAN TO BURN.
"THE EFFECT," ONE AWESTRUCK
REPORTER WROTE, "CAN SCARCELY BE

"THE EFFECT," ONE AWESTRUCK
REPORTER WROTE, "CAN SCARCELY BE
DESCRIBED, SO WEIRD AND SO

REPORTER WROTE, "CAN SCARCELY BE
DESCRIBED, SO WEIRD AND SO
BEAUTIFUL IT IS."

DESCRIBED, SO WEIRD AND SO
BEAUTIFUL IT IS."
THE ERA OF GASLIGHT WAS COMING

BEAUTIFUL IT IS."
THE ERA OF GASLIGHT WAS COMING
TO AN END.

THE ERA OF GASLIGHT WAS COMING
TO AN END.
Strouse: IT WAS AN AMAZING

TO AN END.
Strouse: IT WAS AN AMAZING
MOMENT.

Strouse: IT WAS AN AMAZING
MOMENT.
THE LIGHTS ACTUALLY WENT ON AT

MOMENT.
THE LIGHTS ACTUALLY WENT ON AT
ABOUT 3:00 SO YOU COULDN'T

THE LIGHTS ACTUALLY WENT ON AT
ABOUT 3:00 SO YOU COULDN'T
REALLY SEE THEM, BUT THE

ABOUT 3:00 SO YOU COULDN'T
REALLY SEE THEM, BUT THE
REPORTERS SAID THAT BY 7:00, AS

REALLY SEE THEM, BUT THE
REPORTERS SAID THAT BY 7:00, AS
NATURAL LIGHT DIED AWAY, THE

REPORTERS SAID THAT BY 7:00, AS
NATURAL LIGHT DIED AWAY, THE
SIGHT OF DOWNTOWN MANHATTAN,

NATURAL LIGHT DIED AWAY, THE
SIGHT OF DOWNTOWN MANHATTAN,
WITH THESE LITTLE FLICKERING

SIGHT OF DOWNTOWN MANHATTAN,
WITH THESE LITTLE FLICKERING
LIGHT BULBS LOOKING LIKE

WITH THESE LITTLE FLICKERING
LIGHT BULBS LOOKING LIKE
THOUSANDS OF INDIVIDUAL FLAMES,

LIGHT BULBS LOOKING LIKE
THOUSANDS OF INDIVIDUAL FLAMES,
WAS BREATHTAKINGLY BEAUTIFUL.

THOUSANDS OF INDIVIDUAL FLAMES,
WAS BREATHTAKINGLY BEAUTIFUL.
Narrator: THOMAS EDISON

WAS BREATHTAKINGLY BEAUTIFUL.
Narrator: THOMAS EDISON
HIMSELF WAS NOT AT PEARL STREET

Narrator: THOMAS EDISON
HIMSELF WAS NOT AT PEARL STREET
WHEN THE SWITCH WAS PULLED, BUT

HIMSELF WAS NOT AT PEARL STREET
WHEN THE SWITCH WAS PULLED, BUT
IN THE HEADQUARTERS OF HIS

WHEN THE SWITCH WAS PULLED, BUT
IN THE HEADQUARTERS OF HIS
PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL BACKER, J.P.

IN THE HEADQUARTERS OF HIS
PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL BACKER, J.P.
MORGAN, WHO HAD ARRANGED THE

PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL BACKER, J.P.
MORGAN, WHO HAD ARRANGED THE
FINANCING FOR EDISON'S PROJECT,

MORGAN, WHO HAD ARRANGED THE
FINANCING FOR EDISON'S PROJECT,
THEN MADE SURE HIS OFFICES WERE

FINANCING FOR EDISON'S PROJECT,
THEN MADE SURE HIS OFFICES WERE
THE FIRST IN THE CITY TO BE

THEN MADE SURE HIS OFFICES WERE
THE FIRST IN THE CITY TO BE
ILLUMINATED BY ELECTRICITY.

THE FIRST IN THE CITY TO BE
ILLUMINATED BY ELECTRICITY.
NIGHT AFTER NIGHT, ONE MAN LATER

ILLUMINATED BY ELECTRICITY.
NIGHT AFTER NIGHT, ONE MAN LATER
RECALLED, "THE LIGHTS AT 23 WALL

NIGHT AFTER NIGHT, ONE MAN LATER
RECALLED, "THE LIGHTS AT 23 WALL
STREET SHONE FAR INTO THE NIGHT,

RECALLED, "THE LIGHTS AT 23 WALL
STREET SHONE FAR INTO THE NIGHT,
WHEN ALL ELSE WAS DARK OVER NEW

STREET SHONE FAR INTO THE NIGHT,
WHEN ALL ELSE WAS DARK OVER NEW
YORK."

WHEN ALL ELSE WAS DARK OVER NEW
YORK."
IT WAS J.P. MORGAN AND HIS

YORK."
IT WAS J.P. MORGAN AND HIS
PARTNERS, CHARTING A COURSE INTO

IT WAS J.P. MORGAN AND HIS
PARTNERS, CHARTING A COURSE INTO
THE GIDDIEST HEIGHTS OF

PARTNERS, CHARTING A COURSE INTO
THE GIDDIEST HEIGHTS OF
CAPITALISM, AND ON INTO THE

THE GIDDIEST HEIGHTS OF
CAPITALISM, AND ON INTO THE
FUTURE.

CAPITALISM, AND ON INTO THE
FUTURE.
Alfred Kazin: WHAT IS THE

FUTURE.
Alfred Kazin: WHAT IS THE
GREATEST IMAGE WE HAVE IN OUR

Alfred Kazin: WHAT IS THE
GREATEST IMAGE WE HAVE IN OUR
MINDS ABOUT HUMAN DESTINY?

GREATEST IMAGE WE HAVE IN OUR
MINDS ABOUT HUMAN DESTINY?
IT'S GOING FROM ONE SHORE TO

MINDS ABOUT HUMAN DESTINY?
IT'S GOING FROM ONE SHORE TO
ANOTHER.

IT'S GOING FROM ONE SHORE TO
ANOTHER.
THE STORY OF THE BIBLE, THE

ANOTHER.
THE STORY OF THE BIBLE, THE
HEBREW PEOPLE, BEGINS WITH THE

THE STORY OF THE BIBLE, THE
HEBREW PEOPLE, BEGINS WITH THE
IDEA OF ABRAHAM, FATHER ABRAHAM,

HEBREW PEOPLE, BEGINS WITH THE
IDEA OF ABRAHAM, FATHER ABRAHAM,
GOING FROM ONE PART OF THE WORLD

IDEA OF ABRAHAM, FATHER ABRAHAM,
GOING FROM ONE PART OF THE WORLD
TO ANOTHER, AND THE WORD

GOING FROM ONE PART OF THE WORLD
TO ANOTHER, AND THE WORD
"HEBREW" USED TO MEAN, FOR A LOT

TO ANOTHER, AND THE WORD
"HEBREW" USED TO MEAN, FOR A LOT
OF PEOPLE, I DON'T KNOW...

"HEBREW" USED TO MEAN, FOR A LOT
OF PEOPLE, I DON'T KNOW...
IVRIT... "THE PASSAGE OVER THE

OF PEOPLE, I DON'T KNOW...
IVRIT... "THE PASSAGE OVER THE
RIVER."

IVRIT... "THE PASSAGE OVER THE
RIVER."
I'VE ALWAYS BEEN FASCINATED BY

RIVER."
I'VE ALWAYS BEEN FASCINATED BY
THAT PHRASE IN WHITMAN'S POEM.

I'VE ALWAYS BEEN FASCINATED BY
THAT PHRASE IN WHITMAN'S POEM.
THERE WAS ALWAYS A PASSAGE OVER

THAT PHRASE IN WHITMAN'S POEM.
THERE WAS ALWAYS A PASSAGE OVER
THE RIVER.

WHEN WE THINK OF OUR DESTINY AS
HUMAN BEINGS, WE'RE GOING TO DIE

HUMAN BEINGS, WE'RE GOING TO DIE
SOMEDAY, AND WE ALWAYS SEE

SOMEDAY, AND WE ALWAYS SEE
OURSELVES TRAVELING FROM ONE

OURSELVES TRAVELING FROM ONE
THING TO ANOTHER.
AND WE'RE ALWAYS, SO TO SPEAK,

AND WE'RE ALWAYS, SO TO SPEAK,
MAKING OUR PASSAGE INTO AND OVER
MANY THINGS IN THE WORLD.

MAKING OUR PASSAGE INTO AND OVER
MANY THINGS IN THE WORLD.
WELL, IT SOUNDS TRITE AND BANAL,

MANY THINGS IN THE WORLD.
WELL, IT SOUNDS TRITE AND BANAL,
BUT THE IDEA OF LIFE AS A

WELL, IT SOUNDS TRITE AND BANAL,
BUT THE IDEA OF LIFE AS A
JOURNEY, THE IDEA OF LIFE AS

BUT THE IDEA OF LIFE AS A
JOURNEY, THE IDEA OF LIFE AS
EXPECTANCY, REACHES ITS ABSOLUTE

JOURNEY, THE IDEA OF LIFE AS
EXPECTANCY, REACHES ITS ABSOLUTE
MAXIMUM IN BROOKLYN BRIDGE.

EXPECTANCY, REACHES ITS ABSOLUTE
MAXIMUM IN BROOKLYN BRIDGE.
Narrator: BY THE SPRING OF

MAXIMUM IN BROOKLYN BRIDGE.
Narrator: BY THE SPRING OF
1883, SEVEN FULL YEARS AFTER THE

Narrator: BY THE SPRING OF
1883, SEVEN FULL YEARS AFTER THE
COMPLETION OF THE TOWERS AND 14

1883, SEVEN FULL YEARS AFTER THE
COMPLETION OF THE TOWERS AND 14
YEARS AFTER WORK HAD FIRST

COMPLETION OF THE TOWERS AND 14
YEARS AFTER WORK HAD FIRST
BEGUN, THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE WAS

YEARS AFTER WORK HAD FIRST
BEGUN, THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE WAS
NEARLY COMPLETE.

BEGUN, THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE WAS
NEARLY COMPLETE.
IT HAD TAKEN THREE TIMES LONGER

NEARLY COMPLETE.
IT HAD TAKEN THREE TIMES LONGER
AND COST NEARLY TWICE AS MUCH AS

IT HAD TAKEN THREE TIMES LONGER
AND COST NEARLY TWICE AS MUCH AS
ITS DESIGNER, JOHN ROEBLING, HAD

AND COST NEARLY TWICE AS MUCH AS
ITS DESIGNER, JOHN ROEBLING, HAD
ESTIMATED.

ITS DESIGNER, JOHN ROEBLING, HAD
ESTIMATED.
MORE THAN 5,000 WORKINGMEN...

ESTIMATED.
MORE THAN 5,000 WORKINGMEN...
IRISH AND GERMAN AND ITALIAN

MORE THAN 5,000 WORKINGMEN...
IRISH AND GERMAN AND ITALIAN
IMMIGRANTS, MAINLY... HAD TOILED

IRISH AND GERMAN AND ITALIAN
IMMIGRANTS, MAINLY... HAD TOILED
FOR AS LITTLE AS TWO DOLLARS A

IMMIGRANTS, MAINLY... HAD TOILED
FOR AS LITTLE AS TWO DOLLARS A
DAY TO BUILD IT, STONE BY STONE,

FOR AS LITTLE AS TWO DOLLARS A
DAY TO BUILD IT, STONE BY STONE,
WIRE AFTER WIRE, FOOT BY FOOT.

DAY TO BUILD IT, STONE BY STONE,
WIRE AFTER WIRE, FOOT BY FOOT.
ERECTING THE GREAT TOWERS HAD

WIRE AFTER WIRE, FOOT BY FOOT.
ERECTING THE GREAT TOWERS HAD
BEEN IMPRESSIVE ENOUGH, BUT WHAT

ERECTING THE GREAT TOWERS HAD
BEEN IMPRESSIVE ENOUGH, BUT WHAT
CAME AFTER WAS EVEN MORE

BEEN IMPRESSIVE ENOUGH, BUT WHAT
CAME AFTER WAS EVEN MORE
ASTONISHING.

CAME AFTER WAS EVEN MORE
ASTONISHING.
14,000 MILES OF WIRE ROPE HAD

ASTONISHING.
14,000 MILES OF WIRE ROPE HAD
BEEN SPUN BACK AND FORTH ACROSS

14,000 MILES OF WIRE ROPE HAD
BEEN SPUN BACK AND FORTH ACROSS
THE RIVER AND DRAPED OVER THE

BEEN SPUN BACK AND FORTH ACROSS
THE RIVER AND DRAPED OVER THE
TOWERS IN FOUR GIANT CABLES.

THE RIVER AND DRAPED OVER THE
TOWERS IN FOUR GIANT CABLES.
FROM THEM, AN AVENUE WIDER THAN

TOWERS IN FOUR GIANT CABLES.
FROM THEM, AN AVENUE WIDER THAN
BROADWAY HAD BEEN SUSPENDED

FROM THEM, AN AVENUE WIDER THAN
BROADWAY HAD BEEN SUSPENDED
ACROSS A SPAN NEARLY A THIRD OF

BROADWAY HAD BEEN SUSPENDED
ACROSS A SPAN NEARLY A THIRD OF
A MILE LONG.

ACROSS A SPAN NEARLY A THIRD OF
A MILE LONG.
FROM BELOW, THE ROADWAY SEEMED

A MILE LONG.
FROM BELOW, THE ROADWAY SEEMED
TO FLOAT ON AIR, SUPPORTED

FROM BELOW, THE ROADWAY SEEMED
TO FLOAT ON AIR, SUPPORTED
WITHOUT VISIBLE EFFORT BY ITS

TO FLOAT ON AIR, SUPPORTED
WITHOUT VISIBLE EFFORT BY ITS
GOSSAMER WEB OF STEEL.

WITHOUT VISIBLE EFFORT BY ITS
GOSSAMER WEB OF STEEL.
NOW, WITH THE OFFICIAL OPENING

GOSSAMER WEB OF STEEL.
NOW, WITH THE OFFICIAL OPENING
SET FOR MAY 24, ALL THAT

NOW, WITH THE OFFICIAL OPENING
SET FOR MAY 24, ALL THAT
REMAINED WERE THE FINISHING

SET FOR MAY 24, ALL THAT
REMAINED WERE THE FINISHING
TOUCHES.

REMAINED WERE THE FINISHING
TOUCHES.
David McCullough: IT'S THE

TOUCHES.
David McCullough: IT'S THE
BEGINNING OF HEROIC NEW YORK.

THIS IS WHERE NEW YORK NOT ONLY
ROSE INTO THE SKY FOR THE FIRST

ROSE INTO THE SKY FOR THE FIRST
TIME IN AN INTENTIONAL WAY, BUT

TIME IN AN INTENTIONAL WAY, BUT
IT WAS BUILT TO LAST, IT WAS

IT WAS BUILT TO LAST, IT WAS
BUILT TO STAY, BUILT TO BE RIGHT

BUILT TO STAY, BUILT TO BE RIGHT
THERE AT THE HARBOR WHERE

THERE AT THE HARBOR WHERE
EVERYBODY WAS MAKING THEIR

EVERYBODY WAS MAKING THEIR
ENTRANCE FROM THE OLD WORLD TO
SCALE THAN ARE THE TOWERS OF THE

THE NEW WORLD, STANDING THERE
BROOKLYN BRIDGE BECAUSE OF THE

FOR ALL TIME TO SAY, "WE DIDN'T
ELEMENT OF STEEL THAT'S IN THE

COME JUST TO SPEND A LITTLE
BRIDGE, BECAUSE OF THE CABLES.

BRIDGE, BECAUSE OF THE CABLES.
YOU CAN'T HAVE HIGH-RISETO THISW
BUILDINGS WITHOUT ELEVATORS; YOT

YOU CAN'T HAVE HIGH-RISETO THISW
BUILDINGS WITHOUT ELEVATORS; YOT
CAN'T HAVE ELEVATORS WITHOUT

NEW WAY OF LIFE TO STAY.
CABLES OF STEEL.

WE MEAN BUSINESS.
YOU CAN'T HAVE THE GRID WORK;RE"

YOU CAN'T HAVE THE GRID WORK;RE"
YOU CAN'T HAVE THE SKELETAL
Narrator: FIVE DAYS BEFORE

YOU CAN'T HAVE THE SKELETAL
Narrator: FIVE DAYS BEFORE
INTERIOR OF SKYSCRAPERS WITHOUT

Narrator: FIVE DAYS BEFORE
INTERIOR OF SKYSCRAPERS WITHOUT
ELECTRICIANS FINISHED INSTALLING

INTERIOR OF SKYSCRAPERS WITHOUT
ELECTRICIANS FINISHED INSTALLING
HAVING STEEL.

ELECTRICIANS FINISHED INSTALLING
HAVING STEEL.
70 ELECTRIC ARC LAMPS ALONG THE

HAVING STEEL.
70 ELECTRIC ARC LAMPS ALONG THE
SUSPENDERS.

70 ELECTRIC ARC LAMPS ALONG THE
SUSPENDERS.
Narrator: MAY 24, 1883, GHT, E

SUSPENDERS.
Narrator: MAY 24, 1883, GHT, E
SWITCHED ON FOR THE FIRST TIME

Narrator: MAY 24, 1883, GHT, E
SWITCHED ON FOR THE FIRST TIME
OFFICIALLY RENAMED "THE PEOPLE'E

SWITCHED ON FOR THE FIRST TIME
OFFICIALLY RENAMED "THE PEOPLE'E
WORKIN

OFFICIALLY RENAMED "THE PEOPLE'E
WORKIN
DAY" IN HONOR OF THE BRIDGE,

WORKIN
DAY" IN HONOR OF THE BRIDGE,
COMMUTERS ON THE LAST FERRIES TO

DAY" IN HONOR OF THE BRIDGE,
COMMUTERS ON THE LAST FERRIES TO
DAWNED FAIR AND MILD, WITHOUT A

COMMUTERS ON THE LAST FERRIES TO
DAWNED FAIR AND MILD, WITHOUT A
BROOKLYN LOOKED UP

DAWNED FAIR AND MILD, WITHOUT A
BROOKLYN LOOKED UP
CLOUD IN THE SKY.

BROOKLYN LOOKED UP
CLOUD IN THE SKY.
ASTONISHMENT AS THE MAJESTIC

Craig Steven Wilder: ONE OF, S
I THINK, THE STRIKING EVENTS OF
IN THE BLUE AND WHITE GLOW.

THAT CELEBRATION DAY IS THE
ABSENCE OF THE IRISH.R THEY KNE,
IT WAS OPENED ON QUEENNG THE FU:

- VICTORIA'S BIRTHDAY.
- THE IRISH SAW THAT AS AN ANTI-T.

VICTORIA'S BIRTHDAY.
THE IRISH SAW THAT AS AN ANTI-T.
IRISH ACT, AND THEY DIDN'T

THE IRISH SAW THAT AS AN ANTI-T.
IRISH ACT, AND THEY DIDN'T
ATTEND.cCullough: THE BROOKLYN

IRISH ACT, AND THEY DIDN'T
ATTEND.cCullough: THE BROOKLYN
AND A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF THE

ATTEND.cCullough: THE BROOKLYN
AND A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF THE
BRIDGE MARKS THE BEGINNING OF

AND A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF THE
BRIDGE MARKS THE BEGINNING OF
PEOPLE WHO BUILT THAT BRIDGE

BRIDGE MARKS THE BEGINNING OF
PEOPLE WHO BUILT THAT BRIDGE
WHAT WE MIGHT CALL THE VERTICAL

PEOPLE WHO BUILT THAT BRIDGE
WHAT WE MIGHT CALL THE VERTICAL
WERE IRISH WORKING-CLASS HACKS, E

WHAT WE MIGHT CALL THE VERTICAL
WERE IRISH WORKING-CLASS HACKS, E
WHO DIDN'T MAKE A LOT OF MONEY

WERE IRISH WORKING-CLASS HACKS, E
WHO DIDN'T MAKE A LOT OF MONEY
IT'S GOING TO BE MORE HEROIC IN

WHO DIDN'T MAKE A LOT OF MONEY
IT'S GOING TO BE MORE HEROIC IN
AND WHO NEVER GOT A LOT OF

IT'S GOING TO BE MORE HEROIC IN
AND WHO NEVER GOT A LOT OF
CREDIT.

AND WHO NEVER GOT A LOT OF
CREDIT.
Narrator: BY NOON, VIRTUALLY

CREDIT.
Narrator: BY NOON, VIRTUALLY
EVERY BUSINESS IN TOWN HAD SHUT

Narrator: BY NOON, VIRTUALLY
EVERY BUSINESS IN TOWN HAD SHUT
ITS DOORS.

EVERY BUSINESS IN TOWN HAD SHUT
ITS DOORS.
AS TENS OF THOUSANDS OF CHEERING

ITS DOORS.
AS TENS OF THOUSANDS OF CHEERING
NEW YORKERS LOOKED ON, PRESIDENT

AS TENS OF THOUSANDS OF CHEERING
NEW YORKERS LOOKED ON, PRESIDENT
CHESTER A. ARTHUR AND GOVERNOR

NEW YORKERS LOOKED ON, PRESIDENT
CHESTER A. ARTHUR AND GOVERNOR
GROVER CLEVELAND LED THE GRAND

CHESTER A. ARTHUR AND GOVERNOR
GROVER CLEVELAND LED THE GRAND
PROCESSION DOWN BROADWAY AND UP

GROVER CLEVELAND LED THE GRAND
PROCESSION DOWN BROADWAY AND UP
AND OVER THE GREAT BRIDGE.

PROCESSION DOWN BROADWAY AND UP
AND OVER THE GREAT BRIDGE.
THEY WERE GREETED ON THE OTHER

AND OVER THE GREAT BRIDGE.
THEY WERE GREETED ON THE OTHER
SIDE BY BROOKLYN'S MAYOR, SETH

THEY WERE GREETED ON THE OTHER
SIDE BY BROOKLYN'S MAYOR, SETH
LOW, AND EMILY ROEBLING,

SIDE BY BROOKLYN'S MAYOR, SETH
LOW, AND EMILY ROEBLING,
STANDING IN FOR HER HUSBAND,

LOW, AND EMILY ROEBLING,
STANDING IN FOR HER HUSBAND,
WASHINGTON, WHO WAS STILL TOO

STANDING IN FOR HER HUSBAND,
WASHINGTON, WHO WAS STILL TOO
WEAK TO ATTEND.

WASHINGTON, WHO WAS STILL TOO
WEAK TO ATTEND.
LATER, THE PRESIDENT AND THE

WEAK TO ATTEND.
LATER, THE PRESIDENT AND THE
GOVERNOR CALLED ON THE CHIEF

LATER, THE PRESIDENT AND THE
GOVERNOR CALLED ON THE CHIEF
ENGINEER AT HIS HOME IN BROOKLYN

GOVERNOR CALLED ON THE CHIEF
ENGINEER AT HIS HOME IN BROOKLYN
HEIGHTS.

ENGINEER AT HIS HOME IN BROOKLYN
HEIGHTS.
ROEBLING WAS HONORED BY THE

HEIGHTS.
ROEBLING WAS HONORED BY THE
VISIT, BUT QUESTIONED THE NEED

ROEBLING WAS HONORED BY THE
VISIT, BUT QUESTIONED THE NEED
FOR ALL THE FUSS AND CEREMONY.

VISIT, BUT QUESTIONED THE NEED
FOR ALL THE FUSS AND CEREMONY.
"WHY CAN'T THEY JUST PUT UP A

FOR ALL THE FUSS AND CEREMONY.
"WHY CAN'T THEY JUST PUT UP A
SIGN SAYING, 'THE BRIDGE IS

"WHY CAN'T THEY JUST PUT UP A
SIGN SAYING, 'THE BRIDGE IS
OPEN'?" HE SAID.

SIGN SAYING, 'THE BRIDGE IS
OPEN'?" HE SAID.
Reader: "THE BEAUTIFUL AND

OPEN'?" HE SAID.
Reader: "THE BEAUTIFUL AND
STATELY STRUCTURE FULFILLS THE

Reader: "THE BEAUTIFUL AND
STATELY STRUCTURE FULFILLS THE
FONDEST HOPE.

STATELY STRUCTURE FULFILLS THE
FONDEST HOPE.
THE IMPRESSION UPON THE VISITOR

FONDEST HOPE.
THE IMPRESSION UPON THE VISITOR
IS ONE OF ASTONISHMENT THAT

THE IMPRESSION UPON THE VISITOR
IS ONE OF ASTONISHMENT THAT
GROWS WITH EVERY VISIT.

IS ONE OF ASTONISHMENT THAT
GROWS WITH EVERY VISIT.
NO ONE WHO HAS BEEN UPON IT CAN

GROWS WITH EVERY VISIT.
NO ONE WHO HAS BEEN UPON IT CAN
EVER FORGET IT.

NO ONE WHO HAS BEEN UPON IT CAN
EVER FORGET IT.
NOT ONE SHALL SEE IT AND NOT

EVER FORGET IT.
NOT ONE SHALL SEE IT AND NOT
FEEL PROUDER TO BE A MAN."

NOT ONE SHALL SEE IT AND NOT
FEEL PROUDER TO BE A MAN."
MAYOR SETH LOW.

FEEL PROUDER TO BE A MAN."
MAYOR SETH LOW.
Reader: "IT REQUIRES NO

MAYOR SETH LOW.
Reader: "IT REQUIRES NO
SPIRIT OF PROPHECY TO FORETELL

Reader: "IT REQUIRES NO
SPIRIT OF PROPHECY TO FORETELL
THE UNION OF NEW YORK AND

SPIRIT OF PROPHECY TO FORETELL
THE UNION OF NEW YORK AND
BROOKLYN.

THE UNION OF NEW YORK AND
BROOKLYN.
THE RIVER WHICH DIVIDES THEM

BROOKLYN.
THE RIVER WHICH DIVIDES THEM
WILL SOON CEASE TO BE A LINE OF

THE RIVER WHICH DIVIDES THEM
WILL SOON CEASE TO BE A LINE OF
SEPARATION, AND, BESTRODE BY THE

WILL SOON CEASE TO BE A LINE OF
SEPARATION, AND, BESTRODE BY THE
COLOSSUS OF COMMERCE, WILL PROVE

SEPARATION, AND, BESTRODE BY THE
COLOSSUS OF COMMERCE, WILL PROVE
A LINK WHICH WILL BIND THEM

COLOSSUS OF COMMERCE, WILL PROVE
A LINK WHICH WILL BIND THEM
TOGETHER."

A LINK WHICH WILL BIND THEM
TOGETHER."
Narrator: ALL AFTERNOON,

TOGETHER."
Narrator: ALL AFTERNOON,
WHILE THE SPEECHES DRAGGED ON,

Narrator: ALL AFTERNOON,
WHILE THE SPEECHES DRAGGED ON,
THOUSANDS OF NEW YORKERS AND

WHILE THE SPEECHES DRAGGED ON,
THOUSANDS OF NEW YORKERS AND
BROOKLYNITES VENTURED OUT ONTO

THOUSANDS OF NEW YORKERS AND
BROOKLYNITES VENTURED OUT ONTO
THE BRIDGE FOR THE FIRST TIME,

BROOKLYNITES VENTURED OUT ONTO
THE BRIDGE FOR THE FIRST TIME,
ASTONISHED BY THE BEAUTY OF THE

THE BRIDGE FOR THE FIRST TIME,
ASTONISHED BY THE BEAUTY OF THE
STRUCTURE AND BY THE GLORIOUS

ASTONISHED BY THE BEAUTY OF THE
STRUCTURE AND BY THE GLORIOUS
VIEW, AND TO BE SO HIGH ABOVE A

STRUCTURE AND BY THE GLORIOUS
VIEW, AND TO BE SO HIGH ABOVE A
RIVER.

VIEW, AND TO BE SO HIGH ABOVE A
RIVER.
McCullough: PUT YOURSELF BACK

RIVER.
McCullough: PUT YOURSELF BACK
IN THE PLACE OF A NEW YORKER OR

McCullough: PUT YOURSELF BACK
IN THE PLACE OF A NEW YORKER OR
SOMEONE LIVING IN BROOKLYN IN

IN THE PLACE OF A NEW YORKER OR
SOMEONE LIVING IN BROOKLYN IN
THE YEAR 1884-'85, AND YOU WENT

SOMEONE LIVING IN BROOKLYN IN
THE YEAR 1884-'85, AND YOU WENT
ON A SUNDAY AFTERNOON OUT ON TO

THE YEAR 1884-'85, AND YOU WENT
ON A SUNDAY AFTERNOON OUT ON TO
THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE.

ON A SUNDAY AFTERNOON OUT ON TO
THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE.
FIRST OF ALL, YOU WERE UP HIGHER

THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE.
FIRST OF ALL, YOU WERE UP HIGHER
THAN YOU'D EVER BEEN IN YOUR

FIRST OF ALL, YOU WERE UP HIGHER
THAN YOU'D EVER BEEN IN YOUR
LIFE, BECAUSE THERE WERE NO

THAN YOU'D EVER BEEN IN YOUR
LIFE, BECAUSE THERE WERE NO
BUILDINGS THAT HIGH.

LIFE, BECAUSE THERE WERE NO
BUILDINGS THAT HIGH.
AND YOU WERE OUT OVER THE

BUILDINGS THAT HIGH.
AND YOU WERE OUT OVER THE
SALTWATER, OVER THE EAST RIVER,

AND YOU WERE OUT OVER THE
SALTWATER, OVER THE EAST RIVER,
AND SEAGULLS WERE FLYING BENEATH

SALTWATER, OVER THE EAST RIVER,
AND SEAGULLS WERE FLYING BENEATH
YOU AS THEY WENT UNDERNEATH THE

AND SEAGULLS WERE FLYING BENEATH
YOU AS THEY WENT UNDERNEATH THE
BRIDGE.

YOU AS THEY WENT UNDERNEATH THE
BRIDGE.
AND GREAT... IF YOU WERE LUCKY...

BRIDGE.
AND GREAT... IF YOU WERE LUCKY...
GREAT SAILING SHIPS WERE COMING

AND GREAT... IF YOU WERE LUCKY...
GREAT SAILING SHIPS WERE COMING
UP OR DOWN THE RIVER, AND IF

GREAT SAILING SHIPS WERE COMING
UP OR DOWN THE RIVER, AND IF
THEY WERE REALLY SOME OF THE BIG

UP OR DOWN THE RIVER, AND IF
THEY WERE REALLY SOME OF THE BIG
ONES, LIKE THE CLIPPER SHIPS,

THEY WERE REALLY SOME OF THE BIG
ONES, LIKE THE CLIPPER SHIPS,
THEY MIGHT BE TRIMMING THEIR TOP

ONES, LIKE THE CLIPPER SHIPS,
THEY MIGHT BE TRIMMING THEIR TOP
GALLANTS IN ORDER TO GET

THEY MIGHT BE TRIMMING THEIR TOP
GALLANTS IN ORDER TO GET
UNDERNEATH THE BRIDGE, AND

GALLANTS IN ORDER TO GET
UNDERNEATH THE BRIDGE, AND
STEAMBOATS AND FERRYBOATS, AND

UNDERNEATH THE BRIDGE, AND
STEAMBOATS AND FERRYBOATS, AND
EVERYBODY OUT PROMENADING ON THE

STEAMBOATS AND FERRYBOATS, AND
EVERYBODY OUT PROMENADING ON THE
BOARDWALK... INCIDENTALLY, A

EVERYBODY OUT PROMENADING ON THE
BOARDWALK... INCIDENTALLY, A
BOARDWALK, A PROMENADE THAT HAD

BOARDWALK... INCIDENTALLY, A
BOARDWALK, A PROMENADE THAT HAD
NEVER BEEN PART OF A BRIDGE

BOARDWALK, A PROMENADE THAT HAD
NEVER BEEN PART OF A BRIDGE
BEFORE AND HAS NEVER BEEN PART

NEVER BEEN PART OF A BRIDGE
BEFORE AND HAS NEVER BEEN PART
OF ANY BRIDGE SINCE.

BEFORE AND HAS NEVER BEEN PART
OF ANY BRIDGE SINCE.
AND IT'S BUILT THERE FOR THE

OF ANY BRIDGE SINCE.
AND IT'S BUILT THERE FOR THE
PURPOSE OF GIVING PEOPLE THE

AND IT'S BUILT THERE FOR THE
PURPOSE OF GIVING PEOPLE THE
EXPERIENCE OF THE THRILL, THE

PURPOSE OF GIVING PEOPLE THE
EXPERIENCE OF THE THRILL, THE
UNCOMMON, UNPRECEDENTED THRILL

EXPERIENCE OF THE THRILL, THE
UNCOMMON, UNPRECEDENTED THRILL
OF WHAT CAN HAPPEN TO YOU, WHAT

UNCOMMON, UNPRECEDENTED THRILL
OF WHAT CAN HAPPEN TO YOU, WHAT
YOU CAN SEE AND EXPERIENCE IN A

OF WHAT CAN HAPPEN TO YOU, WHAT
YOU CAN SEE AND EXPERIENCE IN A
CITY.

YOU CAN SEE AND EXPERIENCE IN A
CITY.
Narrator: AT DUSK, THE BRIDGE

CITY.
Narrator: AT DUSK, THE BRIDGE
WAS CLEARED, AND THE GREATEST

Narrator: AT DUSK, THE BRIDGE
WAS CLEARED, AND THE GREATEST
FIREWORK DISPLAY IN THE CITY'S

WAS CLEARED, AND THE GREATEST
FIREWORK DISPLAY IN THE CITY'S
HISTORY BEGAN.

FIREWORK DISPLAY IN THE CITY'S
HISTORY BEGAN.
FOR OVER AN HOUR, FIREWORKS

HISTORY BEGAN.
FOR OVER AN HOUR, FIREWORKS
STREAMED SKYWARD FROM THE BRIDGE

FOR OVER AN HOUR, FIREWORKS
STREAMED SKYWARD FROM THE BRIDGE
ITSELF, FROM BOATS BELOW, AND

STREAMED SKYWARD FROM THE BRIDGE
ITSELF, FROM BOATS BELOW, AND
FROM BOTH SHORES, WHILE STILL

ITSELF, FROM BOATS BELOW, AND
FROM BOTH SHORES, WHILE STILL
MORE WERE LAUNCHED FROM GAS

FROM BOTH SHORES, WHILE STILL
MORE WERE LAUNCHED FROM GAS
BALLOONS.

MORE WERE LAUNCHED FROM GAS
BALLOONS.
AT THE ASTONISHING FINALE, 500

BALLOONS.
AT THE ASTONISHING FINALE, 500
ROCKETS WERE TOUCHED OFF

AT THE ASTONISHING FINALE, 500
ROCKETS WERE TOUCHED OFF
SIMULTANEOUSLY, BLOSSOMING IN

ROCKETS WERE TOUCHED OFF
SIMULTANEOUSLY, BLOSSOMING IN
THE NIGHT SKY ABOVE THE GORGEOUS

SIMULTANEOUSLY, BLOSSOMING IN
THE NIGHT SKY ABOVE THE GORGEOUS
STRUCTURE.

THE NIGHT SKY ABOVE THE GORGEOUS
STRUCTURE.
Reader: "WHEN THE PERFECTED

STRUCTURE.
Reader: "WHEN THE PERFECTED
EAST RIVER BRIDGE SHALL

Reader: "WHEN THE PERFECTED
EAST RIVER BRIDGE SHALL
PERMANENTLY AND UNINTERRUPTEDLY

EAST RIVER BRIDGE SHALL
PERMANENTLY AND UNINTERRUPTEDLY
CONNECT THE TWO CITIES, THE

PERMANENTLY AND UNINTERRUPTEDLY
CONNECT THE TWO CITIES, THE
DAILY THOUSANDS WHO CROSS IT

CONNECT THE TWO CITIES, THE
DAILY THOUSANDS WHO CROSS IT
WILL CONSIDER IT A SORT OF

DAILY THOUSANDS WHO CROSS IT
WILL CONSIDER IT A SORT OF
NATURAL AND INEVITABLE

WILL CONSIDER IT A SORT OF
NATURAL AND INEVITABLE
PHENOMENON, SUCH AS THE RISING

NATURAL AND INEVITABLE
PHENOMENON, SUCH AS THE RISING
AND SETTING OF THE SUN, AND THEY

PHENOMENON, SUCH AS THE RISING
AND SETTING OF THE SUN, AND THEY
WILL UNCONSCIOUSLY OVERLOOK THE

AND SETTING OF THE SUN, AND THEY
WILL UNCONSCIOUSLY OVERLOOK THE
PRELIMINARY DIFFICULTIES

WILL UNCONSCIOUSLY OVERLOOK THE
PRELIMINARY DIFFICULTIES
SURMOUNTED BEFORE THE STRUCTURE

PRELIMINARY DIFFICULTIES
SURMOUNTED BEFORE THE STRUCTURE
SPANNED THE STREAM, AND WILL

SURMOUNTED BEFORE THE STRUCTURE
SPANNED THE STREAM, AND WILL
PERHAPS UNDERVALUE THE

SPANNED THE STREAM, AND WILL
PERHAPS UNDERVALUE THE
INDOMITABLE COURAGE, THE

PERHAPS UNDERVALUE THE
INDOMITABLE COURAGE, THE
ABSOLUTE FAITH, THE CONSUMMATE

INDOMITABLE COURAGE, THE
ABSOLUTE FAITH, THE CONSUMMATE
GENIUS WHICH ASSURED THE

ABSOLUTE FAITH, THE CONSUMMATE
GENIUS WHICH ASSURED THE
ENGINEER'S TRIUMPH."

GENIUS WHICH ASSURED THE
ENGINEER'S TRIUMPH."
THOMAS KINSELLA, THE BROOKLYN

ENGINEER'S TRIUMPH."
THOMAS KINSELLA, THE BROOKLYN
EAGLE.

THOMAS KINSELLA, THE BROOKLYN
EAGLE.
McCullough: THE MISTAKE IS TO

EAGLE.
McCullough: THE MISTAKE IS TO
TAKE A STRUCTURE LIKE THAT FOR

McCullough: THE MISTAKE IS TO
TAKE A STRUCTURE LIKE THAT FOR
GRANTED, TO ASSUME THAT IT'S

TAKE A STRUCTURE LIKE THAT FOR
GRANTED, TO ASSUME THAT IT'S
ALWAYS BEEN THERE; IT JUST

GRANTED, TO ASSUME THAT IT'S
ALWAYS BEEN THERE; IT JUST
HAPPENED.

ALWAYS BEEN THERE; IT JUST
HAPPENED.
WHAT DID IT TAKE TO BUILD THAT?

HAPPENED.
WHAT DID IT TAKE TO BUILD THAT?
THINK OF NEW YORK... IF YOU

WHAT DID IT TAKE TO BUILD THAT?
THINK OF NEW YORK... IF YOU
DON'T WANT TO THINK OF THE

THINK OF NEW YORK... IF YOU
DON'T WANT TO THINK OF THE
BROOKLYN BRIDGE, THINK OF ALL OF

DON'T WANT TO THINK OF THE
BROOKLYN BRIDGE, THINK OF ALL OF
NEW YORK AS A METAPHOR FOR

BROOKLYN BRIDGE, THINK OF ALL OF
NEW YORK AS A METAPHOR FOR
EFFORT, SPECTACULAR,

NEW YORK AS A METAPHOR FOR
EFFORT, SPECTACULAR,
UNPRECEDENTED, OFTEN VERY

EFFORT, SPECTACULAR,
UNPRECEDENTED, OFTEN VERY
ORIGINAL EFFORT; WORK, GOOD

UNPRECEDENTED, OFTEN VERY
ORIGINAL EFFORT; WORK, GOOD
WORK, WHICH IS ONE OF THE

ORIGINAL EFFORT; WORK, GOOD
WORK, WHICH IS ONE OF THE
PROMISES OF AMERICA.

WORK, WHICH IS ONE OF THE
PROMISES OF AMERICA.
YOU COME HERE; YOU CAN DO GOOD

PROMISES OF AMERICA.
YOU COME HERE; YOU CAN DO GOOD
WORK, AND YOU WILL BE JUDGED BY

YOU COME HERE; YOU CAN DO GOOD
WORK, AND YOU WILL BE JUDGED BY
THE WORK YOU DO.

WORK, AND YOU WILL BE JUDGED BY
THE WORK YOU DO.
YOU CAN FIND PRIDE AND SELF-

THE WORK YOU DO.
YOU CAN FIND PRIDE AND SELF-
RESPECT AND IDENTITY THROUGH THE

YOU CAN FIND PRIDE AND SELF-
RESPECT AND IDENTITY THROUGH THE
WORK YOU DO.

RESPECT AND IDENTITY THROUGH THE
WORK YOU DO.
YOU CAN BE AN ACTOR; YOU CAN

WORK YOU DO.
YOU CAN BE AN ACTOR; YOU CAN
BUILD A BRIDGE; YOU CAN WRITE

YOU CAN BE AN ACTOR; YOU CAN
BUILD A BRIDGE; YOU CAN WRITE
THE POEM; YOU CAN MAKE A

BUILD A BRIDGE; YOU CAN WRITE
THE POEM; YOU CAN MAKE A
MILLION.

THE POEM; YOU CAN MAKE A
MILLION.
THAT'S THE PROMISE.

MILLION.
THAT'S THE PROMISE.
DOESN'T MEAN THE PROMISE WILL BE

THAT'S THE PROMISE.
DOESN'T MEAN THE PROMISE WILL BE
FULFILLED FOR EVERYBODY, BUT

DOESN'T MEAN THE PROMISE WILL BE
FULFILLED FOR EVERYBODY, BUT
THAT'S THE PROMISE.

FULFILLED FOR EVERYBODY, BUT
THAT'S THE PROMISE.
AND NO OTHER SOCIETY, NO OTHER

THAT'S THE PROMISE.
AND NO OTHER SOCIETY, NO OTHER
PLACE IN THE WORLD HAD OFFERED

AND NO OTHER SOCIETY, NO OTHER
PLACE IN THE WORLD HAD OFFERED
ALL OF THAT.

PLACE IN THE WORLD HAD OFFERED
ALL OF THAT.
N

ALL OF THAT.
N
BROOKLYNITES TOOK TO THE BRIDGE

N
BROOKLYNITES TOOK TO THE BRIDGE
AT ONCE, AS IF NO ONE COULD

BROOKLYNITES TOOK TO THE BRIDGE
AT ONCE, AS IF NO ONE COULD
REMEMBER WHAT LIFE HAD BEEN LIKE

AT ONCE, AS IF NO ONE COULD
REMEMBER WHAT LIFE HAD BEEN LIKE
WITHOUT IT.

REMEMBER WHAT LIFE HAD BEEN LIKE
WITHOUT IT.
ON ITS FIRST FULL DAY OF

WITHOUT IT.
ON ITS FIRST FULL DAY OF
TRAFFIC, NEARLY 2,000 VEHICLES

ON ITS FIRST FULL DAY OF
TRAFFIC, NEARLY 2,000 VEHICLES
AND MORE THAN 150,000

TRAFFIC, NEARLY 2,000 VEHICLES
AND MORE THAN 150,000
PEDESTRIANS STREAMED BETWEEN THE

AND MORE THAN 150,000
PEDESTRIANS STREAMED BETWEEN THE
TWO CITIES.

PEDESTRIANS STREAMED BETWEEN THE
TWO CITIES.
THEN, ON MAY 31, 1883, MEMORIAL

TWO CITIES.
THEN, ON MAY 31, 1883, MEMORIAL
DAY, JUST ONE WEEK AFTER THE

THEN, ON MAY 31, 1883, MEMORIAL
DAY, JUST ONE WEEK AFTER THE
OPENING CEREMONY, DISASTER

DAY, JUST ONE WEEK AFTER THE
OPENING CEREMONY, DISASTER
STRUCK.

OPENING CEREMONY, DISASTER
STRUCK.
20,000 PEOPLE WERE OUT ON THE

STRUCK.
20,000 PEOPLE WERE OUT ON THE
BRIDGE, ENJOYING THE PRISTINE

20,000 PEOPLE WERE OUT ON THE
BRIDGE, ENJOYING THE PRISTINE
WEATHER, WHEN A WOMAN TRIPPED ON

BRIDGE, ENJOYING THE PRISTINE
WEATHER, WHEN A WOMAN TRIPPED ON
A NARROW STAIRCASE PACKED WITH

WEATHER, WHEN A WOMAN TRIPPED ON
A NARROW STAIRCASE PACKED WITH
PEOPLE.

A NARROW STAIRCASE PACKED WITH
PEOPLE.
SOMEONE SCREAMED THAT THE BRIDGE

PEOPLE.
SOMEONE SCREAMED THAT THE BRIDGE
WAS FALLING, AND PANIC RIPPED

SOMEONE SCREAMED THAT THE BRIDGE
WAS FALLING, AND PANIC RIPPED
THROUGH THE DENSE, SURGING

WAS FALLING, AND PANIC RIPPED
THROUGH THE DENSE, SURGING
CROWD.

THROUGH THE DENSE, SURGING
CROWD.
IN THE CONFUSION AND TERROR THAT

CROWD.
IN THE CONFUSION AND TERROR THAT
FOLLOWED, 12 PEOPLE WERE CRUSHED

IN THE CONFUSION AND TERROR THAT
FOLLOWED, 12 PEOPLE WERE CRUSHED
TO DEATH ON THE PACKED STAIRWAY,

FOLLOWED, 12 PEOPLE WERE CRUSHED
TO DEATH ON THE PACKED STAIRWAY,
AND HUNDREDS MORE TRAMPLED IN

TO DEATH ON THE PACKED STAIRWAY,
AND HUNDREDS MORE TRAMPLED IN
THE STAMPEDE.

AND HUNDREDS MORE TRAMPLED IN
THE STAMPEDE.
AMONG THE HORRIFIED ONLOOKERS

THE STAMPEDE.
AMONG THE HORRIFIED ONLOOKERS
WAS TEN-YEAR-OLD AL SMITH, WHOSE

AMONG THE HORRIFIED ONLOOKERS
WAS TEN-YEAR-OLD AL SMITH, WHOSE
AILING FAT

WAS TEN-YEAR-OLD AL SMITH, WHOSE
AILING FAT
WATCHMAN ON THE BRIDGE DURING

AILING FAT
WATCHMAN ON THE BRIDGE DURING
CONSTRUCTION.

WATCHMAN ON THE BRIDGE DURING
CONSTRUCTION.
HE AND A GROUP OF FRIENDS WERE

CONSTRUCTION.
HE AND A GROUP OF FRIENDS WERE
PLAYING BELOW THE MANHATTAN

HE AND A GROUP OF FRIENDS WERE
PLAYING BELOW THE MANHATTAN
TOWER WHEN A DARK CLOUD OF

PLAYING BELOW THE MANHATTAN
TOWER WHEN A DARK CLOUD OF
COATS, HATS, PARASOLS, AND

TOWER WHEN A DARK CLOUD OF
COATS, HATS, PARASOLS, AND
POCKETBOOKS BEGAN TO RAIN DOWN

COATS, HATS, PARASOLS, AND
POCKETBOOKS BEGAN TO RAIN DOWN
UPON THEM FROM THE ROADWAY

POCKETBOOKS BEGAN TO RAIN DOWN
UPON THEM FROM THE ROADWAY
ABOVE.

UPON THEM FROM THE ROADWAY
ABOVE.
"THAT WAS MY FIRST VIEW OF A

ABOVE.
"THAT WAS MY FIRST VIEW OF A
GREAT CALAMITY," HE LATER

"THAT WAS MY FIRST VIEW OF A
GREAT CALAMITY," HE LATER
RECALLED.

GREAT CALAMITY," HE LATER
RECALLED.
"I DID NOT SLEEP FOR NIGHTS."

RECALLED.
"I DID NOT SLEEP FOR NIGHTS."
IN THE YEARS TO COME, SMITH

"I DID NOT SLEEP FOR NIGHTS."
IN THE YEARS TO COME, SMITH
WOULD BE NO STRANGER TO TRAGEDY.

IN THE YEARS TO COME, SMITH
WOULD BE NO STRANGER TO TRAGEDY.
Caro: AND WHEN AL SMITH WAS A

WOULD BE NO STRANGER TO TRAGEDY.
Caro: AND WHEN AL SMITH WAS A
CHILD, HIS FAMILY WAS POOR.

Caro: AND WHEN AL SMITH WAS A
CHILD, HIS FAMILY WAS POOR.
HIS FATHER WAS A BIG, BRAWNY

CHILD, HIS FAMILY WAS POOR.
HIS FATHER WAS A BIG, BRAWNY
TRUCKER, BUT HE GOT VERY SICK

HIS FATHER WAS A BIG, BRAWNY
TRUCKER, BUT HE GOT VERY SICK
WHEN SMITH WAS VERY LITTLE, AND

TRUCKER, BUT HE GOT VERY SICK
WHEN SMITH WAS VERY LITTLE, AND
I THINK WHEN SMITH WAS 13, HE

WHEN SMITH WAS VERY LITTLE, AND
I THINK WHEN SMITH WAS 13, HE
DIED.

I THINK WHEN SMITH WAS 13, HE
DIED.
HE DIED PENNILESS.

AND WHEN THEY WERE WALKING BACK
THERE WAS SMITH, HIS SISTER

THERE WAS SMITH, HIS SISTER
MARY, AND HIS MOTHER, AND WHEN

MARY, AND HIS MOTHER, AND WHEN
THEY WERE WALKING BACK FROM THE

THEY WERE WALKING BACK FROM THE
FUNERAL, THE DREAD IN THEIR

FUNERAL, THE DREAD IN THEIR
HEARTS WERE THAT THEY WERE GOING

HEARTS WERE THAT THEY WERE GOING
TO BE SPLIT UP, BECAUSE IN THOSE

TO BE SPLIT UP, BECAUSE IN THOSE
DAYS, IF A WIDOW SAID, "I NEED A

DAYS, IF A WIDOW SAID, "I NEED A
PENSION, I NEED WELFARE, I CAN'T

PENSION, I NEED WELFARE, I CAN'T
SUPPORT MY CHILDREN," WHAT THE

SUPPORT MY CHILDREN," WHAT THE
STATE DID IN MOST CASES WAS TAKE

STATE DID IN MOST CASES WAS TAKE
THEM AWAY AND PUT THEM IN AN

THEM AWAY AND PUT THEM IN AN
INSTITUTION.
AND AS THEY'RE WALKING BACK FROM

AND AS THEY'RE WALKING BACK FROM
THE FUNERAL, AL SMITH'S MOTHER
SAID, "I DON'T KNOW WHERE TO

THE FUNERAL, AL SMITH'S MOTHER
SAID, "I DON'T KNOW WHERE TO
TURN," AND AL SMITH SAID, "I'M

SAID, "I DON'T KNOW WHERE TO
TURN," AND AL SMITH SAID, "I'M
HERE; I CAN TAKE CARE OF YOU."

TURN," AND AL SMITH SAID, "I'M
HERE; I CAN TAKE CARE OF YOU."
AND SMITH WENT TO WORK AT THE

HERE; I CAN TAKE CARE OF YOU."
AND SMITH WENT TO WORK AT THE
AGE OF 13.

AND SMITH WENT TO WORK AT THE
AGE OF 13.
FIRST HE HAD JOBS AS A RUNNER

AGE OF 13.
FIRST HE HAD JOBS AS A RUNNER
FOR TRUCKING COMPANIES, BUT

FIRST HE HAD JOBS AS A RUNNER
FOR TRUCKING COMPANIES, BUT
ABOUT THE AGE OF 17, HE WENT TO

FOR TRUCKING COMPANIES, BUT
ABOUT THE AGE OF 17, HE WENT TO
WORK FOR THE FULTON FISH MARKET,

ABOUT THE AGE OF 17, HE WENT TO
WORK FOR THE FULTON FISH MARKET,
ROLLING HEAVY BARRELS OF FISH UP

WORK FOR THE FULTON FISH MARKET,
ROLLING HEAVY BARRELS OF FISH UP
THE RAMPS FROM THE SHIPS.

ROLLING HEAVY BARRELS OF FISH UP
THE RAMPS FROM THE SHIPS.
HE USED TO SAY, "I ONLY HAVE ONE

THE RAMPS FROM THE SHIPS.
HE USED TO SAY, "I ONLY HAVE ONE
DEGREE, F.F.M."... FULTON FISH

HE USED TO SAY, "I ONLY HAVE ONE
DEGREE, F.F.M."... FULTON FISH
MARKET.

DEGREE, F.F.M."... FULTON FISH
MARKET.
THE HOURS HE WORKED WERE

MARKET.
THE HOURS HE WORKED WERE
INTERESTING.

THE HOURS HE WORKED WERE
INTERESTING.
HE WORKED FROM 5:00 IN THE

INTERESTING.
HE WORKED FROM 5:00 IN THE
MORNING TILL 6:30 AT NIGHT, SIX

HE WORKED FROM 5:00 IN THE
MORNING TILL 6:30 AT NIGHT, SIX
DAYS A WEEK.

MORNING TILL 6:30 AT NIGHT, SIX
DAYS A WEEK.
THE ONLY OTHER DAY... THE ONLY

DAYS A WEEK.
THE ONLY OTHER DAY... THE ONLY
DAY HE DIDN'T WORK THOSE HOURS

THE ONLY OTHER DAY... THE ONLY
DAY HE DIDN'T WORK THOSE HOURS
WAS

DAY HE DIDN'T WORK THOSE HOURS
WAS
THEN HE WORKED FROM 3:00 IN THE

WAS
THEN HE WORKED FROM 3:00 IN THE
MORNING TILL 6:30 AT NIGHT.

THEN HE WORKED FROM 3:00 IN THE
MORNING TILL 6:30 AT NIGHT.
BUT HE TOOK CARE OF HIS FAMILY,

MORNING TILL 6:30 AT NIGHT.
BUT HE TOOK CARE OF HIS FAMILY,
STARTED RUNNING ERRANDS FOR

BUT HE TOOK CARE OF HIS FAMILY,
STARTED RUNNING ERRANDS FOR
TAMMANY, WORKED HIS WAY UP

STARTED RUNNING ERRANDS FOR
TAMMANY, WORKED HIS WAY UP
THROUGH THE MACHINE.

TAMMANY, WORKED HIS WAY UP
THROUGH THE MACHINE.
Narrator: THOUGH THE HOURS

THROUGH THE MACHINE.
Narrator: THOUGH THE HOURS
WERE LONG, AT $12 A WEEK, THE

Narrator: THOUGH THE HOURS
WERE LONG, AT $12 A WEEK, THE
JOB PAID ENOUGH TO KEEP THE

WERE LONG, AT $12 A WEEK, THE
JOB PAID ENOUGH TO KEEP THE
FAMILY TOGETHER, AND SOON SMITH

JOB PAID ENOUGH TO KEEP THE
FAMILY TOGETHER, AND SOON SMITH
HAD BEGUN TO RISE WITHIN THE

FAMILY TOGETHER, AND SOON SMITH
HAD BEGUN TO RISE WITHIN THE
TIGHTLY KNIT COMMUNITY OF NEW

HAD BEGUN TO RISE WITHIN THE
TIGHTLY KNIT COMMUNITY OF NEW
YORK'S FOURTH WARD, BEFRIENDING

TIGHTLY KNIT COMMUNITY OF NEW
YORK'S FOURTH WARD, BEFRIENDING
MEMBERS OF THE DOWNTOWN TAMMANY

YORK'S FOURTH WARD, BEFRIENDING
MEMBERS OF THE DOWNTOWN TAMMANY
CLUB AND RUNNING ERRANDS FOR A

MEMBERS OF THE DOWNTOWN TAMMANY
CLUB AND RUNNING ERRANDS FOR A
POPULAR DISTRICT LEADER NAMED

CLUB AND RUNNING ERRANDS FOR A
POPULAR DISTRICT LEADER NAMED
TOM FOLEY.

POPULAR DISTRICT LEADER NAMED
TOM FOLEY.
IN THE EVENINGS, HE SANG OLD

TOM FOLEY.
IN THE EVENINGS, HE SANG OLD
IRISH FAVORITES IN A LOCAL

IN THE EVENINGS, HE SANG OLD
IRISH FAVORITES IN A LOCAL
SALOON OWNED BY FOLEY HIMSELF.

IRISH FAVORITES IN A LOCAL
SALOON OWNED BY FOLEY HIMSELF.
SITTING IN THE AUDIENCE, SOME OF

SALOON OWNED BY FOLEY HIMSELF.
SITTING IN THE AUDIENCE, SOME OF
THE OLDER TAMMANY BOSSES BEGAN

SITTING IN THE AUDIENCE, SOME OF
THE OLDER TAMMANY BOSSES BEGAN
TO TAKE NOTICE OF THE ENERGETIC

THE OLDER TAMMANY BOSSES BEGAN
TO TAKE NOTICE OF THE ENERGETIC
AND AFFABLE YOUNG MAN, WHOSE

TO TAKE NOTICE OF THE ENERGETIC
AND AFFABLE YOUNG MAN, WHOSE
STRONG, DISTINCTIVE VOICE, THEY

AND AFFABLE YOUNG MAN, WHOSE
STRONG, DISTINCTIVE VOICE, THEY
SAID, MIGHT ONE DAY MAKE HIM A

STRONG, DISTINCTIVE VOICE, THEY
SAID, MIGHT ONE DAY MAKE HIM A
GOOD CANDIDATE FOR OFFICE.

SAID, MIGHT ONE DAY MAKE HIM A
GOOD CANDIDATE FOR OFFICE.
THOUGH THE EAST RIVER HAD BEEN

GOOD CANDIDATE FOR OFFICE.
THOUGH THE EAST RIVER HAD BEEN
SPANNED, OTHER CHASMS REMAINED,

THOUGH THE EAST RIVER HAD BEEN
SPANNED, OTHER CHASMS REMAINED,
WHICH IN THE YEARS TO COME WOULD

SPANNED, OTHER CHASMS REMAINED,
WHICH IN THE YEARS TO COME WOULD
GROW EVER WIDER AND DEEPER, AND

WHICH IN THE YEARS TO COME WOULD
GROW EVER WIDER AND DEEPER, AND
PROVE EVEN MORE DIFFICULT TO

GROW EVER WIDER AND DEEPER, AND
PROVE EVEN MORE DIFFICULT TO
SPAN.

PROVE EVEN MORE DIFFICULT TO
SPAN.
AS IMMIGRANTS IN NUMBERS GREATER

SPAN.
AS IMMIGRANTS IN NUMBERS GREATER
THAN EVER BEFORE POURED INTO NEW

AS IMMIGRANTS IN NUMBERS GREATER
THAN EVER BEFORE POURED INTO NEW
YORK, FUELING THE MOST DYNAMIC

THAN EVER BEFORE POURED INTO NEW
YORK, FUELING THE MOST DYNAMIC
INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY ON EARTH,

YORK, FUELING THE MOST DYNAMIC
INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY ON EARTH,
ANOTHER MIGRATION WAS UNDER WAY,

INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY ON EARTH,
ANOTHER MIGRATION WAS UNDER WAY,
OF MILLIONAIRES, AS THE NATION'S

ANOTHER MIGRATION WAS UNDER WAY,
OF MILLIONAIRES, AS THE NATION'S
WEALTHIEST CITIZENS NOW

OF MILLIONAIRES, AS THE NATION'S
WEALTHIEST CITIZENS NOW
CONVERGED ON MANHATTAN, WHICH

WEALTHIEST CITIZENS NOW
CONVERGED ON MANHATTAN, WHICH
HAD BECOME THE MECCA OF ALL WHO

CONVERGED ON MANHATTAN, WHICH
HAD BECOME THE MECCA OF ALL WHO
SOUGHT POWER AND PRESTIGE IN

HAD BECOME THE MECCA OF ALL WHO
SOUGHT POWER AND PRESTIGE IN
AMERICA.

SOUGHT POWER AND PRESTIGE IN
AMERICA.
FROM PITTSBURGH CAME STEEL

AMERICA.
FROM PITTSBURGH CAME STEEL
MAGNATES ANDREW CARNEGIE AND

FROM PITTSBURGH CAME STEEL
MAGNATES ANDREW CARNEGIE AND
HENRY FRICK; FROM CHICAGO,

MAGNATES ANDREW CARNEGIE AND
HENRY FRICK; FROM CHICAGO,
PHILIP ARMOUR, WHO HAD MADE A

HENRY FRICK; FROM CHICAGO,
PHILIP ARMOUR, WHO HAD MADE A
FORTURNE PACKING MEAT; FROM

PHILIP ARMOUR, WHO HAD MADE A
FORTURNE PACKING MEAT; FROM
CLEVELAND, JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,

FORTURNE PACKING MEAT; FROM
CLEVELAND, JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
THE OIL MAGNATE WELL ON HIS WAY

CLEVELAND, JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
THE OIL MAGNATE WELL ON HIS WAY
TO BECOMING THE RICHEST MAN IN

THE OIL MAGNATE WELL ON HIS WAY
TO BECOMING THE RICHEST MAN IN
THE WORLD.

TO BECOMING THE RICHEST MAN IN
THE WORLD.
Strouse: IT WAS LIKE A MAGNET

THE WORLD.
Strouse: IT WAS LIKE A MAGNET
FOR CAPITAL AND FOR PEOPLE WHO

Strouse: IT WAS LIKE A MAGNET
FOR CAPITAL AND FOR PEOPLE WHO
WERE HAVING IDEAS THAT WERE

FOR CAPITAL AND FOR PEOPLE WHO
WERE HAVING IDEAS THAT WERE
GOING TO INCREASE CAPITAL.

YOU HAD TO TALK TO YOUR BANKERS,
YOU HAD TO TALK TO OTHER PEOPLE

YOU HAD TO TALK TO OTHER PEOPLE
WHO WERE DOING THINGS, AND

WHO WERE DOING THINGS, AND
EVENTUALLY MOST OF THEM DID HAVE

EVENTUALLY MOST OF THEM DID HAVE
HOUSES IN NEW YORK AS WELL, EVEN

HOUSES IN NEW YORK AS WELL, EVEN
IF THEY KEPT RESIDENCE

IF THEY KEPT RESIDENCE
ELSEWHERE.

ELSEWHERE.
IT WAS THE CENTER OF THE

IT WAS THE CENTER OF THE
AMERICAN UNIVERSE.

AMERICAN UNIVERSE.
Gill: THE ONE THING I KNOW

Gill: THE ONE THING I KNOW
AFTER 81 YEARS OF LIFE IS THAT

AFTER 81 YEARS OF LIFE IS THAT
THE WORLD IS DIVIDED BETWEEN

THE WORLD IS DIVIDED BETWEEN
INSIDERS AND OUTSIDERS, AND

INSIDERS AND OUTSIDERS, AND
EVERYBODY, EVERYBODY WANTS TO BE

EVERYBODY, EVERYBODY WANTS TO BE
AN INSIDER.
AND SO YOU COME TO THE CITY IN

AND SO YOU COME TO THE CITY IN
WHICH THERE ARE MORE
OPPORTUNITIES, THERE ARE MORE

WHICH THERE ARE MORE
OPPORTUNITIES, THERE ARE MORE
OPEN DOORS, THERE ARE MORE WAYS

OPPORTUNITIES, THERE ARE MORE
OPEN DOORS, THERE ARE MORE WAYS
TO BECOME AN INSIDER THAN

OPEN DOORS, THERE ARE MORE WAYS
TO BECOME AN INSIDER THAN
PROBABLY ANYWHERE ELSE ON EARTH.

TO BECOME AN INSIDER THAN
PROBABLY ANYWHERE ELSE ON EARTH.
Narrator: BY 1890, NEARLY

PROBABLY ANYWHERE ELSE ON EARTH.
Narrator: BY 1890, NEARLY
HALF THE MILLIONAIRES IN

Narrator: BY 1890, NEARLY
HALF THE MILLIONAIRES IN
AMERICA... 1,800 IN ALL... HAD

HALF THE MILLIONAIRES IN
AMERICA... 1,800 IN ALL... HAD
FLOCKED INTO THE CITY AND ITS

AMERICA... 1,800 IN ALL... HAD
FLOCKED INTO THE CITY AND ITS
SUBURBS, BRINGING WITH THEM A

FLOCKED INTO THE CITY AND ITS
SUBURBS, BRINGING WITH THEM A
SCALE OF EXTRAVAGANCE STARTLING

SUBURBS, BRINGING WITH THEM A
SCALE OF EXTRAVAGANCE STARTLING
EVEN BY THE STANDARDS OF NEW

SCALE OF EXTRAVAGANCE STARTLING
EVEN BY THE STANDARDS OF NEW
YORK.

EVEN BY THE STANDARDS OF NEW
YORK.
ALONG FIFTH AVENUE, ONCE LINED

YORK.
ALONG FIFTH AVENUE, ONCE LINED
WITH SOMBER BROWNSTONES, A

ALONG FIFTH AVENUE, ONCE LINED
WITH SOMBER BROWNSTONES, A
PARADE OF OPULENT MANSIONS HAD

WITH SOMBER BROWNSTONES, A
PARADE OF OPULENT MANSIONS HAD
SOON STRETCHED MORE THAN TWO AND

PARADE OF OPULENT MANSIONS HAD
SOON STRETCHED MORE THAN TWO AND
A HALF MILES, EACH MORE

SOON STRETCHED MORE THAN TWO AND
A HALF MILES, EACH MORE
EXTRAVAGANT THAN THE NEXT.

A HALF MILES, EACH MORE
EXTRAVAGANT THAN THE NEXT.
Reader: "THE INTERMINABLE

EXTRAVAGANT THAN THE NEXT.
Reader: "THE INTERMINABLE
SUCCESSION OF LUXURIOUS

Reader: "THE INTERMINABLE
SUCCESSION OF LUXURIOUS
MANSIONS PROCLAIMS A WILD

SUCCESSION OF LUXURIOUS
MANSIONS PROCLAIMS A WILD
ABUNDANCE.

MANSIONS PROCLAIMS A WILD
ABUNDANCE.
THIS AVENUE HAS VISIBLY BEEN

ABUNDANCE.
THIS AVENUE HAS VISIBLY BEEN
WILLED AND CREATED BY SHEER

THIS AVENUE HAS VISIBLY BEEN
WILLED AND CREATED BY SHEER
FORCE OF MILLIONS, WHICH HAS

WILLED AND CREATED BY SHEER
FORCE OF MILLIONS, WHICH HAS
LEFT NOT AN INCH OF GROUND

FORCE OF MILLIONS, WHICH HAS
LEFT NOT AN INCH OF GROUND
UNTOUCHED."

Stern: IT'S THE PLACE TO MAKE
IT AND THE PLACE TO FLAUNT IT.

IT AND THE PLACE TO FLAUNT IT.
AND IN THE 19th CENTURY AS IN

AND IN THE 19th CENTURY AS IN
THE 20th CENTURY, THE DIFFERENCE

THE 20th CENTURY, THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE 1880s AND THE 1980s

BETWEEN THE 1880s AND THE 1980s
IS WHEN PEOPLE FLAUNTED IT.
IN THE 1880s, THEY PUT ON A

IN THE 1880s, THEY PUT ON A
PUBLIC DISPLAY.
THE CITY BECAME THIS GREAT BIG

PUBLIC DISPLAY.
THE CITY BECAME THIS GREAT BIG
BEAUTIFUL OUTDOOR MUSEUM, A KIND

THE CITY BECAME THIS GREAT BIG
BEAUTIFUL OUTDOOR MUSEUM, A KIND
OF URBAN PARADISE.

BEAUTIFUL OUTDOOR MUSEUM, A KIND
OF URBAN PARADISE.
THAT PUBLIC DISPLAY WAS

OF URBAN PARADISE.
THAT PUBLIC DISPLAY WAS
FANTASTIC.

THAT PUBLIC DISPLAY WAS
FANTASTIC.
THE VANDERBILTS WERE NOT

FANTASTIC.
THE VANDERBILTS WERE NOT
EMBARRASSED TO GET INTO THEIR

THE VANDERBILTS WERE NOT
EMBARRASSED TO GET INTO THEIR
EQUIPAGES IN FRONT OF THEIR

EMBARRASSED TO GET INTO THEIR
EQUIPAGES IN FRONT OF THEIR
HOUSES AND RIDE UP AND DOWN

EQUIPAGES IN FRONT OF THEIR
HOUSES AND RIDE UP AND DOWN
FIFTH AVENUE.

HOUSES AND RIDE UP AND DOWN
FIFTH AVENUE.
AND ANYBODY, IF HE HAD JUST THE

FIFTH AVENUE.
AND ANYBODY, IF HE HAD JUST THE
DERRING-DO, THE TEMERITY, COULD

AND ANYBODY, IF HE HAD JUST THE
DERRING-DO, THE TEMERITY, COULD
STAND THERE AND BE PART OF THIS

DERRING-DO, THE TEMERITY, COULD
STAND THERE AND BE PART OF THIS
URBAN DRAMA.

STAND THERE AND BE PART OF THIS
URBAN DRAMA.
Reader: "IT IS ONLY A MATTER

URBAN DRAMA.
Reader: "IT IS ONLY A MATTER
OF THREE MILES FROM MADISON

Reader: "IT IS ONLY A MATTER
OF THREE MILES FROM MADISON
SQUARE TO HESTER STREET, BUT WHO

OF THREE MILES FROM MADISON
SQUARE TO HESTER STREET, BUT WHO
WOULD DREAM WHO HAD NOT SEEN IT

SQUARE TO HESTER STREET, BUT WHO
WOULD DREAM WHO HAD NOT SEEN IT
THAT THE SAME TOWN HELD WITHIN

WOULD DREAM WHO HAD NOT SEEN IT
THAT THE SAME TOWN HELD WITHIN
SO SHORT A DISTANCE SCENES AND

THAT THE SAME TOWN HELD WITHIN
SO SHORT A DISTANCE SCENES AND
PEOPLE SO CONTRASTED?"

SO SHORT A DISTANCE SCENES AND
PEOPLE SO CONTRASTED?"
HARPER'S MONTHLY.

PEOPLE SO CONTRASTED?"
HARPER'S MONTHLY.
Narrator: THOUGH THE GAP

HARPER'S MONTHLY.
Narrator: THOUGH THE GAP
BETWEEN THEM GREW WIDER WITH

Narrator: THOUGH THE GAP
BETWEEN THEM GREW WIDER WITH
EACH PASSING YEAR, RICH AND POOR

BETWEEN THEM GREW WIDER WITH
EACH PASSING YEAR, RICH AND POOR
ALIKE WERE GREETED NOW AS THEY

EACH PASSING YEAR, RICH AND POOR
ALIKE WERE GREETED NOW AS THEY
CAME INTO THE CITY BY AN

ALIKE WERE GREETED NOW AS THEY
CAME INTO THE CITY BY AN
ASTONISHING SIGHT, RISING LIKE

CAME INTO THE CITY BY AN
ASTONISHING SIGHT, RISING LIKE
AN APPARITION FROM THE MIDDLE OF

ASTONISHING SIGHT, RISING LIKE
AN APPARITION FROM THE MIDDLE OF
THE BAY.

AN APPARITION FROM THE MIDDLE OF
THE BAY.
ON THE RAINY, WINDSWEPT

THE BAY.
ON THE RAINY, WINDSWEPT
AFTERNOON OF OCTOBER 28, 1886,

ON THE RAINY, WINDSWEPT
AFTERNOON OF OCTOBER 28, 1886,
THE GIFT THE FRENCH HAD BEEN

AFTERNOON OF OCTOBER 28, 1886,
THE GIFT THE FRENCH HAD BEEN
TRYING TO GIVE FOR MORE THAN 20

THE GIFT THE FRENCH HAD BEEN
TRYING TO GIVE FOR MORE THAN 20
YEARS WAS FINALLY UNVEILED, ITS

TRYING TO GIVE FOR MORE THAN 20
YEARS WAS FINALLY UNVEILED, ITS
PEDESTAL PAID FOR IN THE END BY

YEARS WAS FINALLY UNVEILED, ITS
PEDESTAL PAID FOR IN THE END BY
THE NICKELS AND DIMES OF

PEDESTAL PAID FOR IN THE END BY
THE NICKELS AND DIMES OF
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF

THE NICKELS AND DIMES OF
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
ORDINARY NEW YORKERS.

HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
ORDINARY NEW YORKERS.
Reader: "THE PROMISED LAND

ORDINARY NEW YORKERS.
Reader: "THE PROMISED LAND
FLIES BEFORE US LIKE THE MIRAGE.

Reader: "THE PROMISED LAND
FLIES BEFORE US LIKE THE MIRAGE.
MATERIAL PROGRESS DOES NOT

FLIES BEFORE US LIKE THE MIRAGE.
MATERIAL PROGRESS DOES NOT
MERELY FAIL TO RELIEVE POVERTY;

MATERIAL PROGRESS DOES NOT
MERELY FAIL TO RELIEVE POVERTY;
IT ACTUALLY PRODUCES IT.

MERELY FAIL TO RELIEVE POVERTY;
IT ACTUALLY PRODUCES IT.
THIS ASSOCIATION OF PROGRESS

IT ACTUALLY PRODUCES IT.
THIS ASSOCIATION OF PROGRESS
WITH POVERTY IS THE GREAT ENIGMA

THIS ASSOCIATION OF PROGRESS
WITH POVERTY IS THE GREAT ENIGMA
OF OUR TIMES.

WITH POVERTY IS THE GREAT ENIGMA
OF OUR TIMES.
IT IS THE RIDDLE WHICH THE

OF OUR TIMES.
IT IS THE RIDDLE WHICH THE
SPHINX OF FATE PUTS TO OUR

IT IS THE RIDDLE WHICH THE
SPHINX OF FATE PUTS TO OUR
CIVILIZATION, AND WHICH NOT TO

SPHINX OF FATE PUTS TO OUR
CIVILIZATION, AND WHICH NOT TO
ANSWER IS TO BE DESTROYED."

CIVILIZATION, AND WHICH NOT TO
ANSWER IS TO BE DESTROYED."
HENRY GEORGE.

ANSWER IS TO BE DESTROYED."
HENRY GEORGE.
Narrator: FIVE DAYS AFTER THE

HENRY GEORGE.
Narrator: FIVE DAYS AFTER THE
STATUE WAS UNVEILED, NEW YORKERS

Narrator: FIVE DAYS AFTER THE
STATUE WAS UNVEILED, NEW YORKERS
WENT TO THE POLLS.

STATUE WAS UNVEILED, NEW YORKERS
WENT TO THE POLLS.
ON THE BALLOT WAS A BRILLIANT

WENT TO THE POLLS.
ON THE BALLOT WAS A BRILLIANT
SOCIAL THEORIST NAMED HENRY

ON THE BALLOT WAS A BRILLIANT
SOCIAL THEORIST NAMED HENRY
GEORGE, COMMITTED AS NO

SOCIAL THEORIST NAMED HENRY
GEORGE, COMMITTED AS NO
CANDIDATE BEFORE HIM TO CLOSING

GEORGE, COMMITTED AS NO
CANDIDATE BEFORE HIM TO CLOSING
THE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR

CANDIDATE BEFORE HIM TO CLOSING
THE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR
AND RUNNING ON A PLATFORM THAT

THE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR
AND RUNNING ON A PLATFORM THAT
CALLED FOR A LAND TAX, BETTER

AND RUNNING ON A PLATFORM THAT
CALLED FOR A LAND TAX, BETTER
HOUSING AND WORKING CONDITIONS,

CALLED FOR A LAND TAX, BETTER
HOUSING AND WORKING CONDITIONS,
AND FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

HOUSING AND WORKING CONDITIONS,
AND FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
FOR THE POOR.

AND FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
FOR THE POOR.
"WHY SHOULD THERE BE SUCH ABJECT

FOR THE POOR.
"WHY SHOULD THERE BE SUCH ABJECT
POVERTY IN THIS CITY?" GEORGE

"WHY SHOULD THERE BE SUCH ABJECT
POVERTY IN THIS CITY?" GEORGE
DEMANDED.

POVERTY IN THIS CITY?" GEORGE
DEMANDED.
"WE ARE TOILING, PERHAPS, FOR

DEMANDED.
"WE ARE TOILING, PERHAPS, FOR
MRS. ASTOR OR THE HEIRS OF SOME

"WE ARE TOILING, PERHAPS, FOR
MRS. ASTOR OR THE HEIRS OF SOME
DEAD DUTCHMAN."

Wallace: WE HAVE TO REMEMBER
THAT THERE'S BEEN A COUNTER-

THAT THERE'S BEEN A COUNTER-
VISION OF WHAT NEW YORK CITY

VISION OF WHAT NEW YORK CITY
SHOULD BE, AND IT'S BEEN

SHOULD BE, AND IT'S BEEN
EMERGING OUT OF THE WORKING

EMERGING OUT OF THE WORKING
CLASS AND IMMIGRANT QUARTERS.
AN ODD TEST MOMENT OF THIS TAKES

AN ODD TEST MOMENT OF THIS TAKES
PLACE IN 1886, WHEN HENRY
GEORGE, A LAND REFORMER, RUNS

PLACE IN 1886, WHEN HENRY
GEORGE, A LAND REFORMER, RUNS
FOR THE MAYORALTY OF NEW YORK

GEORGE, A LAND REFORMER, RUNS
FOR THE MAYORALTY OF NEW YORK
CITY, AND HE PUTS TOGETHER AN

FOR THE MAYORALTY OF NEW YORK
CITY, AND HE PUTS TOGETHER AN
ASTONISHING COALITION OF THE

CITY, AND HE PUTS TOGETHER AN
ASTONISHING COALITION OF THE
DISAFFECTED AND THE OUTCAST.

ASTONISHING COALITION OF THE
DISAFFECTED AND THE OUTCAST.
Narrator: BUT IN THE END,

DISAFFECTED AND THE OUTCAST.
Narrator: BUT IN THE END,
HENRY GEORGE'S UNITED LABOR

Narrator: BUT IN THE END,
HENRY GEORGE'S UNITED LABOR
PARTY WAS NO MATCH FOR TAMMANY

HENRY GEORGE'S UNITED LABOR
PARTY WAS NO MATCH FOR TAMMANY
HALL.

PARTY WAS NO MATCH FOR TAMMANY
HALL.
FRIGHTENED BY THE STRENGTH OF

HALL.
FRIGHTENED BY THE STRENGTH OF
GEORGE'S SUPPORT AMONGST THE

FRIGHTENED BY THE STRENGTH OF
GEORGE'S SUPPORT AMONGST THE
IMMIGRANT POOR WHO KEPT IT IN

GEORGE'S SUPPORT AMONGST THE
IMMIGRANT POOR WHO KEPT IT IN
POWER, TAMMANY THREW ITS IMMENSE

IMMIGRANT POOR WHO KEPT IT IN
POWER, TAMMANY THREW ITS IMMENSE
MACHINE BEHIND A MODERATE

POWER, TAMMANY THREW ITS IMMENSE
MACHINE BEHIND A MODERATE
DEMOCRATIC BUSINESSMAN NAMED

MACHINE BEHIND A MODERATE
DEMOCRATIC BUSINESSMAN NAMED
ABRAM HEWITT, WHO ATTACKED

DEMOCRATIC BUSINESSMAN NAMED
ABRAM HEWITT, WHO ATTACKED
GEORGE'S PARTY AS THE "ENEMIES

ABRAM HEWITT, WHO ATTACKED
GEORGE'S PARTY AS THE "ENEMIES
OF CIVILIZATION AND ORDER."

GEORGE'S PARTY AS THE "ENEMIES
OF CIVILIZATION AND ORDER."
ON ELECTION DAY, HE WAS

OF CIVILIZATION AND ORDER."
ON ELECTION DAY, HE WAS
RESOUNDINGLY DEFEATED, AND THE

ON ELECTION DAY, HE WAS
RESOUNDINGLY DEFEATED, AND THE
GULF HE HAD HOPED TO BRIDGE GREW

RESOUNDINGLY DEFEATED, AND THE
GULF HE HAD HOPED TO BRIDGE GREW
WIDER.

GULF HE HAD HOPED TO BRIDGE GREW
WIDER.
Narrator: ONE SUMMER

WIDER.
Narrator: ONE SUMMER
AFTERNOON, AS THE 19th CENTURY

Narrator: ONE SUMMER
AFTERNOON, AS THE 19th CENTURY
CAME TO A CLOSE, AN IRISH

AFTERNOON, AS THE 19th CENTURY
CAME TO A CLOSE, AN IRISH
AMERICAN VAUDEVILLE SINGER NAMED

CAME TO A CLOSE, AN IRISH
AMERICAN VAUDEVILLE SINGER NAMED
CHARLES LAWLOR ASKED HIS FRIEND

AMERICAN VAUDEVILLE SINGER NAMED
CHARLES LAWLOR ASKED HIS FRIEND
JAMES BLAKE, A SALESMAN IN A HAT

CHARLES LAWLOR ASKED HIS FRIEND
JAMES BLAKE, A SALESMAN IN A HAT
SHOP, TO COME UP WITH THE LYRICS

JAMES BLAKE, A SALESMAN IN A HAT
SHOP, TO COME UP WITH THE LYRICS
FOR A TUNE THAT HAD BEEN

SHOP, TO COME UP WITH THE LYRICS
FOR A TUNE THAT HAD BEEN
RATTLING AROUND IN HIS HEAD FOR

FOR A TUNE THAT HAD BEEN
RATTLING AROUND IN HIS HEAD FOR
SOME TIME.

RATTLING AROUND IN HIS HEAD FOR
SOME TIME.
"SOMETHING ABOUT NEW YORK,"

SOME TIME.
"SOMETHING ABOUT NEW YORK,"
LAWLOR SAID.

"SOMETHING ABOUT NEW YORK,"
LAWLOR SAID.
BETWEEN SERVING CUSTOMERS, BLAKE

LAWLOR SAID.
BETWEEN SERVING CUSTOMERS, BLAKE
FOUND HIMSELF THINKING OF THE

BETWEEN SERVING CUSTOMERS, BLAKE
FOUND HIMSELF THINKING OF THE
OLD NEIGHBORHOOD ON 18th STREET

FOUND HIMSELF THINKING OF THE
OLD NEIGHBORHOOD ON 18th STREET
WHERE HE HAD GROWN UP, AND OF

OLD NEIGHBORHOOD ON 18th STREET
WHERE HE HAD GROWN UP, AND OF
THE PEOPLE HE HAD KNOWN THERE:

WHERE HE HAD GROWN UP, AND OF
JAKEY KRAUSE, THE BAKER; AND HIS

JAKEY KRAUSE, THE BAKER; AND HIS
FRIEND, LITTLE JIMMY CROWE; AND

JAKEY KRAUSE, THE BAKER; AND HIS
FRIEND, LITTLE JIMMY CROWE; AND
MAMIE O'ROURKE, WHO HAD FIRST

FRIEND, LITTLE JIMMY CROWE; AND
MAMIE O'ROURKE, WHO HAD FIRST
TAUGHT HIM HOW TO DANCE.

MAMIE O'ROURKE, WHO HAD FIRST
TAUGHT HIM HOW TO DANCE.
SET TO THE LOVELY LILTING TWO-

TAUGHT HIM HOW TO DANCE.
SET TO THE LOVELY LILTING TWO-
STEP LAWLOR HAD COMPOSED,

SET TO THE LOVELY LILTING TWO-
STEP LAWLOR HAD COMPOSED,
BLAKE'S HAUNTING MEMORIES OF THE

STEP LAWLOR HAD COMPOSED,
BLAKE'S HAUNTING MEMORIES OF THE
SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK WOULD GO

BLAKE'S HAUNTING MEMORIES OF THE
SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK WOULD GO
ON TO BECOME AN ENORMOUS HIT

SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK WOULD GO
ON TO BECOME AN ENORMOUS HIT
ACROSS THE COUNTRY, AND ONE OF

ON TO BECOME AN ENORMOUS HIT
ACROSS THE COUNTRY, AND ONE OF
THE MOST POPULAR SONGS EVER

ACROSS THE COUNTRY, AND ONE OF
THE MOST POPULAR SONGS EVER
WRITTEN ABOUT NEW YORK CITY.

THE MOST POPULAR SONGS EVER
WRITTEN ABOUT NEW YORK CITY.
Singer: ♪ EAST SIDE

WRITTEN ABOUT NEW YORK CITY.
Singer: ♪ EAST SIDE
WEST SIDE

Singer: ♪ EAST SIDE
WEST SIDE
ALL AROUND THE TOWN

WEST SIDE
ALL AROUND THE TOWN
♪ THE TOTS SANG

ALL AROUND THE TOWN
♪ THE TOTS SANG
"RING AROUND ROSEY

♪ THE TOTS SANG
"RING AROUND ROSEY
LONDON BRIDGE IS FALLING DOWN"

"RING AROUND ROSEY
LONDON BRIDGE IS FALLING DOWN"
♪ BOYS AND GIRLS TOGETHER

LONDON BRIDGE IS FALLING DOWN"
♪ BOYS AND GIRLS TOGETHER
ME AND MAMIE O'ROURKE

♪ BOYS AND GIRLS TOGETHER
ME AND MAMIE O'ROURKE
♪ TRIPPED THE LIGHT FANTASTIC

ME AND MAMIE O'ROURKE
♪ TRIPPED THE LIGHT FANTASTIC
ON THE SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK

♪ TRIPPED THE LIGHT FANTASTIC
ON THE SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK
♪ THINGS HAVE CHANGED

ON THE SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK
♪ THINGS HAVE CHANGED
SINCE THOSE TIMES

♪ THINGS HAVE CHANGED
SINCE THOSE TIMES
SOME ARE UP IN "G"

SINCE THOSE TIMES
SOME ARE UP IN "G"
♪ OTHERS THEY ARE ON THE HOG

SOME ARE UP IN "G"
♪ OTHERS THEY ARE ON THE HOG
BUT THEY ALL FELT JUST LIKE ME

♪ OTHERS THEY ARE ON THE HOG
BUT THEY ALL FELT JUST LIKE ME
♪ THEY WOULD PART WITH ALL

BUT THEY ALL FELT JUST LIKE ME
♪ THEY WOULD PART WITH ALL
THEY'VE GOT

♪ THEY WOULD PART WITH ALL
THEY'VE GOT
COULD THEY BUT ONCE MORE WALK

THEY'VE GOT
COULD THEY BUT ONCE MORE WALK
♪ WITH THEIR BEST GIRL

COULD THEY BUT ONCE MORE WALK
♪ WITH THEIR BEST GIRL
AND HAVE A TWIRL

♪ WITH THEIR BEST GIRL
AND HAVE A TWIRL
ON THE SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK. ♪

AND HAVE A TWIRL
ON THE SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK. ♪
Narrator: THOUGH FEW PEOPLE

ON THE SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK. ♪
Narrator: THOUGH FEW PEOPLE
KNEW IT, THE HEARTBREAKING TUNE

Narrator: THOUGH FEW PEOPLE
KNEW IT, THE HEARTBREAKING TUNE
MARKED THE END OF AN ERA IN THE

KNEW IT, THE HEARTBREAKING TUNE
MARKED THE END OF AN ERA IN THE
CITY'S HISTORY AND THE BEGINNING

MARKED THE END OF AN ERA IN THE
CITY'S HISTORY AND THE BEGINNING
OF ANOTHER.

CITY'S HISTORY AND THE BEGINNING
OF ANOTHER.
IN THE YEARS TO COME, THE IRISH

OF ANOTHER.
IN THE YEARS TO COME, THE IRISH
AND GERMAN IMMIGRANTS WHOSE

IN THE YEARS TO COME, THE IRISH
AND GERMAN IMMIGRANTS WHOSE
EXPERIENCE IT COMMEMORATED WOULD

AND GERMAN IMMIGRANTS WHOSE
EXPERIENCE IT COMMEMORATED WOULD
BEGIN TO MOVE ON, EVEN AS A NEW

EXPERIENCE IT COMMEMORATED WOULD
BEGIN TO MOVE ON, EVEN AS A NEW
AND FAR LARGER INFLUX OF PEOPLES

BEGIN TO MOVE ON, EVEN AS A NEW
AND FAR LARGER INFLUX OF PEOPLES
BEGAN TO OVERTAKE THE OLD,

AND FAR LARGER INFLUX OF PEOPLES
BEGAN TO OVERTAKE THE OLD,
TRANSFORMING FOREVER THE

BEGAN TO OVERTAKE THE OLD,
TRANSFORMING FOREVER THE
SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK.

TRANSFORMING FOREVER THE
SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK.
Caro: WALT WHITMAN SAID, "I

SIDEWALKS OF NEW YORK.
Caro: WALT WHITMAN SAID, "I
CHANT THE DIVINE AVERAGE."

Caro: WALT WHITMAN SAID, "I
CHANT THE DIVINE AVERAGE."
WHITMAN WROTE SO MOVINGLY ABOUT

CHANT THE DIVINE AVERAGE."
WHITMAN WROTE SO MOVINGLY ABOUT
TALKING ABOUT THE IMMIGRANTS.

WHITMAN WROTE SO MOVINGLY ABOUT
TALKING ABOUT THE IMMIGRANTS.
"I SING OF THE IMMIGRANTS,

TALKING ABOUT THE IMMIGRANTS.
"I SING OF THE IMMIGRANTS,
15,000 TO 20,000 A DAY POURING

"I SING OF THE IMMIGRANTS,
15,000 TO 20,000 A DAY POURING
ASHORE."

15,000 TO 20,000 A DAY POURING
ASHORE."
AND OF COURSE WHITMAN'S VISION

ASHORE."
AND OF COURSE WHITMAN'S VISION
WAS OF A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

AND OF COURSE WHITMAN'S VISION
WAS OF A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
TRANSFORMING THEIR LIVES,

WAS OF A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
TRANSFORMING THEIR LIVES,
BRINGING THEM TOGETHER AND

TRANSFORMING THEIR LIVES,
BRINGING THEM TOGETHER AND
TRANSFORMING IT.

BRINGING THEM TOGETHER AND
TRANSFORMING IT.
BUT THE FACT IS THAT IN THE

TRANSFORMING IT.
BUT THE FACT IS THAT IN THE
GILDED AGE, IN MY OPINION,

BUT THE FACT IS THAT IN THE
GILDED AGE, IN MY OPINION,
WHITMAN'S OPTIMISM WASN'T

GILDED AGE, IN MY OPINION,
WHITMAN'S OPTIMISM WASN'T
HAPPENING.

WHITMAN'S OPTIMISM WASN'T
HAPPENING.
WHAT WAS HAPPENING WAS WHAT

HAPPENING.
WHAT WAS HAPPENING WAS WHAT
LINCOLN STEFFENS AND JACOB RIIS

WHAT WAS HAPPENING WAS WHAT
LINCOLN STEFFENS AND JACOB RIIS
NEW YORK WAS THE

LINCOLN STEFFENS AND JACOB RIIS
NEW YORK WAS THE
NEW YORK OF CHILD LABOR AND THE

NEW YORK WAS THE
NEW YORK OF CHILD LABOR AND THE
SWEATSHOPS.

NEW YORK OF CHILD LABOR AND THE
SWEATSHOPS.
I MEAN, WE DON'T EVEN THINK OF

SWEATSHOPS.
I MEAN, WE DON'T EVEN THINK OF
WHAT CHILD LABOR WAS.

I MEAN, WE DON'T EVEN THINK OF
WHAT CHILD LABOR WAS.
IT WAS LITTLE CHILDREN WORKING

WHAT CHILD LABOR WAS.
IT WAS LITTLE CHILDREN WORKING
NEXT TO THEIR MOTHERS, SIX AND

IT WAS LITTLE CHILDREN WORKING
NEXT TO THEIR MOTHERS, SIX AND
SOMETIMES SEVEN DAYS A WEEK IN

NEXT TO THEIR MOTHERS, SIX AND
SOMETIMES SEVEN DAYS A WEEK IN
ROOMS IN WHICH THERE WERE NO

SOMETIMES SEVEN DAYS A WEEK IN
ROOMS IN WHICH THERE WERE NO
WINDOWS BECAUSE THE FACTORY

ROOMS IN WHICH THERE WERE NO
WINDOWS BECAUSE THE FACTORY
OWNERS DIDN'T WANT THEM

WINDOWS BECAUSE THE FACTORY
OWNERS DIDN'T WANT THEM
DISTRACTED, WORKING ALL THE DAYS

OWNERS DIDN'T WANT THEM
DISTRACTED, WORKING ALL THE DAYS
OF THEIR YOUTH AWAY.

DISTRACTED, WORKING ALL THE DAYS
OF THEIR YOUTH AWAY.
Narrator: IN OCTOBER 1890, A

OF THEIR YOUTH AWAY.
Narrator: IN OCTOBER 1890, A
CURIOUS VOLUME WENT ON SALE IN

Narrator: IN OCTOBER 1890, A
CURIOUS VOLUME WENT ON SALE IN
THE BOOKSTORES OF NEW YORK.

CURIOUS VOLUME WENT ON SALE IN
THE BOOKSTORES OF NEW YORK.
CALLED HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES,

THE BOOKSTORES OF NEW YORK.
CALLED HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES,
IT HAD BEEN WRITTEN BY A 41-

CALLED HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES,
IT HAD BEEN WRITTEN BY A 41-
YEAR-OLD DANISH-BORN POLICE

IT HAD BEEN WRITTEN BY A 41-
YEAR-OLD DANISH-BORN POLICE
REPORTER NAMED JACOB RIIS.

YEAR-OLD DANISH-BORN POLICE
REPORTER NAMED JACOB RIIS.
IT WOULD CHANGE FOREVER THE WAY

REPORTER NAMED JACOB RIIS.
IT WOULD CHANGE FOREVER THE WAY
PEOPLE THOUGHT ABOUT THE CITY.

IT WOULD CHANGE FOREVER THE WAY
PEOPLE THOUGHT ABOUT THE CITY.
RIIS HAD COME TO NEW YORK IN

PEOPLE THOUGHT ABOUT THE CITY.
RIIS HAD COME TO NEW YORK IN
1870, WHEN HE WAS JUST 21, WITH

RIIS HAD COME TO NEW YORK IN
1870, WHEN HE WAS JUST 21, WITH
$40 IN HIS POCKET.

1870, WHEN HE WAS JUST 21, WITH
$40 IN HIS POCKET.
THE MONEY SOON RAN OUT, AND HE

$40 IN HIS POCKET.
THE MONEY SOON RAN OUT, AND HE
HAD LEARNED FIRSTHAND WHAT

THE MONEY SOON RAN OUT, AND HE
HAD LEARNED FIRSTHAND WHAT
IMMIGRANT LIFE COULD BE LIKE IN

HAD LEARNED FIRSTHAND WHAT
IMMIGRANT LIFE COULD BE LIKE IN
THE SPRAWLING METROPOLIS.

IMMIGRANT LIFE COULD BE LIKE IN
THE SPRAWLING METROPOLIS.
HOMELESS, OFTEN HUNG

THE SPRAWLING METROPOLIS.
HOMELESS, OFTEN HUNG
OF WORK, HE HAD DRIFTED INTO THE

HOMELESS, OFTEN HUNG
OF WORK, HE HAD DRIFTED INTO THE
CRIME-INFESTED WORLD OF THE FIVE

OF WORK, HE HAD DRIFTED INTO THE
CRIME-INFESTED WORLD OF THE FIVE
POINTS SLUM, DOZING ON THE COLD

CRIME-INFESTED WORLD OF THE FIVE
POINTS SLUM, DOZING ON THE COLD
FILTHY FLOORS OF POLICE LODGING

POINTS SLUM, DOZING ON THE COLD
FILTHY FLOORS OF POLICE LODGING
HOUSES.

FILTHY FLOORS OF POLICE LODGING
HOUSES.
MORE THAN ONCE, HE CONSIDERED

HOUSES.
MORE THAN ONCE, HE CONSIDERED
KILLING HIMSELF.

MORE THAN ONCE, HE CONSIDERED
KILLING HIMSELF.
EVENTUALLY, HE LANDED ON HIS

KILLING HIMSELF.
EVENTUALLY, HE LANDED ON HIS
FEET AND MANAGED TO FIND WORK AS

EVENTUALLY, HE LANDED ON HIS
FEET AND MANAGED TO FIND WORK AS
A POLICE REPORTER FOR THE NEW

FEET AND MANAGED TO FIND WORK AS
A POLICE REPORTER FOR THE NEW
YORK TRIBUNE, AND SPENT THE

A POLICE REPORTER FOR THE NEW
YORK TRIBUNE, AND SPENT THE
NEXT TEN YEARS EXPLORING THE

YORK TRIBUNE, AND SPENT THE
NEXT TEN YEARS EXPLORING THE
DENSELY CROWDED SLUMS OF THE

NEXT TEN YEARS EXPLORING THE
DENSELY CROWDED SLUMS OF THE
LOWER EAST SIDE.

DENSELY CROWDED SLUMS OF THE
LOWER EAST SIDE.
"THE SIGHTS," HE LATER SAID,

LOWER EAST SIDE.
"THE SIGHTS," HE LATER SAID,
"GRIPPED MY HEART UNTIL I FELT

"THE SIGHTS," HE LATER SAID,
"GRIPPED MY HEART UNTIL I FELT
THAT I MUST TELL OF THEM OR

"GRIPPED MY HEART UNTIL I FELT
THAT I MUST TELL OF THEM OR
BURST."

THAT I MUST TELL OF THEM OR
BURST."
DETERMINED TO SHOW THE WORLD

BURST."
DETERMINED TO SHOW THE WORLD
WHAT HE HAD SEEN, RIIS BEGAN

DETERMINED TO SHOW THE WORLD
WHAT HE HAD SEEN, RIIS BEGAN
PUBLISHING MAGAZINE ARTICLES,

WHAT HE HAD SEEN, RIIS BEGAN
PUBLISHING MAGAZINE ARTICLES,
BUT THEY "SEEMED TO MAKE NO

PUBLISHING MAGAZINE ARTICLES,
BUT THEY "SEEMED TO MAKE NO
IMPRESSION," HE WROTE.

BUT THEY "SEEMED TO MAKE NO
IMPRESSION," HE WROTE.
HE THOUGHT OF TAKING PICTURES,

IMPRESSION," HE WROTE.
HE THOUGHT OF TAKING PICTURES,
BUT THE TENEMENTS WERE TOO DARK

HE THOUGHT OF TAKING PICTURES,
BUT THE TENEMENTS WERE TOO DARK
FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHS TO COME OUT.

BUT THE TENEMENTS WERE TOO DARK
FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHS TO COME OUT.
THEN, IN 1887, A BREAKTHROUGH

FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHS TO COME OUT.
THEN, IN 1887, A BREAKTHROUGH
CAME WITH THE INVENTION OF A NEW

THEN, IN 1887, A BREAKTHROUGH
CAME WITH THE INVENTION OF A NEW
PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVICE, A MAGNESIUM

CAME WITH THE INVENTION OF A NEW
PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVICE, A MAGNESIUM
FLASH POWDER THAT FLOODED EVEN

PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVICE, A MAGNESIUM
FLASH POWDER THAT FLOODED EVEN
THE DEEPEST SHADOW WITH A

FLASH POWDER THAT FLOODED EVEN
THE DEEPEST SHADOW WITH A
BRILLIANT FLASH OF LIGHT.

THE DEEPEST SHADOW WITH A
BRILLIANT FLASH OF LIGHT.
ARMED WITH THE NEW APPARATUS,

BRILLIANT FLASH OF LIGHT.
ARMED WITH THE NEW APPARATUS,
RIIS AND HIS ASSISTANTS PLUNGED

ARMED WITH THE NEW APPARATUS,
RIIS AND HIS ASSISTANTS PLUNGED
INTO THE FIVE POINTS.

RIIS AND HIS ASSISTANTS PLUNGED
INTO THE FIVE POINTS.
Reader: "WITH THEIR WAY

INTO THE FIVE POINTS.
Reader: "WITH THEIR WAY
ILLUMINATED BY SPASMODIC

Reader: "WITH THEIR WAY
ILLUMINATED BY SPASMODIC
FLASHES, AS BRIGHT AND BRIEF AS

ILLUMINATED BY SPASMODIC
FLASHES, AS BRIGHT AND BRIEF AS
THOSE OF LIGHTNING ITSELF, A

FLASHES, AS BRIGHT AND BRIEF AS
THOSE OF LIGHTNING ITSELF, A
MYSTERIOUS PARTY HAS LATELY BEEN

THOSE OF LIGHTNING ITSELF, A
MYSTERIOUS PARTY HAS LATELY BEEN
STARTLING THE TOWN.

MYSTERIOUS PARTY HAS LATELY BEEN
STARTLING THE TOWN.
DENIZENS OF THE DIVES, TRAMPS

STARTLING THE TOWN.
DENIZENS OF THE DIVES, TRAMPS
AND BUMMERS IN THEIR LODGINGS,

DENIZENS OF THE DIVES, TRAMPS
AND BUMMERS IN THEIR LODGINGS,
HAVE MARVELED AT THE PHENOMENON.

AND BUMMERS IN THEIR LODGINGS,
HAVE MARVELED AT THE PHENOMENON.
WHAT THEY SAW WAS THREE OR FOUR

HAVE MARVELED AT THE PHENOMENON.
WHAT THEY SAW WAS THREE OR FOUR
FIGURES IN THE GLOOM, A GHOSTLY

WHAT THEY SAW WAS THREE OR FOUR
FIGURES IN THE GLOOM, A GHOSTLY
TRIPOD, SOME WEIRD AND UNCANNY

FIGURES IN THE GLOOM, A GHOSTLY
TRIPOD, SOME WEIRD AND UNCANNY
MOVEMENTS, THE BLINDING FLASH,

TRIPOD, SOME WEIRD AND UNCANNY
MOVEMENTS, THE BLINDING FLASH,
AND THEN THE PATTER OF

MOVEMENTS, THE BLINDING FLASH,
AND THEN THE PATTER OF
RETREATING FOOTSTEPS, AND THE

AND THEN THE PATTER OF
RETREATING FOOTSTEPS, AND THE
MYSTERIOUS VISITORS WERE GONE."

RETREATING FOOTSTEPS, AND THE
MYSTERIOUS VISITORS WERE GONE."
THE NEW YORK SUN, FEBRUARY 12,

MYSTERIOUS VISITORS WERE GONE."
THE NEW YORK SUN, FEBRUARY 12,
1888.

Luc Sante: THEY WOULD GO INTO
PLACES, ESPECIALLY AT NIGHT,

PLACES, ESPECIALLY AT NIGHT,
WITH THE BRAND-NEW FLASH POWDER

WITH THE BRAND-NEW FLASH POWDER
ATTACHMENT AND SURPRISE PEOPLE,

ATTACHMENT AND SURPRISE PEOPLE,
SLEEPERS IN THESE KIND OF

SLEEPERS IN THESE KIND OF
COLLECTIVE SLEEPING ROOMS OR

COLLECTIVE SLEEPING ROOMS OR
DRINKERS IN THESE ROT-GUT

DRINKERS IN THESE ROT-GUT
SALOONS.
Narrator: THE IMAGES RIIS

Narrator: THE IMAGES RIIS
BROUGHT BACK BROUGHT WEALTHY AND
MIDDLE-CLASS NEW YORKERS FACE TO

BROUGHT BACK BROUGHT WEALTHY AND
MIDDLE-CLASS NEW YORKERS FACE TO
FACE WITH A REALITY MOST HAD

MIDDLE-CLASS NEW YORKERS FACE TO
FACE WITH A REALITY MOST HAD
THEIR

FACE WITH A REALITY MOST HAD
THEIR
CITY, ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST IN

THEIR
CITY, ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST IN
THE WORLD, HAD BECOME HOME TO

CITY, ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST IN
THE WORLD, HAD BECOME HOME TO
MORE THAN A MILLION OVERWORKED

THE WORLD, HAD BECOME HOME TO
MORE THAN A MILLION OVERWORKED
AND UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE, OFTEN

MORE THAN A MILLION OVERWORKED
AND UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE, OFTEN
LIVING IN CONDITIONS OF

AND UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE, OFTEN
LIVING IN CONDITIONS OF
UNSPEAKABLE HORROR.

LIVING IN CONDITIONS OF
UNSPEAKABLE HORROR.
HE WENT EVERYWHERE, CARRYING HIS

UNSPEAKABLE HORROR.
HE WENT EVERYWHERE, CARRYING HIS
CAMERA DOWN OBSCURE COURTYARDS

HE WENT EVERYWHERE, CARRYING HIS
CAMERA DOWN OBSCURE COURTYARDS
AND BACK WAYS WITH NAMES LIKE

CAMERA DOWN OBSCURE COURTYARDS
AND BACK WAYS WITH NAMES LIKE
RAG PICKER'S ROW, BLIND MAN'S

AND BACK WAYS WITH NAMES LIKE
RAG PICKER'S ROW, BLIND MAN'S
ALLEY, AND BOTTLE ALLEY.

RAG PICKER'S ROW, BLIND MAN'S
ALLEY, AND BOTTLE ALLEY.
IN A PLACE CALLED BANDIT'S

ALLEY, AND BOTTLE ALLEY.
IN A PLACE CALLED BANDIT'S
ROOST, HE PHOTOGRAPHED A DOZEN

IN A PLACE CALLED BANDIT'S
ROOST, HE PHOTOGRAPHED A DOZEN
MEN, ALL SAID TO BE WANTED FOR

ROOST, HE PHOTOGRAPHED A DOZEN
MEN, ALL SAID TO BE WANTED FOR
MURDER.

MEN, ALL SAID TO BE WANTED FOR
MURDER.
HE WAS ESPECIALLY MOVED BY THE

MURDER.
HE WAS ESPECIALLY MOVED BY THE
PLIGHT OF THE YOUNG, THE RAGGED

HE WAS ESPECIALLY MOVED BY THE
PLIGHT OF THE YOUNG, THE RAGGED
"STREET ARABS" WHO SOLD

PLIGHT OF THE YOUNG, THE RAGGED
"STREET ARABS" WHO SOLD
NEWSPAPERS BY DAY AND SLEPT IN

"STREET ARABS" WHO SOLD
NEWSPAPERS BY DAY AND SLEPT IN
ALLEYS BY NIGHT; THE CHILD

NEWSPAPERS BY DAY AND SLEPT IN
ALLEYS BY NIGHT; THE CHILD
LABORERS, WHO OFTEN WORKED SEVEN

ALLEYS BY NIGHT; THE CHILD
LABORERS, WHO OFTEN WORKED SEVEN
DAYS A WEEK IN STIFLING

LABORERS, WHO OFTEN WORKED SEVEN
DAYS A WEEK IN STIFLING
FACTORIES AND SWEATSHOPS; AND

DAYS A WEEK IN STIFLING
FACTORIES AND SWEATSHOPS; AND
THE TENS OF THOUSANDS OF

FACTORIES AND SWEATSHOPS; AND
THE TENS OF THOUSANDS OF
ABANDONED AND ORPHANED CHILDREN,

THE TENS OF THOUSANDS OF
ABANDONED AND ORPHANED CHILDREN,
WHO HAD BEEN LEFT TO FEND FOR

ABANDONED AND ORPHANED CHILDREN,
WHO HAD BEEN LEFT TO FEND FOR
THEMSELVES.

WHO HAD BEEN LEFT TO FEND FOR
THEMSELVES.
BUT WHAT HORRIFIED HIM MOST WAS

THEMSELVES.
BUT WHAT HORRIFIED HIM MOST WAS
THE UNSPEAKABLE CONDITIONS IN

BUT WHAT HORRIFIED HIM MOST WAS
THE UNSPEAKABLE CONDITIONS IN
WHICH SO MANY NEW YORKERS WERE

THE UNSPEAKABLE CONDITIONS IN
WHICH SO MANY NEW YORKERS WERE
FORCED TO LIVE.

Jackson: YOU HAVE A VAST
INFLUX OF NEW IMMIGRANT GROUPS,

INFLUX OF NEW IMMIGRANT GROUPS,
SO THAT WHEREAS IN 1860, IT WAS

SO THAT WHEREAS IN 1860, IT WAS
ESSENTIALLY A CITY OF SMALL

ESSENTIALLY A CITY OF SMALL
HOMES, BY 1900, THE MOST CROWDED

HOMES, BY 1900, THE MOST CROWDED
NEIGHBORHOODS IN THE WORLD ARE

NEIGHBORHOODS IN THE WORLD ARE
IN NEW YORK CITY, ESPECIALLY ON

IN NEW YORK CITY, ESPECIALLY ON
THE LOWER EAST SIDE, BUT ALSO IN

THE LOWER EAST SIDE, BUT ALSO IN
EAST HARLEM.
WE HAVE THE RISE OF TENEMENT

WE HAVE THE RISE OF TENEMENT
HOUSING, WHICH IS REALLY WORSE
THAT ANYTHING THAT WAS EVER SEEN

HOUSING, WHICH IS REALLY WORSE
THAT ANYTHING THAT WAS EVER SEEN
IN THE UNITED STATES, AND IS

THAT ANYTHING THAT WAS EVER SEEN
IN THE UNITED STATES, AND IS
PROBABLY ABOUT AS BAD AS

IN THE UNITED STATES, AND IS
PROBABLY ABOUT AS BAD AS
ANYTHING THAT'S EVER BEEN PUT UP

PROBABLY ABOUT AS BAD AS
ANYTHING THAT'S EVER BEEN PUT UP
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.

ANYTHING THAT'S EVER BEEN PUT UP
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.
Sante: A TENEMENT, BRIEFLY

ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.
Sante: A TENEMENT, BRIEFLY
DEFINED, IS SIMPLY A BUILDING

Sante: A TENEMENT, BRIEFLY
DEFINED, IS SIMPLY A BUILDING
THAT CONCENTRATES AS MANY PEOPLE

DEFINED, IS SIMPLY A BUILDING
THAT CONCENTRATES AS MANY PEOPLE
INTO AS LITTLE SPACE AS

THAT CONCENTRATES AS MANY PEOPLE
INTO AS LITTLE SPACE AS
POSSIBLE, WITH THE LOWEST

INTO AS LITTLE SPACE AS
POSSIBLE, WITH THE LOWEST
OVERHEAD COSTS FOR THE LANDLORD.

POSSIBLE, WITH THE LOWEST
OVERHEAD COSTS FOR THE LANDLORD.
THE TENEMENTS BEGAN SOMETIME IN

OVERHEAD COSTS FOR THE LANDLORD.
THE TENEMENTS BEGAN SOMETIME IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE 19th CENTURY,

THE TENEMENTS BEGAN SOMETIME IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE 19th CENTURY,
AND THERE WERE NO LAWS GOVERNING

THE MIDDLE OF THE 19th CENTURY,
AND THERE WERE NO LAWS GOVERNING
THE TENEMENT, SO IT REALLY

AND THERE WERE NO LAWS GOVERNING
THE TENEMENT, SO IT REALLY
STUFFED PEOPLE INTO SIX OR SEVEN

THE TENEMENT, SO IT REALLY
STUFFED PEOPLE INTO SIX OR SEVEN
FLOORS OF RICKETY WALK-UP,

STUFFED PEOPLE INTO SIX OR SEVEN
FLOORS OF RICKETY WALK-UP,
JAMMED INTO AS MANY ROOMS AS

FLOORS OF RICKETY WALK-UP,
JAMMED INTO AS MANY ROOMS AS
POSSIBLE, MANY OF WHICH WERE

JAMMED INTO AS MANY ROOMS AS
POSSIBLE, MANY OF WHICH WERE
INTERIOR ROOMS WITH NO LIGHT OF

POSSIBLE, MANY OF WHICH WERE
INTERIOR ROOMS WITH NO LIGHT OF
ANY SORT, OR AIR.

INTERIOR ROOMS WITH NO LIGHT OF
ANY SORT, OR AIR.
Reader: "I WENT UP THE DARK

ANY SORT, OR AIR.
Reader: "I WENT UP THE DARK
STAIRS IN ONE OF THOSE

Reader: "I WENT UP THE DARK
STAIRS IN ONE OF THOSE
TENEMENTS, AND THERE I TROD UPON

STAIRS IN ONE OF THOSE
TENEMENTS, AND THERE I TROD UPON
A BABY.

TENEMENTS, AND THERE I TROD UPON
A BABY.
IT IS THE REGULAR MEANS OF

A BABY.
IT IS THE REGULAR MEANS OF
INTRODUCTION IN THE OLD DARK

IT IS THE REGULAR MEANS OF
INTRODUCTION IN THE OLD DARK
HOUSES, BUT I WAS NEVER ABLE TO

INTRODUCTION IN THE OLD DARK
HOUSES, BUT I WAS NEVER ABLE TO
GET USED TO IT.

HOUSES, BUT I WAS NEVER ABLE TO
GET USED TO IT.
I PHOTOGRAPHED THE BABY STANDING

GET USED TO IT.
I PHOTOGRAPHED THE BABY STANDING
WITH ITS BACK AGAINST THE PUBLIC

I PHOTOGRAPHED THE BABY STANDING
WITH ITS BACK AGAINST THE PUBLIC
SINK IN A POOL OF FILTH THAT

WITH ITS BACK AGAINST THE PUBLIC
SINK IN A POOL OF FILTH THAT
OVERFLOWED ON THE FLOOR.

SINK IN A POOL OF FILTH THAT
OVERFLOWED ON THE FLOOR.
I DO NOT MARVEL THAT ONE IN FIVE

OVERFLOWED ON THE FLOOR.
I DO NOT MARVEL THAT ONE IN FIVE
CHILDREN IN THE REAR TENEMENT,

I DO NOT MARVEL THAT ONE IN FIVE
CHILDREN IN THE REAR TENEMENT,
INTO WHICH THE SUNLIGHT NEVER

CHILDREN IN THE REAR TENEMENT,
INTO WHICH THE SUNLIGHT NEVER
COMES, WAS KILLED BY THE HOUSE.

INTO WHICH THE SUNLIGHT NEVER
COMES, WAS KILLED BY THE HOUSE.
IT SEEMED STRANGE, RATHER, THAT

COMES, WAS KILLED BY THE HOUSE.
IT SEEMED STRANGE, RATHER, THAT
ANY SURVIVED."

IT SEEMED STRANGE, RATHER, THAT
ANY SURVIVED."
JACOB RIIS.

Czitrom: MANY OF THE
TENEMENTS WERE LIFE-THREATENING,

TENEMENTS WERE LIFE-THREATENING,
LITERALLY.

LITERALLY.
THAT IS TO SAY THAT THE THREAT

THAT IS TO SAY THAT THE THREAT
OF DISEASE, INFECTIOUS BACTERIAL

OF DISEASE, INFECTIOUS BACTERIAL
DISEASES LIKE DYSENTERY, FOR

DISEASES LIKE DYSENTERY, FOR
EXAMPLE, WAS ALWAYS THERE, AND

EXAMPLE, WAS ALWAYS THERE, AND
EPIDEMICS COULD SPREAD RAPIDLY.
THE HIGH DEATH RATE, THE HIGH

THE HIGH DEATH RATE, THE HIGH
SICKNESS RATE... THIS WAS THE
REALITY FOR MANY, MANY HUNDREDS

SICKNESS RATE... THIS WAS THE
REALITY FOR MANY, MANY HUNDREDS
OF THOUSANDS, MILLIONS OF NEW

REALITY FOR MANY, MANY HUNDREDS
OF THOUSANDS, MILLIONS OF NEW
YORKERS AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT.

OF THOUSANDS, MILLIONS OF NEW
YORKERS AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT.
Narrator: ILL-FED AND ILL-

YORKERS AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT.
Narrator: ILL-FED AND ILL-
CLOTHED, PACKED INTO BUILDINGS

Narrator: ILL-FED AND ILL-
CLOTHED, PACKED INTO BUILDINGS
WITH FEW SINKS OR TOILETS, AND

CLOTHED, PACKED INTO BUILDINGS
WITH FEW SINKS OR TOILETS, AND
SOMETIMES WITH NO PLUMBING AT

WITH FEW SINKS OR TOILETS, AND
SOMETIMES WITH NO PLUMBING AT
ALL, TENEMENT DWELLERS WERE PREY

SOMETIMES WITH NO PLUMBING AT
ALL, TENEMENT DWELLERS WERE PREY
TO EVERY KIND OF DISEASE:

ALL, TENEMENT DWELLERS WERE PREY
DIPHTHERIA, INFLUENZA, TYPHOID,

DIPHTHERIA, INFLUENZA, TYPHOID,
PNEUMONIA.

DIPHTHERIA, INFLUENZA, TYPHOID,
PNEUMONIA.
WORST OF ALL WAS THE DISEASE

PNEUMONIA.
WORST OF ALL WAS THE DISEASE
CALLED "THE WHITE PLAGUE,"

WORST OF ALL WAS THE DISEASE
CALLED "THE WHITE PLAGUE,"
TUBERCULOSIS.

CALLED "THE WHITE PLAGUE,"
TUBERCULOSIS.
EVERY YEAR, 20,000 NEW CASES

TUBERCULOSIS.
EVERY YEAR, 20,000 NEW CASES
WERE REPORTED IN THE SLUMS.

EVERY YEAR, 20,000 NEW CASES
WERE REPORTED IN THE SLUMS.
EVERY YEAR, 8,000 PEOPLE DIED OF

WERE REPORTED IN THE SLUMS.
EVERY YEAR, 8,000 PEOPLE DIED OF
THE DISEASE.

EVERY YEAR, 8,000 PEOPLE DIED OF
THE DISEASE.
Reader: "JULY AND AUGUST

THE DISEASE.
Reader: "JULY AND AUGUST
SPELL DEATH TO THE ARMY OF

Reader: "JULY AND AUGUST
SPELL DEATH TO THE ARMY OF
LITTLE ONES WHOM THE DOCTOR'S

SPELL DEATH TO THE ARMY OF
LITTLE ONES WHOM THE DOCTOR'S
SKILL IS POWERLESS TO SAVE.

LITTLE ONES WHOM THE DOCTOR'S
SKILL IS POWERLESS TO SAVE.
SLEEPLESS MOTHERS WALK THE

SKILL IS POWERLESS TO SAVE.
SLEEPLESS MOTHERS WALK THE
STREET IN THE GRAY OF THE EARLY

SLEEPLESS MOTHERS WALK THE
STREET IN THE GRAY OF THE EARLY
DAWN, TRYING TO STIR A COOLING

STREET IN THE GRAY OF THE EARLY
DAWN, TRYING TO STIR A COOLING
BREEZE TO FAN THE BROW OF THE

DAWN, TRYING TO STIR A COOLING
BREEZE TO FAN THE BROW OF THE
SICK BABY.

BREEZE TO FAN THE BROW OF THE
SICK BABY.
THERE IS NO SADDER SIGHT THAN

SICK BABY.
THERE IS NO SADDER SIGHT THAN
THIS PATIENT DEVOTION AGAINST

THERE IS NO SADDER SIGHT THAN
THIS PATIENT DEVOTION AGAINST
FEARFULLY HOPELESS ODDS.

THIS PATIENT DEVOTION AGAINST
FEARFULLY HOPELESS ODDS.
LITTLE COFFINS ARE STACKED

FEARFULLY HOPELESS ODDS.
LITTLE COFFINS ARE STACKED
MOUNTAINS HIGH ON THE DECKS OF

LITTLE COFFINS ARE STACKED
MOUNTAINS HIGH ON THE DECKS OF
THE CHARITY COMMISSIONER'S BOAT

MOUNTAINS HIGH ON THE DECKS OF
THE CHARITY COMMISSIONER'S BOAT
WHEN IT MAKES ITS SEMIWEEKLY

THE CHARITY COMMISSIONER'S BOAT
WHEN IT MAKES ITS SEMIWEEKLY
TRIP TO THE CITY CEMETERY."

WHEN IT MAKES ITS SEMIWEEKLY
TRIP TO THE CITY CEMETERY."
JACOB RIIS.

TRIP TO THE CITY CEMETERY."
JACOB RIIS.
Narrator: HOW THE OTHER HALF

JACOB RIIS.
Narrator: HOW THE OTHER HALF
LIVES AWAKENED NEW YORKERS TO

Narrator: HOW THE OTHER HALF
LIVES AWAKENED NEW YORKERS TO
THE CONDITION OF THE POOR AS

LIVES AWAKENED NEW YORKERS TO
THE CONDITION OF THE POOR AS
NOTHING ELSE HAD.

THE CONDITION OF THE POOR AS
NOTHING ELSE HAD.
IT WAS A NEW WAY OF SEEING THE

NOTHING ELSE HAD.
IT WAS A NEW WAY OF SEEING THE
WORLD, A MODERN WAY, AND RIIS

IT WAS A NEW WAY OF SEEING THE
WORLD, A MODERN WAY, AND RIIS
USED IT NOT ONLY TO UNDERSCORE

WORLD, A MODERN WAY, AND RIIS
USED IT NOT ONLY TO UNDERSCORE
HIS OUTRAGE, BUT TO SPUR PEOPLE

USED IT NOT ONLY TO UNDERSCORE
HIS OUTRAGE, BUT TO SPUR PEOPLE
TO ACTION.

HIS OUTRAGE, BUT TO SPUR PEOPLE
TO ACTION.
THE SLUMS WERE NOT INEVITABLE,

TO ACTION.
THE SLUMS WERE NOT INEVITABLE,
HE INSISTED.

THE SLUMS WERE NOT INEVITABLE,
HE INSISTED.
THEY HAD BEEN BUILT BY MEN AND

HE INSISTED.
THEY HAD BEEN BUILT BY MEN AND
WOMEN, AND MEN AND WOMEN COULD

THEY HAD BEEN BUILT BY MEN AND
WOMEN, AND MEN AND WOMEN COULD
CHANGE THEM.

WOMEN, AND MEN AND WOMEN COULD
CHANGE THEM.
Czitrom: ONE OF THINGS THAT

CHANGE THEM.
Czitrom: ONE OF THINGS THAT
RIIS IS TRYING TO DO IN THIS

Czitrom: ONE OF THINGS THAT
RIIS IS TRYING TO DO IN THIS
BOOK, I THINK, IS TO GET AWAY

RIIS IS TRYING TO DO IN THIS
BOOK, I THINK, IS TO GET AWAY
FROM SOME OF THE OLDER VICTORIAN

BOOK, I THINK, IS TO GET AWAY
FROM SOME OF THE OLDER VICTORIAN
NOTIONS OF POVERTY.

FROM SOME OF THE OLDER VICTORIAN
NOTIONS OF POVERTY.
WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE POOR?

NOTIONS OF POVERTY.
WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE POOR?
WHY DO SOME PEOPLE LIVE IN SUCH

WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE POOR?
WHY DO SOME PEOPLE LIVE IN SUCH
TERRIBLE CONDITIONS?

WHY DO SOME PEOPLE LIVE IN SUCH
TERRIBLE CONDITIONS?
HIS ANSWER IS MORE ALONG THE

TERRIBLE CONDITIONS?
HIS ANSWER IS MORE ALONG THE
LINES OF A MODERN, SORT OF

HIS ANSWER IS MORE ALONG THE
LINES OF A MODERN, SORT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL VIEW OF POVERTY.

LINES OF A MODERN, SORT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL VIEW OF POVERTY.
WHAT HE'S BASICALLY ARGUING IS

ENVIRONMENTAL VIEW OF POVERTY.
WHAT HE'S BASICALLY ARGUING IS
THAT IF PEOPLE ARE GOING TO LIVE

WHAT HE'S BASICALLY ARGUING IS
THAT IF PEOPLE ARE GOING TO LIVE
IN THESE TERRIBLE TENEMENTS, IF

THAT IF PEOPLE ARE GOING TO LIVE
IN THESE TERRIBLE TENEMENTS, IF
PEOPLE ARE GOING TO BE DEPRIVED

IN THESE TERRIBLE TENEMENTS, IF
PEOPLE ARE GOING TO BE DEPRIVED
OF THE BASICS OF LIGHT AND AIR

PEOPLE ARE GOING TO BE DEPRIVED
OF THE BASICS OF LIGHT AND AIR
AND DECENCY, WE CAN'T BE

OF THE BASICS OF LIGHT AND AIR
AND DECENCY, WE CAN'T BE
SURPRISED IF THESE PEOPLE BECOME

AND DECENCY, WE CAN'T BE
SURPRISED IF THESE PEOPLE BECOME
CRIMINALS OR DEPRAVED OR

SURPRISED IF THESE PEOPLE BECOME
CRIMINALS OR DEPRAVED OR
ALCOHOLICS OR WHAT HAVE YOU, SO

CRIMINALS OR DEPRAVED OR
ALCOHOLICS OR WHAT HAVE YOU, SO
THAT THERE'S A WAY IN WHICH RIIS

ALCOHOLICS OR WHAT HAVE YOU, SO
THAT THERE'S A WAY IN WHICH RIIS
IS I THINK THE OPENING SHOT, IF

THAT THERE'S A WAY IN WHICH RIIS
IS I THINK THE OPENING SHOT, IF
YOU WILL, OR THE FIRST CHAPTER

IS I THINK THE OPENING SHOT, IF
YOU WILL, OR THE FIRST CHAPTER
IN A REFORM TRADITION, BECAUSE

YOU WILL, OR THE FIRST CHAPTER
IN A REFORM TRADITION, BECAUSE
IT WAS A BOOK THAT MADE A LOT OF

IN A REFORM TRADITION, BECAUSE
IT WAS A BOOK THAT MADE A LOT OF
PEOPLE WANT TO GET INVOLVED IN

IT WAS A BOOK THAT MADE A LOT OF
PEOPLE WANT TO GET INVOLVED IN
IMPROVING LIFE IN THE CITY.

PEOPLE WANT TO GET INVOLVED IN
IMPROVING LIFE IN THE CITY.
Narrator: NOT LONG AFTER THE

IMPROVING LIFE IN THE CITY.
Narrator: NOT LONG AFTER THE
BOOK WAS PUBLISHED, NEW YORK'S

Narrator: NOT LONG AFTER THE
BOOK WAS PUBLISHED, NEW YORK'S
ENERGETIC YOUNG CIVIL SERVICE

BOOK WAS PUBLISHED, NEW YORK'S
ENERGETIC YOUNG CIVIL SERVICE
COMMISSIONER, THEODORE

ENERGETIC YOUNG CIVIL SERVICE
COMMISSIONER, THEODORE
ROOSEVELT, CALLED ON RIIS AT HIS

COMMISSIONER, THEODORE
ROOSEVELT, CALLED ON RIIS AT HIS
OFFICE ON PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE.

ROOSEVELT, CALLED ON RIIS AT HIS
OFFICE ON PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE.
THE WRITER WAS OUT, BUT

OFFICE ON PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE.
THE WRITER WAS OUT, BUT
ROOSEVELT LEFT HIS CALLING CARD,

THE WRITER WAS OUT, BUT
ROOSEVELT LEFT HIS CALLING CARD,
WITH A NOTE ON THE BACK.

ROOSEVELT LEFT HIS CALLING CARD,
WITH A NOTE ON THE BACK.
"I HAVE READ YOUR BOOK," IT

WITH A NOTE ON THE BACK.
"I HAVE READ YOUR BOOK," IT
SAID, "AND I HAVE COME TO HELP."

"I HAVE READ YOUR BOOK," IT
SAID, "AND I HAVE COME TO HELP."
Wallace: NEW YORK, ON THE ONE

SAID, "AND I HAVE COME TO HELP."
Wallace: NEW YORK, ON THE ONE
HAND, IS A PLACE WHERE FREE-

Wallace: NEW YORK, ON THE ONE
HAND, IS A PLACE WHERE FREE-
MARKET CAPITALISM HAS BEEN GIVEN

HAND, IS A PLACE WHERE FREE-
MARKET CAPITALISM HAS BEEN GIVEN
ITS WIDEST LATITUDE, AND YET

MARKET CAPITALISM HAS BEEN GIVEN
ITS WIDEST LATITUDE, AND YET
IT'S ALSO THE PLACE WHERE THE

ITS WIDEST LATITUDE, AND YET
IT'S ALSO THE PLACE WHERE THE
CONSEQUENCES OF THAT SYSTEM HAD

IT'S ALSO THE PLACE WHERE THE
CONSEQUENCES OF THAT SYSTEM HAD
BEEN CALLED MOST SHARPLY INTO

CONSEQUENCES OF THAT SYSTEM HAD
BEEN CALLED MOST SHARPLY INTO
QUESTION AND EFFORTS MADE TO

BEEN CALLED MOST SHARPLY INTO
QUESTION AND EFFORTS MADE TO
REIN IT IN.

QUESTION AND EFFORTS MADE TO
REIN IT IN.
I THINK NEW YORKERS HAVE TAKEN

REIN IT IN.
I THINK NEW YORKERS HAVE TAKEN
THE LEAD IN PROPOSING AN

I THINK NEW YORKERS HAVE TAKEN
THE LEAD IN PROPOSING AN
ALTERNATIVE SOCIAL LOGIC, A

THE LEAD IN PROPOSING AN
ALTERNATIVE SOCIAL LOGIC, A
DIFFERENT ETHICAL CALCULUS, ONE

ALTERNATIVE SOCIAL LOGIC, A
DIFFERENT ETHICAL CALCULUS, ONE
THAT SAYS THAT NEW YORKERS ARE

DIFFERENT ETHICAL CALCULUS, ONE
THAT SAYS THAT NEW YORKERS ARE
ENTITLED TO CERTAIN THINGS,

THAT SAYS THAT NEW YORKERS ARE
ENTITLED TO CERTAIN THINGS,
WHETHER OR NOT THEY CAN AFFORD

ENTITLED TO CERTAIN THINGS,
WHETHER OR NOT THEY CAN AFFORD
TO PAY FOR THEM, BY VIRTUE OF

WHETHER OR NOT THEY CAN AFFORD
TO PAY FOR THEM, BY VIRTUE OF
BEING NEW YORKERS, AND THAT

TO PAY FOR THEM, BY VIRTUE OF
BEING NEW YORKERS, AND THAT
INCLUDES PURE WATER; IT INCLUDES

BEING NEW YORKERS, AND THAT
INCLUDES PURE WATER; IT INCLUDES
PUBLIC HEALTH; IT INCLUDES

INCLUDES PURE WATER; IT INCLUDES
PUBLIC HEALTH; IT INCLUDES
AFFORDABLE HOUSING, EDUCATION AT

PUBLIC HEALTH; IT INCLUDES
AFFORDABLE HOUSING, EDUCATION AT
A VARIETY OF LEVELS, CIVIL

AFFORDABLE HOUSING, EDUCATION AT
A VARIETY OF LEVELS, CIVIL
LIBERTIES, RELIGIOUS LIBERTIES.

A VARIETY OF LEVELS, CIVIL
LIBERTIES, RELIGIOUS LIBERTIES.
IT SAYS THAT SOCIAL JUSTICE IS A

LIBERTIES, RELIGIOUS LIBERTIES.
IT SAYS THAT SOCIAL JUSTICE IS A
COMMENSURATE GOOD WITH THE

IT SAYS THAT SOCIAL JUSTICE IS A
COMMENSURATE GOOD WITH THE
ACCUMULATION OF PRIVATE PROFIT.

COMMENSURATE GOOD WITH THE
ACCUMULATION OF PRIVATE PROFIT.
Reader: "THE SHAPES ARISE.

ACCUMULATION OF PRIVATE PROFIT.
Reader: "THE SHAPES ARISE.
SHAPES OF FACTORIES, ARSENALS,

Reader: "THE SHAPES ARISE.
SHAPES OF FACTORIES, ARSENALS,
FOUNDRIES, MARKETS.

SHAPES OF FACTORIES, ARSENALS,
FOUNDRIES, MARKETS.
SHAPES OF THE TWO-THREADED

FOUNDRIES, MARKETS.
SHAPES OF THE TWO-THREADED
TRACKS OF RAILROADS.

SHAPES OF THE TWO-THREADED
TRACKS OF RAILROADS.
SHAPES OF THE SLEEPERS OF

TRACKS OF RAILROADS.
SHAPES OF THE SLEEPERS OF
BRIDGES, VAST FRAMEWORKS,

SHAPES OF THE SLEEPERS OF
BRIDGES, VAST FRAMEWORKS,
GIRDERS, ARCHES.

BRIDGES, VAST FRAMEWORKS,
GIRDERS, ARCHES.
THE MAIN SHAPES ARISE.

GIRDERS, ARCHES.
THE MAIN SHAPES ARISE.
SHAPES OF DEMOCRACY TOTAL,

THE MAIN SHAPES ARISE.
SHAPES OF DEMOCRACY TOTAL,
RESULT OF CENTURIES.

SHAPES OF DEMOCRACY TOTAL,
RESULT OF CENTURIES.
SHAPES EVER PROJECTING OTHER

RESULT OF CENTURIES.
SHAPES EVER PROJECTING OTHER
SHAPES.

SHAPES EVER PROJECTING OTHER
SHAPES.
SHAPES OF TURBULENT, MANLY

SHAPES.
SHAPES OF TURBULENT, MANLY
CITIES.

SHAPES OF TURBULENT, MANLY
CITIES.
SHAPES BRACING THE EARTH AND

CITIES.
SHAPES BRACING THE EARTH AND
BRACED WITH THE WHOLE EARTH."

SHAPES BRACING THE EARTH AND
BRACED WITH THE WHOLE EARTH."
WALT WHITMAN.

BRACED WITH THE WHOLE EARTH."
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IN JANUARY 1892,

WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IN JANUARY 1892,
WALT WHITMAN, NOW THE MOST

Narrator: IN JANUARY 1892,
WALT WHITMAN, NOW THE MOST
CELEBRATED POET IN THE COUNTRY,

WALT WHITMAN, NOW THE MOST
CELEBRATED POET IN THE COUNTRY,
SENT AN ANNOUNCEMENT TO THE NEW

CELEBRATED POET IN THE COUNTRY,
SENT AN ANNOUNCEMENT TO THE NEW
YORK HERALD, NOTIFYING HIS

SENT AN ANNOUNCEMENT TO THE NEW
YORK HERALD, NOTIFYING HIS
READERS THAT LEAVES OF GRASS,

YORK HERALD, NOTIFYING HIS
READERS THAT LEAVES OF GRASS,
THE BOOK OF POEMS HE HAD

READERS THAT LEAVES OF GRASS,
THE BOOK OF POEMS HE HAD
LOVINGLY REWRITTEN FOR ALMOST 40

THE BOOK OF POEMS HE HAD
LOVINGLY REWRITTEN FOR ALMOST 40
YEARS, WAS NOW COMPLETE.

LOVINGLY REWRITTEN FOR ALMOST 40
YEARS, WAS NOW COMPLETE.
TWO MONTHS LATER, ON MARCH 26,

YEARS, WAS NOW COMPLETE.
TWO MONTHS LATER, ON MARCH 26,
1892, THE MOST VISIONARY POET

TWO MONTHS LATER, ON MARCH 26,
1892, THE MOST VISIONARY POET
THE CITY HAD EVER SEEN DIED.

1892, THE MOST VISIONARY POET
THE CITY HAD EVER SEEN DIED.
"I BEQUEATH MYSELF TO THE DIRT

THE CITY HAD EVER SEEN DIED.
"I BEQUEATH MYSELF TO THE DIRT
TO GROW FROM THE GRASS I LOVE,"

"I BEQUEATH MYSELF TO THE DIRT
TO GROW FROM THE GRASS I LOVE,"
HE WROTE, IN LINES THAT WERE

TO GROW FROM THE GRASS I LOVE,"
HE WROTE, IN LINES THAT WERE
WRITTEN ON HIS GRAVE.

HE WROTE, IN LINES THAT WERE
WRITTEN ON HIS GRAVE.
"IF YOU WANT ME AGAIN, LOOK FOR

WRITTEN ON HIS GRAVE.
"IF YOU WANT ME AGAIN, LOOK FOR
ME UNDER YOUR BOOT SOLES."

"IF YOU WANT ME AGAIN, LOOK FOR
ME UNDER YOUR BOOT SOLES."
Reader: "I DID FEEL THAT

ME UNDER YOUR BOOT SOLES."
Reader: "I DID FEEL THAT
THERE WAS A TINGLING BENEATH

Reader: "I DID FEEL THAT
THERE WAS A TINGLING BENEATH
THIS HUGE CITY OF OURS, A

THERE WAS A TINGLING BENEATH
THIS HUGE CITY OF OURS, A
RESTLESSNESS THAT PROMISED WE

THIS HUGE CITY OF OURS, A
RESTLESSNESS THAT PROMISED WE
KNEW NOT WHAT.

RESTLESSNESS THAT PROMISED WE
KNEW NOT WHAT.
WE COULD LITERALLY SEE NEW YORK

KNEW NOT WHAT.
WE COULD LITERALLY SEE NEW YORK
EXPANDING, GROWING, REACHING

WE COULD LITERALLY SEE NEW YORK
EXPANDING, GROWING, REACHING
OUT."

EXPANDING, GROWING, REACHING
OUT."
CHARLES HANSON TOWNE.

OUT."
CHARLES HANSON TOWNE.
Narrator: BY 1892, THE CITY

CHARLES HANSON TOWNE.
Narrator: BY 1892, THE CITY
WHITMAN HAD LOVED SO DEEPLY AND

Narrator: BY 1892, THE CITY
WHITMAN HAD LOVED SO DEEPLY AND
IMAGINED SO VIVIDLY IN ADVANCE,

WHITMAN HAD LOVED SO DEEPLY AND
IMAGINED SO VIVIDLY IN ADVANCE,
HAD SPREAD ITS WINGS FAR WIDER

IMAGINED SO VIVIDLY IN ADVANCE,
HAD SPREAD ITS WINGS FAR WIDER
THAN EVEN HE COULD HAVE

HAD SPREAD ITS WINGS FAR WIDER
THAN EVEN HE COULD HAVE
IMAGINED.

THAN EVEN HE COULD HAVE
IMAGINED.
THE TRANSFORMATION FROM MERCHANT

IMAGINED.
THE TRANSFORMATION FROM MERCHANT
CITY TO INDUSTRIAL METROPOLIS,

THE TRANSFORMATION FROM MERCHANT
CITY TO INDUSTRIAL METROPOLIS,
SPARKED BY ALEXANDER HAMILTON

CITY TO INDUSTRIAL METROPOLIS,
SPARKED BY ALEXANDER HAMILTON
100 YEARS BEFORE, WAS ALL BUT

SPARKED BY ALEXANDER HAMILTON
100 YEARS BEFORE, WAS ALL BUT
COMPLETE.

100 YEARS BEFORE, WAS ALL BUT
COMPLETE.
THE CITY NOW SPRAWLED, AS DEWITT

COMPLETE.
THE CITY NOW SPRAWLED, AS DEWITT
CLINTON HAD PREDICTED, ALMOST

THE CITY NOW SPRAWLED, AS DEWITT
CLINTON HAD PREDICTED, ALMOST
THE WHOLE LENGTH OF MANHATTAN

CLINTON HAD PREDICTED, ALMOST
THE WHOLE LENGTH OF MANHATTAN
ISLAND.

THE WHOLE LENGTH OF MANHATTAN
ISLAND.
ON WALL STREET, MONEY WAS

ISLAND.
ON WALL STREET, MONEY WAS
FLOWING IN AS NEVER BEFORE, AS

ON WALL STREET, MONEY WAS
FLOWING IN AS NEVER BEFORE, AS
THE FRENZY OF CORPORATE MERGERS

FLOWING IN AS NEVER BEFORE, AS
THE FRENZY OF CORPORATE MERGERS
BEGUN BY J.P. MORGAN 20 YEARS

THE FRENZY OF CORPORATE MERGERS
BEGUN BY J.P. MORGAN 20 YEARS
BEFORE BEGAN TO ACCELERATE.

BEGUN BY J.P. MORGAN 20 YEARS
BEFORE BEGAN TO ACCELERATE.
AND EVEN GREATER CHANGES LAY IN

BEFORE BEGAN TO ACCELERATE.
AND EVEN GREATER CHANGES LAY IN
STORE, AS NEW YORKERS NOW TRIED

AND EVEN GREATER CHANGES LAY IN
STORE, AS NEW YORKERS NOW TRIED
TO PROVE THEY COULD DO SOMETHING

STORE, AS NEW YORKERS NOW TRIED
TO PROVE THEY COULD DO SOMETHING
MORE THAN JUST MAKE MONEY.

TO PROVE THEY COULD DO SOMETHING
MORE THAN JUST MAKE MONEY.
McCullough: AND WITH ALL THE

MORE THAN JUST MAKE MONEY.
McCullough: AND WITH ALL THE
MONEY THAT WAS CONVERGING, AND

McCullough: AND WITH ALL THE
MONEY THAT WAS CONVERGING, AND
WITH ALL THE CREATIVE ECOLOGY OF

MONEY THAT WAS CONVERGING, AND
WITH ALL THE CREATIVE ECOLOGY OF
THE CITY, MANY PEOPLE BEGAN

WITH ALL THE CREATIVE ECOLOGY OF
THE CITY, MANY PEOPLE BEGAN
REALIZING THAT THEY HAD TO DO

THE CITY, MANY PEOPLE BEGAN
REALIZING THAT THEY HAD TO DO
MORE THAN JUST STAND BY AND

REALIZING THAT THEY HAD TO DO
MORE THAN JUST STAND BY AND
WATCH, SO IT BECAME ONE OF THE

MORE THAN JUST STAND BY AND
WATCH, SO IT BECAME ONE OF THE
GREAT FOUNDING TIMES IN OUR

WATCH, SO IT BECAME ONE OF THE
GREAT FOUNDING TIMES IN OUR
WHOLE COUNTRY FOR SOME OF OUR

GREAT FOUNDING TIMES IN OUR
WHOLE COUNTRY FOR SOME OF OUR
MOST IMPORTANT, ADMIRABLE, AND

WHOLE COUNTRY FOR SOME OF OUR
MOST IMPORTANT, ADMIRABLE, AND
LONG-LASTING PUBLIC

MOST IMPORTANT, ADMIRABLE, AND
LONG-LASTING PUBLIC
INSTITUTIONS.

LONG-LASTING PUBLIC
INSTITUTIONS.
Narrator: IN LITTLE MORE THAN

INSTITUTIONS.
Narrator: IN LITTLE MORE THAN
TEN YEARS, AN ASTONISHING ARRAY

Narrator: IN LITTLE MORE THAN
TEN YEARS, AN ASTONISHING ARRAY
OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS WOULD

TEN YEARS, AN ASTONISHING ARRAY
OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS WOULD
BE BROUGHT INTO EXISTENCE IN NEW

OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS WOULD
BE BROUGHT INTO EXISTENCE IN NEW
YORK, OR VASTLY EXPANDED,

BE BROUGHT INTO EXISTENCE IN NEW
YORK, OR VASTLY EXPANDED,
INCLUDING THE IMMENSE CATHEDRAL

YORK, OR VASTLY EXPANDED,
INCLUDING THE IMMENSE CATHEDRAL
OF ST. JOHN THE DIVINE; MADISON

INCLUDING THE IMMENSE CATHEDRAL
OF ST. JOHN THE DIVINE; MADISON
SQUARE GARDEN AND CARNEGIE HALL;

OF ST. JOHN THE DIVINE; MADISON
SQUARE GARDEN AND CARNEGIE HALL;
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL

SQUARE GARDEN AND CARNEGIE HALL;
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL
HISTORY AND THE METROPOLITAN

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL
HISTORY AND THE METROPOLITAN
MUSEUM OF ART; AND, AT THE VERY

HISTORY AND THE METROPOLITAN
MUSEUM OF ART; AND, AT THE VERY
HEART OF THE CITY, ON THE SITE

MUSEUM OF ART; AND, AT THE VERY
HEART OF THE CITY, ON THE SITE
OF THE OLD CROTON RESERVOIR AT

HEART OF THE CITY, ON THE SITE
OF THE OLD CROTON RESERVOIR AT
42nd STREET AND FIFTH AVENUE,

OF THE OLD CROTON RESERVOIR AT
42nd STREET AND FIFTH AVENUE,
THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY.

42nd STREET AND FIFTH AVENUE,
THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY.
"THE RAGE OF WALL STREET IS TO

THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY.
"THE RAGE OF WALL STREET IS TO
CONVERT ALL BASER THINGS INTO

"THE RAGE OF WALL STREET IS TO
CONVERT ALL BASER THINGS INTO
GOLD," ONE CURATOR SAID.

CONVERT ALL BASER THINGS INTO
GOLD," ONE CURATOR SAID.
"BUT OURS IS THE HIGHER

GOLD," ONE CURATOR SAID.
"BUT OURS IS THE HIGHER
AMBITION, TO CONVERT YOUR

"BUT OURS IS THE HIGHER
AMBITION, TO CONVERT YOUR
USELESS GOLD INTO THINGS OF

AMBITION, TO CONVERT YOUR
USELESS GOLD INTO THINGS OF
LIVING BEAUTY THAT SHALL BE A

USELESS GOLD INTO THINGS OF
LIVING BEAUTY THAT SHALL BE A
JOY TO A WHOLE PEOPLE FOR 1,000

LIVING BEAUTY THAT SHALL BE A
JOY TO A WHOLE PEOPLE FOR 1,000
YEARS."

JOY TO A WHOLE PEOPLE FOR 1,000
YEARS."
"OLD NEW YORK HAS BEEN TORN

YEARS."
"OLD NEW YORK HAS BEEN TORN
DOWN," AN ART CRITIC WROTE AS

"OLD NEW YORK HAS BEEN TORN
DOWN," AN ART CRITIC WROTE AS
THE CENTURY CAME TO A CLOSE,

DOWN," AN ART CRITIC WROTE AS
THE CENTURY CAME TO A CLOSE,
"AND ANOTHER CITY HAS ARISEN ON

THE CENTURY CAME TO A CLOSE,
"AND ANOTHER CITY HAS ARISEN ON
ITS SITE."

"AND ANOTHER CITY HAS ARISEN ON
ITS SITE."
Gordon: IT WAS AN

ITS SITE."
Gordon: IT WAS AN
EXTRAORDINARY TIME.

Gordon: IT WAS AN
EXTRAORDINARY TIME.
THERE WAS THIS EXTRAORDINARY

EXTRAORDINARY TIME.
THERE WAS THIS EXTRAORDINARY
AMOUNT OF WEALTH AND ALSO THIS

THERE WAS THIS EXTRAORDINARY
AMOUNT OF WEALTH AND ALSO THIS
NOTION THAT ONE HAD AN

AMOUNT OF WEALTH AND ALSO THIS
NOTION THAT ONE HAD AN
OBLIGATION TO USE PART OF ONE'S

NOTION THAT ONE HAD AN
OBLIGATION TO USE PART OF ONE'S
WEALTH TO HELP EVERYBODY AND TO

OBLIGATION TO USE PART OF ONE'S
WEALTH TO HELP EVERYBODY AND TO
GLORIFY YOUR OWN CITY.

ALL OF OUR MUSEUMS WERE BUILT
WITH PRIVATE MONEY... I MEAN, THE

WITH PRIVATE MONEY... I MEAN, THE
NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, THE

NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, THE
METROPOLITAN, THE MODERN, THE

METROPOLITAN, THE MODERN, THE
WHITNEY, THE GUGGENHEIM.
ALL THE GLORIES OF LONDON AND

ALL THE GLORIES OF LONDON AND
PARIS ARE PAID FOR BY THE
BRITISH NATION OR THE FRENCH

PARIS ARE PAID FOR BY THE
BRITISH NATION OR THE FRENCH
NATION.

BRITISH NATION OR THE FRENCH
NATION.
THE GLORIES OF NEW YORK HAVE

NATION.
THE GLORIES OF NEW YORK HAVE
BEEN PAID FOR BY NEW YORKERS.

THE GLORIES OF NEW YORK HAVE
BEEN PAID FOR BY NEW YORKERS.
Gill: IT WAS CRITICAL FOR A

BEEN PAID FOR BY NEW YORKERS.
Gill: IT WAS CRITICAL FOR A
CITY LIKE OURS, THE GREATEST

Gill: IT WAS CRITICAL FOR A
CITY LIKE OURS, THE GREATEST
CITY IN THE COUNTRY, BUT ALSO

CITY LIKE OURS, THE GREATEST
CITY IN THE COUNTRY, BUT ALSO
THE CITY WHICH HAD TO TURN

CITY IN THE COUNTRY, BUT ALSO
THE CITY WHICH HAD TO TURN
IMMIGRANTS INTO AMERICANS

THE CITY WHICH HAD TO TURN
IMMIGRANTS INTO AMERICANS
OVERNIGHT, AS FAST AS WE COULD,

IMMIGRANTS INTO AMERICANS
OVERNIGHT, AS FAST AS WE COULD,
TO GIVE THEM NOT ONLY... GIVE

OVERNIGHT, AS FAST AS WE COULD,
TO GIVE THEM NOT ONLY... GIVE
THEM A SENSE OF AWE.

TO GIVE THEM NOT ONLY... GIVE
THEM A SENSE OF AWE.
WHAT HAVE THEY COME TO FROM THAT

THEM A SENSE OF AWE.
WHAT HAVE THEY COME TO FROM THAT
LITTLE SICILIAN HILL TOWN OR

WHAT HAVE THEY COME TO FROM THAT
LITTLE SICILIAN HILL TOWN OR
MISERABLE LITTLE IRISH VILLAGE

LITTLE SICILIAN HILL TOWN OR
MISERABLE LITTLE IRISH VILLAGE
SOMEWHERE, AND THIS WAS THEIRS?

MISERABLE LITTLE IRISH VILLAGE
SOMEWHERE, AND THIS WAS THEIRS?
THEY WENT INTO THESE LOBBIES,

SOMEWHERE, AND THIS WAS THEIRS?
THEY WENT INTO THESE LOBBIES,
TH

THEY WENT INTO THESE LOBBIES,
TH
PILLARED BUILDINGS, AND IT WAS

TH
PILLARED BUILDINGS, AND IT WAS
THRILLING FOR THEM AND SOMETHING

PILLARED BUILDINGS, AND IT WAS
THRILLING FOR THEM AND SOMETHING
THAT THEY COULD IDENTIFY WITH.

THRILLING FOR THEM AND SOMETHING
THAT THEY COULD IDENTIFY WITH.
WHAT KIND OF BUILDING ARE YOU

THAT THEY COULD IDENTIFY WITH.
WHAT KIND OF BUILDING ARE YOU
GOING TO GIVE THE PEOPLE TO GIVE

WHAT KIND OF BUILDING ARE YOU
GOING TO GIVE THE PEOPLE TO GIVE
THEM REASSURANCE, TO MAKE THEM

GOING TO GIVE THE PEOPLE TO GIVE
THEM REASSURANCE, TO MAKE THEM
FEEL THAT SOMETHING WAS STABLE

THEM REASSURANCE, TO MAKE THEM
FEEL THAT SOMETHING WAS STABLE
WHEN PLAINLY NOTHING ELSE IS

FEEL THAT SOMETHING WAS STABLE
WHEN PLAINLY NOTHING ELSE IS
STABLE IN THE WORLD?

WHEN PLAINLY NOTHING ELSE IS
STABLE IN THE WORLD?
Reader: "WHAT LONDON IS TO

STABLE IN THE WORLD?
Reader: "WHAT LONDON IS TO
THE CONTINENT, WHAT ROME IN ITS

Reader: "WHAT LONDON IS TO
THE CONTINENT, WHAT ROME IN ITS
IMPERIAL DAY WAS TO THE EMPIRE,

THE CONTINENT, WHAT ROME IN ITS
IMPERIAL DAY WAS TO THE EMPIRE,
NEW YORK IS TO THE IMMENSE

IMPERIAL DAY WAS TO THE EMPIRE,
NEW YORK IS TO THE IMMENSE
DOMAIN OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC,

NEW YORK IS TO THE IMMENSE
DOMAIN OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC,
A NATURAL STAGE FOR THE GREAT

DOMAIN OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC,
A NATURAL STAGE FOR THE GREAT
DRAMA OF CIVILIZATION ON THIS

A NATURAL STAGE FOR THE GREAT
DRAMA OF CIVILIZATION ON THIS
CONTINENT."

DRAMA OF CIVILIZATION ON THIS
CONTINENT."
HENRY CLEWS.

CONTINENT."
HENRY CLEWS.
Narrator: THERE WAS ONE LAST

HENRY CLEWS.
Narrator: THERE WAS ONE LAST
CONSOLIDATION TO COME.

Narrator: THERE WAS ONE LAST
CONSOLIDATION TO COME.
FOR 250 YEARS, NEW YORK CITY HAD

CONSOLIDATION TO COME.
FOR 250 YEARS, NEW YORK CITY HAD
BEEN CONFINED TO THE SLENDER

FOR 250 YEARS, NEW YORK CITY HAD
BEEN CONFINED TO THE SLENDER
ISLAND OF MANHATTAN.

BEEN CONFINED TO THE SLENDER
ISLAND OF MANHATTAN.
NOW, ON THE VERY THRESHOLD OF

ISLAND OF MANHATTAN.
NOW, ON THE VERY THRESHOLD OF
THE NEW CENTURY, 100 YEARS OF

NOW, ON THE VERY THRESHOLD OF
THE NEW CENTURY, 100 YEARS OF
UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH AND

THE NEW CENTURY, 100 YEARS OF
UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH AND
EXTRATERRITORIAL AMBITION CAME

UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH AND
EXTRATERRITORIAL AMBITION CAME
TO A STUNNING CLIMAX.

EXTRATERRITORIAL AMBITION CAME
TO A STUNNING CLIMAX.
AT THE STROKE OF MIDNIGHT ON

TO A STUNNING CLIMAX.
AT THE STROKE OF MIDNIGHT ON
JANUARY 1, 1898, AFTER THREE

AT THE STROKE OF MIDNIGHT ON
JANUARY 1, 1898, AFTER THREE
DECADES OF INTENSE POLITICAL

JANUARY 1, 1898, AFTER THREE
DECADES OF INTENSE POLITICAL
MANEUVERING BY BUSINESS LEADERS,

DECADES OF INTENSE POLITICAL
MANEUVERING BY BUSINESS LEADERS,
CITY PLANNERS, AND REPUBLICAN

MANEUVERING BY BUSINESS LEADERS,
CITY PLANNERS, AND REPUBLICAN
POLITICIANS, THE CITY THREW BACK

CITY PLANNERS, AND REPUBLICAN
POLITICIANS, THE CITY THREW BACK
ITS BORDERS AND DRAMATICALLY

POLITICIANS, THE CITY THREW BACK
ITS BORDERS AND DRAMATICALLY
EXPANDED ITS DOMAIN, ANNEXING

ITS BORDERS AND DRAMATICALLY
EXPANDED ITS DOMAIN, ANNEXING
BROOKLYN, ITSELF THE THIRD

EXPANDED ITS DOMAIN, ANNEXING
BROOKLYN, ITSELF THE THIRD
LARGEST CITY IN AMERICA, ALONG

BROOKLYN, ITSELF THE THIRD
LARGEST CITY IN AMERICA, ALONG
WITH 38 VILLAGES IN QUEENS,

LARGEST CITY IN AMERICA, ALONG
WITH 38 VILLAGES IN QUEENS,
STATEN ISLAND, AND THE BRONX, TO

WITH 38 VILLAGES IN QUEENS,
STATEN ISLAND, AND THE BRONX, TO
CREATE A GIGANTIC FIVE-BOROUGH

STATEN ISLAND, AND THE BRONX, TO
CREATE A GIGANTIC FIVE-BOROUGH
METROPOLIS, NOW CALLED GREATER

CREATE A GIGANTIC FIVE-BOROUGH
METROPOLIS, NOW CALLED GREATER
NEW YORK.

METROPOLIS, NOW CALLED GREATER
NEW YORK.
Jackson: WELL, I THINK IN

NEW YORK.
Jackson: WELL, I THINK IN
RETROSPECT IT'S AMAZING THAT

Jackson: WELL, I THINK IN
RETROSPECT IT'S AMAZING THAT
CONSOLIDATION EVER HAPPENED.

RETROSPECT IT'S AMAZING THAT
CONSOLIDATION EVER HAPPENED.
INDEED, THERE IS NO PARALLEL TO

CONSOLIDATION EVER HAPPENED.
INDEED, THERE IS NO PARALLEL TO
THE CONSOLIDATION OF NEW YORK IN

INDEED, THERE IS NO PARALLEL TO
THE CONSOLIDATION OF NEW YORK IN
1898 ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.

THE CONSOLIDATION OF NEW YORK IN
1898 ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.
BUDA AND PEST COME TOGETHER...

1898 ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.
BUDA AND PEST COME TOGETHER...
THAT'S A KIND OF A THING, BUT

BUDA AND PEST COME TOGETHER...
THAT'S A KIND OF A THING, BUT
IT'S MUCH SMALLER THAN IN NEW

THAT'S A KIND OF A THING, BUT
IT'S MUCH SMALLER THAN IN NEW
YORK; CHICAGO ANNEXES THE SOUTH

IT'S MUCH SMALLER THAN IN NEW
YORK; CHICAGO ANNEXES THE SOUTH
SIDE.

YORK; CHICAGO ANNEXES THE SOUTH
SIDE.
BUT IN EVERY ONE OF THOSE CASES,

SIDE.
BUT IN EVERY ONE OF THOSE CASES,
IT'S REALLY A MUCH SMALLER, LESS

BUT IN EVERY ONE OF THOSE CASES,
IT'S REALLY A MUCH SMALLER, LESS
SIGNIFICANT PLACE THAT'S BEING

IT'S REALLY A MUCH SMALLER, LESS
SIGNIFICANT PLACE THAT'S BEING
ADDED.

SIGNIFICANT PLACE THAT'S BEING
ADDED.
THE IDEA THAT A GIANT CITY LIKE

ADDED.
THE IDEA THAT A GIANT CITY LIKE
BROOKLYN, LET ALONE THE BIG

THE IDEA THAT A GIANT CITY LIKE
BROOKLYN, LET ALONE THE BIG
AREAS IN THE BRONX AND QUEENS

BROOKLYN, LET ALONE THE BIG
AREAS IN THE BRONX AND QUEENS
AND STATEN ISLAND, SHOULD ALL

AREAS IN THE BRONX AND QUEENS
AND STATEN ISLAND, SHOULD ALL
COME TOGETHER IN ONE ENORMOUS

AND STATEN ISLAND, SHOULD ALL
COME TOGETHER IN ONE ENORMOUS
CITY, THAT'S HARD TO GET OUR

COME TOGETHER IN ONE ENORMOUS
CITY, THAT'S HARD TO GET OUR
MINDS AROUND AT THE END OF THE

CITY, THAT'S HARD TO GET OUR
MINDS AROUND AT THE END OF THE
20th CENTURY, LET ALONE IN THE

MINDS AROUND AT THE END OF THE
20th CENTURY, LET ALONE IN THE
19th CENTURY.

20th CENTURY, LET ALONE IN THE
19th CENTURY.
Narrator: AS MIDNIGHT

19th CENTURY.
Narrator: AS MIDNIGHT
APPROACHED ON DECEMBER 31, 1897,

Narrator: AS MIDNIGHT
APPROACHED ON DECEMBER 31, 1897,
100,000 PEOPLE CROWDED INTO CITY

APPROACHED ON DECEMBER 31, 1897,
100,000 PEOPLE CROWDED INTO CITY
HALL PARK IN A POURING RAIN FOR

100,000 PEOPLE CROWDED INTO CITY
HALL PARK IN A POURING RAIN FOR
THE BIGGEST CELEBRATION THE CITY

HALL PARK IN A POURING RAIN FOR
THE BIGGEST CELEBRATION THE CITY
HAD EVER SEEN.

THE BIGGEST CELEBRATION THE CITY
HAD EVER SEEN.
IT WAS, THE TRIBUNE SAID, "THE

HAD EVER SEEN.
IT WAS, THE TRIBUNE SAID, "THE
BIGGEST, NOISIEST, AND MOST

IT WAS, THE TRIBUNE SAID, "THE
BIGGEST, NOISIEST, AND MOST
HILARIOUS NEW YEAR'S EVE

BIGGEST, NOISIEST, AND MOST
HILARIOUS NEW YEAR'S EVE
CELEBRATION THAT MANHATTAN

HILARIOUS NEW YEAR'S EVE
CELEBRATION THAT MANHATTAN
ISLAND HAD EVER KNOWN."

CELEBRATION THAT MANHATTAN
ISLAND HAD EVER KNOWN."
Reader: "WITH THE CRASH OF

ISLAND HAD EVER KNOWN."
Reader: "WITH THE CRASH OF
CANNON AND THE ROAR OF EXPLODING

Reader: "WITH THE CRASH OF
CANNON AND THE ROAR OF EXPLODING
BOMBS, THE FLAG OF GREATER NEW

CANNON AND THE ROAR OF EXPLODING
BOMBS, THE FLAG OF GREATER NEW
YORK WAS OFFICIALLY UNFURLED

BOMBS, THE FLAG OF GREATER NEW
YORK WAS OFFICIALLY UNFURLED
OVER CITY HALL AT MIDNIGHT, AND

YORK WAS OFFICIALLY UNFURLED
OVER CITY HALL AT MIDNIGHT, AND
THE SECOND CITY OF THE WORLD

OVER CITY HALL AT MIDNIGHT, AND
THE SECOND CITY OF THE WORLD
CAME INTO EXISTENCE."

THE SECOND CITY OF THE WORLD
CAME INTO EXISTENCE."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.

CAME INTO EXISTENCE."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: MANHATTANITES HAD

THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: MANHATTANITES HAD
VOTED ENTHUSIA

Narrator: MANHATTANITES HAD
VOTED ENTHUSIA
IDEA. THE

VOTED ENTHUSIA
IDEA. THE
SO HAD THE SPARSELY POPULATED

IDEA. THE
SO HAD THE SPARSELY POPULATED
COMMUNITIES IN OUTLYING AREAS OF

SO HAD THE SPARSELY POPULATED
COMMUNITIES IN OUTLYING AREAS OF
QUEENS, STATEN ISLAND, AND THE

COMMUNITIES IN OUTLYING AREAS OF
QUEENS, STATEN ISLAND, AND THE
BRONX, WHICH STOOD TO GAIN

QUEENS, STATEN ISLAND, AND THE
BRONX, WHICH STOOD TO GAIN
ENORMOUSLY IN CITY SERVICES BY

BRONX, WHICH STOOD TO GAIN
ENORMOUSLY IN CITY SERVICES BY
CONSOLIDATING WITH MANHATTAN.

ENORMOUSLY IN CITY SERVICES BY
CONSOLIDATING WITH MANHATTAN.
ONLY BROOKLYN HAD HELD OUT,

CONSOLIDATING WITH MANHATTAN.
ONLY BROOKLYN HAD HELD OUT,
FIERCELY PROUD OF ITS

ONLY BROOKLYN HAD HELD OUT,
FIERCELY PROUD OF ITS
INDEPENDENCE AND MISTRUSTFUL OF

FIERCELY PROUD OF ITS
INDEPENDENCE AND MISTRUSTFUL OF
THE CROWDED IMMIGRANT CITY JUST

INDEPENDENCE AND MISTRUSTFUL OF
THE CROWDED IMMIGRANT CITY JUST
ACROSS THE RIVER.

THE CROWDED IMMIGRANT CITY JUST
ACROSS THE RIVER.
IN THE END, CONSOLIDATION WON

ACROSS THE RIVER.
IN THE END, CONSOLIDATION WON
THERE BY ONLY 277 VOTES OUT OF

IN THE END, CONSOLIDATION WON
THERE BY ONLY 277 VOTES OUT OF
MORE THAN 129,000 CAST.

THERE BY ONLY 277 VOTES OUT OF
MORE THAN 129,000 CAST.
Wilder: IN TRUTH, BROOKLYN

MORE THAN 129,000 CAST.
Wilder: IN TRUTH, BROOKLYN
AND NEW YORK WERE COMBINED LONG

Wilder: IN TRUTH, BROOKLYN
AND NEW YORK WERE COMBINED LONG
BEFORE CONSOLIDATION IN 1898.

AND NEW YORK WERE COMBINED LONG
BEFORE CONSOLIDATION IN 1898.
THEY WERE COMBINED ECONOMICALLY;

BEFORE CONSOLIDATION IN 1898.
THEY WERE COMBINED ECONOMICALLY;
THEY WERE COMBINED SOCIALLY;

THEY WERE COMBINED ECONOMICALLY;
THEY WERE COMBINED SOCIALLY;
THEY WERE COMBINED RELIGIOUSLY.

THEY WERE COMBINED SOCIALLY;
THEY WERE COMBINED RELIGIOUSLY.
FROM THE EARLY 19th CENTURY,

THEY WERE COMBINED RELIGIOUSLY.
FROM THE EARLY 19th CENTURY,
MANHATTANITES REGULARLY CROSSED

FROM THE EARLY 19th CENTURY,
MANHATTANITES REGULARLY CROSSED
THE EAST RIVER, EVEN BEFORE

MANHATTANITES REGULARLY CROSSED
THE EAST RIVER, EVEN BEFORE
THERE WAS A BRIDGE, WHEN YOU HAD

THE EAST RIVER, EVEN BEFORE
THERE WAS A BRIDGE, WHEN YOU HAD
TO TAKE THE OLD FERRY SYSTEM TO

THERE WAS A BRIDGE, WHEN YOU HAD
TO TAKE THE OLD FERRY SYSTEM TO
HEAR LECTURES IN BROOKLYN AND TO

TO TAKE THE OLD FERRY SYSTEM TO
HEAR LECTURES IN BROOKLYN AND TO
HEAR BROOKLYN'S GREAT MINISTERS.

HEAR LECTURES IN BROOKLYN AND TO
HEAR BROOKLYN'S GREAT MINISTERS.
AND SO THE TWO CITIES WERE

HEAR BROOKLYN'S GREAT MINISTERS.
AND SO THE TWO CITIES WERE
CULTURALLY AND ECONOMI

AND SO THE TWO CITIES WERE
CULTURALLY AND ECONOMI
LONG BEFORE CONSOLIDATION, BUT

CULTURALLY AND ECONOMI
LONG BEFORE CONSOLIDATION, BUT
THERE IS A SENSE OF REGRET THAT

LONG BEFORE CONSOLIDATION, BUT
THERE IS A SENSE OF REGRET THAT
SWEEPS BROOKLYN RIGHT AFTER

THERE IS A SENSE OF REGRET THAT
SWEEPS BROOKLYN RIGHT AFTER
CONSOLIDATION, BECAUSE THE CITY

SWEEPS BROOKLYN RIGHT AFTER
CONSOLIDATION, BECAUSE THE CITY
OF BROOKLYN IS NO MORE.

CONSOLIDATION, BECAUSE THE CITY
OF BROOKLYN IS NO MORE.
Hamill: I REMEMBER THERE WERE

OF BROOKLYN IS NO MORE.
Hamill: I REMEMBER THERE WERE
OLD-TIMERS AROUND WHEN I WAS A

Hamill: I REMEMBER THERE WERE
OLD-TIMERS AROUND WHEN I WAS A
KID, YOU KNOW, WHO WOULD MUTTER

OLD-TIMERS AROUND WHEN I WAS A
KID, YOU KNOW, WHO WOULD MUTTER
ABOUT IT, YOU KNOW.

KID, YOU KNOW, WHO WOULD MUTTER
ABOUT IT, YOU KNOW.
"THE 1898 MISTAKE," THEY CALLED

ABOUT IT, YOU KNOW.
"THE 1898 MISTAKE," THEY CALLED
IT.

AND SO THEY FORCED THIS THING
THROUGH THE LEGISLATURE, THIS

THROUGH THE LEGISLATURE, THIS
GREATER NEW YORK PLAN, AND THE

GREATER NEW YORK PLAN, AND THE
PEOPLE IN BROOKLYN WERE SO ANGRY

PEOPLE IN BROOKLYN WERE SO ANGRY
WITH THIS THAT THEY PROMPTLY

WITH THIS THAT THEY PROMPTLY
TURNED DEMOCRAT AND VOTED

TURNED DEMOCRAT AND VOTED
DEMOCRAT EVER SINCE.
I DON'T THINK THEY VOTED

I DON'T THINK THEY VOTED
REPUBLICAN IN... MAYBE FOR
EISENHOWER, BUT FOR VIRTUALLY

REPUBLICAN IN... MAYBE FOR
EISENHOWER, BUT FOR VIRTUALLY
NOBODY ELSE EVER SINCE.

EISENHOWER, BUT FOR VIRTUALLY
NOBODY ELSE EVER SINCE.
Narrator: BUT WHETHER THEY

NOBODY ELSE EVER SINCE.
Narrator: BUT WHETHER THEY
LIKED IT OR NOT, NEW YORKERS

Narrator: BUT WHETHER THEY
LIKED IT OR NOT, NEW YORKERS
HAD, WITH THE STROKE OF A PEN,

LIKED IT OR NOT, NEW YORKERS
HAD, WITH THE STROKE OF A PEN,
TURNED THEIR CITY INTO THE

HAD, WITH THE STROKE OF A PEN,
TURNED THEIR CITY INTO THE
SECOND LARGEST METROPOLIS IN THE

TURNED THEIR CITY INTO THE
SECOND LARGEST METROPOLIS IN THE
WORLD.

SECOND LARGEST METROPOLIS IN THE
WORLD.
IT NOW ENCOMPASSED 327 SQUARE

WORLD.
IT NOW ENCOMPASSED 327 SQUARE
MILES AND OVER THREE AND A HALF

IT NOW ENCOMPASSED 327 SQUARE
MILES AND OVER THREE AND A HALF
MILLION PEOPLE, MORE THAN TWICE

MILES AND OVER THREE AND A HALF
MILLION PEOPLE, MORE THAN TWICE
THE SIZE OF CHICAGO,

MILLION PEOPLE, MORE THAN TWICE
THE SIZE OF CHICAGO,
AMERICAN RIVAL.

THE SIZE OF CHICAGO,
AMERICAN RIVAL.
IT WAS NOW BIGGER THAN BERLIN,

AMERICAN RIVAL.
IT WAS NOW BIGGER THAN BERLIN,
PARIS, AND MOSCOW, BIGGER THAN

IT WAS NOW BIGGER THAN BERLIN,
PARIS, AND MOSCOW, BIGGER THAN
ANY CITY IN THE WORLD EXCEPT

PARIS, AND MOSCOW, BIGGER THAN
ANY CITY IN THE WORLD EXCEPT
LONDON.

ANY CITY IN THE WORLD EXCEPT
LONDON.
AND AT THE RATE IT WAS NOW

LONDON.
AND AT THE RATE IT WAS NOW
GROWING, LONDON ITSELF WOULD

AND AT THE RATE IT WAS NOW
GROWING, LONDON ITSELF WOULD
SOON BE ECLIPSED.

GROWING, LONDON ITSELF WOULD
SOON BE ECLIPSED.
Stern: WELL, CONSOLIDATION

SOON BE ECLIPSED.
Stern: WELL, CONSOLIDATION
WAS LIKE A MAGIC EVENT FOR NEW

Stern: WELL, CONSOLIDATION
WAS LIKE A MAGIC EVENT FOR NEW
YORK.

WAS LIKE A MAGIC EVENT FOR NEW
YORK.
PROBABLY MANY OF THE THINGS THAT

YORK.
PROBABLY MANY OF THE THINGS THAT
DID HAPPEN AFTER 1900 IN TERMS

PROBABLY MANY OF THE THINGS THAT
DID HAPPEN AFTER 1900 IN TERMS
OF THE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE

DID HAPPEN AFTER 1900 IN TERMS
OF THE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE
CITY WOULD HAVE HAPPENED ANYHOW,

OF THE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE
CITY WOULD HAVE HAPPENED ANYHOW,
BUT I THINK CONSOLIDATION MADE

CITY WOULD HAVE HAPPENED ANYHOW,
BUT I THINK CONSOLIDATION MADE
IT ALL EASY AND LOGICAL AND

BUT I THINK CONSOLIDATION MADE
IT ALL EASY AND LOGICAL AND
ALMOST A KIND OF MANIFEST

IT ALL EASY AND LOGICAL AND
ALMOST A KIND OF MANIFEST
DESTINY FOR THE CITY.

ALMOST A KIND OF MANIFEST
DESTINY FOR THE CITY.
Narrator: THE BANNERS WERE

DESTINY FOR THE CITY.
Narrator: THE BANNERS WERE
STRUCK, THE CROWDS WENT HOME,

Narrator: THE BANNERS WERE
STRUCK, THE CROWDS WENT HOME,
AND THE NEXT DAY, EVERYONE WENT

STRUCK, THE CROWDS WENT HOME,
AND THE NEXT DAY, EVERYONE WENT
BACK TO BUSINESS.

AND THE NEXT DAY, EVERYONE WENT
BACK TO BUSINESS.
OUT IN THE HARBOR, SHIPS MOVED

BACK TO BUSINESS.
OUT IN THE HARBOR, SHIPS MOVED
BACK AND FORTH ACROSS THE BAY:

OUT IN THE HARBOR, SHIPS MOVED
FREIGHTERS, LOADED WITH RAW

FREIGHTERS, LOADED WITH RAW
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURED

FREIGHTERS, LOADED WITH RAW
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURED
GOODS, BOUND FOR EVERY PORT IN

MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURED
GOODS, BOUND FOR EVERY PORT IN
THE WORLD; BARGES FILLED WITH

GOODS, BOUND FOR EVERY PORT IN
THE WORLD; BARGES FILLED WITH
OIL AND COAL; AND BIG OCEAN-

THE WORLD; BARGES FILLED WITH
OIL AND COAL; AND BIG OCEAN-
GOING STEAMSHIPS, PACKED TO THE

OIL AND COAL; AND BIG OCEAN-
GOING STEAMSHIPS, PACKED TO THE
RAILS WITH PASSENGERS,

GOING STEAMSHIPS, PACKED TO THE
RAILS WITH PASSENGERS,
BUSINESSMEN RETURNING FROM

RAILS WITH PASSENGERS,
BUSINESSMEN RETURNING FROM
ABROAD, AND THOUSANDS UPON

BUSINESSMEN RETURNING FROM
ABROAD, AND THOUSANDS UPON
THOUSANDS OF IMMIGRANTS.

ABROAD, AND THOUSANDS UPON
THOUSANDS OF IMMIGRANTS.
BY 1898, A NEW IMMIGRATION, FAR

THOUSANDS OF IMMIGRANTS.
BY 1898, A NEW IMMIGRATION, FAR
LARGER THAN THE TIDE OF IRISH

BY 1898, A NEW IMMIGRATION, FAR
LARGER THAN THE TIDE OF IRISH
AND GERMANS 50 YEARS BEFORE, HAD

LARGER THAN THE TIDE OF IRISH
AND GERMANS 50 YEARS BEFORE, HAD
LONG SINCE OVERTAKEN THE OLD.

AND GERMANS 50 YEARS BEFORE, HAD
LONG SINCE OVERTAKEN THE OLD.
THE START OF THE GREATEST

LONG SINCE OVERTAKEN THE OLD.
THE START OF THE GREATEST
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLES IN WORLD

THE START OF THE GREATEST
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLES IN WORLD
HISTORY, IT WOULD SOON SWELL TO

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLES IN WORLD
HISTORY, IT WOULD SOON SWELL TO
A FLOOD OF INCONCEIVABLE

HISTORY, IT WOULD SOON SWELL TO
A FLOOD OF INCONCEIVABLE
PROPORTIONS, BRINGING NEW PEOPLE

A FLOOD OF INCONCEIVABLE
PROPORTIONS, BRINGING NEW PEOPLE
FROM NEW PLACES, AND CHALLENGING

PROPORTIONS, BRINGING NEW PEOPLE
FROM NEW PLACES, AND CHALLENGING
NEW YORK AS NEVER BEFORE TO MAKE

FROM NEW PLACES, AND CHALLENGING
NEW YORK AS NEVER BEFORE TO MAKE
A HOME FOR ALL ITS PEOPLE.

NEW YORK AS NEVER BEFORE TO MAKE
A HOME FOR ALL ITS PEOPLE.
Reader: "THIS ALIEN FLOOD IS

A HOME FOR ALL ITS PEOPLE.
Reader: "THIS ALIEN FLOOD IS
THE POOREST, THE MOST VICIOUS,

Reader: "THIS ALIEN FLOOD IS
THE POOREST, THE MOST VICIOUS,
THE MOST WHOLLY UNDESIRABLE

THE POOREST, THE MOST VICIOUS,
THE MOST WHOLLY UNDESIRABLE
PEOPLES THAT HAVE EVER COME TO

THE MOST WHOLLY UNDESIRABLE
PEOPLES THAT HAVE EVER COME TO
AMERICAN SHORES."

PEOPLES THAT HAVE EVER COME TO
AMERICAN SHORES."
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL.

AMERICAN SHORES."
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL.
Reader: "THE ENTRANCE INTO

THE WALL STREET JOURNAL.
Reader: "THE ENTRANCE INTO
OUR POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND

Reader: "THE ENTRANCE INTO
OUR POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND
INDUSTRIAL LIFE OF SUCH VAST

OUR POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND
INDUSTRIAL LIFE OF SUCH VAST
MASSES OF PEASANTRY, DEGRADED

INDUSTRIAL LIFE OF SUCH VAST
MASSES OF PEASANTRY, DEGRADED
BELOW OUR UTMOST CONCEPTIONS, IS

MASSES OF PEASANTRY, DEGRADED
BELOW OUR UTMOST CONCEPTIONS, IS
A MATTER WHICH NO INTELLIGENT

BELOW OUR UTMOST CONCEPTIONS, IS
A MATTER WHICH NO INTELLIGENT
PATRIOT CAN LOOK UPON WITHOUT

A MATTER WHICH NO INTELLIGENT
PATRIOT CAN LOOK UPON WITHOUT
THE GRAVEST ALARM.

PATRIOT CAN LOOK UPON WITHOUT
THE GRAVEST ALARM.
THESE PEOPLE HAVE NONE OF THE

THE GRAVEST ALARM.
THESE PEOPLE HAVE NONE OF THE
INHERITED INSTINCTS WHICH MADE

THESE PEOPLE HAVE NONE OF THE
INHERITED INSTINCTS WHICH MADE
IT COMPARATIVELY EASY TO DEAL

INHERITED INSTINCTS WHICH MADE
IT COMPARATIVELY EASY TO DEAL
WITH IMMIGRATION IN OLDEN TIMES.

IT COMPARATIVELY EASY TO DEAL
WITH IMMIGRATION IN OLDEN TIMES.
THEY ARE BEATEN MEN FROM BEATEN

WITH IMMIGRATION IN OLDEN TIMES.
THEY ARE BEATEN MEN FROM BEATEN
RACES, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE

THEY ARE BEATEN MEN FROM BEATEN
RACES, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE
WORST FAILURES IN THE STRUGGLE

RACES, REPRESENTATIVE OF THE
WORST FAILURES IN THE STRUGGLE
FOR EXISTENCE."

WORST FAILURES IN THE STRUGGLE
FOR EXISTENCE."
PROFESSOR FRANCIS WALKER, YALE

FOR EXISTENCE."
PROFESSOR FRANCIS WALKER, YALE
UNIVERSITY.

PROFESSOR FRANCIS WALKER, YALE
UNIVERSITY.
Reader: "THE FLOODGATES ARE

UNIVERSITY.
Reader: "THE FLOODGATES ARE
OPEN.

Reader: "THE FLOODGATES ARE
OPEN.
THE DAM IS WASHED AWAY.

OPEN.
THE DAM IS WASHED AWAY.
THE SEWER IS UNCHOKED.

THE DAM IS WASHED AWAY.
THE SEWER IS UNCHOKED.
EUROPE IS VOMITING."

THE SEWER IS UNCHOKED.
EUROPE IS VOMITING."
VISIT NEW YORK ON-LINE.

EUROPE IS VOMITING."
VISIT NEW YORK ON-LINE.
JUMP INTO A TAXI AND PLAY A QUIZ

VISIT NEW YORK ON-LINE.
JUMP INTO A TAXI AND PLAY A QUIZ
GAME, VISIT A VIRTUAL NEW YORK.

JUMP INTO A TAXI AND PLAY A QUIZ
GAME, VISIT A VIRTUAL NEW YORK.
AND FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS,

GAME, VISIT A VIRTUAL NEW YORK.
AND FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS,
TAKE YOUR KIDS ON A LEARNING

AND FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS,
TAKE YOUR KIDS ON A LEARNING
ADVENTURE THROUGH YOUR TOWN.

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