American Experience (1988–…): Season 12, Episode 2 - New York: Part II - Order and Disorder - full transcript

Peter Quinn: MY GREAT-
GRANDFATHER WAS THE FIRST.
HE WAS MICHAEL MANNING, A TENANT

GRANDFATHER WAS THE FIRST.
HE WAS MICHAEL MANNING, A TENANT
FARMER WHO WAS DISPOSSESSED

HE WAS MICHAEL MANNING, A TENANT
FARMER WHO WAS DISPOSSESSED
OR GAVE UP IN THE FAMINE.

FARMER WHO WAS DISPOSSESSED
OR GAVE UP IN THE FAMINE.
CAME TO NEW YORK.

OR GAVE UP IN THE FAMINE.
CAME TO NEW YORK.
WHEN MICHAEL MANNING LANDED

CAME TO NEW YORK.
WHEN MICHAEL MANNING LANDED
AT SOUTH STREET IN 1847, THE

WHEN MICHAEL MANNING LANDED
AT SOUTH STREET IN 1847, THE
FIRST PERSON WHO SAW HIM WAS

AT SOUTH STREET IN 1847, THE
FIRST PERSON WHO SAW HIM WAS
PROBABLY HORRIFIED, I THINK,

FIRST PERSON WHO SAW HIM WAS
PROBABLY HORRIFIED, I THINK,
WITH THE WAY HE PROBABLY DRESSED

PROBABLY HORRIFIED, I THINK,
WITH THE WAY HE PROBABLY DRESSED
AND WHAT HE REPRESENTED.

WITH THE WAY HE PROBABLY DRESSED
AND WHAT HE REPRESENTED.
PEOPLE WEREN'T SAYING, "OH,



AND WHAT HE REPRESENTED.
PEOPLE WEREN'T SAYING, "OH,
HERE'S A WONDERFUL IMMIGRANT.

PEOPLE WEREN'T SAYING, "OH,
HERE'S A WONDERFUL IMMIGRANT.
LET'S BRING HIM; HE'S GOING

HERE'S A WONDERFUL IMMIGRANT.
LET'S BRING HIM; HE'S GOING
TO MAKE THIS CITY BETTER."

LET'S BRING HIM; HE'S GOING
TO MAKE THIS CITY BETTER."
PROBABLY THE IMMEDIATE THOUGHT

TO MAKE THIS CITY BETTER."
PROBABLY THE IMMEDIATE THOUGHT
WAS "WE WISH HE'D GO HOME,"

PROBABLY THE IMMEDIATE THOUGHT
WAS "WE WISH HE'D GO HOME,"
AND THEN AFTER THAT, "WE'D

WAS "WE WISH HE'D GO HOME,"
AND THEN AFTER THAT, "WE'D
WISH HE'D GO SOMEPLACE ELSE."

AMERICANS WANT TO BELIEVE THAT
IT'S A VERY NATURAL THING

IT'S A VERY NATURAL THING
FOR PEOPLE TO LIVE TOGETHER,

FOR PEOPLE TO LIVE TOGETHER,
AND IT'S AN ABERRATION WHEN

AND IT'S AN ABERRATION WHEN
THEY DON'T.

THEY DON'T.
AND ACTUALLY, IF YOU LOOK AT

AND ACTUALLY, IF YOU LOOK AT
HUMAN HISTORY, THE EXACT

HUMAN HISTORY, THE EXACT
OPPOSITE IS TRUE.
IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO BRING



IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO BRING
DIFFERENT CULTURES TOGETHER AND
HAVE PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER IN

DIFFERENT CULTURES TOGETHER AND
HAVE PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER IN
PEACE AND LEARN TO GET ALONG,

HAVE PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER IN
PEACE AND LEARN TO GET ALONG,
AND NEW YORK IS THE GREAT

PEACE AND LEARN TO GET ALONG,
AND NEW YORK IS THE GREAT
EXPERIMENT THERE OF ONE PEOPLE

AND NEW YORK IS THE GREAT
EXPERIMENT THERE OF ONE PEOPLE
PILING ON TOP OF EACH OTHER

EXPERIMENT THERE OF ONE PEOPLE
PILING ON TOP OF EACH OTHER
CONSTANTLY, AND THAT BRINGS

PILING ON TOP OF EACH OTHER
CONSTANTLY, AND THAT BRINGS
TREMENDOUS CONFLICT.

CONSTANTLY, AND THAT BRINGS
TREMENDOUS CONFLICT.
I THINK IT'S THE GREATEST

TREMENDOUS CONFLICT.
I THINK IT'S THE GREATEST
SOURCE OF STRENGTH OF NEW YORK,

I THINK IT'S THE GREATEST
SOURCE OF STRENGTH OF NEW YORK,
BUT IT'S ALSO A SOURCE OF

SOURCE OF STRENGTH OF NEW YORK,
BUT IT'S ALSO A SOURCE OF
CONFLICT, DISUNION, STRUGGLE.

BUT IT'S ALSO A SOURCE OF
CONFLICT, DISUNION, STRUGGLE.
Narrator: FEWER THAN 170,000

CONFLICT, DISUNION, STRUGGLE.
Narrator: FEWER THAN 170,000
PEOPLE LIVED ON THE ISLAND OF

Narrator: FEWER THAN 170,000
PEOPLE LIVED ON THE ISLAND OF
MANHATTAN IN 1825.

PEOPLE LIVED ON THE ISLAND OF
MANHATTAN IN 1825.
BY ANY MODERN STANDARD, THE

MANHATTAN IN 1825.
BY ANY MODERN STANDARD, THE
LARGEST CITY IN AMERICA WAS

BY ANY MODERN STANDARD, THE
LARGEST CITY IN AMERICA WAS
STILL A RELATIVELY PEACEFUL

LARGEST CITY IN AMERICA WAS
STILL A RELATIVELY PEACEFUL
PLACE... COMPACT, ORDERLY,

STILL A RELATIVELY PEACEFUL
PLACE... COMPACT, ORDERLY,
AND EVEN RURAL.

PLACE... COMPACT, ORDERLY,
AND EVEN RURAL.
JUST TWO MILES FROM WHERE THE

AND EVEN RURAL.
JUST TWO MILES FROM WHERE THE
DUTCH HAD LANDED TWO CENTURIES

JUST TWO MILES FROM WHERE THE
DUTCH HAD LANDED TWO CENTURIES
BEFORE, THE CLOSELY KNIT TOWN

DUTCH HAD LANDED TWO CENTURIES
BEFORE, THE CLOSELY KNIT TOWN
TAPERED OFF INTO A WILDERNESS

BEFORE, THE CLOSELY KNIT TOWN
TAPERED OFF INTO A WILDERNESS
OF FARMS, COUNTRY LANES, AND

TAPERED OFF INTO A WILDERNESS
OF FARMS, COUNTRY LANES, AND
OPEN FIELDS.

OF FARMS, COUNTRY LANES, AND
OPEN FIELDS.
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, A

OPEN FIELDS.
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, A
NATIVE NEW YORKER BORN AS WORK

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, A
NATIVE NEW YORKER BORN AS WORK
ON THE ERIE CANAL BEGAN, COULD

NATIVE NEW YORKER BORN AS WORK
ON THE ERIE CANAL BEGAN, COULD
EASILY WALK FROM HIS FATHER'S

ON THE ERIE CANAL BEGAN, COULD
EASILY WALK FROM HIS FATHER'S
HOUSE DOWN NEAR THE BATTERY UP

EASILY WALK FROM HIS FATHER'S
HOUSE DOWN NEAR THE BATTERY UP
TO THE OLD PEAR TREE PETER

HOUSE DOWN NEAR THE BATTERY UP
TO THE OLD PEAR TREE PETER
STUYVESANT HAD PLANTED ON

TO THE OLD PEAR TREE PETER
STUYVESANT HAD PLANTED ON
THE OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.

STUYVESANT HAD PLANTED ON
THE OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.
ACROSS THE RIVER, IN THE VILLAGE

THE OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.
ACROSS THE RIVER, IN THE VILLAGE
OF BROOKLYN, POPULATION 11,000,

ACROSS THE RIVER, IN THE VILLAGE
OF BROOKLYN, POPULATION 11,000,
LONG ISLAND-BORN WALT WHITMAN

OF BROOKLYN, POPULATION 11,000,
LONG ISLAND-BORN WALT WHITMAN
LOVED TO PLAY BASEBALL IN THE

LONG ISLAND-BORN WALT WHITMAN
LOVED TO PLAY BASEBALL IN THE
VACANT FIELDS THAT SURROUNDED

LOVED TO PLAY BASEBALL IN THE
VACANT FIELDS THAT SURROUNDED
THE SLEEPY TOWN.

VACANT FIELDS THAT SURROUNDED
THE SLEEPY TOWN.
LIFE IN BOTH CITIES WAS STILL

THE SLEEPY TOWN.
LIFE IN BOTH CITIES WAS STILL
STRIKINGLY SIMPLE.

LIFE IN BOTH CITIES WAS STILL
STRIKINGLY SIMPLE.
THERE WAS NO REGULAR POLICE

STRIKINGLY SIMPLE.
THERE WAS NO REGULAR POLICE
FORCE, NO PROFESSIONAL FIRE

THERE WAS NO REGULAR POLICE
FORCE, NO PROFESSIONAL FIRE
DEPARTMENT, NO PUBLIC

FORCE, NO PROFESSIONAL FIRE
DEPARTMENT, NO PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION, ONLY THE MOST

DEPARTMENT, NO PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION, ONLY THE MOST
PRIMITIVE WATER AND SEWAGE

TRANSPORTATION, ONLY THE MOST
PRIMITIVE WATER AND SEWAGE
SYSTEMS, AND JUST A HANDFUL OF

PRIMITIVE WATER AND SEWAGE
SYSTEMS, AND JUST A HANDFUL OF
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

SYSTEMS, AND JUST A HANDFUL OF
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
AT NIGHT, FLICKERING GAS LAMPS,

PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
AT NIGHT, FLICKERING GAS LAMPS,
INTRODUCED ONLY TWO YEARS

AT NIGHT, FLICKERING GAS LAMPS,
INTRODUCED ONLY TWO YEARS
BEFORE, SCARCELY LIT THE

INTRODUCED ONLY TWO YEARS
BEFORE, SCARCELY LIT THE
POORLY PAVED STREETS, WHICH

BEFORE, SCARCELY LIT THE
POORLY PAVED STREETS, WHICH
AFTER SUNDOWN WERE NEARLY

POORLY PAVED STREETS, WHICH
AFTER SUNDOWN WERE NEARLY
DESERTED.

AFTER SUNDOWN WERE NEARLY
DESERTED.
John Steele Gordon: IT WAS

DESERTED.
John Steele Gordon: IT WAS
CONFINED TO EXTREMELY LOWER

John Steele Gordon: IT WAS
CONFINED TO EXTREMELY LOWER
MANHATTAN.

MY GREAT-GREAT-GREAT-
GRANDFATHER, WHO WROTE A MEMOIR

GRANDFATHER, WHO WROTE A MEMOIR
OF HIS CHILDHOOD IN THE FIRST

OF HIS CHILDHOOD IN THE FIRST
DECADE OF THE 19th CENTURY,

DECADE OF THE 19th CENTURY,
REMEMBERED THAT ALL ABOVE

REMEMBERED THAT ALL ABOVE
GRAND STREET WAS COUNTRY.
I MEAN, CITY HALL WAS... HIS

I MEAN, CITY HALL WAS... HIS
FATHER, ACTUALLY... MY FOUR
GREATS-GRANDFATHER... WAS A

FATHER, ACTUALLY... MY FOUR
GREATS-GRANDFATHER... WAS A
CITY ALDERMAN.

GREATS-GRANDFATHER... WAS A
CITY ALDERMAN.
HE WAS THE ONE WHO FOUND THE

CITY ALDERMAN.
HE WAS THE ONE WHO FOUND THE
COMPROMISE TO GET CITY HALL

HE WAS THE ONE WHO FOUND THE
COMPROMISE TO GET CITY HALL
FINISHED.

COMPROMISE TO GET CITY HALL
FINISHED.
IT HAD BEEN UNDER CONSTRUCTION

FINISHED.
IT HAD BEEN UNDER CONSTRUCTION
FOR TEN YEARS, AND IT WAS LYING

IT HAD BEEN UNDER CONSTRUCTION
FOR TEN YEARS, AND IT WAS LYING
THERE UNFINISHED BECAUSE IT WAS

FOR TEN YEARS, AND IT WAS LYING
THERE UNFINISHED BECAUSE IT WAS
SO EXPENSIVE.

THERE UNFINISHED BECAUSE IT WAS
SO EXPENSIVE.
HE SAID, "LET'S FINISH THE BACK

SO EXPENSIVE.
HE SAID, "LET'S FINISH THE BACK
OF CITY HALL WITH BROWNSTONE

HE SAID, "LET'S FINISH THE BACK
OF CITY HALL WITH BROWNSTONE
INSTEAD OF WITH MARBLE, BECAUSE

OF CITY HALL WITH BROWNSTONE
INSTEAD OF WITH MARBLE, BECAUSE
IT'S SO FAR UPTOWN, NOBODY WILL

INSTEAD OF WITH MARBLE, BECAUSE
IT'S SO FAR UPTOWN, NOBODY WILL
EVER SEE THE BACK OF IT ANYWAY."

IT'S SO FAR UPTOWN, NOBODY WILL
EVER SEE THE BACK OF IT ANYWAY."
Narrator: NEVER AGAIN WOULD

EVER SEE THE BACK OF IT ANYWAY."
Narrator: NEVER AGAIN WOULD
LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY BE SO

Narrator: NEVER AGAIN WOULD
LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY BE SO
SIMPLE OR HARMONIOUS.

LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY BE SO
SIMPLE OR HARMONIOUS.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, FORCES

SIMPLE OR HARMONIOUS.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, FORCES
THAT HAD BEEN GATHERING FOR

IN THE DECADES TO COME, FORCES
THAT HAD BEEN GATHERING FOR
200 YEARS WOULD CONVERGE ON

THAT HAD BEEN GATHERING FOR
200 YEARS WOULD CONVERGE ON
THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,

200 YEARS WOULD CONVERGE ON
THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,
TRANSFORMING EVERY ASPECT OF

THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,
TRANSFORMING EVERY ASPECT OF
LIFE IN THE CITY AND BRINGING

TRANSFORMING EVERY ASPECT OF
LIFE IN THE CITY AND BRINGING
EVERY POSSIBILITY AND EVERY

LIFE IN THE CITY AND BRINGING
EVERY POSSIBILITY AND EVERY
PROBLEM OF THE MODERN AGE.

Kenneth T. Jackson: ALL
AMERICAN CITIES WERE

AMERICAN CITIES WERE
EXPERIENCING REVOLUTIONARY

EXPERIENCING REVOLUTIONARY
CHANGE IN TERMS OF THE WAY

CHANGE IN TERMS OF THE WAY
PEOPLE LIVE.
BUT IN NEW YORK, IT WAS ON A

BUT IN NEW YORK, IT WAS ON A
MORE INTENSE LEVEL, BECAUSE THE
SIZE OF THE CITY, THE NARROWNESS

MORE INTENSE LEVEL, BECAUSE THE
SIZE OF THE CITY, THE NARROWNESS
OF THE GEOGRAPHY, THE INTENSITY

SIZE OF THE CITY, THE NARROWNESS
OF THE GEOGRAPHY, THE INTENSITY
AND EXTREMENESS OF THE GROWTH

WAS SO MUCH GREATER THAN OTHER
PLACES.
NEW YORK HAD ONLY 100,000 PEOPLE

PLACES.
NEW YORK HAD ONLY 100,000 PEOPLE
IN 1800.

NEW YORK HAD ONLY 100,000 PEOPLE
IN 1800.
BY 1900, IT HAD 50 TIMES AS MANY

IN 1800.
BY 1900, IT HAD 50 TIMES AS MANY
PEOPLE.

BY 1900, IT HAD 50 TIMES AS MANY
PEOPLE.
THAT'S AN INCREDIBLE

PEOPLE.
THAT'S AN INCREDIBLE
TRANSFORMATION.

THAT'S AN INCREDIBLE
TRANSFORMATION.
Narrator: NO CITY IN AMERICA

TRANSFORMATION.
Narrator: NO CITY IN AMERICA
HAD EVER GROWN SO RAPIDLY, OR

Narrator: NO CITY IN AMERICA
HAD EVER GROWN SO RAPIDLY, OR
SO LARGE.

HAD EVER GROWN SO RAPIDLY, OR
SO LARGE.
NO CITY ON EARTH HAD EVER

SO LARGE.
NO CITY ON EARTH HAD EVER
BROUGHT SO MANY DIFFERENT KINDS

NO CITY ON EARTH HAD EVER
BROUGHT SO MANY DIFFERENT KINDS
OF PEOPLE TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE,

BROUGHT SO MANY DIFFERENT KINDS
OF PEOPLE TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE,
AT ONE TIME.

OF PEOPLE TOGETHER IN ONE PLACE,
AT ONE TIME.
BETWEEN 1825 AND 1865, NEW

AT ONE TIME.
BETWEEN 1825 AND 1865, NEW
YORKERS WOULD CONFRONT THE

BETWEEN 1825 AND 1865, NEW
YORKERS WOULD CONFRONT THE
MOST DAUNTING QUESTION OF

YORKERS WOULD CONFRONT THE
MOST DAUNTING QUESTION OF
COULD

MOST DAUNTING QUESTION OF
COULD
THEY CREATE A NEW KIND OF ORDER

COULD
THEY CREATE A NEW KIND OF ORDER
ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,

THEY CREATE A NEW KIND OF ORDER
ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,
OR WOULD THE CITY EXPLODE INTO

ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN,
OR WOULD THE CITY EXPLODE INTO
CHAOS AND VIOLENCE, AND SUBSIDE

OR WOULD THE CITY EXPLODE INTO
CHAOS AND VIOLENCE, AND SUBSIDE
INTO COMPLETE ANARCHY?

CHAOS AND VIOLENCE, AND SUBSIDE
INTO COMPLETE ANARCHY?
Reader: "WE ARE RAPIDLY

INTO COMPLETE ANARCHY?
Reader: "WE ARE RAPIDLY
BECOMING THE LONDON OF AMERICA.

Reader: "WE ARE RAPIDLY
BECOMING THE LONDON OF AMERICA.
I MYSELF AM ASTONISHED, AND

BECOMING THE LONDON OF AMERICA.
I MYSELF AM ASTONISHED, AND
THIS CITY IS THE WONDER OF

I MYSELF AM ASTONISHED, AND
THIS CITY IS THE WONDER OF
EVERY STRANGER."

THIS CITY IS THE WONDER OF
EVERY STRANGER."
JOHN PINTARD.

EVERY STRANGER."
JOHN PINTARD.
Reader: "ITS ADVANTAGES OF

JOHN PINTARD.
Reader: "ITS ADVANTAGES OF
POSITION ARE PERHAPS UNEQUALED

Reader: "ITS ADVANTAGES OF
POSITION ARE PERHAPS UNEQUALED
ANYWHERE.

POSITION ARE PERHAPS UNEQUALED
ANYWHERE.
SITUATED ON AN ISLAND, WHICH I

ANYWHERE.
SITUATED ON AN ISLAND, WHICH I
THINK IT WILL ONE DAY COVER, IT

SITUATED ON AN ISLAND, WHICH I
THINK IT WILL ONE DAY COVER, IT
RISES LIKE VENICE FROM THE SEA,

THINK IT WILL ONE DAY COVER, IT
RISES LIKE VENICE FROM THE SEA,
AND LIKE THAT FAIREST OF CITIES

RISES LIKE VENICE FROM THE SEA,
AND LIKE THAT FAIREST OF CITIES
IN THE DAYS OF HER GLORY,

AND LIKE THAT FAIREST OF CITIES
IN THE DAYS OF HER GLORY,
RECEIVES INTO ITS LAP TRIBUTE

IN THE DAYS OF HER GLORY,
RECEIVES INTO ITS LAP TRIBUTE
OF ALL THE RICHES OF THE EARTH."

RECEIVES INTO ITS LAP TRIBUTE
OF ALL THE RICHES OF THE EARTH."
FRANCES TROLLOPE.

OF ALL THE RICHES OF THE EARTH."
FRANCES TROLLOPE.
Narrator: FROM THE DAY IT

FRANCES TROLLOPE.
Narrator: FROM THE DAY IT
OPENED IN OCTOBER 1825, THE

Narrator: FROM THE DAY IT
OPENED IN OCTOBER 1825, THE
ERIE CANAL SPARKED AN ECONOMIC

OPENED IN OCTOBER 1825, THE
ERIE CANAL SPARKED AN ECONOMIC
REVOLUTION THAT WOULD TRANSFORM

ERIE CANAL SPARKED AN ECONOMIC
REVOLUTION THAT WOULD TRANSFORM
FOREVER LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY.

REVOLUTION THAT WOULD TRANSFORM
FOREVER LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY.
CONNECTING THE GREAT LAKES TO

FOREVER LIFE IN NEW YORK CITY.
CONNECTING THE GREAT LAKES TO
THE HUDSON RIVER AND BEYOND,

CONNECTING THE GREAT LAKES TO
THE HUDSON RIVER AND BEYOND,
IT TRANSFORMED NEW YORK ALMOST

THE HUDSON RIVER AND BEYOND,
IT TRANSFORMED NEW YORK ALMOST
OVERNIGHT INTO A GIGANTIC FUNNEL

IT TRANSFORMED NEW YORK ALMOST
OVERNIGHT INTO A GIGANTIC FUNNEL
THROUGH WHICH MUCH OF THE WEALTH

OVERNIGHT INTO A GIGANTIC FUNNEL
THROUGH WHICH MUCH OF THE WEALTH
OF THE WESTERN WORLD WOULD NOW

THROUGH WHICH MUCH OF THE WEALTH
OF THE WESTERN WORLD WOULD NOW
HAVE TO PASS.

OF THE WESTERN WORLD WOULD NOW
HAVE TO PASS.
Gordon: BY THE ERIE CANAL,

HAVE TO PASS.
Gordon: BY THE ERIE CANAL,
NEW YORK EFFECTIVELY CAPTURED

Gordon: BY THE ERIE CANAL,
NEW YORK EFFECTIVELY CAPTURED
THE ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE WEST,

NEW YORK EFFECTIVELY CAPTURED
THE ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE WEST,
AND IT BEGAN TO GROW SO

THE ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE WEST,
AND IT BEGAN TO GROW SO
EXTRAORDINARILY QUICKLY.

AND IT BEGAN TO GROW SO
EXTRAORDINARILY QUICKLY.
IT DEVELOPED AROUND TEN MILES

EXTRAORDINARILY QUICKLY.
IT DEVELOPED AROUND TEN MILES
OF STREET FRONT PER YEAR IN

IT DEVELOPED AROUND TEN MILES
OF STREET FRONT PER YEAR IN
THE 1830s, '40s, AND '50s.

OF STREET FRONT PER YEAR IN
THE 1830s, '40s, AND '50s.
IT WAS JUST ONE GIGANTIC

THE 1830s, '40s, AND '50s.
IT WAS JUST ONE GIGANTIC
CONSTRUCTION ZONE.

IT WAS JUST ONE GIGANTIC
CONSTRUCTION ZONE.
AND ONCE IT STARTS, IT BEGINS

CONSTRUCTION ZONE.
AND ONCE IT STARTS, IT BEGINS
TO SNOWBALL.

AND ONCE IT STARTS, IT BEGINS
TO SNOWBALL.
I MEAN, IT WAS LIKE A

TO SNOWBALL.
I MEAN, IT WAS LIKE A
PLANETESIMAL BUILDING UP INTO

I MEAN, IT WAS LIKE A
PLANETESIMAL BUILDING UP INTO
A PLANET.

PLANETESIMAL BUILDING UP INTO
A PLANET.
ONCE IT GETS ENOUGH GRAVITY,

A PLANET.
ONCE IT GETS ENOUGH GRAVITY,
IT SUCKS IN EVERYTHING ELSE,

ONCE IT GETS ENOUGH GRAVITY,
IT SUCKS IN EVERYTHING ELSE,
AND THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED IN

IT SUCKS IN EVERYTHING ELSE,
AND THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED IN
NEW YORK, BECAUSE NEW YORK WAS

AND THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED IN
NEW YORK, BECAUSE NEW YORK WAS
THE LARGEST CITY IN THE CENSUS,

NEW YORK, BECAUSE NEW YORK WAS
THE LARGEST CITY IN THE CENSUS,
AND THEN LARGER IT GOT, THE

THE LARGEST CITY IN THE CENSUS,
AND THEN LARGER IT GOT, THE
LARGER IT TENDED TO GO ON.

AND THEN LARGER IT GOT, THE
LARGER IT TENDED TO GO ON.
Mike Wallace: THE CANAL

LARGER IT TENDED TO GO ON.
Mike Wallace: THE CANAL
CHANGES EVERYTHING.

Mike Wallace: THE CANAL
CHANGES EVERYTHING.
AFTER THAT, NEW YORK WOULD BE

CHANGES EVERYTHING.
AFTER THAT, NEW YORK WOULD BE
OUT IN FRONT AND WOULD NEVER

AFTER THAT, NEW YORK WOULD BE
OUT IN FRONT AND WOULD NEVER
LOOK BACK.

SO IN CULTURE, IN THE ECONOMY,
IN SPURRING INDUSTRIALIZATION...

IN SPURRING INDUSTRIALIZATION...
BECAUSE NOW YOU'VE GOT A MARKET

BECAUSE NOW YOU'VE GOT A MARKET
FOR CAST-IRON MASS-MANUFACTURED

FOR CAST-IRON MASS-MANUFACTURED
GOODS, BECAUSE THEY CAN GO OUT...

GOODS, BECAUSE THEY CAN GO OUT...
THE RAMIFICATIONS ARE ABSOLUTELY

THE RAMIFICATIONS ARE ABSOLUTELY
TOTAL IN ALL AREAS.
Narrator: BY 1830, PEOPLE

Narrator: BY 1830, PEOPLE
WERE POURING INTO MANHATTAN
TO WORK IN THE NEW FACTORIES,

WERE POURING INTO MANHATTAN
TO WORK IN THE NEW FACTORIES,
OFFICES, AND WORKSHOPS OF

TO WORK IN THE NEW FACTORIES,
OFFICES, AND WORKSHOPS OF
THE CITY.

OFFICES, AND WORKSHOPS OF
THE CITY.
AS COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IN LOWER

THE CITY.
AS COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IN LOWER
MANHATTAN EXPLODED, THE NARROW

AS COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IN LOWER
MANHATTAN EXPLODED, THE NARROW
LANES OF THE OLD DUTCH VILLAGE

MANHATTAN EXPLODED, THE NARROW
LANES OF THE OLD DUTCH VILLAGE
WERE TRANSFORMED INTO THE FIRST

LANES OF THE OLD DUTCH VILLAGE
WERE TRANSFORMED INTO THE FIRST
DISTRICT IN THE WORLD DEVOTED

WERE TRANSFORMED INTO THE FIRST
DISTRICT IN THE WORLD DEVOTED
EXCLUSIVELY TO COMMERCE.

DISTRICT IN THE WORLD DEVOTED
EXCLUSIVELY TO COMMERCE.
Jackson: SO IN NEW YORK CITY,

EXCLUSIVELY TO COMMERCE.
Jackson: SO IN NEW YORK CITY,
ALMOST FOR THE FIRST TIME IN

Jackson: SO IN NEW YORK CITY,
ALMOST FOR THE FIRST TIME IN
HUMAN HISTORY, YOU GET AN AREA

ALMOST FOR THE FIRST TIME IN
HUMAN HISTORY, YOU GET AN AREA
THAT'S JUST BUSINESS, AND PEOPLE

HUMAN HISTORY, YOU GET AN AREA
THAT'S JUST BUSINESS, AND PEOPLE
DON'T LIVE THERE.

THAT'S JUST BUSINESS, AND PEOPLE
DON'T LIVE THERE.
YOU HAVE TO COME THERE FROM

DON'T LIVE THERE.
YOU HAVE TO COME THERE FROM
SOMEWHERE ELSE.

YOU HAVE TO COME THERE FROM
SOMEWHERE ELSE.
SO IT'S A BREAKING UP; IT'S A

SOMEWHERE ELSE.
SO IT'S A BREAKING UP; IT'S A
TRANSFORMATION OF THE HISTORIC

SO IT'S A BREAKING UP; IT'S A
TRANSFORMATION OF THE HISTORIC
CITY.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE HISTORIC
CITY.
THE PEOPLE WITH MONEY BEGIN

CITY.
THE PEOPLE WITH MONEY BEGIN
TO MOVE AWAY; THE JOURNEY

THE PEOPLE WITH MONEY BEGIN
TO MOVE AWAY; THE JOURNEY
TO WORK BEGINS TO INCREASE.

TO MOVE AWAY; THE JOURNEY
TO WORK BEGINS TO INCREASE.
WE HAVE A DIFFERENT KIND OF

TO WORK BEGINS TO INCREASE.
WE HAVE A DIFFERENT KIND OF
A PLACE, AND NEW YORK CITY

WE HAVE A DIFFERENT KIND OF
A PLACE, AND NEW YORK CITY
IS AT THE FOREFRONT OF THAT.

A PLACE, AND NEW YORK CITY
IS AT THE FOREFRONT OF THAT.
Wallace: WE DON'T THINK ABOUT

IS AT THE FOREFRONT OF THAT.
Wallace: WE DON'T THINK ABOUT
NEW YORK AS AN INDUSTRIAL CITY,

Wallace: WE DON'T THINK ABOUT
NEW YORK AS AN INDUSTRIAL CITY,
REALLY.

NEW YORK AS AN INDUSTRIAL CITY,
REALLY.
WE THINK DETROIT; WE THINK,

REALLY.
WE THINK DETROIT; WE THINK,
YOU KNOW, CHICAGO, WHATEVER.

WE THINK DETROIT; WE THINK,
YOU KNOW, CHICAGO, WHATEVER.
BUT IN FACT, BY THE TIME OF

YOU KNOW, CHICAGO, WHATEVER.
BUT IN FACT, BY THE TIME OF
THE CIVIL WAR, NEW YORK WAS

BUT IN FACT, BY THE TIME OF
THE CIVIL WAR, NEW YORK WAS
THE BIGGEST INDUSTRIAL CITY

THE CIVIL WAR, NEW YORK WAS
THE BIGGEST INDUSTRIAL CITY
IN THE UNITED STATES.

THE BIGGEST INDUSTRIAL CITY
IN THE UNITED STATES.
WHAT WE HAVE, IN FACT, IS

IN THE UNITED STATES.
WHAT WE HAVE, IN FACT, IS
A KIND OF A METROPOLITAN

WHAT WE HAVE, IN FACT, IS
A KIND OF A METROPOLITAN
INDUSTRIALIZATION.

A KIND OF A METROPOLITAN
INDUSTRIALIZATION.
IT'S SMALL SCALE.

INDUSTRIALIZATION.
IT'S SMALL SCALE.
THERE ARE LITTLE SHOPS.

IT'S SMALL SCALE.
THERE ARE LITTLE SHOPS.
MOST FACTORIES, SO-CALLED,

THERE ARE LITTLE SHOPS.
MOST FACTORIES, SO-CALLED,
ARE MAYBE 20 PEOPLE LARGE,

MOST FACTORIES, SO-CALLED,
ARE MAYBE 20 PEOPLE LARGE,
AND THERE'S HUNDREDS OF THEM,

ARE MAYBE 20 PEOPLE LARGE,
AND THERE'S HUNDREDS OF THEM,
THERE'S THOUSANDS OF THEM, AND

AND THERE'S HUNDREDS OF THEM,
THERE'S THOUSANDS OF THEM, AND
THEY'RE IN INCREDIBLE, INTENSE

THERE'S THOUSANDS OF THEM, AND
THEY'RE IN INCREDIBLE, INTENSE
COMPETITION WITH ONE ANOTHER.

THEY'RE IN INCREDIBLE, INTENSE
COMPETITION WITH ONE ANOTHER.
Narrator: WITH ASTONISHING

COMPETITION WITH ONE ANOTHER.
Narrator: WITH ASTONISHING
SPEED, THE OUTLINES OF A MODERN

Narrator: WITH ASTONISHING
SPEED, THE OUTLINES OF A MODERN
MASS METROPOLIS WERE BEGINNING

SPEED, THE OUTLINES OF A MODERN
MASS METROPOLIS WERE BEGINNING
TO APPEAR ON THE ISLAND OF

MASS METROPOLIS WERE BEGINNING
TO APPEAR ON THE ISLAND OF
MANHATTAN, INCLUDING THE FIRST

TO APPEAR ON THE ISLAND OF
MANHATTAN, INCLUDING THE FIRST
SLUMS AND SUBURBS, THE FIRST

MANHATTAN, INCLUDING THE FIRST
SLUMS AND SUBURBS, THE FIRST
MODERN POLICE FORCE, THE FIRST

SLUMS AND SUBURBS, THE FIRST
MODERN POLICE FORCE, THE FIRST
PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEM, THE FIRST

MODERN POLICE FORCE, THE FIRST
PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEM, THE FIRST
DEPARTMENT STORES, AND A VAST

PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEM, THE FIRST
DEPARTMENT STORES, AND A VAST
NEW WATERWORKS, THE MASSIVE

DEPARTMENT STORES, AND A VAST
NEW WATERWORKS, THE MASSIVE
CROTON AQUEDUCT, ON THE

NEW WATERWORKS, THE MASSIVE
CROTON AQUEDUCT, ON THE
OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.

CROTON AQUEDUCT, ON THE
OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.
BY 1840, NEW YORK WAS MOVING

OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN.
BY 1840, NEW YORK WAS MOVING
INTO UNCHARTED TERRITORY, NO

BY 1840, NEW YORK WAS MOVING
INTO UNCHARTED TERRITORY, NO
LONGER MERELY A PORT, BUT A

INTO UNCHARTED TERRITORY, NO
LONGER MERELY A PORT, BUT A
GIANT VORTEX, DRAWING EVERYTHING

LONGER MERELY A PORT, BUT A
GIANT VORTEX, DRAWING EVERYTHING
IN AMERICA INTO ITS ORBIT...

GIANT VORTEX, DRAWING EVERYTHING
IN AMERICA INTO ITS ORBIT...
GOODS, MONEY, PEOPLE, IDEAS,

IN AMERICA INTO ITS ORBIT...
GOODS, MONEY, PEOPLE, IDEAS,
AND, INCREASINGLY, TENSIONS.

GOODS, MONEY, PEOPLE, IDEAS,
AND, INCREASINGLY, TENSIONS.
"FOR BETTER AND FOR WORSE," ONE

AND, INCREASINGLY, TENSIONS.
"FOR BETTER AND FOR WORSE," ONE
MAN WROTE, "NEW YORK IS FAST

"FOR BETTER AND FOR WORSE," ONE
MAN WROTE, "NEW YORK IS FAST
BECOMING, IF SHE BE NOT ALREADY,

MAN WROTE, "NEW YORK IS FAST
BECOMING, IF SHE BE NOT ALREADY,
AMERICA."

Thomas Bender: BEFORE SOME
POINT, MY OWN SENSE OF IT IS

POINT, MY OWN SENSE OF IT IS
THAT SOMEWHERE IN THE 1820s

THAT SOMEWHERE IN THE 1820s
AND '30s, ONE COULD FEEL THAT

AND '30s, ONE COULD FEEL THAT
THEY COULD GRASP THE WHOLE OF

THEY COULD GRASP THE WHOLE OF
NEW YORK.
AFTER THAT POINT, IT BECAME

AFTER THAT POINT, IT BECAME
TOO COMPLICATED FOR PEOPLE TO
HAVE THAT KIND OF CONFIDENCE.

TOO COMPLICATED FOR PEOPLE TO
HAVE THAT KIND OF CONFIDENCE.
THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

HAVE THAT KIND OF CONFIDENCE.
THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PRE-MODERN NEW YORK AND MODERN

THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PRE-MODERN NEW YORK AND MODERN
NEW YORK.

PRE-MODERN NEW YORK AND MODERN
NEW YORK.
IT IS A PLACE OF MULTIPLE

NEW YORK.
IT IS A PLACE OF MULTIPLE
REALITIES AND PARTIAL

IT IS A PLACE OF MULTIPLE
REALITIES AND PARTIAL
COMPREHENSIONS... HOPEFULLY

REALITIES AND PARTIAL
COMPREHENSIONS... HOPEFULLY
ENOUGH COMPREHENSIONS SO THAT

COMPREHENSIONS... HOPEFULLY
ENOUGH COMPREHENSIONS SO THAT
ONE DOESN'T GO AROUND LOST AND

ENOUGH COMPREHENSIONS SO THAT
ONE DOESN'T GO AROUND LOST AND
DISORIENTED ALL THE TIME.

ONE DOESN'T GO AROUND LOST AND
DISORIENTED ALL THE TIME.
BUT I THINK IT WOULD BE A FAR

DISORIENTED ALL THE TIME.
BUT I THINK IT WOULD BE A FAR
LESS INTERESTING EXPERIENCE

BUT I THINK IT WOULD BE A FAR
LESS INTERESTING EXPERIENCE
IF ONE THOUGHT ONE REALLY

LESS INTERESTING EXPERIENCE
IF ONE THOUGHT ONE REALLY
COMPREHENDED IT.

IF ONE THOUGHT ONE REALLY
COMPREHENDED IT.
Pete Hamill: THERE IS NO

COMPREHENDED IT.
Pete Hamill: THERE IS NO
GREAT NOVEL ABOUT NEW YORK.

Pete Hamill: THERE IS NO
GREAT NOVEL ABOUT NEW YORK.
THERE IS NO SINGLE NOVEL.

THERE ARE A LOT OF VERY GOOD
NEW YORK NOVELS, BUT THERE'S NO

NEW YORK NOVELS, BUT THERE'S NO
SINGLE, ALL-ENCOMPASSING NOVEL,

SINGLE, ALL-ENCOMPASSING NOVEL,
THE WAY YOU COULD LOOK AT ANY

THE WAY YOU COULD LOOK AT ANY
NUMBER OF DICKENS BOOKS AND SAY,

NUMBER OF DICKENS BOOKS AND SAY,
"WE KNOW LONDON AS A RESULT OF

"WE KNOW LONDON AS A RESULT OF
THAT."
I THOUGHT THAT PROBABLY THE

I THOUGHT THAT PROBABLY THE
BEST NOVEL OF NEW YORK WAS THE
NEWSPAPER.

BEST NOVEL OF NEW YORK WAS THE
NEWSPAPER.
IF YOU SAT DOWN AND READ THE

NEWSPAPER.
IF YOU SAT DOWN AND READ THE
NEWSPAPER, YOU'D GET SOME GAUGE

IF YOU SAT DOWN AND READ THE
NEWSPAPER, YOU'D GET SOME GAUGE
OF WHAT WE'D GONE THROUGH.

NEWSPAPER, YOU'D GET SOME GAUGE
OF WHAT WE'D GONE THROUGH.
AND THE REASON IS BECAUSE IT'S

OF WHAT WE'D GONE THROUGH.
AND THE REASON IS BECAUSE IT'S
DYNAMIC.

AND THE REASON IS BECAUSE IT'S
DYNAMIC.
THE REASON IS BECAUSE OF ITS

DYNAMIC.
THE REASON IS BECAUSE OF ITS
DAILINESS.

THE REASON IS BECAUSE OF ITS
DAILINESS.
THERE'S A DAILINESS TO LIFE IN

DAILINESS.
THERE'S A DAILINESS TO LIFE IN
THE CITY, A SENSE OF SURPRISE.

THERE'S A DAILINESS TO LIFE IN
THE CITY, A SENSE OF SURPRISE.
IT'S THE KIND OF A CITY THAT,

THE CITY, A SENSE OF SURPRISE.
IT'S THE KIND OF A CITY THAT,
ALTHOUGH IT INSISTS ON A ROUTINE

IT'S THE KIND OF A CITY THAT,
ALTHOUGH IT INSISTS ON A ROUTINE
FROM A LOT OF ITS PEOPLE, KNOWS

ALTHOUGH IT INSISTS ON A ROUTINE
FROM A LOT OF ITS PEOPLE, KNOWS
THAT ROUTINE IS A UTOPIAN GOAL,

FROM A LOT OF ITS PEOPLE, KNOWS
THAT ROUTINE IS A UTOPIAN GOAL,
AND THAT SOME OTHER THING IS

THAT ROUTINE IS A UTOPIAN GOAL,
AND THAT SOME OTHER THING IS
GOING TO HAPPEN BETWEEN HERE AND

AND THAT SOME OTHER THING IS
GOING TO HAPPEN BETWEEN HERE AND
57th STREET, AND YOU'D BETTER BE

GOING TO HAPPEN BETWEEN HERE AND
57th STREET, AND YOU'D BETTER BE
READY FOR IT.

57th STREET, AND YOU'D BETTER BE
READY FOR IT.
Reader: "THE FLIGHT WAS A

READY FOR IT.
Reader: "THE FLIGHT WAS A
BOLD AND PERILOUS ONE, BUT

Reader: "THE FLIGHT WAS A
BOLD AND PERILOUS ONE, BUT
HERE I AM, IN THE GREAT CITY

BOLD AND PERILOUS ONE, BUT
HERE I AM, IN THE GREAT CITY
OF NEW YORK, SAFE AND SOUND,

HERE I AM, IN THE GREAT CITY
OF NEW YORK, SAFE AND SOUND,
WITHOUT LOSS OF BLOOD OR BONE.

OF NEW YORK, SAFE AND SOUND,
WITHOUT LOSS OF BLOOD OR BONE.
IN LESS THAN A WEEK AFTER

WITHOUT LOSS OF BLOOD OR BONE.
IN LESS THAN A WEEK AFTER
LEAVING BALTIMORE, I WAS WALKING

IN LESS THAN A WEEK AFTER
LEAVING BALTIMORE, I WAS WALKING
AMID THE HURRYING THRONG AND

LEAVING BALTIMORE, I WAS WALKING
AMID THE HURRYING THRONG AND
GAZING UPON THE DAZZLING WONDERS

AMID THE HURRYING THRONG AND
GAZING UPON THE DAZZLING WONDERS
OF BROADWAY.

GAZING UPON THE DAZZLING WONDERS
OF BROADWAY.
THE DREAMS OF MY CHILDHOOD AND

OF BROADWAY.
THE DREAMS OF MY CHILDHOOD AND
THE PURPOSE OF MY MANHOOD WERE

THE DREAMS OF MY CHILDHOOD AND
THE PURPOSE OF MY MANHOOD WERE
NOW FULFILLED.

THE PURPOSE OF MY MANHOOD WERE
NOW FULFILLED.
A FREE STATE AROUND ME, AND A

NOW FULFILLED.
A FREE STATE AROUND ME, AND A
FREE EARTH UNDER MY FEET... WHAT

A FREE STATE AROUND ME, AND A
FREE EARTH UNDER MY FEET... WHAT
A MOMENT THIS WAS TO ME."

FREE EARTH UNDER MY FEET... WHAT
A MOMENT THIS WAS TO ME."
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.

A MOMENT THIS WAS TO ME."
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
Reader: "APRIL 1842.

FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
Reader: "APRIL 1842.
WHO DOES NOT KNOW THAT OUR CITY

Reader: "APRIL 1842.
WHO DOES NOT KNOW THAT OUR CITY
IS THE GREAT PLACE OF THE

WHO DOES NOT KNOW THAT OUR CITY
IS THE GREAT PLACE OF THE
WESTERN CONTINENT... THE HEART,

IS THE GREAT PLACE OF THE
WESTERN CONTINENT... THE HEART,
THE BRAIN, THE FOCUS, THE MAIN

WESTERN CONTINENT... THE HEART,
THE BRAIN, THE FOCUS, THE MAIN
SPRING, THE NO MORE BEYOND OF

THE BRAIN, THE FOCUS, THE MAIN
SPRING, THE NO MORE BEYOND OF
THE NEW WORLD?"

SPRING, THE NO MORE BEYOND OF
THE NEW WORLD?"
WALT WHITMAN.

THE NEW WORLD?"
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF

WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF
1841, 22-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN

Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF
1841, 22-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN
ARRIVED IN MANHATTAN, LOOKING

1841, 22-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN
ARRIVED IN MANHATTAN, LOOKING
FOR WORK AS A NEWSPAPERMAN.

ARRIVED IN MANHATTAN, LOOKING
FOR WORK AS A NEWSPAPERMAN.
THE SON OF A FAILED CARPENTER

FOR WORK AS A NEWSPAPERMAN.
THE SON OF A FAILED CARPENTER
FROM BROOKLYN, WHOSE OWN MOTHER

THE SON OF A FAILED CARPENTER
FROM BROOKLYN, WHOSE OWN MOTHER
THOUGHT HIM "A GOOD BOY, BUT

FROM BROOKLYN, WHOSE OWN MOTHER
THOUGHT HIM "A GOOD BOY, BUT
VERY STRANGE," HE WAS ONE OF THE

THOUGHT HIM "A GOOD BOY, BUT
VERY STRANGE," HE WAS ONE OF THE
TENS OF THOUSANDS OF NEWCOMERS

VERY STRANGE," HE WAS ONE OF THE
TENS OF THOUSANDS OF NEWCOMERS
STREAMING IN EACH YEAR TO FIND

TENS OF THOUSANDS OF NEWCOMERS
STREAMING IN EACH YEAR TO FIND
WORK IN THE CITY.

STREAMING IN EACH YEAR TO FIND
WORK IN THE CITY.
THE ENERGY OF THE METROPOLIS

WORK IN THE CITY.
THE ENERGY OF THE METROPOLIS
BROKE OVER HIM LIKE A

THE ENERGY OF THE METROPOLIS
BROKE OVER HIM LIKE A
THUNDERSTORM.

BROKE OVER HIM LIKE A
THUNDERSTORM.
"THIS IS THE CITY," HE WROTE

THUNDERSTORM.
"THIS IS THE CITY," HE WROTE
ECSTATICALLY, "AND I AM ONE OF

"THIS IS THE CITY," HE WROTE
ECSTATICALLY, "AND I AM ONE OF
ITS CITIZENS."

ECSTATICALLY, "AND I AM ONE OF
ITS CITIZENS."
Reader: "SILENCE?

ITS CITIZENS."
Reader: "SILENCE?
WHAT CAN NEW YORK... NOISY,

Reader: "SILENCE?
WHAT CAN NEW YORK... NOISY,
ROARING, RUMBLING, TUMBLING,

WHAT CAN NEW YORK... NOISY,
ROARING, RUMBLING, TUMBLING,
BUSTLING, TURBULENT NEW YORK...

ROARING, RUMBLING, TUMBLING,
BUSTLING, TURBULENT NEW YORK...
HAVE TO DO WITH SILENCE?

BUSTLING, TURBULENT NEW YORK...
HAVE TO DO WITH SILENCE?
AMID THE UNIVERSAL CLATTER, THE

HAVE TO DO WITH SILENCE?
AMID THE UNIVERSAL CLATTER, THE
ALL-SWALLOWING VORTEX OF THE

AMID THE UNIVERSAL CLATTER, THE
ALL-SWALLOWING VORTEX OF THE
GREAT MONEY WHIRLPOOL, WHO HAS

ALL-SWALLOWING VORTEX OF THE
GREAT MONEY WHIRLPOOL, WHO HAS
ANY, EVEN DISTANT, IDEA OF THE

GREAT MONEY WHIRLPOOL, WHO HAS
ANY, EVEN DISTANT, IDEA OF THE
PROFOUND REPOSE OF SILENCE?"

ANY, EVEN DISTANT, IDEA OF THE
PROFOUND REPOSE OF SILENCE?"
WALT WHITMAN.

PROFOUND REPOSE OF SILENCE?"
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: HE TOOK TO THE CITY

WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: HE TOOK TO THE CITY
INSTANTLY, AND SOON FOUND WORK

Narrator: HE TOOK TO THE CITY
INSTANTLY, AND SOON FOUND WORK
AT A PAPER CALLED THE AURORA,

INSTANTLY, AND SOON FOUND WORK
AT A PAPER CALLED THE AURORA,
ONE OF THE DOZENS OF NEW "PENNY

AT A PAPER CALLED THE AURORA,
ONE OF THE DOZENS OF NEW "PENNY
PAPERS" SPRINGING UP ALL OVER

ONE OF THE DOZENS OF NEW "PENNY
PAPERS" SPRINGING UP ALL OVER
THE ISLAND.

PAPERS" SPRINGING UP ALL OVER
THE ISLAND.
THERE HAD NEVER BEEN ANYTHING

THE ISLAND.
THERE HAD NEVER BEEN ANYTHING
LIKE THEM.

THERE HAD NEVER BEEN ANYTHING
LIKE THEM.
SOLD ON THE STREETS FOR A PENNY

LIKE THEM.
SOLD ON THE STREETS FOR A PENNY
APIECE BY GANGS OF RAGGED BOYS,

SOLD ON THE STREETS FOR A PENNY
APIECE BY GANGS OF RAGGED BOYS,
THEY WERE FILLED NOT WITH SOBER

APIECE BY GANGS OF RAGGED BOYS,
THEY WERE FILLED NOT WITH SOBER
SHIPPING REPORTS, BUT WITH

THEY WERE FILLED NOT WITH SOBER
SHIPPING REPORTS, BUT WITH
EYE-CATCHING STORIES OF CRIME,

SHIPPING REPORTS, BUT WITH
EYE-CATCHING STORIES OF CRIME,
VICE, AND SEX, OFTEN DRAWN FROM

EYE-CATCHING STORIES OF CRIME,
VICE, AND SEX, OFTEN DRAWN FROM
THE STREETS OF THE CITY ITSELF.

VICE, AND SEX, OFTEN DRAWN FROM
THE STREETS OF THE CITY ITSELF.
OF THEM ALL, NONE WAS MORE

THE STREETS OF THE CITY ITSELF.
OF THEM ALL, NONE WAS MORE
POPULAR THAN THE NEW YORK

OF THEM ALL, NONE WAS MORE
POPULAR THAN THE NEW YORK
HERALD, FOUNDED IN 1835 BY A

POPULAR THAN THE NEW YORK
HERALD, FOUNDED IN 1835 BY A
BOMBASTIC SCOTTISH IMMIGRANT

HERALD, FOUNDED IN 1835 BY A
BOMBASTIC SCOTTISH IMMIGRANT
NAMED JAMES GORDON BENNETT,

BOMBASTIC SCOTTISH IMMIGRANT
NAMED JAMES GORDON BENNETT,
FOND OF COMPARING HIMSELF IN

NAMED JAMES GORDON BENNETT,
FOND OF COMPARING HIMSELF IN
THE PAGES OF HIS OWN JOURNAL

FOND OF COMPARING HIMSELF IN
THE PAGES OF HIS OWN JOURNAL
TO JULIUS CAESAR, SHAKESPEARE,

THE PAGES OF HIS OWN JOURNAL
TO JULIUS CAESAR, SHAKESPEARE,
AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

TO JULIUS CAESAR, SHAKESPEARE,
AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
Gordon: UP UNTIL THE 1830s,

AND ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
Gordon: UP UNTIL THE 1830s,
NEWSPAPERS HAD VERY SMALL

Gordon: UP UNTIL THE 1830s,
NEWSPAPERS HAD VERY SMALL
CIRCULATION, THEY WERE QUITE

NEWSPAPERS HAD VERY SMALL
CIRCULATION, THEY WERE QUITE
EXPENSIVE, AND THEY WERE ALWAYS

CIRCULATION, THEY WERE QUITE
EXPENSIVE, AND THEY WERE ALWAYS
EFFECTIVELY OWNED BY ONE

EXPENSIVE, AND THEY WERE ALWAYS
EFFECTIVELY OWNED BY ONE
POLITICAL PARTY.

EFFECTIVELY OWNED BY ONE
POLITICAL PARTY.
IT WAS JAMES GORDON BENNETT WHO

POLITICAL PARTY.
IT WAS JAMES GORDON BENNETT WHO
CHANGED ALL THAT.

IT WAS JAMES GORDON BENNETT WHO
CHANGED ALL THAT.
HE PUT ALL THE IDEAS TOGETHER

CHANGED ALL THAT.
HE PUT ALL THE IDEAS TOGETHER
AND CAME UP WITH UP WITH THE

HE PUT ALL THE IDEAS TOGETHER
AND CAME UP WITH UP WITH THE
NEW YORK HERALD, WHICH BECAME

AND CAME UP WITH UP WITH THE
NEW YORK HERALD, WHICH BECAME
THE MOST SUCCESSFUL NEWSPAPER

NEW YORK HERALD, WHICH BECAME
THE MOST SUCCESSFUL NEWSPAPER
IN THE WORLD.

THE MOST SUCCESSFUL NEWSPAPER
IN THE WORLD.
IT WAS VERY LOW-PRICED, IT WAS

IN THE WORLD.
IT WAS VERY LOW-PRICED, IT WAS
POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT, AND IT

IT WAS VERY LOW-PRICED, IT WAS
POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT, AND IT
WAS WRITTEN NOT WITH THE IDEA

POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT, AND IT
WAS WRITTEN NOT WITH THE IDEA
OF INSTRUCTING THE READER WITH

WAS WRITTEN NOT WITH THE IDEA
OF INSTRUCTING THE READER WITH
WHAT HE OUGHT TO KNOW, BUT WITH

OF INSTRUCTING THE READER WITH
WHAT HE OUGHT TO KNOW, BUT WITH
GIVING THE READER WHAT HE WANTED

WHAT HE OUGHT TO KNOW, BUT WITH
GIVING THE READER WHAT HE WANTED
TO KNOW.

GIVING THE READER WHAT HE WANTED
TO KNOW.
Narrator: MODERN JOURNALISM

TO KNOW.
Narrator: MODERN JOURNALISM
HAD BEGUN.

Narrator: MODERN JOURNALISM
HAD BEGUN.
IN ITS FIRST TWO WEEKS ALONE,

HAD BEGUN.
IN ITS FIRST TWO WEEKS ALONE,
THE HERALD RAN BLOOD-CURDLING

IN ITS FIRST TWO WEEKS ALONE,
THE HERALD RAN BLOOD-CURDLING
ACCOUNTS OF THREE SUICIDES,

THE HERALD RAN BLOOD-CURDLING
ACCOUNTS OF THREE SUICIDES,
THREE MURDERS, A FIRE THAT

ACCOUNTS OF THREE SUICIDES,
THREE MURDERS, A FIRE THAT
KILLED FIVE PEOPLE, AND AN

THREE MURDERS, A FIRE THAT
KILLED FIVE PEOPLE, AND AN
ACCIDENT IN WHICH A MAN HAD

KILLED FIVE PEOPLE, AND AN
ACCIDENT IN WHICH A MAN HAD
BLOWN HIS OWN HEAD OFF.

ACCIDENT IN WHICH A MAN HAD
BLOWN HIS OWN HEAD OFF.
Reader: "MONDAY, FEBRUARY 1,

BLOWN HIS OWN HEAD OFF.
Reader: "MONDAY, FEBRUARY 1,
1841.

Reader: "MONDAY, FEBRUARY 1,
1841.
THERE IS A PAPER PUBLISHED IN

1841.
THERE IS A PAPER PUBLISHED IN
THIS CITY.

THERE IS A PAPER PUBLISHED IN
THIS CITY.
I AM NOT IN THE HABIT OF QUOTING

THIS CITY.
I AM NOT IN THE HABIT OF QUOTING
FROM IT, FOR I CONSIDER IT A

I AM NOT IN THE HABIT OF QUOTING
FROM IT, FOR I CONSIDER IT A
DISGRACE.

FROM IT, FOR I CONSIDER IT A
DISGRACE.
NOR WOULD I DO IT NOW, BUT TO

DISGRACE.
NOR WOULD I DO IT NOW, BUT TO
PROTEST AGAINST THE DEPRAVED

NOR WOULD I DO IT NOW, BUT TO
PROTEST AGAINST THE DEPRAVED
AND VITIATED TASTE OF NEWSPAPER

PROTEST AGAINST THE DEPRAVED
AND VITIATED TASTE OF NEWSPAPER
READERS.

AND VITIATED TASTE OF NEWSPAPER
READERS.
IT IS AN UNDENIABLE FACT THAT

READERS.
IT IS AN UNDENIABLE FACT THAT
THIS FILTHY SHEET HAS A WIDER

IT IS AN UNDENIABLE FACT THAT
THIS FILTHY SHEET HAS A WIDER
CIRCULATION THAN ANY OTHER, NOT

THIS FILTHY SHEET HAS A WIDER
CIRCULATION THAN ANY OTHER, NOT
ONLY HERE BUT IN OTHER CITIES."

CIRCULATION THAN ANY OTHER, NOT
ONLY HERE BUT IN OTHER CITIES."
PHILIP HONE.

ONLY HERE BUT IN OTHER CITIES."
PHILIP HONE.
Narrator: REPORTERS LIKE

PHILIP HONE.
Narrator: REPORTERS LIKE
WHITMAN WENT EVERYWHERE,

Narrator: REPORTERS LIKE
WHITMAN WENT EVERYWHERE,
COVERING THE SPECTACULAR FIRES

WHITMAN WENT EVERYWHERE,
COVERING THE SPECTACULAR FIRES
THAT BROKE OUT WITH INCREASING

COVERING THE SPECTACULAR FIRES
THAT BROKE OUT WITH INCREASING
FREQUENCY NOW AND THE EPIDEMICS

THAT BROKE OUT WITH INCREASING
FREQUENCY NOW AND THE EPIDEMICS
OF CHOLERA THAT RAVAGED THE

FREQUENCY NOW AND THE EPIDEMICS
OF CHOLERA THAT RAVAGED THE
INCREASINGLY CONGESTED SLUMS;

OF CHOLERA THAT RAVAGED THE
INCREASINGLY CONGESTED SLUMS;
FROM THE IMPOSING RAMPARTS OF

INCREASINGLY CONGESTED SLUMS;
FROM THE IMPOSING RAMPARTS OF
THE NEW CROTON WATERWORKS WAY

FROM THE IMPOSING RAMPARTS OF
THE NEW CROTON WATERWORKS WAY
OUT ON 42nd STREET TO THE

THE NEW CROTON WATERWORKS WAY
OUT ON 42nd STREET TO THE
DIZZYING SPIRE OF NEWLY REBUILT

OUT ON 42nd STREET TO THE
DIZZYING SPIRE OF NEWLY REBUILT
TRINITY CHURCH, THE TALLEST

DIZZYING SPIRE OF NEWLY REBUILT
TRINITY CHURCH, THE TALLEST
STRUCTURE IN TOWN.

TRINITY CHURCH, THE TALLEST
STRUCTURE IN TOWN.
Reader: "THE VAST AND

STRUCTURE IN TOWN.
Reader: "THE VAST AND
INTERMINABLE CITY WAS SPREAD OUT

Reader: "THE VAST AND
INTERMINABLE CITY WAS SPREAD OUT
AS UPON A MAP BEFORE US.

INTERMINABLE CITY WAS SPREAD OUT
AS UPON A MAP BEFORE US.
THERE, BENEATH OUR FEET, AND

AS UPON A MAP BEFORE US.
THERE, BENEATH OUR FEET, AND
STRETCHING FAR AWAY IN EVERY

THERE, BENEATH OUR FEET, AND
STRETCHING FAR AWAY IN EVERY
DIRECTION, LAY ONE OF THE

STRETCHING FAR AWAY IN EVERY
DIRECTION, LAY ONE OF THE
MOST BEAUTIFUL AND EXCITING

DIRECTION, LAY ONE OF THE
MOST BEAUTIFUL AND EXCITING
SPECTACLES EVER LOOKED UPON."

MOST BEAUTIFUL AND EXCITING
SPECTACLES EVER LOOKED UPON."
THE NEW YORK MORNING NEWS.

SPECTACLES EVER LOOKED UPON."
THE NEW YORK MORNING NEWS.
Daniel Czitrom: BY THE 1830s

THE NEW YORK MORNING NEWS.
Daniel Czitrom: BY THE 1830s
AND 1840s, THE CITY IS SO

Daniel Czitrom: BY THE 1830s
AND 1840s, THE CITY IS SO
COMPLICATED, THE CITY HAS GOT SO

AND 1840s, THE CITY IS SO
COMPLICATED, THE CITY HAS GOT SO
MUCH ETHNIC DIVERSITY, ECONOMIC

COMPLICATED, THE CITY HAS GOT SO
MUCH ETHNIC DIVERSITY, ECONOMIC
DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES,

MUCH ETHNIC DIVERSITY, ECONOMIC
DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES,
THAT PEOPLE INCREASINGLY NEED A

DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES,
THAT PEOPLE INCREASINGLY NEED A
NEWSPAPER TO HELP THEM TO DECODE

THAT PEOPLE INCREASINGLY NEED A
NEWSPAPER TO HELP THEM TO DECODE
THE CITY, TO FIGURE OUT WHAT'S

NEWSPAPER TO HELP THEM TO DECODE
THE CITY, TO FIGURE OUT WHAT'S
GOING ON.

HERE'S A PLACE WHERE EVERY DAY
I CAN GET A HANDLE ON WHAT'S

I CAN GET A HANDLE ON WHAT'S
ACTUALLY GOING ON, AND I CAN GET

ACTUALLY GOING ON, AND I CAN GET
SOME SENSE OF ORDER TO WHAT'S

SOME SENSE OF ORDER TO WHAT'S
BECOMING A VERY DISORDERLY

BECOMING A VERY DISORDERLY
PLACE.
Narrator: IN LESS THAN A

Narrator: IN LESS THAN A
DECADE, MORE THAN 20 DAILIES AND
DOZENS OF WEEKLIES HAD CROWDED

DECADE, MORE THAN 20 DAILIES AND
DOZENS OF WEEKLIES HAD CROWDED
INTO A FIVE-BLOCK STRETCH ACROSS

DOZENS OF WEEKLIES HAD CROWDED
INTO A FIVE-BLOCK STRETCH ACROSS
FROM CITY HALL, CALLED PRINTING

INTO A FIVE-BLOCK STRETCH ACROSS
FROM CITY HALL, CALLED PRINTING
HOUSE ROW, ALONG WITH SAMUEL

FROM CITY HALL, CALLED PRINTING
HOUSE ROW, ALONG WITH SAMUEL
MORSE'S NEW TELEGRAPH OFFICE AND

HOUSE ROW, ALONG WITH SAMUEL
MORSE'S NEW TELEGRAPH OFFICE AND
MATHEW BRADY'S NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC

MORSE'S NEW TELEGRAPH OFFICE AND
MATHEW BRADY'S NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC
STUDIO.

MATHEW BRADY'S NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC
STUDIO.
BY 1841, THE BUSTLING DISTRICT

STUDIO.
BY 1841, THE BUSTLING DISTRICT
AROUND CITY HALL HAD BECOME THE

BY 1841, THE BUSTLING DISTRICT
AROUND CITY HALL HAD BECOME THE
CENTER OF NEWS AND INFORMATION

AROUND CITY HALL HAD BECOME THE
CENTER OF NEWS AND INFORMATION
FOR THE ENTIRE NATION.

CENTER OF NEWS AND INFORMATION
FOR THE ENTIRE NATION.
Czitrom: REMEMBER, AT THAT

FOR THE ENTIRE NATION.
Czitrom: REMEMBER, AT THAT
PERIOD, WE'RE TALKING STILL

Czitrom: REMEMBER, AT THAT
PERIOD, WE'RE TALKING STILL
ABOUT A KIND OF WALKING CITY.

PERIOD, WE'RE TALKING STILL
ABOUT A KIND OF WALKING CITY.
THAT IS TO SAY, IN A VERY, VERY

ABOUT A KIND OF WALKING CITY.
THAT IS TO SAY, IN A VERY, VERY
SMALL AREA, MAYBE A COUPLE OF

THAT IS TO SAY, IN A VERY, VERY
SMALL AREA, MAYBE A COUPLE OF
MILES, YOU COULD SEE THE AMAZING

SMALL AREA, MAYBE A COUPLE OF
MILES, YOU COULD SEE THE AMAZING
CONTRASTS THAT ARE GROWING UP,

MILES, YOU COULD SEE THE AMAZING
CONTRASTS THAT ARE GROWING UP,
EVEN WITHIN A FEW BLOCKS.

CONTRASTS THAT ARE GROWING UP,
EVEN WITHIN A FEW BLOCKS.
IF YOU THINK ABOUT WHERE CITY

EVEN WITHIN A FEW BLOCKS.
IF YOU THINK ABOUT WHERE CITY
HALL IS, THE CENTER OF

IF YOU THINK ABOUT WHERE CITY
HALL IS, THE CENTER OF
GOVERNMENT, YOU THINK ABOUT

HALL IS, THE CENTER OF
GOVERNMENT, YOU THINK ABOUT
WHERE WALL STREET IS, THE CENTER

GOVERNMENT, YOU THINK ABOUT
WHERE WALL STREET IS, THE CENTER
OF COMMERCE, AND THEN YOU THINK

WHERE WALL STREET IS, THE CENTER
OF COMMERCE, AND THEN YOU THINK
ABOUT THE FIVE POINTS, THE SORT

OF COMMERCE, AND THEN YOU THINK
ABOUT THE FIVE POINTS, THE SORT
OF WORST SLUM OF THE ERA,

ABOUT THE FIVE POINTS, THE SORT
OF WORST SLUM OF THE ERA,
THEY'RE ALL PRETTY MUCH WITHIN

OF WORST SLUM OF THE ERA,
THEY'RE ALL PRETTY MUCH WITHIN
A STONE'S THROW OF EACH OTHER.

THEY'RE ALL PRETTY MUCH WITHIN
A STONE'S THROW OF EACH OTHER.
AND THEN IF YOU INCLUDE THE

A STONE'S THROW OF EACH OTHER.
AND THEN IF YOU INCLUDE THE
EMERGING COMMERCIAL

AND THEN IF YOU INCLUDE THE
EMERGING COMMERCIAL
ENTERTAINMENTS, LIKE BARNUM'S

EMERGING COMMERCIAL
ENTERTAINMENTS, LIKE BARNUM'S
MUSEUM AND SO ON, YOU CAN SEE

ENTERTAINMENTS, LIKE BARNUM'S
MUSEUM AND SO ON, YOU CAN SEE
THAT REALLY WITHIN A VERY, VERY

MUSEUM AND SO ON, YOU CAN SEE
THAT REALLY WITHIN A VERY, VERY
SMALL AREA, YOU HAVE ALL THESE

THAT REALLY WITHIN A VERY, VERY
SMALL AREA, YOU HAVE ALL THESE
AMAZING CONTRASTS OF WEALTH AND

SMALL AREA, YOU HAVE ALL THESE
AMAZING CONTRASTS OF WEALTH AND
POVERTY, OF HIGH CULTURE AND

AMAZING CONTRASTS OF WEALTH AND
POVERTY, OF HIGH CULTURE AND
LOW CULTURE, OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC

POVERTY, OF HIGH CULTURE AND
LOW CULTURE, OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC
AND RACIAL GROUPS, AND ALL

LOW CULTURE, OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC
AND RACIAL GROUPS, AND ALL
THAT STUFF REALLY IN A FAIRLY

AND RACIAL GROUPS, AND ALL
THAT STUFF REALLY IN A FAIRLY
CONTAINED AREA.

THAT STUFF REALLY IN A FAIRLY
CONTAINED AREA.
Narrator: IN THE WINTER OF

CONTAINED AREA.
Narrator: IN THE WINTER OF
1841, AN EXTRAORDINARY

Narrator: IN THE WINTER OF
1841, AN EXTRAORDINARY
ESTABLISHMENT CALLED THE

1841, AN EXTRAORDINARY
ESTABLISHMENT CALLED THE
AMERICAN MUSEUM OPENED ITS DOORS

ESTABLISHMENT CALLED THE
AMERICAN MUSEUM OPENED ITS DOORS
FOR THE FIRST TIME ON THE CORNER

AMERICAN MUSEUM OPENED ITS DOORS
FOR THE FIRST TIME ON THE CORNER
OF BROADWAY AND PRINTING HOUSE

FOR THE FIRST TIME ON THE CORNER
OF BROADWAY AND PRINTING HOUSE
ROW, AT THE VERY HEART OF THE

OF BROADWAY AND PRINTING HOUSE
ROW, AT THE VERY HEART OF THE
NEW METROPOLIS.

ROW, AT THE VERY HEART OF THE
NEW METROPOLIS.
ITS PROPRIETOR WAS A 31-YEAR-OLD

NEW METROPOLIS.
ITS PROPRIETOR WAS A 31-YEAR-OLD
ITINERANT SHOWMAN FROM

ITS PROPRIETOR WAS A 31-YEAR-OLD
ITINERANT SHOWMAN FROM
CONNECTICUT NAMED PHINEAS T.

ITINERANT SHOWMAN FROM
CONNECTICUT NAMED PHINEAS T.
BARNUM, AN EX-NEWSPAPERMAN

CONNECTICUT NAMED PHINEAS T.
BARNUM, AN EX-NEWSPAPERMAN
WITH AN UNCANNY INSTINCT FOR

BARNUM, AN EX-NEWSPAPERMAN
WITH AN UNCANNY INSTINCT FOR
THE NEW MASS CULTURE BEGINNING

WITH AN UNCANNY INSTINCT FOR
THE NEW MASS CULTURE BEGINNING
TO EMERGE IN NEW YORK CITY.

THE NEW MASS CULTURE BEGINNING
TO EMERGE IN NEW YORK CITY.
John Kuo Wei Tchen: BARNUM

TO EMERGE IN NEW YORK CITY.
John Kuo Wei Tchen: BARNUM
IS A QUINTESSENTIAL NEW YORKER,

John Kuo Wei Tchen: BARNUM
IS A QUINTESSENTIAL NEW YORKER,
IN PART BECAUSE HE'S NOT FROM

IS A QUINTESSENTIAL NEW YORKER,
IN PART BECAUSE HE'S NOT FROM
NEW YORK.

IN PART BECAUSE HE'S NOT FROM
NEW YORK.
HE HAS A SENSE OF THE TIMES.

NEW YORK.
HE HAS A SENSE OF THE TIMES.
HE HAS A SENSE OF THE CHAOS OF

HE HAS A SENSE OF THE TIMES.
HE HAS A SENSE OF THE CHAOS OF
THE TIMES, OF THE URBAN KIND

HE HAS A SENSE OF THE CHAOS OF
THE TIMES, OF THE URBAN KIND
OF MILIEU.

THE TIMES, OF THE URBAN KIND
OF MILIEU.
THERE'S LOTS OF PEOPLE COMING

OF MILIEU.
THERE'S LOTS OF PEOPLE COMING
IN AND OUT OF NEW YORK.

THERE'S MOVEMENT; THERE'S
DIFFERENCES.

DIFFERENCES.
PEOPLE ARE NOT QUITE SURE

PEOPLE ARE NOT QUITE SURE
HOW TO RELATE TO EACH OTHER.
THEY'RE NOT QUITE SURE WHO

THEY'RE NOT QUITE SURE WHO
TO TRUST ANYMORE.
THEY'RE NOT QUITE SURE IF THE

TO TRUST ANYMORE.
THEY'RE NOT QUITE SURE IF THE
PERSON WHO APPEARS TO BE A

THEY'RE NOT QUITE SURE IF THE
PERSON WHO APPEARS TO BE A
GENTLEMAN BECAUSE HE'S WEARING

PERSON WHO APPEARS TO BE A
GENTLEMAN BECAUSE HE'S WEARING
GOOD CLOTHING AND HAS A

GENTLEMAN BECAUSE HE'S WEARING
GOOD CLOTHING AND HAS A
BEAUTIFUL POCKET WATCH IS

GOOD CLOTHING AND HAS A
BEAUTIFUL POCKET WATCH IS
SOMEONE WHO REALLY TRULY IS

BEAUTIFUL POCKET WATCH IS
SOMEONE WHO REALLY TRULY IS
A GENTLEMAN OR NOT.

SOMEONE WHO REALLY TRULY IS
A GENTLEMAN OR NOT.
Narrator: EAGER TO EXPLOIT

A GENTLEMAN OR NOT.
Narrator: EAGER TO EXPLOIT
THE SHIFTING INTERESTS AND

Narrator: EAGER TO EXPLOIT
THE SHIFTING INTERESTS AND
ANXIETIES OF NEW YORK'S

THE SHIFTING INTERESTS AND
ANXIETIES OF NEW YORK'S
INCREASINGLY DIVERSE CITIZENRY,

ANXIETIES OF NEW YORK'S
INCREASINGLY DIVERSE CITIZENRY,
BARNUM PROGRAMMED SOMETHING FOR

INCREASINGLY DIVERSE CITIZENRY,
BARNUM PROGRAMMED SOMETHING FOR
EVERYONE IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM,

BARNUM PROGRAMMED SOMETHING FOR
EVERYONE IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM,
INCLUDING A SCALE MODEL OF

EVERYONE IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM,
INCLUDING A SCALE MODEL OF
DUBLIN FOR THE GROWING NUMBER OF

INCLUDING A SCALE MODEL OF
DUBLIN FOR THE GROWING NUMBER OF
IRISH IMMIGRANTS AND A 3,000-

DUBLIN FOR THE GROWING NUMBER OF
IRISH IMMIGRANTS AND A 3,000-
SEAT "MORAL LECTURE ROOM" FOR

IRISH IMMIGRANTS AND A 3,000-
SEAT "MORAL LECTURE ROOM" FOR
NEW YORK'S UPRIGHT MIDDLE-CLASS

SEAT "MORAL LECTURE ROOM" FOR
NEW YORK'S UPRIGHT MIDDLE-CLASS
ESTABLISHMENT.

NEW YORK'S UPRIGHT MIDDLE-CLASS
ESTABLISHMENT.
OTHER POPULAR ATTRACTIONS

ESTABLISHMENT.
OTHER POPULAR ATTRACTIONS
INCLUDED A MERMAID FROM FIJI;

OTHER POPULAR ATTRACTIONS
INCLUDED A MERMAID FROM FIJI;
A KNITTING MACHINE OPERATED BY

INCLUDED A MERMAID FROM FIJI;
A KNITTING MACHINE OPERATED BY
A DOG; A BEARDED GIRL NAMED

A KNITTING MACHINE OPERATED BY
A DOG; A BEARDED GIRL NAMED
ANNIE JONES; A 25-INCH MIDGET

A DOG; A BEARDED GIRL NAMED
ANNIE JONES; A 25-INCH MIDGET
NAMED GENERAL TOM THUMB; A PAIR

ANNIE JONES; A 25-INCH MIDGET
NAMED GENERAL TOM THUMB; A PAIR
OF CHINESE BROTHERS NAMED CHANG

NAMED GENERAL TOM THUMB; A PAIR
OF CHINESE BROTHERS NAMED CHANG
AND ENG, THE ORIGINAL SIAMESE

OF CHINESE BROTHERS NAMED CHANG
AND ENG, THE ORIGINAL SIAMESE
TWINS; AND PLAYING TO THE

AND ENG, THE ORIGINAL SIAMESE
TWINS; AND PLAYING TO THE
GROWING NATIONAL OBSESSION

TWINS; AND PLAYING TO THE
GROWING NATIONAL OBSESSION
WITH THE QUESTION OF RACE

GROWING NATIONAL OBSESSION
WITH THE QUESTION OF RACE
AND ORIGINS, AN 18-YEAR-OLD

WITH THE QUESTION OF RACE
AND ORIGINS, AN 18-YEAR-OLD
MICROCEPHALIC BLACK MAN FROM

AND ORIGINS, AN 18-YEAR-OLD
MICROCEPHALIC BLACK MAN FROM
GEORGIA, WHOM BARNUM PRESENTED

MICROCEPHALIC BLACK MAN FROM
GEORGIA, WHOM BARNUM PRESENTED
SIMPLY AS THE "WHAT-IS-IT?"

GEORGIA, WHOM BARNUM PRESENTED
SIMPLY AS THE "WHAT-IS-IT?"
Reader: "MARCH 2, FRIDAY.

SIMPLY AS THE "WHAT-IS-IT?"
Reader: "MARCH 2, FRIDAY.
STOPPED AT BARNUM'S ON MY WAY

Reader: "MARCH 2, FRIDAY.
STOPPED AT BARNUM'S ON MY WAY
DOWNTOWN TO SEE THE MUCH-

STOPPED AT BARNUM'S ON MY WAY
DOWNTOWN TO SEE THE MUCH-
ADVERTISED "WHAT-IS-IT?"

DOWNTOWN TO SEE THE MUCH-
ADVERTISED "WHAT-IS-IT?"
SOME SAY IT'S AN ADVANCED

ADVERTISED "WHAT-IS-IT?"
SOME SAY IT'S AN ADVANCED
CHIMPANZEE, BUT IT SEEMS TO ME

SOME SAY IT'S AN ADVANCED
CHIMPANZEE, BUT IT SEEMS TO ME
CLEARLY AN IDIOTIC NEGRO DWARF,

CHIMPANZEE, BUT IT SEEMS TO ME
CLEARLY AN IDIOTIC NEGRO DWARF,
RAISED, PERHAPS, IN ALABAMA OR

CLEARLY AN IDIOTIC NEGRO DWARF,
RAISED, PERHAPS, IN ALABAMA OR
VIRGINIA.

RAISED, PERHAPS, IN ALABAMA OR
VIRGINIA.
HIS ANATOMICAL DETAILS ARE

VIRGINIA.
HIS ANATOMICAL DETAILS ARE
FEARFULLY SIMIAN, A GREAT FACT

HIS ANATOMICAL DETAILS ARE
FEARFULLY SIMIAN, A GREAT FACT
FOR DARWIN."

FEARFULLY SIMIAN, A GREAT FACT
FOR DARWIN."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

FOR DARWIN."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Luc Sante: BARNUM WAS THE

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Luc Sante: BARNUM WAS THE
PRIMAL HUCKSTER.

Luc Sante: BARNUM WAS THE
PRIMAL HUCKSTER.
HE WAS THE ADAM AND EVE OF

PRIMAL HUCKSTER.
HE WAS THE ADAM AND EVE OF
HUCKSTERISM.

BUT THE IDEA WAS TO DRAW A
PAYING CROWD NO MATTER WHAT,

PAYING CROWD NO MATTER WHAT,
AND HE WAS A GENIUS AT IT.

AND HE WAS A GENIUS AT IT.
HE CHANGED HIS TRICKS OVER

HE CHANGED HIS TRICKS OVER
AND OVER AGAIN.
HE HAD A SEEMINGLY UNENDING

HE HAD A SEEMINGLY UNENDING
NUMBER OF THEM.
Reader: "NOW AND THEN,

NUMBER OF THEM.
Reader: "NOW AND THEN,
SOMEONE WOULD CRY OUT 'HUMBUG'

Reader: "NOW AND THEN,
SOMEONE WOULD CRY OUT 'HUMBUG'
AND 'CHARLATAN, ' BUT SO MUCH

SOMEONE WOULD CRY OUT 'HUMBUG'
AND 'CHARLATAN, ' BUT SO MUCH
THE BETTER FOR ME.

AND 'CHARLATAN, ' BUT SO MUCH
THE BETTER FOR ME.
IT HELPED TO ADVERTISE ME,

THE BETTER FOR ME.
IT HELPED TO ADVERTISE ME,
AND I WAS WILLING TO BEAR THE

IT HELPED TO ADVERTISE ME,
AND I WAS WILLING TO BEAR THE
REPUTATION.

AND I WAS WILLING TO BEAR THE
REPUTATION.
I ENGAGED QUEER CURIOSITIES,

REPUTATION.
I ENGAGED QUEER CURIOSITIES,
AND EVEN MONSTROSITIES, SIMPLY

I ENGAGED QUEER CURIOSITIES,
AND EVEN MONSTROSITIES, SIMPLY
TO ADD NOTORIETY TO THE MUSEUM."

AND EVEN MONSTROSITIES, SIMPLY
TO ADD NOTORIETY TO THE MUSEUM."
P.T. BARNUM.

TO ADD NOTORIETY TO THE MUSEUM."
P.T. BARNUM.
Wallace: THERE'S A GAME

P.T. BARNUM.
Wallace: THERE'S A GAME
THAT'S BEING PLAYED HERE.

Wallace: THERE'S A GAME
THAT'S BEING PLAYED HERE.
THEY ENJOY THE NOTION THAT

THAT'S BEING PLAYED HERE.
THEY ENJOY THE NOTION THAT
THEY'RE BEING CONNED, AND HE'S

THEY ENJOY THE NOTION THAT
THEY'RE BEING CONNED, AND HE'S
ALMOST INVITING YOU TO FIGURE

THEY'RE BEING CONNED, AND HE'S
ALMOST INVITING YOU TO FIGURE
OUT HOW HE'S DONE IT.

ALMOST INVITING YOU TO FIGURE
OUT HOW HE'S DONE IT.
YOU KNOW, WHERE'S THE HUMBUG

OUT HOW HE'S DONE IT.
YOU KNOW, WHERE'S THE HUMBUG
IN THIS?

YOU KNOW, WHERE'S THE HUMBUG
IN THIS?
AND YOU KNOW THAT YOU'RE BEING

IN THIS?
AND YOU KNOW THAT YOU'RE BEING
HAD, BUT THERE'S A PLEASURE

AND YOU KNOW THAT YOU'RE BEING
HAD, BUT THERE'S A PLEASURE
IN THE GAME OF BOTH BEING HAD,

HAD, BUT THERE'S A PLEASURE
IN THE GAME OF BOTH BEING HAD,
KNOWING THAT YOU'RE BEING HAD,

IN THE GAME OF BOTH BEING HAD,
KNOWING THAT YOU'RE BEING HAD,
TRYING TO DECIPHER HOW HE'S

KNOWING THAT YOU'RE BEING HAD,
TRYING TO DECIPHER HOW HE'S
DOING IT... YOU KNOW, HOW DOES

TRYING TO DECIPHER HOW HE'S
DOING IT... YOU KNOW, HOW DOES
THE MAGICIAN WORK HIS TRICKS?

DOING IT... YOU KNOW, HOW DOES
THE MAGICIAN WORK HIS TRICKS?
SO BARNUM IS THE SPIRITUAL

THE MAGICIAN WORK HIS TRICKS?
SO BARNUM IS THE SPIRITUAL
GRANDFATHER OF BALLYHOO,

SO BARNUM IS THE SPIRITUAL
GRANDFATHER OF BALLYHOO,
OF ADVERTISING AND PUBLIC

GRANDFATHER OF BALLYHOO,
OF ADVERTISING AND PUBLIC
RELATIONS, OF A BOLD BRASSINESS

OF ADVERTISING AND PUBLIC
RELATIONS, OF A BOLD BRASSINESS
THAT'S A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF

RELATIONS, OF A BOLD BRASSINESS
THAT'S A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF
THE NEW YORK PSYCHE, CERTAINLY

THAT'S A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF
THE NEW YORK PSYCHE, CERTAINLY
FROM THAT POINT ON.

THE NEW YORK PSYCHE, CERTAINLY
FROM THAT POINT ON.
Narrator: FROM THE DAY IT

FROM THAT POINT ON.
Narrator: FROM THE DAY IT
OPENED, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM WAS

Narrator: FROM THE DAY IT
OPENED, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM WAS
A STUNNING SUCCESS.

OPENED, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM WAS
A STUNNING SUCCESS.
DURING ITS 27-YEAR RUN, BARNUM

A STUNNING SUCCESS.
DURING ITS 27-YEAR RUN, BARNUM
WOULD SELL 42 MILLION TICKETS,

DURING ITS 27-YEAR RUN, BARNUM
WOULD SELL 42 MILLION TICKETS,
SEVEN MILLION MORE THAN THE

WOULD SELL 42 MILLION TICKETS,
SEVEN MILLION MORE THAN THE
ENTIRE POPULATION OF THE UNITED

SEVEN MILLION MORE THAN THE
ENTIRE POPULATION OF THE UNITED
STATES.

ENTIRE POPULATION OF THE UNITED
STATES.
INSIDE, THE ENORMOUS DIFFERENCES

STATES.
INSIDE, THE ENORMOUS DIFFERENCES
ALREADY DIVIDING NEW YORKERS

INSIDE, THE ENORMOUS DIFFERENCES
ALREADY DIVIDING NEW YORKERS
DWINDLED FOR A MOMENT, AGAINST

ALREADY DIVIDING NEW YORKERS
DWINDLED FOR A MOMENT, AGAINST
THE BACKDROP OF THE HUMAN

DWINDLED FOR A MOMENT, AGAINST
THE BACKDROP OF THE HUMAN
EXTREMES ON DISPLAY.

THE BACKDROP OF THE HUMAN
EXTREMES ON DISPLAY.
OUTSIDE, ON THE CITY STREETS,

EXTREMES ON DISPLAY.
OUTSIDE, ON THE CITY STREETS,
HOWEVER, THOSE DIFFERENCES WERE

OUTSIDE, ON THE CITY STREETS,
HOWEVER, THOSE DIFFERENCES WERE
BECOMING MORE AND MORE TROUBLING

HOWEVER, THOSE DIFFERENCES WERE
BECOMING MORE AND MORE TROUBLING
WITH EACH PASSING YEAR.

Craig Steven Wilder: I THINK
THE FICTION OF NEW YORK HISTORY

THE FICTION OF NEW YORK HISTORY
AND NEW YORKERS' SELF-

AND NEW YORKERS' SELF-
PERCEPTIONS IS THAT THEY WERE

PERCEPTIONS IS THAT THEY WERE
THE MOST TOLERANT PEOPLE IN

THE MOST TOLERANT PEOPLE IN
THE WORLD: THE COSMOPOLITAN

THE COSMOPOLITAN
NEW YORKER ABLE TO ACCEPT

NEW YORKER ABLE TO ACCEPT
ANYONE WHO CAME.
THE REALITY OF NEW YORK HISTORY

THE REALITY OF NEW YORK HISTORY
REVEALS QUITE A BIT MORE TENSION
AND CONFLICT IN THE ACTUAL

REVEALS QUITE A BIT MORE TENSION
AND CONFLICT IN THE ACTUAL
DAY-TO-DAY SOCIAL RELATIONS OF

AND CONFLICT IN THE ACTUAL
DAY-TO-DAY SOCIAL RELATIONS OF
NEW YORKERS.

Fran Lebowitz: THIS WAS NEVER
A CITY THAT WELCOMED IMMIGRANTS.

A CITY THAT WELCOMED IMMIGRANTS.
IF YOU READ THE HISTORY OF NEW

IF YOU READ THE HISTORY OF NEW
YORK, WHICHEVER GROUP WAS COMING

YORK, WHICHEVER GROUP WAS COMING
AT THE TIME, EVERYONE HATED.
AND THEN THE GROUP THAT GOT HERE

AND THEN THE GROUP THAT GOT HERE
FIVE MINUTES BEFORE THEM HAD
SOMEONE TO LOOK DOWN ON, AND

FIVE MINUTES BEFORE THEM HAD
SOMEONE TO LOOK DOWN ON, AND
THAT'S ALWAYS BEEN THE CASE.

SOMEONE TO LOOK DOWN ON, AND
THAT'S ALWAYS BEEN THE CASE.
Reader: "JUNE 2, 1836.

THAT'S ALWAYS BEEN THE CASE.
Reader: "JUNE 2, 1836.
THERE ARRIVED AT THIS PORT

Reader: "JUNE 2, 1836.
THERE ARRIVED AT THIS PORT
DURING THE MONTH OF MAY

THERE ARRIVED AT THIS PORT
DURING THE MONTH OF MAY
15,825 PASSENGERS.

DURING THE MONTH OF MAY
15,825 PASSENGERS.
ALL EUROPE IS COMING ACROSS

15,825 PASSENGERS.
ALL EUROPE IS COMING ACROSS
THE OCEAN... ALL THAT PART AT

ALL EUROPE IS COMING ACROSS
THE OCEAN... ALL THAT PART AT
LEAST WHO CANNOT MAKE A LIVING

THE OCEAN... ALL THAT PART AT
LEAST WHO CANNOT MAKE A LIVING
AT HOME.

LEAST WHO CANNOT MAKE A LIVING
AT HOME.
AND WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THEM?

AT HOME.
AND WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THEM?
THEY INCREASE OUR TAXES, EAT OUR

AND WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THEM?
THEY INCREASE OUR TAXES, EAT OUR
BREAD, AND ENCUMBER OUR STREETS,

THEY INCREASE OUR TAXES, EAT OUR
BREAD, AND ENCUMBER OUR STREETS,
AND NOT ONE IN 20 IS COMPETENT

BREAD, AND ENCUMBER OUR STREETS,
AND NOT ONE IN 20 IS COMPETENT
TO KEEP HIMSELF."

AND NOT ONE IN 20 IS COMPETENT
TO KEEP HIMSELF."
PHILIP HONE.

TO KEEP HIMSELF."
PHILIP HONE.
Narrator: FOR YEARS, THE

PHILIP HONE.
Narrator: FOR YEARS, THE
NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS COMING INTO

Narrator: FOR YEARS, THE
NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS COMING INTO
THE CITY HAD BEEN ON THE RISE

NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS COMING INTO
THE CITY HAD BEEN ON THE RISE
AS THE DEMAND FOR WORKERS GREW.

THE CITY HAD BEEN ON THE RISE
AS THE DEMAND FOR WORKERS GREW.
BY 1840, MORE THAN 50,000

AS THE DEMAND FOR WORKERS GREW.
BY 1840, MORE THAN 50,000
GERMANS HAD PUSHED IN, SETTLING

BY 1840, MORE THAN 50,000
GERMANS HAD PUSHED IN, SETTLING
IN AN INSULATED NEIGHBORHOOD OF

GERMANS HAD PUSHED IN, SETTLING
IN AN INSULATED NEIGHBORHOOD OF
THEIR OWN CALLED

IN AN INSULATED NEIGHBORHOOD OF
THEIR OWN CALLED
KLEINDEUTSCHLAND, OR LITTLE

THEIR OWN CALLED
KLEINDEUTSCHLAND, OR LITTLE
GERMANY.

KLEINDEUTSCHLAND, OR LITTLE
GERMANY.
AN EVEN GREATER NUMBER HAD

GERMANY.
AN EVEN GREATER NUMBER HAD
EMIGRATED FROM IRELAND,

AN EVEN GREATER NUMBER HAD
EMIGRATED FROM IRELAND,
IMPOVERISHED FARMERS AND

EMIGRATED FROM IRELAND,
IMPOVERISHED FARMERS AND
UNSKILLED DAY LABORERS MAINLY,

IMPOVERISHED FARMERS AND
UNSKILLED DAY LABORERS MAINLY,
MOST OF WHOM QUICKLY FOUND WORK,

UNSKILLED DAY LABORERS MAINLY,
MOST OF WHOM QUICKLY FOUND WORK,
TAKING ON THE WORST AND TOUGHEST

MOST OF WHOM QUICKLY FOUND WORK,
TAKING ON THE WORST AND TOUGHEST
DIGGING

TAKING ON THE WORST AND TOUGHEST
DIGGING
SEWERS, PAVING STREETS, BUILDING

DIGGING
SEWERS, PAVING STREETS, BUILDING
HOUSES, OR WORKING AS SERVANTS,

SEWERS, PAVING STREETS, BUILDING
HOUSES, OR WORKING AS SERVANTS,
SCULLERY MAIDS, AND

HOUSES, OR WORKING AS SERVANTS,
SCULLERY MAIDS, AND
SEAMSTRESSES.

SCULLERY MAIDS, AND
SEAMSTRESSES.
BY 1842, NEARLY 100,000 IRISH

SEAMSTRESSES.
BY 1842, NEARLY 100,000 IRISH
IMMIGRANTS HAD FLOODED INTO

BY 1842, NEARLY 100,000 IRISH
IMMIGRANTS HAD FLOODED INTO
NEW YORK CITY, FUELING WAVES OF

IMMIGRANTS HAD FLOODED INTO
NEW YORK CITY, FUELING WAVES OF
VIRULENT ANTI-CATHOLIC BIGOTRY

NEW YORK CITY, FUELING WAVES OF
VIRULENT ANTI-CATHOLIC BIGOTRY
AND THE BITTER RESENTMENT OF

VIRULENT ANTI-CATHOLIC BIGOTRY
AND THE BITTER RESENTMENT OF
NATIVE-BORN WORKERS, WHO FEARED

AND THE BITTER RESENTMENT OF
NATIVE-BORN WORKERS, WHO FEARED
FOR THEIR JOBS.

NATIVE-BORN WORKERS, WHO FEARED
FOR THEIR JOBS.
Quinn: IT'S VERY HARD FOR

FOR THEIR JOBS.
Quinn: IT'S VERY HARD FOR
PEOPLE NOWADAYS TO REALIZE THERE

Quinn: IT'S VERY HARD FOR
PEOPLE NOWADAYS TO REALIZE THERE
WAS A WHITE, CHRISTIAN, ENGLISH-

PEOPLE NOWADAYS TO REALIZE THERE
WAS A WHITE, CHRISTIAN, ENGLISH-
SPEAKING IMMIGRANT GROUP THAT

WAS A WHITE, CHRISTIAN, ENGLISH-
SPEAKING IMMIGRANT GROUP THAT
WAS ESSENTIALLY SEEN AS

SPEAKING IMMIGRANT GROUP THAT
WAS ESSENTIALLY SEEN AS
ANOTHER RACE, SO FOREIGN THAT

WAS ESSENTIALLY SEEN AS
ANOTHER RACE, SO FOREIGN THAT
THEY COULD NEVER BE ABSORBED

ANOTHER RACE, SO FOREIGN THAT
THEY COULD NEVER BE ABSORBED
INTO THE UNITED STATES.

THEY COULD NEVER BE ABSORBED
INTO THE UNITED STATES.
THEIR ARRIVAL REALLY IN THE

INTO THE UNITED STATES.
THEIR ARRIVAL REALLY IN THE
1840s TRIGGERS THE GROWTH OF THE

THEIR ARRIVAL REALLY IN THE
1840s TRIGGERS THE GROWTH OF THE
AMERICAN PARTY, AS IT'S CALLED

1840s TRIGGERS THE GROWTH OF THE
AMERICAN PARTY, AS IT'S CALLED
AT THE TIME, OR THE KNOW-NOTHING

AMERICAN PARTY, AS IT'S CALLED
AT THE TIME, OR THE KNOW-NOTHING
PARTY, WHICH ESSENTIALLY SAID,

AT THE TIME, OR THE KNOW-NOTHING
PARTY, WHICH ESSENTIALLY SAID,
"WE HAVE TO STOP THE IMMIGRATION

PARTY, WHICH ESSENTIALLY SAID,
"WE HAVE TO STOP THE IMMIGRATION
OF THESE PEOPLE INTO THE

"WE HAVE TO STOP THE IMMIGRATION
OF THESE PEOPLE INTO THE
COUNTRY.

OF THESE PEOPLE INTO THE
COUNTRY.
THEY'RE GOING TO DESTROY OUR

COUNTRY.
THEY'RE GOING TO DESTROY OUR
IDENTITY.

THEY'RE GOING TO DESTROY OUR
IDENTITY.
THEY CAN NEVER BE LOYAL BECAUSE

IDENTITY.
THEY CAN NEVER BE LOYAL BECAUSE
OF THEIR LOYALTY TO THE CATHOLIC

THEY CAN NEVER BE LOYAL BECAUSE
OF THEIR LOYALTY TO THE CATHOLIC
CHURCH.

OF THEIR LOYALTY TO THE CATHOLIC
CHURCH.
THEY DON'T WANT TO WORK; THEY'RE

CHURCH.
THEY DON'T WANT TO WORK; THEY'RE
SHIFTLESS; THEY'RE VIOLENT."

THEY DON'T WANT TO WORK; THEY'RE
SHIFTLESS; THEY'RE VIOLENT."
THIS WAS THE PERCEPTION.

Gretchen Sullivan Sorin: ONE
OF THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS

OF THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS
ABOUTHE IRISH IS THE KIND OF

ABOUTHE IRISH IS THE KIND OF
DISCRIMINATION THAT THEY FACED

DISCRIMINATION THAT THEY FACED
WHEN THEY CAME TO NEW YORK.
ALL OF THE CARTOONS OF THE

ALL OF THE CARTOONS OF THE
PERIOD SHOW THEM WITH HUGE
BROWS, SHOW THEM DRUNK ALL

PERIOD SHOW THEM WITH HUGE
BROWS, SHOW THEM DRUNK ALL
THE TIME, SHOW THEM INVOLVED

BROWS, SHOW THEM DRUNK ALL
THE TIME, SHOW THEM INVOLVED
IN FIGHTS AND BRAWLS.

THE TIME, SHOW THEM INVOLVED
IN FIGHTS AND BRAWLS.
THE IRISH WERE CALLED THE BLACKS

IN FIGHTS AND BRAWLS.
THE IRISH WERE CALLED THE BLACKS
OF THE 19th CENTURY.

THE IRISH WERE CALLED THE BLACKS
OF THE 19th CENTURY.
THEY WERE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE

OF THE 19th CENTURY.
THEY WERE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE
WHITE.

THEY WERE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE
WHITE.
Narrator: ETHNIC CONFLICT HAD

WHITE.
Narrator: ETHNIC CONFLICT HAD
ALREADY REACHED ALARMING LEVELS

Narrator: ETHNIC CONFLICT HAD
ALREADY REACHED ALARMING LEVELS
ON THE STREETS OF THE CITY,

ALREADY REACHED ALARMING LEVELS
ON THE STREETS OF THE CITY,
WHEN, IN THE SUMMER OF 1845,

ON THE STREETS OF THE CITY,
WHEN, IN THE SUMMER OF 1845,
A TRAGEDY OF UNIMAGINABLE

WHEN, IN THE SUMMER OF 1845,
A TRAGEDY OF UNIMAGINABLE
PROPORTIONS IN THE IRISH

A TRAGEDY OF UNIMAGINABLE
PROPORTIONS IN THE IRISH
COUNTRYSIDE SENT A TIDAL WAVE

PROPORTIONS IN THE IRISH
COUNTRYSIDE SENT A TIDAL WAVE
OF DESPERATE PEOPLE STREAMING

COUNTRYSIDE SENT A TIDAL WAVE
OF DESPERATE PEOPLE STREAMING
TOWARDS NEW YORK.

OF DESPERATE PEOPLE STREAMING
TOWARDS NEW YORK.
IN THE YEARS TO COME, THE INFLUX

TOWARDS NEW YORK.
IN THE YEARS TO COME, THE INFLUX
OF FAMINE IRISH IMMIGRANTS WOULD

IN THE YEARS TO COME, THE INFLUX
OF FAMINE IRISH IMMIGRANTS WOULD
OVERWHELM THE CITY'S RESOURCES

OF FAMINE IRISH IMMIGRANTS WOULD
OVERWHELM THE CITY'S RESOURCES
COMPLETELY, AND CHANGE FOREVER

OVERWHELM THE CITY'S RESOURCES
COMPLETELY, AND CHANGE FOREVER
THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BALANCE

COMPLETELY, AND CHANGE FOREVER
THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BALANCE
OF THE METROPOLIS.

THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BALANCE
OF THE METROPOLIS.
Quinn: THE GREAT MIGRATION

OF THE METROPOLIS.
Quinn: THE GREAT MIGRATION
BEGINS IN 1845.

Quinn: THE GREAT MIGRATION
BEGINS IN 1845.
BETWEEN 1845 AND 1855, YOU HAVE

BEGINS IN 1845.
BETWEEN 1845 AND 1855, YOU HAVE
A MILLION PEOPLE DIE IN IRELAND

BETWEEN 1845 AND 1855, YOU HAVE
A MILLION PEOPLE DIE IN IRELAND
IN THE POTATO FAMINE, THE GREAT

A MILLION PEOPLE DIE IN IRELAND
IN THE POTATO FAMINE, THE GREAT
DEFINING EVENT OF MODERN IRISH

IN THE POTATO FAMINE, THE GREAT
DEFINING EVENT OF MODERN IRISH
HISTORY.

DEFINING EVENT OF MODERN IRISH
HISTORY.
2.1 MILLION LEAVE.

HISTORY.
2.1 MILLION LEAVE.
OF THE 1.5 THAT COME TO THE

2.1 MILLION LEAVE.
OF THE 1.5 THAT COME TO THE
UNITED STATES, A MILLION COME

OF THE 1.5 THAT COME TO THE
UNITED STATES, A MILLION COME
ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN A

UNITED STATES, A MILLION COME
ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN A
TEN-YEAR PERIOD.

ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN A
TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
AND IT'S AN IMMIGRATION VERY

TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
AND IT'S AN IMMIGRATION VERY
UNLIKE THE IMMIGRATIONS THAT

AND IT'S AN IMMIGRATION VERY
UNLIKE THE IMMIGRATIONS THAT
FOLLOW, ONE BECAUSE IT'S IN

UNLIKE THE IMMIGRATIONS THAT
FOLLOW, ONE BECAUSE IT'S IN
SAILING SHIPS.

FOLLOW, ONE BECAUSE IT'S IN
SAILING SHIPS.
IT'S NOT IN THE STEAMSHIPS THAT

SAILING SHIPS.
IT'S NOT IN THE STEAMSHIPS THAT
BECOME THE REGULAR VESSEL ACROSS

IT'S NOT IN THE STEAMSHIPS THAT
BECOME THE REGULAR VESSEL ACROSS
THE ATLANTIC IN SEVEN DAYS.

BECOME THE REGULAR VESSEL ACROSS
THE ATLANTIC IN SEVEN DAYS.
THIS IS A 30-DAY PASSAGE.

THE ATLANTIC IN SEVEN DAYS.
THIS IS A 30-DAY PASSAGE.
SOME OF THEM WERE CALLED COFFIN

THIS IS A 30-DAY PASSAGE.
SOME OF THEM WERE CALLED COFFIN
SHIPS BECAUSE THERE WERE MORE

SOME OF THEM WERE CALLED COFFIN
SHIPS BECAUSE THERE WERE MORE
PEOPLE DEAD ON THEM THAN ALIVE

SHIPS BECAUSE THERE WERE MORE
PEOPLE DEAD ON THEM THAN ALIVE
WHEN THEY LANDED.

PEOPLE DEAD ON THEM THAN ALIVE
WHEN THEY LANDED.
AND YOU HAVE A MILLION PEOPLE.

WHEN THEY LANDED.
AND YOU HAVE A MILLION PEOPLE.
ONE-EIGHTH OF THE IRISH NATION

AND YOU HAVE A MILLION PEOPLE.
ONE-EIGHTH OF THE IRISH NATION
COMES ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN

ONE-EIGHTH OF THE IRISH NATION
COMES ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN
A TEN-YEAR PERIOD.

COMES ACROSS SOUTH STREET IN
A TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
THERE'S NO OTHER IMMIGRATION

A TEN-YEAR PERIOD.
THERE'S NO OTHER IMMIGRATION
FROM EUROPE LIKE THAT IN THE

THERE'S NO OTHER IMMIGRATION
FROM EUROPE LIKE THAT IN THE
19th CENTURY.

FROM EUROPE LIKE THAT IN THE
19th CENTURY.
Reader: "HUNDREDS OF OUR

19th CENTURY.
Reader: "HUNDREDS OF OUR
PEOPLE, JUST CAST ON SHORE FROM

Reader: "HUNDREDS OF OUR
PEOPLE, JUST CAST ON SHORE FROM
THE EMIGRANT SHIPS, PARADE,

PEOPLE, JUST CAST ON SHORE FROM
THE EMIGRANT SHIPS, PARADE,
DAILY, THE STREETS OF NEW YORK

THE EMIGRANT SHIPS, PARADE,
DAILY, THE STREETS OF NEW YORK
AS HOWLING BEGGARS.

DAILY, THE STREETS OF NEW YORK
AS HOWLING BEGGARS.
THEY SLEEP IN DROVES IN THE

AS HOWLING BEGGARS.
THEY SLEEP IN DROVES IN THE
STATION HOUSES, THE

THEY SLEEP IN DROVES IN THE
STATION HOUSES, THE
COMMISSIONERS SUPPLYING THEM

STATION HOUSES, THE
COMMISSIONERS SUPPLYING THEM
WITH BREAD.

COMMISSIONERS SUPPLYING THEM
WITH BREAD.
IN THE MORNING, THEY WANDER

WITH BREAD.
IN THE MORNING, THEY WANDER
OVER THE CITY BEGGING."

IN THE MORNING, THEY WANDER
OVER THE CITY BEGGING."
Narrator: NO CITY ON EARTH

OVER THE CITY BEGGING."
Narrator: NO CITY ON EARTH
HAD EVER HAD TO CONTEND WITH

Narrator: NO CITY ON EARTH
HAD EVER HAD TO CONTEND WITH
SUCH AN ONSLAUGHT OF HUMANITY.

HAD EVER HAD TO CONTEND WITH
SUCH AN ONSLAUGHT OF HUMANITY.
IN 1854, AN OLD CONCERT HALL

SUCH AN ONSLAUGHT OF HUMANITY.
IN 1854, AN OLD CONCERT HALL
AT THE FOOT OF MANHATTAN CALLED

IN 1854, AN OLD CONCERT HALL
AT THE FOOT OF MANHATTAN CALLED
CASTLE GARDEN WAS PRESSED INTO

AT THE FOOT OF MANHATTAN CALLED
CASTLE GARDEN WAS PRESSED INTO
SERVICE TO HANDLE THE FLOOD

CASTLE GARDEN WAS PRESSED INTO
SERVICE TO HANDLE THE FLOOD
TIDE OF IMPOVERISHED NEWCOMERS.

SERVICE TO HANDLE THE FLOOD
TIDE OF IMPOVERISHED NEWCOMERS.
BY THEN, THERE WERE MORE IRISH

TIDE OF IMPOVERISHED NEWCOMERS.
BY THEN, THERE WERE MORE IRISH
IN NEW YORK CITY THAN ANY OTHER

BY THEN, THERE WERE MORE IRISH
IN NEW YORK CITY THAN ANY OTHER
PLACE IN THE WORLD EXCEPT

IN NEW YORK CITY THAN ANY OTHER
PLACE IN THE WORLD EXCEPT
DUBLIN, AND STILL THEY CAME ON,

PLACE IN THE WORLD EXCEPT
DUBLIN, AND STILL THEY CAME ON,
PUSHING THE CONGESTION IN THE

DUBLIN, AND STILL THEY CAME ON,
PUSHING THE CONGESTION IN THE
NEW SLUMS TO MORE THAN 300

PUSHING THE CONGESTION IN THE
NEW SLUMS TO MORE THAN 300
PEOPLE PER ACRE, FIVE TIMES

NEW SLUMS TO MORE THAN 300
PEOPLE PER ACRE, FIVE TIMES
THE DENSITY CITY FATHERS HAD

PEOPLE PER ACRE, FIVE TIMES
THE DENSITY CITY FATHERS HAD
ANTICIPATED WHEN LAYING OUT THE

THE DENSITY CITY FATHERS HAD
ANTICIPATED WHEN LAYING OUT THE
STREET PLAN 50 YEARS BEFORE.

Daniel Patrick Moynihan: THE
HUGE FAMINE IRISH EMIGRATION

HUGE FAMINE IRISH EMIGRATION
THAT HIT IN THE '40s BROUGHT

THAT HIT IN THE '40s BROUGHT
HERE A RURAL PEOPLE WHO HAD

HERE A RURAL PEOPLE WHO HAD
NO URBAN SKILLS... MANY OF THEM

NO URBAN SKILLS... MANY OF THEM
HAD NO ENGLISH... AND SETTLED

HAD NO ENGLISH... AND SETTLED
INTO PRETTY MISERABLE CONDITIONS

INTO PRETTY MISERABLE CONDITIONS
PRETTY FAST.
Narrator: AS THOUSANDS OF

Narrator: AS THOUSANDS OF
IRISH IMMIGRANTS PUSHED INTO
THE FIVE POINTS, ONE OF THE ONLY

IRISH IMMIGRANTS PUSHED INTO
THE FIVE POINTS, ONE OF THE ONLY
AREAS IN THE CITY WHERE AFRICAN

THE FIVE POINTS, ONE OF THE ONLY
AREAS IN THE CITY WHERE AFRICAN
AMERICANS COULD AFFORD TO LIVE,

AREAS IN THE CITY WHERE AFRICAN
AMERICANS COULD AFFORD TO LIVE,
THE TWO GROUPS WERE THROWN INTO

AMERICANS COULD AFFORD TO LIVE,
THE TWO GROUPS WERE THROWN INTO
INCREASINGLY BITTER COMPETITION

THE TWO GROUPS WERE THROWN INTO
INCREASINGLY BITTER COMPETITION
FOR THE WORST DWELLINGS AND THE

INCREASINGLY BITTER COMPETITION
FOR THE WORST DWELLINGS AND THE
LOWEST PAYING JOBS.

FOR THE WORST DWELLINGS AND THE
LOWEST PAYING JOBS.
Reader: "EVERY HOUR SEES US

LOWEST PAYING JOBS.
Reader: "EVERY HOUR SEES US
ELBOWED OUT OF SOME EMPLOYMENT

Reader: "EVERY HOUR SEES US
ELBOWED OUT OF SOME EMPLOYMENT
TO MAKE ROOM PERHAPS FOR SOME

ELBOWED OUT OF SOME EMPLOYMENT
TO MAKE ROOM PERHAPS FOR SOME
NEWLY ARRIVED IMMIGRANTS, WHOSE

TO MAKE ROOM PERHAPS FOR SOME
NEWLY ARRIVED IMMIGRANTS, WHOSE
HUNGER AND COLOR ARE THOUGHT

NEWLY ARRIVED IMMIGRANTS, WHOSE
HUNGER AND COLOR ARE THOUGHT
TO GIVE THEM TITLE TO ESPECIAL

HUNGER AND COLOR ARE THOUGHT
TO GIVE THEM TITLE TO ESPECIAL
FAVOR."

TO GIVE THEM TITLE TO ESPECIAL
FAVOR."
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.

FAVOR."
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
Wallace: WE'D LIKE TO THINK

FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
Wallace: WE'D LIKE TO THINK
THAT SEGREGATION IS A SOUTHERN

Wallace: WE'D LIKE TO THINK
THAT SEGREGATION IS A SOUTHERN
PHENOMENON.

THAT SEGREGATION IS A SOUTHERN
PHENOMENON.
IT'S NOT; IT'S A NORTHERN

PHENOMENON.
IT'S NOT; IT'S A NORTHERN
PHENOMENON.

IT'S NOT; IT'S A NORTHERN
PHENOMENON.
AND THERE ARE BLACK BURIAL

PHENOMENON.
AND THERE ARE BLACK BURIAL
GROUNDS AND THERE ARE WHITE

AND THERE ARE BLACK BURIAL
GROUNDS AND THERE ARE WHITE
BURIAL GROUNDS.

GROUNDS AND THERE ARE WHITE
BURIAL GROUNDS.
THERE ARE BLACK SECTIONS IN

BURIAL GROUNDS.
THERE ARE BLACK SECTIONS IN
CHURCHES, THE "NIGGER PEWS"

THERE ARE BLACK SECTIONS IN
CHURCHES, THE "NIGGER PEWS"
UP IN THE TOP.

CHURCHES, THE "NIGGER PEWS"
UP IN THE TOP.
SO RACISM IS BUILT INTO THE

UP IN THE TOP.
SO RACISM IS BUILT INTO THE
VERY STRUCTURE AND CULTURE

SO RACISM IS BUILT INTO THE
VERY STRUCTURE AND CULTURE
OF THE CITY, AND IT'S ONLY

VERY STRUCTURE AND CULTURE
OF THE CITY, AND IT'S ONLY
EXACERBATED BY THE NEW ARRIVALS.

OF THE CITY, AND IT'S ONLY
EXACERBATED BY THE NEW ARRIVALS.
Narrator: PROFIT-HUNGRY

EXACERBATED BY THE NEW ARRIVALS.
Narrator: PROFIT-HUNGRY
NEW YORK BUSINESSMEN ONLY MADE

Narrator: PROFIT-HUNGRY
NEW YORK BUSINESSMEN ONLY MADE
MATTERS WORSE, HIRING IRISH

NEW YORK BUSINESSMEN ONLY MADE
MATTERS WORSE, HIRING IRISH
LABORERS INSTEAD OF BLACKS

MATTERS WORSE, HIRING IRISH
LABORERS INSTEAD OF BLACKS
BECAUSE THEY WOULD WORK FOR

LABORERS INSTEAD OF BLACKS
BECAUSE THEY WOULD WORK FOR
EVEN LESS MONEY, THEN USING

BECAUSE THEY WOULD WORK FOR
EVEN LESS MONEY, THEN USING
BLACKS AS STRIKE BREAKERS

EVEN LESS MONEY, THEN USING
BLACKS AS STRIKE BREAKERS
WHENEVER THE IRISH THREATENED

BLACKS AS STRIKE BREAKERS
WHENEVER THE IRISH THREATENED
A WALKOUT FOR BETTER WAGES.

WHENEVER THE IRISH THREATENED
A WALKOUT FOR BETTER WAGES.
BY 1855, THE TWO GROUPS WITH

A WALKOUT FOR BETTER WAGES.
BY 1855, THE TWO GROUPS WITH
THE MOST IN COMMON IN NEW YORK

BY 1855, THE TWO GROUPS WITH
THE MOST IN COMMON IN NEW YORK
WERE LOCKED IN A LIFE-AND-DEATH

THE MOST IN COMMON IN NEW YORK
WERE LOCKED IN A LIFE-AND-DEATH
STRUGGLE ON THE LOWEST RUNG OF

WERE LOCKED IN A LIFE-AND-DEATH
STRUGGLE ON THE LOWEST RUNG OF
THE CITY'S ECONOMIC LADDER.

STRUGGLE ON THE LOWEST RUNG OF
THE CITY'S ECONOMIC LADDER.
Quinn: OF THE TWO GROUPS THAT

THE CITY'S ECONOMIC LADDER.
Quinn: OF THE TWO GROUPS THAT
HAVE COME TO NEW YORK, THERE ARE

Quinn: OF THE TWO GROUPS THAT
HAVE COME TO NEW YORK, THERE ARE
STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN

HAVE COME TO NEW YORK, THERE ARE
STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
THE IRISH AND AFRICAN AMERICANS.

STRIKING SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
THE IRISH AND AFRICAN AMERICANS.
THE IRISH COME FROM A RURAL

THE IRISH AND AFRICAN AMERICANS.
THE IRISH COME FROM A RURAL
CULTURE IN WHICH THEY ARE

THE IRISH COME FROM A RURAL
CULTURE IN WHICH THEY ARE
ESSENTIALLY DISPOSSESSED.

CULTURE IN WHICH THEY ARE
ESSENTIALLY DISPOSSESSED.
THEY'RE NOT CONNECTED TO THE

ESSENTIALLY DISPOSSESSED.
THEY'RE NOT CONNECTED TO THE
GOVERNMENT WHERE THEY COME FROM.

THEY'RE NOT CONNECTED TO THE
GOVERNMENT WHERE THEY COME FROM.
THERE ARE NO INSTITUTIONS

GOVERNMENT WHERE THEY COME FROM.
THERE ARE NO INSTITUTIONS
THAT REFLECT WHO THEY ARE.

THERE ARE NO INSTITUTIONS
THAT REFLECT WHO THEY ARE.
THEIR CULTURE IS IN THEIR...

THAT REFLECT WHO THEY ARE.
THEIR CULTURE IS IN THEIR...
IN TWO THINGS, REALLY.

THEIR CULTURE IS IN THEIR...
IN TWO THINGS, REALLY.
IT'S IN THEIR SONG, AND IT'S

IN TWO THINGS, REALLY.
IT'S IN THEIR SONG, AND IT'S
IN THEIR CHURCH, AND THOSE

IT'S IN THEIR SONG, AND IT'S
IN THEIR CHURCH, AND THOSE
ARE THE TWO THINGS THEY TAKE

IN THEIR CHURCH, AND THOSE
ARE THE TWO THINGS THEY TAKE
WITH THEM WHEN THEY COME OUT

ARE THE TWO THINGS THEY TAKE
WITH THEM WHEN THEY COME OUT
OF THIS CULTURE, WHERE THEY'VE

WITH THEM WHEN THEY COME OUT
OF THIS CULTURE, WHERE THEY'VE
EVEN LOST THEIR LANGUAGE.

OF THIS CULTURE, WHERE THEY'VE
EVEN LOST THEIR LANGUAGE.
THEY TAKE ON THE LANGUAGE OF THE

EVEN LOST THEIR LANGUAGE.
THEY TAKE ON THE LANGUAGE OF THE
PEOPLE WHO HAVE CONQUERED THEM,

THEY TAKE ON THE LANGUAGE OF THE
PEOPLE WHO HAVE CONQUERED THEM,
AND THEY GIVE NEW LIFE TO THAT

PEOPLE WHO HAVE CONQUERED THEM,
AND THEY GIVE NEW LIFE TO THAT
LANGUAGE.

AND THEY GIVE NEW LIFE TO THAT
LANGUAGE.
Narrator: FEW GROUPS COMING

LANGUAGE.
Narrator: FEW GROUPS COMING
TO NEW YORK WOULD EVER SUFFER

Narrator: FEW GROUPS COMING
TO NEW YORK WOULD EVER SUFFER
THE HARDSHIP AND MISERY

TO NEW YORK WOULD EVER SUFFER
THE HARDSHIP AND MISERY
EXPERIENCED BY THE FAMINE IRISH,

THE HARDSHIP AND MISERY
EXPERIENCED BY THE FAMINE IRISH,
CROWDED INTO FILTHY, VERMIN-

EXPERIENCED BY THE FAMINE IRISH,
CROWDED INTO FILTHY, VERMIN-
INFESTED HOUSING AND BRUTALLY

CROWDED INTO FILTHY, VERMIN-
INFESTED HOUSING AND BRUTALLY
DERIDED BY THEIR FELLOW

INFESTED HOUSING AND BRUTALLY
DERIDED BY THEIR FELLOW
CITIZENS.

DERIDED BY THEIR FELLOW
CITIZENS.
DEVASTATING OUTBREAKS OF CHOLERA

CITIZENS.
DEVASTATING OUTBREAKS OF CHOLERA
AND OTHER DISEASES ROUTINELY

DEVASTATING OUTBREAKS OF CHOLERA
AND OTHER DISEASES ROUTINELY
SWEPT THROUGH THE WARDS THEY

AND OTHER DISEASES ROUTINELY
SWEPT THROUGH THE WARDS THEY
INHABITED, WHERE THE DEATH RATE

SWEPT THROUGH THE WARDS THEY
INHABITED, WHERE THE DEATH RATE
WAS OFTEN THREE TIMES HIGHER

INHABITED, WHERE THE DEATH RATE
WAS OFTEN THREE TIMES HIGHER
THAN THE REST OF THE CITY.

WAS OFTEN THREE TIMES HIGHER
THAN THE REST OF THE CITY.
"INFANTS AND CHILDREN DIE IN

THAN THE REST OF THE CITY.
"INFANTS AND CHILDREN DIE IN
FEARFUL RATIOS," ONE WORRIED

"INFANTS AND CHILDREN DIE IN
FEARFUL RATIOS," ONE WORRIED
OBSERVER NOTED.

FEARFUL RATIOS," ONE WORRIED
OBSERVER NOTED.
AND YET EVEN AS THE CONCERN OF

OBSERVER NOTED.
AND YET EVEN AS THE CONCERN OF
MIDDLE-CLASS REFORMERS MOUNTED,

AND YET EVEN AS THE CONCERN OF
MIDDLE-CLASS REFORMERS MOUNTED,
MOST NEW YORKERS BLAMED THE

MIDDLE-CLASS REFORMERS MOUNTED,
MOST NEW YORKERS BLAMED THE
NEWCOMERS THEMSELVES FOR THEIR

MOST NEW YORKERS BLAMED THE
NEWCOMERS THEMSELVES FOR THEIR
CONDITION.

NEWCOMERS THEMSELVES FOR THEIR
CONDITION.
Reader: "YOU HAVE NO IDEA

CONDITION.
Reader: "YOU HAVE NO IDEA
WHAT AN IMMENSE VAT OF MISERY

Reader: "YOU HAVE NO IDEA
WHAT AN IMMENSE VAT OF MISERY
AND CRIME AND FILTH THIS GREAT

WHAT AN IMMENSE VAT OF MISERY
AND CRIME AND FILTH THIS GREAT
CITY IS.

AND CRIME AND FILTH THIS GREAT
CITY IS.
I REALIZE IT MORE AND MORE.

CITY IS.
I REALIZE IT MORE AND MORE.
THINK OF 10,000 CHILDREN

I REALIZE IT MORE AND MORE.
THINK OF 10,000 CHILDREN
GROWING UP ALMOST SURE TO BE

THINK OF 10,000 CHILDREN
GROWING UP ALMOST SURE TO BE
PROSTITUTES AND ROGUES."

GROWING UP ALMOST SURE TO BE
PROSTITUTES AND ROGUES."
CHARLES LORING BRACE.

PROSTITUTES AND ROGUES."
CHARLES LORING BRACE.
Narrator: FEARING FOR THE

CHARLES LORING BRACE.
Narrator: FEARING FOR THE
FUTURE OF THE CITY, PROTESTANT

Narrator: FEARING FOR THE
FUTURE OF THE CITY, PROTESTANT
MISSIONARIES INVADED THE SLUMS,

FUTURE OF THE CITY, PROTESTANT
MISSIONARIES INVADED THE SLUMS,
HOPING TO ASSIMILATE THE IRISH

MISSIONARIES INVADED THE SLUMS,
HOPING TO ASSIMILATE THE IRISH
BEFORE IT WAS TOO LATE.

HOPING TO ASSIMILATE THE IRISH
BEFORE IT WAS TOO LATE.
IN 1853, AN EPISCOPAL CLERGYMAN

BEFORE IT WAS TOO LATE.
IN 1853, AN EPISCOPAL CLERGYMAN
NAMED CHARLES LORING BRACE

IN 1853, AN EPISCOPAL CLERGYMAN
NAMED CHARLES LORING BRACE
STARTED THE CHILDREN'S AID

NAMED CHARLES LORING BRACE
STARTED THE CHILDREN'S AID
SOCIETY.

STARTED THE CHILDREN'S AID
SOCIETY.
FOR 17 CENTS A NIGHT, ABANDONED

SOCIETY.
FOR 17 CENTS A NIGHT, ABANDONED
CHILDREN COULD GET A WARM BED

FOR 17 CENTS A NIGHT, ABANDONED
CHILDREN COULD GET A WARM BED
AND BATH, A HOT SUPPER OF PORK

CHILDREN COULD GET A WARM BED
AND BATH, A HOT SUPPER OF PORK
AND BEANS, AND, TO THE FURY OF

AND BATH, A HOT SUPPER OF PORK
AND BEANS, AND, TO THE FURY OF
IRISH CATHOLIC NEW YORKERS,

AND BEANS, AND, TO THE FURY OF
IRISH CATHOLIC NEW YORKERS,
PROTESTANT RELIGIOUS

IRISH CATHOLIC NEW YORKERS,
PROTESTANT RELIGIOUS
INSTRUCTION, OFTEN ADMINISTERED

PROTESTANT RELIGIOUS
INSTRUCTION, OFTEN ADMINISTERED
BY BRACE HIMSELF.

INSTRUCTION, OFTEN ADMINISTERED
BY BRACE HIMSELF.
Moynihan: CHARLES LORING

BY BRACE HIMSELF.
Moynihan: CHARLES LORING
BRACE FOUNDED THE CHILDREN'S AID

Moynihan: CHARLES LORING
BRACE FOUNDED THE CHILDREN'S AID
SOCIETY.

BRACE FOUNDED THE CHILDREN'S AID
SOCIETY.
HE WROTE A BOOK CALLED THE

SOCIETY.
HE WROTE A BOOK CALLED THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK,

HE WROTE A BOOK CALLED THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK,
AND HE POINTED TO THE CONDITION

DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK,
AND HE POINTED TO THE CONDITION
OF THE CHILDREN LIVING IN THOSE

AND HE POINTED TO THE CONDITION
OF THE CHILDREN LIVING IN THOSE
CELLAR HOLES WITHOUT PARENTAL

OF THE CHILDREN LIVING IN THOSE
CELLAR HOLES WITHOUT PARENTAL
SUPERVISION, SO OFTEN ORPHANS,

CELLAR HOLES WITHOUT PARENTAL
SUPERVISION, SO OFTEN ORPHANS,
OFTEN ABANDONED, CALLED "THE

SUPERVISION, SO OFTEN ORPHANS,
OFTEN ABANDONED, CALLED "THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK."

OFTEN ABANDONED, CALLED "THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK."
HE SAID, "YOU SEE THEM NOW,

DANGEROUS CLASSES OF NEW YORK."
HE SAID, "YOU SEE THEM NOW,
BUT WAIT.

HE SAID, "YOU SEE THEM NOW,
BUT WAIT.
IN 20 YEARS' TIME, THEY WILL

BUT WAIT.
IN 20 YEARS' TIME, THEY WILL
HAVE GROWN UP, AND THEY WILL

IN 20 YEARS' TIME, THEY WILL
HAVE GROWN UP, AND THEY WILL
VOTE, AND WHAT WILL THEY VOTE

HAVE GROWN UP, AND THEY WILL
VOTE, AND WHAT WILL THEY VOTE
THEMSELVES?

VOTE, AND WHAT WILL THEY VOTE
THEMSELVES?
AND WE HAVE TO RESPOND TO THEM."

THEMSELVES?
AND WE HAVE TO RESPOND TO THEM."
Czitrom: YOU'VE GOT A CITY

AND WE HAVE TO RESPOND TO THEM."
Czitrom: YOU'VE GOT A CITY
THAT IS OVERRUN WITH THOUSANDS

Czitrom: YOU'VE GOT A CITY
THAT IS OVERRUN WITH THOUSANDS
OF VAGRANT CHILDREN,

THAT IS OVERRUN WITH THOUSANDS
OF VAGRANT CHILDREN,
NEIGHBORHOODS IN WHICH CHURCH

OF VAGRANT CHILDREN,
NEIGHBORHOODS IN WHICH CHURCH
LIFE DOESN'T REALLY SEEM TO BE

NEIGHBORHOODS IN WHICH CHURCH
LIFE DOESN'T REALLY SEEM TO BE
THAT IMPORTANT, SO FROM THE

LIFE DOESN'T REALLY SEEM TO BE
THAT IMPORTANT, SO FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF PEOPLE LIKE HONE

THAT IMPORTANT, SO FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF PEOPLE LIKE HONE
OR BRACE OR OTHER MIDDLE-CLASS

PERSPECTIVE OF PEOPLE LIKE HONE
OR BRACE OR OTHER MIDDLE-CLASS
AND UPPER-CLASS REFORMERS, I

OR BRACE OR OTHER MIDDLE-CLASS
AND UPPER-CLASS REFORMERS, I
THINK THE 1850s REALLY SEEMS

AND UPPER-CLASS REFORMERS, I
THINK THE 1850s REALLY SEEMS
LIKE A CRISIS MOMENT PRECISELY

THINK THE 1850s REALLY SEEMS
LIKE A CRISIS MOMENT PRECISELY
BECAUSE TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF

LIKE A CRISIS MOMENT PRECISELY
BECAUSE TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF
AUTHORITY NO LONGER SEEM TO BE

BECAUSE TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF
AUTHORITY NO LONGER SEEM TO BE
ABLE TO KEEP THE CITY UNDER

AUTHORITY NO LONGER SEEM TO BE
ABLE TO KEEP THE CITY UNDER
CONTROL.

ABLE TO KEEP THE CITY UNDER
CONTROL.
Reader: "THE STREETS AT NIGHT

CONTROL.
Reader: "THE STREETS AT NIGHT
ARE INFESTED WITH RUFFIANS OF

Reader: "THE STREETS AT NIGHT
ARE INFESTED WITH RUFFIANS OF
ALL DESCRIPTIONS.

ARE INFESTED WITH RUFFIANS OF
ALL DESCRIPTIONS.
THEY HANG AROUND CORNERS.

ALL DESCRIPTIONS.
THEY HANG AROUND CORNERS.
THEY MOVE ABOUT IN GANGS, MEN

THEY HANG AROUND CORNERS.
THEY MOVE ABOUT IN GANGS, MEN
AND BOYS TOGETHER, ABUSING AND

THEY MOVE ABOUT IN GANGS, MEN
AND BOYS TOGETHER, ABUSING AND
SOMETIMES HITTING THE QUIET

AND BOYS TOGETHER, ABUSING AND
SOMETIMES HITTING THE QUIET
PASSERBY.

SOMETIMES HITTING THE QUIET
PASSERBY.
THERE IS NO SECURITY FOR

PASSERBY.
THERE IS NO SECURITY FOR
LIFE OR LIMB IN THE PRESENT

THERE IS NO SECURITY FOR
LIFE OR LIMB IN THE PRESENT
DISORDERLY STATE OF THINGS."

LIFE OR LIMB IN THE PRESENT
DISORDERLY STATE OF THINGS."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.

DISORDERLY STATE OF THINGS."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: VIOLENCE OF EVERY

THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: VIOLENCE OF EVERY
KIND NOW ROUTINELY ERUPTED ON

Narrator: VIOLENCE OF EVERY
KIND NOW ROUTINELY ERUPTED ON
THE CITY STREETS.

KIND NOW ROUTINELY ERUPTED ON
THE CITY STREETS.
THERE WERE WORKING-CLASS RIOTS

THE CITY STREETS.
THERE WERE WORKING-CLASS RIOTS
AGAINST THE UPPER CLASS,

THERE WERE WORKING-CLASS RIOTS
AGAINST THE UPPER CLASS,
NATIVIST RIOTS AGAINST THE

AGAINST THE UPPER CLASS,
NATIVIST RIOTS AGAINST THE
FOREIGN BORN, ANTI-IRISH RIOTS,

NATIVIST RIOTS AGAINST THE
FOREIGN BORN, ANTI-IRISH RIOTS,
ANTI-ENGLISH RIOTS, AND ANTI-

FOREIGN BORN, ANTI-IRISH RIOTS,
ANTI-ENGLISH RIOTS, AND ANTI-
BLACK.

ANTI-ENGLISH RIOTS, AND ANTI-
BLACK.
IN THE FIFTH WARD AND WHAT WAS

BLACK.
IN THE FIFTH WARD AND WHAT WAS
NOW CALLED THE "BLOODY SIXTH,"

IN THE FIFTH WARD AND WHAT WAS
NOW CALLED THE "BLOODY SIXTH,"
RIVAL GANGS OF PROTESTANTS AND

NOW CALLED THE "BLOODY SIXTH,"
RIVAL GANGS OF PROTESTANTS AND
CATHOLICS VIED FOR CONTROL OF

RIVAL GANGS OF PROTESTANTS AND
CATHOLICS VIED FOR CONTROL OF
THE STREETS, STRIKING TERROR IN

CATHOLICS VIED FOR CONTROL OF
THE STREETS, STRIKING TERROR IN
THE HEARTS OF MIDDLE-CLASS NEW

THE STREETS, STRIKING TERROR IN
THE HEARTS OF MIDDLE-CLASS NEW
YORKERS, LIKE THE CONSERVATIVE

THE HEARTS OF MIDDLE-CLASS NEW
YORKERS, LIKE THE CONSERVATIVE
LAWYER GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG,

YORKERS, LIKE THE CONSERVATIVE
LAWYER GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG,
WHO NOW RETREATED EVEN FARTHER

LAWYER GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG,
WHO NOW RETREATED EVEN FARTHER
UPTOWN.

WHO NOW RETREATED EVEN FARTHER
UPTOWN.
Reader: "NOVEMBER 13, 1854.

UPTOWN.
Reader: "NOVEMBER 13, 1854.
MET A PRODIGIOUS KNOW-NOTHING

Reader: "NOVEMBER 13, 1854.
MET A PRODIGIOUS KNOW-NOTHING
PROCESSION MOVING UPTOWN, AS I

MET A PRODIGIOUS KNOW-NOTHING
PROCESSION MOVING UPTOWN, AS I
OMNIBUSSED DOWN BROADWAY TO THE

PROCESSION MOVING UPTOWN, AS I
OMNIBUSSED DOWN BROADWAY TO THE
VESTRY MEETING, A MOST EMPHATIC

OMNIBUSSED DOWN BROADWAY TO THE
VESTRY MEETING, A MOST EMPHATIC
AND TRUCULENT DEMONSTRATION.

VESTRY MEETING, A MOST EMPHATIC
AND TRUCULENT DEMONSTRATION.
THEY LOOKED AS IF THEY MIGHT

AND TRUCULENT DEMONSTRATION.
THEY LOOKED AS IF THEY MIGHT
HAVE DESIGNS ON ST. PATRICK'S

THEY LOOKED AS IF THEY MIGHT
HAVE DESIGNS ON ST. PATRICK'S
CATHEDRAL, AND I THINK THE CELTS

HAVE DESIGNS ON ST. PATRICK'S
CATHEDRAL, AND I THINK THE CELTS
OF PRINCE AND MOTT STREETS WOULD

CATHEDRAL, AND I THINK THE CELTS
OF PRINCE AND MOTT STREETS WOULD
HAVE FOUND THEM UGLY CUSTOMERS.

OF PRINCE AND MOTT STREETS WOULD
HAVE FOUND THEM UGLY CUSTOMERS.
WE MAY WELL HAVE A TREMENDOUS

HAVE FOUND THEM UGLY CUSTOMERS.
WE MAY WELL HAVE A TREMENDOUS
RIOT AND CARNAGE HERE AT ANY

WE MAY WELL HAVE A TREMENDOUS
RIOT AND CARNAGE HERE AT ANY
MOMENT."

RIOT AND CARNAGE HERE AT ANY
MOMENT."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

MOMENT."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: BY 1854, THE CHAOS

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: BY 1854, THE CHAOS
ON THE CITY STREETS HAD REACHED

Narrator: BY 1854, THE CHAOS
ON THE CITY STREETS HAD REACHED
ALL THE WAY TO CITY HALL.

ON THE CITY STREETS HAD REACHED
ALL THE WAY TO CITY HALL.
THAT FALL, TO THE HORROR OF

ALL THE WAY TO CITY HALL.
THAT FALL, TO THE HORROR OF
MANY UPPER-CLASS NEW YORKERS,

THAT FALL, TO THE HORROR OF
MANY UPPER-CLASS NEW YORKERS,
A SLIPPERY AND CORRUPTIBLE ONE-

MANY UPPER-CLASS NEW YORKERS,
A SLIPPERY AND CORRUPTIBLE ONE-
TIME LIQUOR STORE OWNER NAMED

A SLIPPERY AND CORRUPTIBLE ONE-
TIME LIQUOR STORE OWNER NAMED
FERNANDO WOOD SWEPT INTO THE

TIME LIQUOR STORE OWNER NAMED
FERNANDO WOOD SWEPT INTO THE
MAYOR'S OFFICE ON A TIDE OF

FERNANDO WOOD SWEPT INTO THE
MAYOR'S OFFICE ON A TIDE OF
IRISH AND GERMAN VOTES, BACKED

MAYOR'S OFFICE ON A TIDE OF
IRISH AND GERMAN VOTES, BACKED
BY A NEW FORCE IN CITY POLITICS

IRISH AND GERMAN VOTES, BACKED
BY A NEW FORCE IN CITY POLITICS
CALLED TAMMANY HALL.

BY A NEW FORCE IN CITY POLITICS
CALLED TAMMANY HALL.
Czitrom: THE IMPORTANT POINT

CALLED TAMMANY HALL.
Czitrom: THE IMPORTANT POINT
ABOUT WOOD IS THAT HE WAS REALLY

Czitrom: THE IMPORTANT POINT
ABOUT WOOD IS THAT HE WAS REALLY
THE FIRST NEW YORK POLITICIAN

ABOUT WOOD IS THAT HE WAS REALLY
THE FIRST NEW YORK POLITICIAN
TO SORT OF NAKEDLY MOBILIZE THE

THE FIRST NEW YORK POLITICIAN
TO SORT OF NAKEDLY MOBILIZE THE
VOTES OF THESE IMMIGRANTS, OF

TO SORT OF NAKEDLY MOBILIZE THE
VOTES OF THESE IMMIGRANTS, OF
THESE WORKING CLASSES, WITH THE

VOTES OF THESE IMMIGRANTS, OF
THESE WORKING CLASSES, WITH THE
PROMISE OF SORT OF PAYING THEM

THESE WORKING CLASSES, WITH THE
PROMISE OF SORT OF PAYING THEM
OFF WITH JOBS, WITH PATRONAGE,

PROMISE OF SORT OF PAYING THEM
OFF WITH JOBS, WITH PATRONAGE,
WITH FAVORS, AND SO ON AND SO

OFF WITH JOBS, WITH PATRONAGE,
WITH FAVORS, AND SO ON AND SO
FORTH.

WITH FAVORS, AND SO ON AND SO
FORTH.
FOR THE MIDDLE-CLASS AND UPPER-

FORTH.
FOR THE MIDDLE-CLASS AND UPPER-
CLASS GENTEEL ELITE OF NEW YORK,

FOR THE MIDDLE-CLASS AND UPPER-
CLASS GENTEEL ELITE OF NEW YORK,
THAT SEEMED TO BE A VERY

CLASS GENTEEL ELITE OF NEW YORK,
THAT SEEMED TO BE A VERY
FRIGHTENING THING INDEED,

THAT SEEMED TO BE A VERY
FRIGHTENING THING INDEED,
BECAUSE IT REALLY SUGGESTED

FRIGHTENING THING INDEED,
BECAUSE IT REALLY SUGGESTED
THAT POLITICS WAS GOING TO BE

BECAUSE IT REALLY SUGGESTED
THAT POLITICS WAS GOING TO BE
WORKED OUT IN A VERY, VERY

THAT POLITICS WAS GOING TO BE
WORKED OUT IN A VERY, VERY
DIFFERENT KIND OF WAY.

WORKED OUT IN A VERY, VERY
DIFFERENT KIND OF WAY.
Narrator: BY 1857, NEW YORK

DIFFERENT KIND OF WAY.
Narrator: BY 1857, NEW YORK
WAS ON THE VERGE OF WHAT

Narrator: BY 1857, NEW YORK
WAS ON THE VERGE OF WHAT
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG CALLED

WAS ON THE VERGE OF WHAT
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG CALLED
"MUNICIPAL CIVIL WAR."

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG CALLED
"MUNICIPAL CIVIL WAR."
THAT SPRING, WOOD'S REPUBLICAN

"MUNICIPAL CIVIL WAR."
THAT SPRING, WOOD'S REPUBLICAN
OPPONENTS, DETERMINED TO DRIVE

THAT SPRING, WOOD'S REPUBLICAN
OPPONENTS, DETERMINED TO DRIVE
THE DEMOCRAT FROM OFFICE, HAD

OPPONENTS, DETERMINED TO DRIVE
THE DEMOCRAT FROM OFFICE, HAD
THE STATE LEGISLATURE REWRITE

THE DEMOCRAT FROM OFFICE, HAD
THE STATE LEGISLATURE REWRITE
THE CITY CHARTER, STRIPPING

THE STATE LEGISLATURE REWRITE
THE CITY CHARTER, STRIPPING
THE MAYOR OF MOST OF HIS POWERS.

THE CITY CHARTER, STRIPPING
THE MAYOR OF MOST OF HIS POWERS.
ON JUNE 17, TWO RIVAL POLICE

THE MAYOR OF MOST OF HIS POWERS.
ON JUNE 17, TWO RIVAL POLICE
DEPARTMENTS, WOOD'S MUNICIPALS

ON JUNE 17, TWO RIVAL POLICE
DEPARTMENTS, WOOD'S MUNICIPALS
AND THE STATE-RUN METROPOLITANS,

DEPARTMENTS, WOOD'S MUNICIPALS
AND THE STATE-RUN METROPOLITANS,
RIOTED ON THE STEPS OF CITY

AND THE STATE-RUN METROPOLITANS,
RIOTED ON THE STEPS OF CITY
HALL, IN THE HEART OF WHAT

RIOTED ON THE STEPS OF CITY
HALL, IN THE HEART OF WHAT
THE NEW YORK TIMES CALLED

HALL, IN THE HEART OF WHAT
THE NEW YORK TIMES CALLED
"THE WORST GOVERNED CITY IN

THE NEW YORK TIMES CALLED
"THE WORST GOVERNED CITY IN
THE WORLD."

"THE WORST GOVERNED CITY IN
THE WORLD."
SURVEYING THE CHAOS, THE EDITOR

THE WORLD."
SURVEYING THE CHAOS, THE EDITOR
OF HARPER'S MONTHLY THREW UP

SURVEYING THE CHAOS, THE EDITOR
OF HARPER'S MONTHLY THREW UP
HIS HANDS IN DESPAIR.

OF HARPER'S MONTHLY THREW UP
HIS HANDS IN DESPAIR.
"NOTHING HAS GONE AS IT WAS

HIS HANDS IN DESPAIR.
"NOTHING HAS GONE AS IT WAS
MEANT TO GO," HE WROTE.

"NOTHING HAS GONE AS IT WAS
MEANT TO GO," HE WROTE.
"NOR IS ANYTHING WHERE,

MEANT TO GO," HE WROTE.
"NOR IS ANYTHING WHERE,
ACCORDING TO MAP AND

"NOR IS ANYTHING WHERE,
ACCORDING TO MAP AND
CALCULATION, IT SHOULD BE."

ACCORDING TO MAP AND
CALCULATION, IT SHOULD BE."
Czitrom: FOR MANY PEOPLE

CALCULATION, IT SHOULD BE."
Czitrom: FOR MANY PEOPLE
AROUND THE COUNTRY, WHAT'S

Czitrom: FOR MANY PEOPLE
AROUND THE COUNTRY, WHAT'S
GOING ON IN NEW YORK MAY SEEM

AROUND THE COUNTRY, WHAT'S
GOING ON IN NEW YORK MAY SEEM
FRIGHTENING, SCARY.

GOING ON IN NEW YORK MAY SEEM
FRIGHTENING, SCARY.
TO MANY PEOPLE IN NEW YORK,

FRIGHTENING, SCARY.
TO MANY PEOPLE IN NEW YORK,
IT SEEMS FRIGHTENING AND SCARY,

TO MANY PEOPLE IN NEW YORK,
IT SEEMS FRIGHTENING AND SCARY,
BUT I THINK THERE'S ALSO A

IT SEEMS FRIGHTENING AND SCARY,
BUT I THINK THERE'S ALSO A
SENSE THAT, INCREASINGLY, THIS

BUT I THINK THERE'S ALSO A
SENSE THAT, INCREASINGLY, THIS
IS ALSO GOING TO BE THE FUTURE.

SENSE THAT, INCREASINGLY, THIS
IS ALSO GOING TO BE THE FUTURE.
THIS IS WHAT WE'RE BECOMING;

IS ALSO GOING TO BE THE FUTURE.
THIS IS WHAT WE'RE BECOMING;
THIS IS WHERE AMERICA IS

THIS IS WHAT WE'RE BECOMING;
THIS IS WHERE AMERICA IS
HEADING.

THIS IS WHERE AMERICA IS
HEADING.
AND SO WE NEED TO FIGURE OUT

HEADING.
AND SO WE NEED TO FIGURE OUT
WHAT'S GOING ON IN NEW YORK

AND SO WE NEED TO FIGURE OUT
WHAT'S GOING ON IN NEW YORK
IF WE'RE GOING TO FIGURE OUT

WHAT'S GOING ON IN NEW YORK
IF WE'RE GOING TO FIGURE OUT
THE FUTURE OF THE REPUBLIC.

IF WE'RE GOING TO FIGURE OUT
THE FUTURE OF THE REPUBLIC.
Reader: "JULY 7, 1857.

THE FUTURE OF THE REPUBLIC.
Reader: "JULY 7, 1857.
YESTERDAY MORNING I WAS

Reader: "JULY 7, 1857.
YESTERDAY MORNING I WAS
SPECTATOR OF A STRANGE, WEIRD,

YESTERDAY MORNING I WAS
SPECTATOR OF A STRANGE, WEIRD,
PAINFUL SCENE.

SPECTATOR OF A STRANGE, WEIRD,
PAINFUL SCENE.
THE EARTH HAD CAVED IN A FEW

PAINFUL SCENE.
THE EARTH HAD CAVED IN A FEW
MINUTES BEFORE AND CRUSHED

THE EARTH HAD CAVED IN A FEW
MINUTES BEFORE AND CRUSHED
THE BREATH OUT OF A PAIR OF

MINUTES BEFORE AND CRUSHED
THE BREATH OUT OF A PAIR OF
ILL-STARRED CELTIC LABORERS.

THE BREATH OUT OF A PAIR OF
ILL-STARRED CELTIC LABORERS.
AROUND THEM WERE A FEW MEN,

ILL-STARRED CELTIC LABORERS.
AROUND THEM WERE A FEW MEN,
LISTLESS AND INERT ENOUGH.

AROUND THEM WERE A FEW MEN,
LISTLESS AND INERT ENOUGH.
BUT NOT SO THE WOMEN.

LISTLESS AND INERT ENOUGH.
BUT NOT SO THE WOMEN.
I SUPPOSE THEY WERE KEENING,

BUT NOT SO THE WOMEN.
I SUPPOSE THEY WERE KEENING,
A WILD, UNEARTHLY CRY, HALF

I SUPPOSE THEY WERE KEENING,
A WILD, UNEARTHLY CRY, HALF
SHRIEK AND HALF SONG.

A WILD, UNEARTHLY CRY, HALF
SHRIEK AND HALF SONG.
NOW AND THEN, ONE OF THEM WOULD

SHRIEK AND HALF SONG.
NOW AND THEN, ONE OF THEM WOULD
THROW HERSELF DOWN ON ONE OF

NOW AND THEN, ONE OF THEM WOULD
THROW HERSELF DOWN ON ONE OF
THE CORPSES, WIPE SOME TRACE

THROW HERSELF DOWN ON ONE OF
THE CORPSES, WIPE SOME TRACE
OF DEFILEMENT FROM THE FACE OF

THE CORPSES, WIPE SOME TRACE
OF DEFILEMENT FROM THE FACE OF
THE DEAD MAN WITH HER APRON,

OF DEFILEMENT FROM THE FACE OF
THE DEAD MAN WITH HER APRON,
SLOWLY AND CAREFULLY, AND THEN

THE DEAD MAN WITH HER APRON,
SLOWLY AND CAREFULLY, AND THEN
RESUME HER LAMENT.

SLOWLY AND CAREFULLY, AND THEN
RESUME HER LAMENT.
IT WAS AN UNCANNY SOUND TO HEAR,

RESUME HER LAMENT.
IT WAS AN UNCANNY SOUND TO HEAR,
QUITE NEW TO ME.

IT WAS AN UNCANNY SOUND TO HEAR,
QUITE NEW TO ME.
OUR CELTIC FELLOW CITIZENS ARE

QUITE NEW TO ME.
OUR CELTIC FELLOW CITIZENS ARE
ALMOST AS REMOTE FROM US IN

OUR CELTIC FELLOW CITIZENS ARE
ALMOST AS REMOTE FROM US IN
TEMPERAMENT AND CONSTITUTION

ALMOST AS REMOTE FROM US IN
TEMPERAMENT AND CONSTITUTION
AS THE CHINESE."

TEMPERAMENT AND CONSTITUTION
AS THE CHINESE."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

AS THE CHINESE."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Reader: "MANNA-HATTA...

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Reader: "MANNA-HATTA...
HOW FIT A NAME FOR AMERICA'S

Reader: "MANNA-HATTA...
HOW FIT A NAME FOR AMERICA'S
GREAT DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY.

HOW FIT A NAME FOR AMERICA'S
GREAT DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY.
THE WORD ITSELF, HOW BEAUTIFUL,

GREAT DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY.
THE WORD ITSELF, HOW BEAUTIFUL,
HOW ABORGINAL.

THE WORD ITSELF, HOW BEAUTIFUL,
HOW ABORGINAL.
HOW IT SEEMS TO RISE WITH TALL

HOW ABORGINAL.
HOW IT SEEMS TO RISE WITH TALL
SPIRES, GLISTENING IN SUNSHINE,

HOW IT SEEMS TO RISE WITH TALL
SPIRES, GLISTENING IN SUNSHINE,
WITH SUCH NEW WORLD ATMOSPHERE,

SPIRES, GLISTENING IN SUNSHINE,
WITH SUCH NEW WORLD ATMOSPHERE,
VISTA, AND ACTION.

WITH SUCH NEW WORLD ATMOSPHERE,
VISTA, AND ACTION.
YOU WILL HARDLY KNOW WHO I AM

VISTA, AND ACTION.
YOU WILL HARDLY KNOW WHO I AM
OR WHAT I MEAN, BUT I SHALL BE

YOU WILL HARDLY KNOW WHO I AM
OR WHAT I MEAN, BUT I SHALL BE
GOOD HEALTH TO YOU NEVERTHELESS.

OR WHAT I MEAN, BUT I SHALL BE
GOOD HEALTH TO YOU NEVERTHELESS.
THESE HEATED, TORN, DISTRACTED

GOOD HEALTH TO YOU NEVERTHELESS.
THESE HEATED, TORN, DISTRACTED
AGES ARE TO BE COMPACTED AND

THESE HEATED, TORN, DISTRACTED
AGES ARE TO BE COMPACTED AND
MADE WHOLE."

AGES ARE TO BE COMPACTED AND
MADE WHOLE."
WALT WHITMAN.

MADE WHOLE."
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: ON JULY 5, 1855,

WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: ON JULY 5, 1855,
A SLIM VOLUME OF POETRY, BOUND

Narrator: ON JULY 5, 1855,
A SLIM VOLUME OF POETRY, BOUND
IN GREEN CLOTH AND EMBOSSED

A SLIM VOLUME OF POETRY, BOUND
IN GREEN CLOTH AND EMBOSSED
IN GOLD, WENT ON SALE IN

IN GREEN CLOTH AND EMBOSSED
IN GOLD, WENT ON SALE IN
MANHATTAN'S BOOKSTORES.

IN GOLD, WENT ON SALE IN
MANHATTAN'S BOOKSTORES.
THOUGH HIS NAME APPEARED NOWHERE

MANHATTAN'S BOOKSTORES.
THOUGH HIS NAME APPEARED NOWHERE
ON THE FRONT COVER, THE AUTHOR

THOUGH HIS NAME APPEARED NOWHERE
ON THE FRONT COVER, THE AUTHOR
WAS 36-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN,

ON THE FRONT COVER, THE AUTHOR
WAS 36-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN,
NOW LIVING WITH HIS MOTHER ON

WAS 36-YEAR-OLD WALT WHITMAN,
NOW LIVING WITH HIS MOTHER ON
RYERSON STREET IN BROOKLYN,

NOW LIVING WITH HIS MOTHER ON
RYERSON STREET IN BROOKLYN,
DOING ODD JOBS AS A PRINTER,

RYERSON STREET IN BROOKLYN,
DOING ODD JOBS AS A PRINTER,
WRITER, AND BUILDER.

DOING ODD JOBS AS A PRINTER,
WRITER, AND BUILDER.
"THE BOOK," HE SAID, "AROSE OUT

WRITER, AND BUILDER.
"THE BOOK," HE SAID, "AROSE OUT
OF MY LIFE IN BROOKLYN AND

"THE BOOK," HE SAID, "AROSE OUT
OF MY LIFE IN BROOKLYN AND
NEW YORK, ABSORBING A MILLION

OF MY LIFE IN BROOKLYN AND
NEW YORK, ABSORBING A MILLION
PEOPLE, FOR 15 YEARS, WITH AN

NEW YORK, ABSORBING A MILLION
PEOPLE, FOR 15 YEARS, WITH AN
INTIMACY, AN EAGERNESS, AN

PEOPLE, FOR 15 YEARS, WITH AN
INTIMACY, AN EAGERNESS, AN
ABANDON PROBABLY NEVER EQUALED."

INTIMACY, AN EAGERNESS, AN
ABANDON PROBABLY NEVER EQUALED."
NOTHING LIKE IT HAD EVER BEEN

ABANDON PROBABLY NEVER EQUALED."
NOTHING LIKE IT HAD EVER BEEN
WRITTEN BEFORE IN THE ENGLISH

NOTHING LIKE IT HAD EVER BEEN
WRITTEN BEFORE IN THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE.

WRITTEN BEFORE IN THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE.
Quinn: IF YOU READ 1855

LANGUAGE.
Quinn: IF YOU READ 1855
LEAVES OF GRASS, THERE'S

Quinn: IF YOU READ 1855
LEAVES OF GRASS, THERE'S
NOT ONE ARCHAIC WORD IN IT.

LEAVES OF GRASS, THERE'S
NOT ONE ARCHAIC WORD IN IT.
IT RINGS LIKE, SO MUCH OF IT,

NOT ONE ARCHAIC WORD IN IT.
IT RINGS LIKE, SO MUCH OF IT,
LIKE IT COULD HAVE BEEN WRITTEN

IT RINGS LIKE, SO MUCH OF IT,
LIKE IT COULD HAVE BEEN WRITTEN
YESTERDAY.

LIKE IT COULD HAVE BEEN WRITTEN
YESTERDAY.
THIS MAN SAW THINGS.

YESTERDAY.
THIS MAN SAW THINGS.
HE JUST HAD THIS PENETRATING

THIS MAN SAW THINGS.
HE JUST HAD THIS PENETRATING
LOOK INTO THE NEW YORK SOUL,

HE JUST HAD THIS PENETRATING
LOOK INTO THE NEW YORK SOUL,
WHICH VERY FEW PEOPLE HAVE

LOOK INTO THE NEW YORK SOUL,
WHICH VERY FEW PEOPLE HAVE
EVER HAD, BUT HE HAD IT,

WHICH VERY FEW PEOPLE HAVE
EVER HAD, BUT HE HAD IT,
AND HE PUT IT DOWN ON PAPER,

EVER HAD, BUT HE HAD IT,
AND HE PUT IT DOWN ON PAPER,
AND IT WILL ALWAYS BE THERE.

AND HE PUT IT DOWN ON PAPER,
AND IT WILL ALWAYS BE THERE.
Narrator: THE 12 POEMS IT

AND IT WILL ALWAYS BE THERE.
Narrator: THE 12 POEMS IT
CONTAINED, AND THE DOZENS MORE

Narrator: THE 12 POEMS IT
CONTAINED, AND THE DOZENS MORE
WHITMAN ADDED IN THE YEARS

CONTAINED, AND THE DOZENS MORE
WHITMAN ADDED IN THE YEARS
TO COME, WERE COMPOSED DURING

WHITMAN ADDED IN THE YEARS
TO COME, WERE COMPOSED DURING
THE MOST TURBULENT YEARS IN

TO COME, WERE COMPOSED DURING
THE MOST TURBULENT YEARS IN
THE LIFE OF NEW YORK, AS THE

THE MOST TURBULENT YEARS IN
THE LIFE OF NEW YORK, AS THE
FORCES OF GROWTH AND EXPANSION

THE LIFE OF NEW YORK, AS THE
FORCES OF GROWTH AND EXPANSION
THREATENED TO PULL THE CITY

FORCES OF GROWTH AND EXPANSION
THREATENED TO PULL THE CITY
APART.

THREATENED TO PULL THE CITY
APART.
YET, EMBRACING THE ENTIRE HUMAN

APART.
YET, EMBRACING THE ENTIRE HUMAN
LANDSCAPE OF NEW YORK, WHITMAN

YET, EMBRACING THE ENTIRE HUMAN
LANDSCAPE OF NEW YORK, WHITMAN
HOPED TO SHOW HIS FELLOW

LANDSCAPE OF NEW YORK, WHITMAN
HOPED TO SHOW HIS FELLOW
CITIZENS WHAT BROUGHT THEM

HOPED TO SHOW HIS FELLOW
CITIZENS WHAT BROUGHT THEM
TOGETHER RATHER THAN WHAT DROVE

CITIZENS WHAT BROUGHT THEM
TOGETHER RATHER THAN WHAT DROVE
THEM APART.

TOGETHER RATHER THAN WHAT DROVE
THEM APART.
THE JOB OF THE POET, HE WROTE,

THEM APART.
THE JOB OF THE POET, HE WROTE,
WAS TO "RESOLVE ALL TONGUES

THE JOB OF THE POET, HE WROTE,
WAS TO "RESOLVE ALL TONGUES
INTO HIS OWN.

WAS TO "RESOLVE ALL TONGUES
INTO HIS OWN.
THE POET IS THE JOINER.

INTO HIS OWN.
THE POET IS THE JOINER.
HE SEES HOW THEY JOIN."

THE POET IS THE JOINER.
HE SEES HOW THEY JOIN."
Reader: "NESTED IN NESTS OF

HE SEES HOW THEY JOIN."
Reader: "NESTED IN NESTS OF
WATER BAYS, SUPERB, RICH, HEMM'D

Reader: "NESTED IN NESTS OF
WATER BAYS, SUPERB, RICH, HEMM'D
THICK ALL 'ROUND WITH SAIL SHIPS

WATER BAYS, SUPERB, RICH, HEMM'D
THICK ALL 'ROUND WITH SAIL SHIPS
AND STEAMSHIPS, AN ISLAND 16

THICK ALL 'ROUND WITH SAIL SHIPS
AND STEAMSHIPS, AN ISLAND 16
MILES LONG, SOLID-FOUNDED.

AND STEAMSHIPS, AN ISLAND 16
MILES LONG, SOLID-FOUNDED.
NUMBERLESS CROWDED STREETS,

MILES LONG, SOLID-FOUNDED.
NUMBERLESS CROWDED STREETS,
HIGH GROWTHS OF IRON, SLENDER,

NUMBERLESS CROWDED STREETS,
HIGH GROWTHS OF IRON, SLENDER,
STRONG, LIGHT, SPLENDIDLY

HIGH GROWTHS OF IRON, SLENDER,
STRONG, LIGHT, SPLENDIDLY
UPRISING TOWARD CLEAR SKIES.

STRONG, LIGHT, SPLENDIDLY
UPRISING TOWARD CLEAR SKIES.
THE COUNTLESS MASTS, THE WHITE

UPRISING TOWARD CLEAR SKIES.
THE COUNTLESS MASTS, THE WHITE
SHORE STEAMERS, THE LIGHTERS,

THE COUNTLESS MASTS, THE WHITE
SHORE STEAMERS, THE LIGHTERS,
THE FERRY BOATS.

SHORE STEAMERS, THE LIGHTERS,
THE FERRY BOATS.
THE DOWNTOWN STREETS.

THE FERRY BOATS.
THE DOWNTOWN STREETS.
THE HOUSES OF BUSINESS OF

THE DOWNTOWN STREETS.
THE HOUSES OF BUSINESS OF
THE SHIP MERCHANTS AND MONEY

THE HOUSES OF BUSINESS OF
THE SHIP MERCHANTS AND MONEY
BROKERS.

THE SHIP MERCHANTS AND MONEY
BROKERS.
THE RIVER STREETS."

BROKERS.
THE RIVER STREETS."
Phillip Lopate: THE POEMS ARE

THE RIVER STREETS."
Phillip Lopate: THE POEMS ARE
LIKE STREETS, YOU KNOW.

Phillip Lopate: THE POEMS ARE
LIKE STREETS, YOU KNOW.
HE HAS THIS LONG LINE, YOU KNOW,

LIKE STREETS, YOU KNOW.
HE HAS THIS LONG LINE, YOU KNOW,
WHICH IS LIKE WALKING A STREET,

HE HAS THIS LONG LINE, YOU KNOW,
WHICH IS LIKE WALKING A STREET,
AND THEN HE COMES TO THE END OF

WHICH IS LIKE WALKING A STREET,
AND THEN HE COMES TO THE END OF
IT, AND HE WALKS ANOTHER STREET,

AND THEN HE COMES TO THE END OF
IT, AND HE WALKS ANOTHER STREET,
AND EACH LINE IS ANOTHER

IT, AND HE WALKS ANOTHER STREET,
AND EACH LINE IS ANOTHER
PICTURE, ANOTHER PERSON, ANOTHER

AND EACH LINE IS ANOTHER
PICTURE, ANOTHER PERSON, ANOTHER
ENCOUNTER.

JUST THE ADDITIVE, INVENTORYING,
CATALOGUING NATURE OF WHITMAN IS

CATALOGUING NATURE OF WHITMAN IS
OBVIOUSLY THE FIRST RESPONSE

OBVIOUSLY THE FIRST RESPONSE
THAT ONE CAN HAVE TO A CITY LIKE

THAT ONE CAN HAVE TO A CITY LIKE
NEW YORK.
"WHAT AM I SUPPOSED TO MAKE OF

"WHAT AM I SUPPOSED TO MAKE OF
ALL THIS?
WELL, LET ME LIST IT.

ALL THIS?
WELL, LET ME LIST IT.
LET ME START SIMPLY BY LISTING

WELL, LET ME LIST IT.
LET ME START SIMPLY BY LISTING
IT."

LET ME START SIMPLY BY LISTING
IT."
Bender: HE ALSO DESCRIBES

IT."
Bender: HE ALSO DESCRIBES
THE PEOPLE OF THE CITY AND

Bender: HE ALSO DESCRIBES
THE PEOPLE OF THE CITY AND
THE CLOSENESS OF HIS SORT OF

THE PEOPLE OF THE CITY AND
THE CLOSENESS OF HIS SORT OF
COLLECTIVE FEELINGS WITH THEM.

THE CLOSENESS OF HIS SORT OF
COLLECTIVE FEELINGS WITH THEM.
I THINK THAT THERE IS NO ONE

COLLECTIVE FEELINGS WITH THEM.
I THINK THAT THERE IS NO ONE
ELSE, NO OTHER POET I THINK,

I THINK THAT THERE IS NO ONE
ELSE, NO OTHER POET I THINK,
OR WRITER, WHO HAS SO LITERALLY

ELSE, NO OTHER POET I THINK,
OR WRITER, WHO HAS SO LITERALLY
ABSORBED THE CITY.

OR WRITER, WHO HAS SO LITERALLY
ABSORBED THE CITY.
WHAT HE DID IS HE SEEMED TO

ABSORBED THE CITY.
WHAT HE DID IS HE SEEMED TO
ABSORB IT AND THEN REFRACT IT

WHAT HE DID IS HE SEEMED TO
ABSORB IT AND THEN REFRACT IT
BACK ON ITSELF.

ABSORB IT AND THEN REFRACT IT
BACK ON ITSELF.
Reader: "IMMIGRANTS ARRIVING,

BACK ON ITSELF.
Reader: "IMMIGRANTS ARRIVING,
15,000 OR 20,000 A WEEK, THE

Reader: "IMMIGRANTS ARRIVING,
15,000 OR 20,000 A WEEK, THE
CARTS HAULING GOODS, THE MANLY

15,000 OR 20,000 A WEEK, THE
CARTS HAULING GOODS, THE MANLY
RACE OF DRIVERS OF HORSES,

CARTS HAULING GOODS, THE MANLY
RACE OF DRIVERS OF HORSES,
THE BROWN-FACED SAILORS.

RACE OF DRIVERS OF HORSES,
THE BROWN-FACED SAILORS.
BROADWAY, THE WOMEN, THE SHOPS

THE BROWN-FACED SAILORS.
BROADWAY, THE WOMEN, THE SHOPS
AND SHOWS, A MILLION PEOPLE,

BROADWAY, THE WOMEN, THE SHOPS
AND SHOWS, A MILLION PEOPLE,
MANNERS FREE AND SUPERB.

AND SHOWS, A MILLION PEOPLE,
MANNERS FREE AND SUPERB.
OPEN VOICES, HOSPITALITY, THE

MANNERS FREE AND SUPERB.
OPEN VOICES, HOSPITALITY, THE
MOST COURAGEOUS AND FRIENDLY

OPEN VOICES, HOSPITALITY, THE
MOST COURAGEOUS AND FRIENDLY
YOUNG MEN.

MOST COURAGEOUS AND FRIENDLY
YOUNG MEN.
CITY OF HURRIED AND SPARKLING

YOUNG MEN.
CITY OF HURRIED AND SPARKLING
WATERS.

CITY OF HURRIED AND SPARKLING
WATERS.
CITY OF SPIRES AND MASTS.

WATERS.
CITY OF SPIRES AND MASTS.
CITY NESTED IN BAYS.

CITY OF SPIRES AND MASTS.
CITY NESTED IN BAYS.
MY CITY."

CITY NESTED IN BAYS.
MY CITY."
WALT WHITMAN.

MY CITY."
WALT WHITMAN.
Marshall Berman: IN WHITMAN,

WALT WHITMAN.
Marshall Berman: IN WHITMAN,
HE'S TREMENDOUSLY EXCITED BY THE

Marshall Berman: IN WHITMAN,
HE'S TREMENDOUSLY EXCITED BY THE
TRAFFIC, BY THE NOISE, BY THE

HE'S TREMENDOUSLY EXCITED BY THE
TRAFFIC, BY THE NOISE, BY THE
IMMIGRANTS GETTING OFF THE BOAT,

TRAFFIC, BY THE NOISE, BY THE
IMMIGRANTS GETTING OFF THE BOAT,
BY THE CROWDS, BY THE STUFF

IMMIGRANTS GETTING OFF THE BOAT,
BY THE CROWDS, BY THE STUFF
THAT EVERYBODY FINDS UNGENTEEL.

AND HE'S SAYING THAT IN FACT
THAT THIS IS NEW YORK'S REAL

THAT THIS IS NEW YORK'S REAL
CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD;

CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD;
THAT THIS KIND OF NOISE, YOU

THAT THIS KIND OF NOISE, YOU
KNOW, IS THE SOUND OF THE

KNOW, IS THE SOUND OF THE
FUTURE, AND THAT INSTEAD OF...
THAT IT DOESN'T DROWN US OUT;

THAT IT DOESN'T DROWN US OUT;
THAT IN FACT IT ENABLES US TO
TALK MORE, TO TALK NEW WAYS,

THAT IN FACT IT ENABLES US TO
TALK MORE, TO TALK NEW WAYS,
TO TALK NEW LANGUAGES.

TALK MORE, TO TALK NEW WAYS,
TO TALK NEW LANGUAGES.
Quinn: IF YOU READ MOST OF

TO TALK NEW LANGUAGES.
Quinn: IF YOU READ MOST OF
THE COMMENTARIES ON IMMIGRATION

Quinn: IF YOU READ MOST OF
THE COMMENTARIES ON IMMIGRATION
IN THE 19th CENTURY, THEY ONLY

THE COMMENTARIES ON IMMIGRATION
IN THE 19th CENTURY, THEY ONLY
SEE THE DARK SIDE OF THIS

IN THE 19th CENTURY, THEY ONLY
SEE THE DARK SIDE OF THIS
IMMIGRATION.

SEE THE DARK SIDE OF THIS
IMMIGRATION.
HE SAW THE STRENGTH THAT THESE

IMMIGRATION.
HE SAW THE STRENGTH THAT THESE
PEOPLE HAD.

HE SAW THE STRENGTH THAT THESE
PEOPLE HAD.
HE HEARD THEIR MUSIC; HE WENT

PEOPLE HAD.
HE HEARD THEIR MUSIC; HE WENT
IN THE STREETS WITH THEM.

HE HEARD THEIR MUSIC; HE WENT
IN THE STREETS WITH THEM.
AND HE HAD THE SENSE THAT THE

IN THE STREETS WITH THEM.
AND HE HAD THE SENSE THAT THE
POWER OF THE CITY COMES OUT OF

AND HE HAD THE SENSE THAT THE
POWER OF THE CITY COMES OUT OF
THESE PEOPLE, THAT IT'S NOT JUST

POWER OF THE CITY COMES OUT OF
THESE PEOPLE, THAT IT'S NOT JUST
THAT ONE GROUP THAT REPRESENTS

THESE PEOPLE, THAT IT'S NOT JUST
THAT ONE GROUP THAT REPRESENTS
THIS CITY; IT'S THIS MIX AND

THAT ONE GROUP THAT REPRESENTS
THIS CITY; IT'S THIS MIX AND
THE ENERGY THAT COMES OUT OF IT,

THIS CITY; IT'S THIS MIX AND
THE ENERGY THAT COMES OUT OF IT,
AND THAT THIS DEFINES THE SOUL

THE ENERGY THAT COMES OUT OF IT,
AND THAT THIS DEFINES THE SOUL
OF NEW YORK, AND IT'S SOMETHING

AND THAT THIS DEFINES THE SOUL
OF NEW YORK, AND IT'S SOMETHING
TO CELEBRATE.

OF NEW YORK, AND IT'S SOMETHING
TO CELEBRATE.
YES, IT BRINGS PROBLEMS.

TO CELEBRATE.
YES, IT BRINGS PROBLEMS.
YES, IT BRINGS TURMOIL.

YES, IT BRINGS PROBLEMS.
YES, IT BRINGS TURMOIL.
BUT I THINK THE WHOLE POWER

YES, IT BRINGS TURMOIL.
BUT I THINK THE WHOLE POWER
OF WHITMAN'S POETRY IS IN THE

BUT I THINK THE WHOLE POWER
OF WHITMAN'S POETRY IS IN THE
CELEBRATION OF OUT OF THESE

OF WHITMAN'S POETRY IS IN THE
CELEBRATION OF OUT OF THESE
DIFFERENCES, OUT OF THIS

CELEBRATION OF OUT OF THESE
DIFFERENCES, OUT OF THIS
STRUGGLE, SOMETHING GREAT IS

DIFFERENCES, OUT OF THIS
STRUGGLE, SOMETHING GREAT IS
GOING TO COME.

STRUGGLE, SOMETHING GREAT IS
GOING TO COME.
AND I THINK HE'S THE ONLY ONE

GOING TO COME.
AND I THINK HE'S THE ONLY ONE
IN THE 19th CENTURY, AT THAT

AND I THINK HE'S THE ONLY ONE
IN THE 19th CENTURY, AT THAT
PARTICULAR TIME IN NEW YORK

IN THE 19th CENTURY, AT THAT
PARTICULAR TIME IN NEW YORK
HISTORY, WHO UNDERSTANDS IT

PARTICULAR TIME IN NEW YORK
HISTORY, WHO UNDERSTANDS IT
AND SEES IT AND CELEBRATES IT.

HISTORY, WHO UNDERSTANDS IT
AND SEES IT AND CELEBRATES IT.
Narrator: WHERE SOME SAW

AND SEES IT AND CELEBRATES IT.
Narrator: WHERE SOME SAW
AN ALIEN CROWD OF STRANGERS,

Narrator: WHERE SOME SAW
AN ALIEN CROWD OF STRANGERS,
WHITMAN SAW A GREAT DEMOCRATIC

AN ALIEN CROWD OF STRANGERS,
WHITMAN SAW A GREAT DEMOCRATIC
VISTA, AN ENDLESS RIVER OF

WHITMAN SAW A GREAT DEMOCRATIC
VISTA, AN ENDLESS RIVER OF
PEOPLE, EACH PURSUING HIS OR

VISTA, AN ENDLESS RIVER OF
PEOPLE, EACH PURSUING HIS OR
HER OWN DESTINY.

PEOPLE, EACH PURSUING HIS OR
HER OWN DESTINY.
WHERE SOME SAW THE CLASH OF

HER OWN DESTINY.
WHERE SOME SAW THE CLASH OF
RACES, CLASSES, RELIGIONS, AND

WHERE SOME SAW THE CLASH OF
RACES, CLASSES, RELIGIONS, AND
NATIONALITIES, HE SAW A DAILY

RACES, CLASSES, RELIGIONS, AND
NATIONALITIES, HE SAW A DAILY
SHARING AND REVELED IN THE

NATIONALITIES, HE SAW A DAILY
SHARING AND REVELED IN THE
DISSONANT CHORUS OF NEW YORKERS,

SHARING AND REVELED IN THE
DISSONANT CHORUS OF NEW YORKERS,
CALLING IT "THE GLORIOUS JAM."

DISSONANT CHORUS OF NEW YORKERS,
CALLING IT "THE GLORIOUS JAM."
WHERE SOME SAW TUMULT AND

CALLING IT "THE GLORIOUS JAM."
WHERE SOME SAW TUMULT AND
UNREST, HE FELT THE THRILLING

WHERE SOME SAW TUMULT AND
UNREST, HE FELT THE THRILLING
EXCITEMENT OF CITY LIFE AND THE

UNREST, HE FELT THE THRILLING
EXCITEMENT OF CITY LIFE AND THE
RISING OF A NEW KIND OF CULTURE,

EXCITEMENT OF CITY LIFE AND THE
RISING OF A NEW KIND OF CULTURE,
BASED ON CURIOSITY, FANTASY,

RISING OF A NEW KIND OF CULTURE,
BASED ON CURIOSITY, FANTASY,
AND DESIRE.

Allen Ginsberg: WHITMAN
WANTED HONESTY, CANDOR,

WANTED HONESTY, CANDOR,
THAT INADVERTENT FRANKNESS,

THAT INADVERTENT FRANKNESS,
DIRECTNESS, AND HE WANTED

DIRECTNESS, AND HE WANTED
ADHESIVENESS OR AFFECTION,

ADHESIVENESS OR AFFECTION,
AND THERE WAS AN ELEMENT OF

AND THERE WAS AN ELEMENT OF
WILDNESS IN IT, WILD LOVE.
HE WANTED TO BE... "CITY OF

HE WANTED TO BE... "CITY OF
ORGIES" IS ONE OF THE NAMES
OF HIS POEMS.

ORGIES" IS ONE OF THE NAMES
OF HIS POEMS.
HE'D LIKE THAT ELEMENT OF THE

OF HIS POEMS.
HE'D LIKE THAT ELEMENT OF THE
UNEXPECTED, THE ORGIASTIC, THE

HE'D LIKE THAT ELEMENT OF THE
UNEXPECTED, THE ORGIASTIC, THE
INADVERTENT MEETING OF EYES.

UNEXPECTED, THE ORGIASTIC, THE
INADVERTENT MEETING OF EYES.
Berman: HE UNDERSTOOD HOW

INADVERTENT MEETING OF EYES.
Berman: HE UNDERSTOOD HOW
SEXUALITY WAS ONE OF THE KEYS

Berman: HE UNDERSTOOD HOW
SEXUALITY WAS ONE OF THE KEYS
TO THE EXCITEMENT OF A CITY AND

SEXUALITY WAS ONE OF THE KEYS
TO THE EXCITEMENT OF A CITY AND
ONE OF THE FORCES THAT HELD IT

TO THE EXCITEMENT OF A CITY AND
ONE OF THE FORCES THAT HELD IT
TOGETHER, HOW THE EXPERIENCE

ONE OF THE FORCES THAT HELD IT
TOGETHER, HOW THE EXPERIENCE
OF FANTASY ITSELF WAS ONE OF

TOGETHER, HOW THE EXPERIENCE
OF FANTASY ITSELF WAS ONE OF
THE CENTRAL EXPERIENCES OF

OF FANTASY ITSELF WAS ONE OF
THE CENTRAL EXPERIENCES OF
CITY LIFE; THAT PEOPLE COULD

THE CENTRAL EXPERIENCES OF
CITY LIFE; THAT PEOPLE COULD
LOOK AT EACH OTHER AND IMAGINE

CITY LIFE; THAT PEOPLE COULD
LOOK AT EACH OTHER AND IMAGINE
SLEEPING WITH EACH OTHER.

LOOK AT EACH OTHER AND IMAGINE
SLEEPING WITH EACH OTHER.
Lopate: HE WENT AROUND AND

SLEEPING WITH EACH OTHER.
Lopate: HE WENT AROUND AND
LOOKED AT ALL THE STRANGERS AND

Lopate: HE WENT AROUND AND
LOOKED AT ALL THE STRANGERS AND
SAW EACH ONE AS A POTENTIAL

LOOKED AT ALL THE STRANGERS AND
SAW EACH ONE AS A POTENTIAL
LOVER.

SAW EACH ONE AS A POTENTIAL
LOVER.
YOU KNOW, YOU FELT THAT HE WAS

LOVER.
YOU KNOW, YOU FELT THAT HE WAS
SO FILLED WITH A KIND OF

YOU KNOW, YOU FELT THAT HE WAS
SO FILLED WITH A KIND OF
UNDISCHARGED EROTIC ENERGY THAT

SO FILLED WITH A KIND OF
UNDISCHARGED EROTIC ENERGY THAT
EVEN LAMPPOSTS COULD HAVE BEEN

UNDISCHARGED EROTIC ENERGY THAT
EVEN LAMPPOSTS COULD HAVE BEEN
LOVERS FOR HIM, YOU KNOW, OR

EVEN LAMPPOSTS COULD HAVE BEEN
LOVERS FOR HIM, YOU KNOW, OR
CERTAINLY SHIP MASTS, YOU KNOW.

LOVERS FOR HIM, YOU KNOW, OR
CERTAINLY SHIP MASTS, YOU KNOW.
AND YET, THERE'S A SENSE IN

CERTAINLY SHIP MASTS, YOU KNOW.
AND YET, THERE'S A SENSE IN
WHITMAN'S POEMS OF... NOT OF

AND YET, THERE'S A SENSE IN
WHITMAN'S POEMS OF... NOT OF
CONSUMMATION SO MUCH AS LONGING,

WHITMAN'S POEMS OF... NOT OF
CONSUMMATION SO MUCH AS LONGING,
A LONGING THAT KEEPS GOING OUT

CONSUMMATION SO MUCH AS LONGING,
A LONGING THAT KEEPS GOING OUT
FROM HIM.

A LONGING THAT KEEPS GOING OUT
FROM HIM.
Narrator: "THE PROOF OF

FROM HIM.
Narrator: "THE PROOF OF
THE POET," WHITMAN DECLARED,

Narrator: "THE PROOF OF
THE POET," WHITMAN DECLARED,
"IS THAT HIS COUNTRY ABSORBS

THE POET," WHITMAN DECLARED,
"IS THAT HIS COUNTRY ABSORBS
HIM AS AFFECTIONATELY AS HE

"IS THAT HIS COUNTRY ABSORBS
HIM AS AFFECTIONATELY AS HE
HAS ABSORBED THEM."

HIM AS AFFECTIONATELY AS HE
HAS ABSORBED THEM."
TO BOLSTER SALES, HE MAILED IN

HAS ABSORBED THEM."
TO BOLSTER SALES, HE MAILED IN
ANONYMOUS REVIEWS OF HIS OWN

TO BOLSTER SALES, HE MAILED IN
ANONYMOUS REVIEWS OF HIS OWN
WORK, INCLUDING ONE CALLING IT

ANONYMOUS REVIEWS OF HIS OWN
WORK, INCLUDING ONE CALLING IT
"THE MOST GLORIOUS OF TRIUMPHS

WORK, INCLUDING ONE CALLING IT
"THE MOST GLORIOUS OF TRIUMPHS
IN THE KNOWN HISTORY OF

"THE MOST GLORIOUS OF TRIUMPHS
IN THE KNOWN HISTORY OF
LITERATURE."

IN THE KNOWN HISTORY OF
LITERATURE."
BUT THOUGH HE HOPED HIS POEMS

LITERATURE."
BUT THOUGH HE HOPED HIS POEMS
WOULD TAKE THE COUNTRY BY STORM,

BUT THOUGH HE HOPED HIS POEMS
WOULD TAKE THE COUNTRY BY STORM,
MOST READERS WERE SHOCKED BY HIS

WOULD TAKE THE COUNTRY BY STORM,
MOST READERS WERE SHOCKED BY HIS
UNCONVENTIONAL STYLE AND BY THE

MOST READERS WERE SHOCKED BY HIS
UNCONVENTIONAL STYLE AND BY THE
FRANK SEXUALITY OF THE POEMS.

UNCONVENTIONAL STYLE AND BY THE
FRANK SEXUALITY OF THE POEMS.
THE BOOK DID NOT SELL WELL.

FRANK SEXUALITY OF THE POEMS.
THE BOOK DID NOT SELL WELL.
YET EVEN IN THE DIFFICULT TIMES

THE BOOK DID NOT SELL WELL.
YET EVEN IN THE DIFFICULT TIMES
TO COME, WHITMAN WOULD CONTINUE

YET EVEN IN THE DIFFICULT TIMES
TO COME, WHITMAN WOULD CONTINUE
TO HOPE THAT HIS COUNTRYMEN

TO COME, WHITMAN WOULD CONTINUE
TO HOPE THAT HIS COUNTRYMEN
WOULD MAKE THE IMMENSE

TO HOPE THAT HIS COUNTRYMEN
WOULD MAKE THE IMMENSE
DEMOCRATIC PROMISE HE HAD ONCE

WOULD MAKE THE IMMENSE
DEMOCRATIC PROMISE HE HAD ONCE
GLIMPSED ON THE STREETS OF

DEMOCRATIC PROMISE HE HAD ONCE
GLIMPSED ON THE STREETS OF
NEW YORK A CONCRETE REALITY.

GLIMPSED ON THE STREETS OF
NEW YORK A CONCRETE REALITY.
Quinn: IT'S OVERPOWERING

NEW YORK A CONCRETE REALITY.
Quinn: IT'S OVERPOWERING
SOMETIMES, WHITMAN'S POETRY.

Quinn: IT'S OVERPOWERING
SOMETIMES, WHITMAN'S POETRY.
JUST GOING OVER THE BROOKLYN

SOMETIMES, WHITMAN'S POETRY.
JUST GOING OVER THE BROOKLYN
BRIDGE AND READING "BROOKLYN

JUST GOING OVER THE BROOKLYN
BRIDGE AND READING "BROOKLYN
FERRY" AND HEARING HIS VOICE

BRIDGE AND READING "BROOKLYN
FERRY" AND HEARING HIS VOICE
TALKING TO YOU, I MEAN, I DON'T

FERRY" AND HEARING HIS VOICE
TALKING TO YOU, I MEAN, I DON'T
WANT TO GET SENTIMENTAL BUT...

TALKING TO YOU, I MEAN, I DON'T
WANT TO GET SENTIMENTAL BUT...
NEW YORKERS AREN'T SENTIMENTAL,

WANT TO GET SENTIMENTAL BUT...
NEW YORKERS AREN'T SENTIMENTAL,
BUT IT COULD MAKE YOU CRY.

NEW YORKERS AREN'T SENTIMENTAL,
BUT IT COULD MAKE YOU CRY.
Reader: "FLOOD TIDE BELOW ME,

BUT IT COULD MAKE YOU CRY.
Reader: "FLOOD TIDE BELOW ME,
I SEE YOU FACE TO FACE.

Reader: "FLOOD TIDE BELOW ME,
I SEE YOU FACE TO FACE.
ON THE FERRY BOATS THE HUNDREDS

I SEE YOU FACE TO FACE.
ON THE FERRY BOATS THE HUNDREDS
AND HUNDREDS THAT CROSS,

ON THE FERRY BOATS THE HUNDREDS
AND HUNDREDS THAT CROSS,
RETURNING HOME, ARE MORE CURIOUS

AND HUNDREDS THAT CROSS,
RETURNING HOME, ARE MORE CURIOUS
TO ME THAN YOU SUPPOSE.

RETURNING HOME, ARE MORE CURIOUS
TO ME THAN YOU SUPPOSE.
AND YOU THAT SHALL CROSS FROM

TO ME THAN YOU SUPPOSE.
AND YOU THAT SHALL CROSS FROM
SHORE TO SHORE YEARS HENCE

AND YOU THAT SHALL CROSS FROM
SHORE TO SHORE YEARS HENCE
ARE MORE TO ME, AND MORE IN

SHORE TO SHORE YEARS HENCE
ARE MORE TO ME, AND MORE IN
MY MEDITATIONS, THAN YOU MIGHT

ARE MORE TO ME, AND MORE IN
MY MEDITATIONS, THAN YOU MIGHT
SUPPOSE.

MY MEDITATIONS, THAN YOU MIGHT
SUPPOSE.
IT AVAILS NOT, TIME NOR PLACE.

SUPPOSE.
IT AVAILS NOT, TIME NOR PLACE.
DISTANCE AVAILS NOT.

IT AVAILS NOT, TIME NOR PLACE.
DISTANCE AVAILS NOT.
I AM WITH YOU, YOU MEN AND WOMEN

DISTANCE AVAILS NOT.
I AM WITH YOU, YOU MEN AND WOMEN
OF A GENERATION, OR EVER SO MANY

I AM WITH YOU, YOU MEN AND WOMEN
OF A GENERATION, OR EVER SO MANY
GENERATIONS HENCE.

OF A GENERATION, OR EVER SO MANY
GENERATIONS HENCE.
JUST AS YOU FEEL WHEN YOU LOOK

GENERATIONS HENCE.
JUST AS YOU FEEL WHEN YOU LOOK
ON THE RIVER AND THE SKY, SO I

JUST AS YOU FEEL WHEN YOU LOOK
ON THE RIVER AND THE SKY, SO I
FELT.

ON THE RIVER AND THE SKY, SO I
FELT.
JUST AS ANY OF YOU IS ONE OF

FELT.
JUST AS ANY OF YOU IS ONE OF
A LIVING CROWD, I WAS ONE OF

JUST AS ANY OF YOU IS ONE OF
A LIVING CROWD, I WAS ONE OF
A CROWD.

A LIVING CROWD, I WAS ONE OF
A CROWD.
JUST AS YOU ARE REFRESH'D BY THE

A CROWD.
JUST AS YOU ARE REFRESH'D BY THE
GLADNESS OF THE RIVER AND THE

JUST AS YOU ARE REFRESH'D BY THE
GLADNESS OF THE RIVER AND THE
BRIGHT FLOW, I WAS REFRESH'D.

GLADNESS OF THE RIVER AND THE
BRIGHT FLOW, I WAS REFRESH'D.
JUST AS YOU STAND AND LEAN ON

BRIGHT FLOW, I WAS REFRESH'D.
JUST AS YOU STAND AND LEAN ON
THE RAIL, YET HURRY WITH THE

JUST AS YOU STAND AND LEAN ON
THE RAIL, YET HURRY WITH THE
SWIFT CURRENT, I STOOD YET WAS

THE RAIL, YET HURRY WITH THE
SWIFT CURRENT, I STOOD YET WAS
HURRIED.

SWIFT CURRENT, I STOOD YET WAS
HURRIED.
JUST AS YOU LOOK ON THE

HURRIED.
JUST AS YOU LOOK ON THE
NUMBERLESS MASTS OF SHIPS

JUST AS YOU LOOK ON THE
NUMBERLESS MASTS OF SHIPS
AND THE THICK-STEMMED PIPES

NUMBERLESS MASTS OF SHIPS
AND THE THICK-STEMMED PIPES
OF STEAMBOATS, I LOOK'D.

AND THE THICK-STEMMED PIPES
OF STEAMBOATS, I LOOK'D.
THESE AND ALL ELSE WERE TO ME

OF STEAMBOATS, I LOOK'D.
THESE AND ALL ELSE WERE TO ME
THE SAME AS THEY ARE TO YOU."

THESE AND ALL ELSE WERE TO ME
THE SAME AS THEY ARE TO YOU."
WALT WHITMAN.

THE SAME AS THEY ARE TO YOU."
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER

WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IN THE SUMMER
OF 1857, WHITMAN'S HOPES FOR

Narrator: IN THE SUMMER
OF 1857, WHITMAN'S HOPES FOR
HIS DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY

OF 1857, WHITMAN'S HOPES FOR
HIS DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY
WERE DEALT A GRIEVOUS BLOW.

HIS DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY
WERE DEALT A GRIEVOUS BLOW.
IN THE LAST WEEKS OF AUGUST,

WERE DEALT A GRIEVOUS BLOW.
IN THE LAST WEEKS OF AUGUST,
20 YEARS OF FRENZIED SPECULATION

IN THE LAST WEEKS OF AUGUST,
20 YEARS OF FRENZIED SPECULATION
ON WALL STREET CAME TO A

20 YEARS OF FRENZIED SPECULATION
ON WALL STREET CAME TO A
SHOCKING END WHEN PANIC SWEPT

ON WALL STREET CAME TO A
SHOCKING END WHEN PANIC SWEPT
THROUGH THE FINANCIAL DISTRICT,

SHOCKING END WHEN PANIC SWEPT
THROUGH THE FINANCIAL DISTRICT,
PRECIPITATING THE SEVEREST

THROUGH THE FINANCIAL DISTRICT,
PRECIPITATING THE SEVEREST
ECONOMIC CRISIS IN THE NATION'S

PRECIPITATING THE SEVEREST
ECONOMIC CRISIS IN THE NATION'S
HISTORY.

ECONOMIC CRISIS IN THE NATION'S
HISTORY.
Reader: "SEPTEMBER 28, 1857.

HISTORY.
Reader: "SEPTEMBER 28, 1857.
PANIC IS VERY DREADFUL IN

Reader: "SEPTEMBER 28, 1857.
PANIC IS VERY DREADFUL IN
WALL STREET.

PANIC IS VERY DREADFUL IN
WALL STREET.
FAILURES ARE MULTIPLYING, AND

WALL STREET.
FAILURES ARE MULTIPLYING, AND
NO ONE KNOWS ON WHOM HE CAN

FAILURES ARE MULTIPLYING, AND
NO ONE KNOWS ON WHOM HE CAN
DEPEND, OR ON WHAT.

NO ONE KNOWS ON WHOM HE CAN
DEPEND, OR ON WHAT.
OCTOBER 10.

DEPEND, OR ON WHAT.
OCTOBER 10.
WE SEEM FOUNDERING.

OCTOBER 10.
WE SEEM FOUNDERING.
AFFAIRS ARE WORSE THAN EVER

WE SEEM FOUNDERING.
AFFAIRS ARE WORSE THAN EVER
TODAY, AND A PERIOD OF GENERAL

AFFAIRS ARE WORSE THAN EVER
TODAY, AND A PERIOD OF GENERAL
INSOLVENCY SEEMS CLOSE UPON US.

TODAY, AND A PERIOD OF GENERAL
INSOLVENCY SEEMS CLOSE UPON US.
PEOPLE'S FACES IN WALL STREET

INSOLVENCY SEEMS CLOSE UPON US.
PEOPLE'S FACES IN WALL STREET
LOOK FEARFULLY GAUNT AND

PEOPLE'S FACES IN WALL STREET
LOOK FEARFULLY GAUNT AND
DESPERATE.

LOOK FEARFULLY GAUNT AND
DESPERATE.
NOVEMBER 10.

DESPERATE.
NOVEMBER 10.
THIS FINANCIAL CRISIS HAS THROWN

NOVEMBER 10.
THIS FINANCIAL CRISIS HAS THROWN
THOUSANDS OF THE WORKING CLASS

THIS FINANCIAL CRISIS HAS THROWN
THOUSANDS OF THE WORKING CLASS
OUT OF EMPLOYMENT AND MADE IT A

THOUSANDS OF THE WORKING CLASS
OUT OF EMPLOYMENT AND MADE IT A
DIFFICULT MATTER ENOUGH TO

OUT OF EMPLOYMENT AND MADE IT A
DIFFICULT MATTER ENOUGH TO
MAINTAIN PEACE AND ORDER IN THE

DIFFICULT MATTER ENOUGH TO
MAINTAIN PEACE AND ORDER IN THE
CITY THROUGH THE WINTER."

MAINTAIN PEACE AND ORDER IN THE
CITY THROUGH THE WINTER."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

CITY THROUGH THE WINTER."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: FOR THE COUNTRY'S

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: FOR THE COUNTRY'S
GROWING URBAN POPULATION, THE

Narrator: FOR THE COUNTRY'S
GROWING URBAN POPULATION, THE
PANIC WAS NOTHING LESS THAN A

GROWING URBAN POPULATION, THE
PANIC WAS NOTHING LESS THAN A
DISASTER.

PANIC WAS NOTHING LESS THAN A
DISASTER.
WALT WHITMAN ESTIMATED THAT IN

DISASTER.
WALT WHITMAN ESTIMATED THAT IN
NEW YORK ALONE, MORE THAN 25,000

WALT WHITMAN ESTIMATED THAT IN
NEW YORK ALONE, MORE THAN 25,000
PEOPLE WERE SOON OUT OF WORK,

NEW YORK ALONE, MORE THAN 25,000
PEOPLE WERE SOON OUT OF WORK,
AND 100,000 MORE FACING HARDSHIP

PEOPLE WERE SOON OUT OF WORK,
AND 100,000 MORE FACING HARDSHIP
AND EVEN STARVATION.

AND 100,000 MORE FACING HARDSHIP
AND EVEN STARVATION.
HARDEST HIT WERE THOSE WITH THE

AND EVEN STARVATION.
HARDEST HIT WERE THOSE WITH THE
THE IMMIGRANT

HARDEST HIT WERE THOSE WITH THE
THE IMMIGRANT
POOR AND THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED

THE IMMIGRANT
POOR AND THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED
BLACK POPULATION.

POOR AND THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED
BLACK POPULATION.
Czitrom: WE'RE TALKING ABOUT

BLACK POPULATION.
Czitrom: WE'RE TALKING ABOUT
A PERIOD WHERE THERE'S NO SOCIAL

Czitrom: WE'RE TALKING ABOUT
A PERIOD WHERE THERE'S NO SOCIAL
SECURITY, THERE'S NO

A PERIOD WHERE THERE'S NO SOCIAL
SECURITY, THERE'S NO
UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF, THERE'S NO

SECURITY, THERE'S NO
UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF, THERE'S NO
MEDICARE OR MEDICAID.

UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF, THERE'S NO
MEDICARE OR MEDICAID.
THERE IS NOT THAT SOCIAL SAFETY

MEDICARE OR MEDICAID.
THERE IS NOT THAT SOCIAL SAFETY
NET YET THAT'S ERECTED IN THE

THERE IS NOT THAT SOCIAL SAFETY
NET YET THAT'S ERECTED IN THE
20th CENTURY THAT HELPS TO EASE

NET YET THAT'S ERECTED IN THE
20th CENTURY THAT HELPS TO EASE
SOME OF THAT, AND SO WHEN YOU'RE

20th CENTURY THAT HELPS TO EASE
SOME OF THAT, AND SO WHEN YOU'RE
UNEMPLOYED OR WHEN YOU'RE

SOME OF THAT, AND SO WHEN YOU'RE
UNEMPLOYED OR WHEN YOU'RE
WIDOWED OR WHEN YOUR CHILD IS

UNEMPLOYED OR WHEN YOU'RE
WIDOWED OR WHEN YOUR CHILD IS
IN TROUBLE WITH THE LAW, YOU'RE

WIDOWED OR WHEN YOUR CHILD IS
IN TROUBLE WITH THE LAW, YOU'RE
HURT, YOU'RE INJURED, LIFE IS

IN TROUBLE WITH THE LAW, YOU'RE
HURT, YOU'RE INJURED, LIFE IS
VERY, VERY TOUGH FOR THOSE

HURT, YOU'RE INJURED, LIFE IS
VERY, VERY TOUGH FOR THOSE
PEOPLE.

VERY, VERY TOUGH FOR THOSE
PEOPLE.
Narrator: IN THE FALL OF

PEOPLE.
Narrator: IN THE FALL OF
1857, AS BANKS FAILED AND

Narrator: IN THE FALL OF
1857, AS BANKS FAILED AND
BUSINESSES CLOSED AND THOUSANDS

1857, AS BANKS FAILED AND
BUSINESSES CLOSED AND THOUSANDS
OF UNEMPLOYED NEW YORKERS

BUSINESSES CLOSED AND THOUSANDS
OF UNEMPLOYED NEW YORKERS
WANDERED THE CITY STREETS,

OF UNEMPLOYED NEW YORKERS
WANDERED THE CITY STREETS,
HOMELESS, THE STATE AUTHORITIES

WANDERED THE CITY STREETS,
HOMELESS, THE STATE AUTHORITIES
NOW IN CONTROL OF NEW YORK

HOMELESS, THE STATE AUTHORITIES
NOW IN CONTROL OF NEW YORK
EMBARKED UPON ONE OF THE

NOW IN CONTROL OF NEW YORK
EMBARKED UPON ONE OF THE
GREATEST PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS

EMBARKED UPON ONE OF THE
GREATEST PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS
EVER UNDERTAKEN IN AN AMERICAN

GREATEST PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS
EVER UNDERTAKEN IN AN AMERICAN
CITY.

EVER UNDERTAKEN IN AN AMERICAN
CITY.
IT WOULD BE THE MOST AMBITIOUS

CITY.
IT WOULD BE THE MOST AMBITIOUS
ATTEMPT YET TO MAKE WHITMAN'S

IT WOULD BE THE MOST AMBITIOUS
ATTEMPT YET TO MAKE WHITMAN'S
"DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY" A

ATTEMPT YET TO MAKE WHITMAN'S
"DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY" A
CONCRETE REALITY.

"DEMOCRATIC ISLAND CITY" A
CONCRETE REALITY.
Reader: "CIRCUMAMBULATE THE

CONCRETE REALITY.
Reader: "CIRCUMAMBULATE THE
CITY OF A DREAMY SABBATH

Reader: "CIRCUMAMBULATE THE
CITY OF A DREAMY SABBATH
AFTERNOON.

CITY OF A DREAMY SABBATH
AFTERNOON.
WHAT DO YOU SEE?

AFTERNOON.
WHAT DO YOU SEE?
POSTED LIKE SILENT SENTINELS ALL

WHAT DO YOU SEE?
POSTED LIKE SILENT SENTINELS ALL
AROUND THE TOWN STAND THOUSANDS

POSTED LIKE SILENT SENTINELS ALL
AROUND THE TOWN STAND THOUSANDS
UPON THOUSANDS OF MORTAL MEN,

AROUND THE TOWN STAND THOUSANDS
UPON THOUSANDS OF MORTAL MEN,
SOME LEANING AGAINST THE SPILES,

UPON THOUSANDS OF MORTAL MEN,
SOME LEANING AGAINST THE SPILES,
SOME SEATED IN THE PIER HEADS,

SOME LEANING AGAINST THE SPILES,
SOME SEATED IN THE PIER HEADS,
SOME LOOKING OVER THE BULWARKS

SOME SEATED IN THE PIER HEADS,
SOME LOOKING OVER THE BULWARKS
OF SHIPS.

SOME LOOKING OVER THE BULWARKS
OF SHIPS.
THESE ARE ALL LANDSMEN, OF

OF SHIPS.
THESE ARE ALL LANDSMEN, OF
WEEKDAYS TIED TO COUNTERS,

THESE ARE ALL LANDSMEN, OF
WEEKDAYS TIED TO COUNTERS,
NAILED TO BENCHES, CLINCHED TO

WEEKDAYS TIED TO COUNTERS,
NAILED TO BENCHES, CLINCHED TO
DESKS.

NAILED TO BENCHES, CLINCHED TO
DESKS.
HOW THEN TO THIS?

DESKS.
HOW THEN TO THIS?
ARE THE GREEN FIELDS GONE?"

HOW THEN TO THIS?
ARE THE GREEN FIELDS GONE?"
HERMAN MELVILLE.

ARE THE GREEN FIELDS GONE?"
HERMAN MELVILLE.
Reader: "THERE IS NO PLACE

HERMAN MELVILLE.
Reader: "THERE IS NO PLACE
WITHIN THE CITY IN WHICH IT IS

Reader: "THERE IS NO PLACE
WITHIN THE CITY IN WHICH IT IS
PLEASANT TO WALK OR RIDE, NO

WITHIN THE CITY IN WHICH IT IS
PLEASANT TO WALK OR RIDE, NO
FIELD FOR BASEBALL OR CRICKET,

PLEASANT TO WALK OR RIDE, NO
FIELD FOR BASEBALL OR CRICKET,
NO PLEASANT GARDEN WHERE ONE CAN

FIELD FOR BASEBALL OR CRICKET,
NO PLEASANT GARDEN WHERE ONE CAN
SIT WITH AND CHAT WITH A FRIEND,

NO PLEASANT GARDEN WHERE ONE CAN
SIT WITH AND CHAT WITH A FRIEND,
OR LISTEN TO THE MUSIC OF A GOOD

SIT WITH AND CHAT WITH A FRIEND,
OR LISTEN TO THE MUSIC OF A GOOD
BAND."

OR LISTEN TO THE MUSIC OF A GOOD
BAND."
CLARENCE COOK.

BAND."
CLARENCE COOK.
Narrator: OF ALL THE

CLARENCE COOK.
Narrator: OF ALL THE
DEFICIENCIES OF THE 1811 GRID

Narrator: OF ALL THE
DEFICIENCIES OF THE 1811 GRID
PLAN, NONE WAS MORE GLARING BY

DEFICIENCIES OF THE 1811 GRID
PLAN, NONE WAS MORE GLARING BY
1857 THAN THE FAILURE TO PROVIDE

PLAN, NONE WAS MORE GLARING BY
1857 THAN THE FAILURE TO PROVIDE
ENOUGH PARK SPACE FOR NEW YORK'S

1857 THAN THE FAILURE TO PROVIDE
ENOUGH PARK SPACE FOR NEW YORK'S
OVERWORKED AND OVERCROWDED

ENOUGH PARK SPACE FOR NEW YORK'S
OVERWORKED AND OVERCROWDED
CITIZENS.

OVERWORKED AND OVERCROWDED
CITIZENS.
HALF A CENTURY OF EXPLOSIVE

CITIZENS.
HALF A CENTURY OF EXPLOSIVE
GROWTH HAD TRANSFORMED MUCH OF

HALF A CENTURY OF EXPLOSIVE
GROWTH HAD TRANSFORMED MUCH OF
LOWER MANHATTAN INTO A

GROWTH HAD TRANSFORMED MUCH OF
LOWER MANHATTAN INTO A
CONGESTED WASTELAND OF

LOWER MANHATTAN INTO A
CONGESTED WASTELAND OF
FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES, AND

CONGESTED WASTELAND OF
FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES, AND
TENEMENTS.

FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES, AND
TENEMENTS.
FOR MOST NEW YORKERS, THERE WAS

TENEMENTS.
FOR MOST NEW YORKERS, THERE WAS
SIMPLY NO ESCAPE.

FOR MOST NEW YORKERS, THERE WAS
SIMPLY NO ESCAPE.
WHAT FEW BACKYARD SPACES

SIMPLY NO ESCAPE.
WHAT FEW BACKYARD SPACES
REMAINED HAD BEEN ALL BUT

WHAT FEW BACKYARD SPACES
REMAINED HAD BEEN ALL BUT
OBLITERATED, AND ACCESS TO THE

REMAINED HAD BEEN ALL BUT
OBLITERATED, AND ACCESS TO THE
RIVERFRONT ALMOST COMPLETELY CUT

OBLITERATED, AND ACCESS TO THE
RIVERFRONT ALMOST COMPLETELY CUT
OFF BY A TANGLED BELT OF

RIVERFRONT ALMOST COMPLETELY CUT
OFF BY A TANGLED BELT OF
SHIPYARDS AND DOCKS.

OFF BY A TANGLED BELT OF
SHIPYARDS AND DOCKS.
Reader: "COMMERCE IS

SHIPYARDS AND DOCKS.
Reader: "COMMERCE IS
DEVOURING INCH BY INCH THE COAST

Reader: "COMMERCE IS
DEVOURING INCH BY INCH THE COAST
OF THE ISLAND.

DEVOURING INCH BY INCH THE COAST
OF THE ISLAND.
IF WE WOULD RESCUE ANY PART OF

OF THE ISLAND.
IF WE WOULD RESCUE ANY PART OF
IT FOR HEALTH AND RECREATION, IT

IF WE WOULD RESCUE ANY PART OF
IT FOR HEALTH AND RECREATION, IT
MUST BE DONE NOW."

IT FOR HEALTH AND RECREATION, IT
MUST BE DONE NOW."
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.

MUST BE DONE NOW."
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.
Czitrom: REMEMBER, IN THIS

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.
Czitrom: REMEMBER, IN THIS
DAY, PEOPLE ARE PACKED PRETTY

Czitrom: REMEMBER, IN THIS
DAY, PEOPLE ARE PACKED PRETTY
TIGHT TOGETHER.

DAY, PEOPLE ARE PACKED PRETTY
TIGHT TOGETHER.
YOU'VE GOT ROUGHLY HALF A

TIGHT TOGETHER.
YOU'VE GOT ROUGHLY HALF A
MILLION PEOPLE LIVING SOUTH OF

YOU'VE GOT ROUGHLY HALF A
MILLION PEOPLE LIVING SOUTH OF
14th STREET.

MILLION PEOPLE LIVING SOUTH OF
14th STREET.
THINK ABOUT THAT.

14th STREET.
THINK ABOUT THAT.
AND THERE ARE NO BUILDINGS,

THINK ABOUT THAT.
AND THERE ARE NO BUILDINGS,
REALLY, THAT ARE TALLER THAN

AND THERE ARE NO BUILDINGS,
REALLY, THAT ARE TALLER THAN
FIVE OR SIX STORIES HIGH.

REALLY, THAT ARE TALLER THAN
FIVE OR SIX STORIES HIGH.
PEOPLE ARE PACKED IN VERY TIGHT.

FIVE OR SIX STORIES HIGH.
PEOPLE ARE PACKED IN VERY TIGHT.
Narrator: IN 1857, AS THE

PEOPLE ARE PACKED IN VERY TIGHT.
Narrator: IN 1857, AS THE
CITY SPIRALED EVER MORE DEEPLY

Narrator: IN 1857, AS THE
CITY SPIRALED EVER MORE DEEPLY
INTO ECONOMIC GLOOM, NEW YORK

CITY SPIRALED EVER MORE DEEPLY
INTO ECONOMIC GLOOM, NEW YORK
UNDERTOOK THE GREATEST PHYSICAL

INTO ECONOMIC GLOOM, NEW YORK
UNDERTOOK THE GREATEST PHYSICAL
TRANSFORMATION OF MANHATTAN

UNDERTOOK THE GREATEST PHYSICAL
TRANSFORMATION OF MANHATTAN
SINCE THE GRID.

TRANSFORMATION OF MANHATTAN
SINCE THE GRID.
THAT FALL, THE CITY FINISHED

SINCE THE GRID.
THAT FALL, THE CITY FINISHED
PURCHASING A VAST TRACT OF

THAT FALL, THE CITY FINISHED
PURCHASING A VAST TRACT OF
SPARSELY POPULATED LAND NORTH OF

PURCHASING A VAST TRACT OF
SPARSELY POPULATED LAND NORTH OF
TOWN, THEN ISSUED EVICTION

SPARSELY POPULATED LAND NORTH OF
TOWN, THEN ISSUED EVICTION
NOTICES TO THE 1,600 MAINLY

TOWN, THEN ISSUED EVICTION
NOTICES TO THE 1,600 MAINLY
BLACK AND IRISH RESIDENTS LIVING

NOTICES TO THE 1,600 MAINLY
BLACK AND IRISH RESIDENTS LIVING
ON IT.

BLACK AND IRISH RESIDENTS LIVING
ON IT.
TWO WEEKS LATER, MAYOR FERNANDO

ON IT.
TWO WEEKS LATER, MAYOR FERNANDO
WOOD ANNOUNCED A SPECIAL DESIGN

TWO WEEKS LATER, MAYOR FERNANDO
WOOD ANNOUNCED A SPECIAL DESIGN
CONTEST FOR WHAT WAS CALLED

WOOD ANNOUNCED A SPECIAL DESIGN
CONTEST FOR WHAT WAS CALLED
SIMPLY "THE CENTRAL PARK."

CONTEST FOR WHAT WAS CALLED
SIMPLY "THE CENTRAL PARK."
SIX MONTHS LATER, THE WINNER WAS

SIMPLY "THE CENTRAL PARK."
SIX MONTHS LATER, THE WINNER WAS
ENTRY NUMBER 33,

SIX MONTHS LATER, THE WINNER WAS
ENTRY NUMBER 33,
CALLED GREENSWARD, BY CALVERT

ENTRY NUMBER 33,
CALLED GREENSWARD, BY CALVERT
VAUX AND FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.

CALLED GREENSWARD, BY CALVERT
VAUX AND FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
THEY WERE AN UNLIKELY CHOICE FOR

VAUX AND FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
THEY WERE AN UNLIKELY CHOICE FOR
THE JOB.

THEY WERE AN UNLIKELY CHOICE FOR
THE JOB.
VAUX, A RESPECTED ENGLISH

THE JOB.
VAUX, A RESPECTED ENGLISH
ARCHITECT, HAD NEVER DESIGNED A

VAUX, A RESPECTED ENGLISH
ARCHITECT, HAD NEVER DESIGNED A
PUBLIC PARK BEFORE.

ARCHITECT, HAD NEVER DESIGNED A
PUBLIC PARK BEFORE.
OLMSTED, A FRAIL AND MELANCHOLY

PUBLIC PARK BEFORE.
OLMSTED, A FRAIL AND MELANCHOLY
35-YEAR-OLD WRITER, HAD NEVER

OLMSTED, A FRAIL AND MELANCHOLY
35-YEAR-OLD WRITER, HAD NEVER
DESIGNED ANYTHING AT ALL.

35-YEAR-OLD WRITER, HAD NEVER
DESIGNED ANYTHING AT ALL.
BUT BOTH MEN WERE ACUTELY AWARE

DESIGNED ANYTHING AT ALL.
BUT BOTH MEN WERE ACUTELY AWARE
WHAT THE DRIVING COMMERCIAL CITY

BUT BOTH MEN WERE ACUTELY AWARE
WHAT THE DRIVING COMMERCIAL CITY
WAS DOING TO ITS PEOPLE,

WHAT THE DRIVING COMMERCIAL CITY
WAS DOING TO ITS PEOPLE,
BREEDING PHYSICAL CONGESTION,

WAS DOING TO ITS PEOPLE,
BREEDING PHYSICAL CONGESTION,
SOCIAL DISORDER, AND SPIRITUAL

BREEDING PHYSICAL CONGESTION,
SOCIAL DISORDER, AND SPIRITUAL
UNREST.

SOCIAL DISORDER, AND SPIRITUAL
UNREST.
Reader: "NEW YORKERS DISPLAY

UNREST.
Reader: "NEW YORKERS DISPLAY
A REMARKABLE QUICKNESS OF

Reader: "NEW YORKERS DISPLAY
A REMARKABLE QUICKNESS OF
APPREHENSION, ALONG WITH A

A REMARKABLE QUICKNESS OF
APPREHENSION, ALONG WITH A
PECULIARLY HARD SORT OF

APPREHENSION, ALONG WITH A
PECULIARLY HARD SORT OF
SELFISHNESS.

PECULIARLY HARD SORT OF
SELFISHNESS.
EVERY DAY OF THEIR LIVES, THEY

SELFISHNESS.
EVERY DAY OF THEIR LIVES, THEY
HAVE SEEN THOUSANDS OF THEIR

EVERY DAY OF THEIR LIVES, THEY
HAVE SEEN THOUSANDS OF THEIR
FELLOW MEN, HAVE MET THEM FACE

HAVE SEEN THOUSANDS OF THEIR
FELLOW MEN, HAVE MET THEM FACE
TO FACE, HAVE BRUSHED AGAINST

FELLOW MEN, HAVE MET THEM FACE
TO FACE, HAVE BRUSHED AGAINST
THEM, AND YET HAVE HAD NO

TO FACE, HAVE BRUSHED AGAINST
THEM, AND YET HAVE HAD NO
EXPERIENCE OF ANYTHING IN COMMON

THEM, AND YET HAVE HAD NO
EXPERIENCE OF ANYTHING IN COMMON
WITH THEM.

EXPERIENCE OF ANYTHING IN COMMON
WITH THEM.
THERE NEED TO BE PLACES AND

WITH THEM.
THERE NEED TO BE PLACES AND
TIMES FOR REUNIONS, WHERE THE

THERE NEED TO BE PLACES AND
TIMES FOR REUNIONS, WHERE THE
RICH AND POOR, THE CULTIVATED

TIMES FOR REUNIONS, WHERE THE
RICH AND POOR, THE CULTIVATED
AND THE SELF-MADE, SHALL BE

RICH AND POOR, THE CULTIVATED
AND THE SELF-MADE, SHALL BE
ATTRACTED TOGETHER AND

AND THE SELF-MADE, SHALL BE
ATTRACTED TOGETHER AND
ENCOURAGED TO ASSIMILATE."

ATTRACTED TOGETHER AND
ENCOURAGED TO ASSIMILATE."
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.

ENCOURAGED TO ASSIMILATE."
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
Narrator: THE PARK OLMSTED

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
Narrator: THE PARK OLMSTED
AND VAUX NOW PROPOSED WOULD BE

Narrator: THE PARK OLMSTED
AND VAUX NOW PROPOSED WOULD BE
AN ENTIRELY NEW KIND OF PUBLIC

AND VAUX NOW PROPOSED WOULD BE
AN ENTIRELY NEW KIND OF PUBLIC
SPACE, A MANMADE NATURE THAT

AN ENTIRELY NEW KIND OF PUBLIC
SPACE, A MANMADE NATURE THAT
WOULD PROVIDE RELIEF FROM THE

SPACE, A MANMADE NATURE THAT
WOULD PROVIDE RELIEF FROM THE
UNRELENTING COMMERCIAL INTENSITY

WOULD PROVIDE RELIEF FROM THE
UNRELENTING COMMERCIAL INTENSITY
OF THE CITY.

UNRELENTING COMMERCIAL INTENSITY
OF THE CITY.
AS NEW YORKERS ENTERED THE PARK,

OF THE CITY.
AS NEW YORKERS ENTERED THE PARK,
THEY WOULD LEAVE BEHIND THE

AS NEW YORKERS ENTERED THE PARK,
THEY WOULD LEAVE BEHIND THE
CONSTANT REMINDERS OF THEIR

THEY WOULD LEAVE BEHIND THE
CONSTANT REMINDERS OF THEIR
DIFFERENCES, AND, IT WAS HOPED,

CONSTANT REMINDERS OF THEIR
DIFFERENCES, AND, IT WAS HOPED,
REDISCOVER A COMMON HUMANITY.

DIFFERENCES, AND, IT WAS HOPED,
REDISCOVER A COMMON HUMANITY.
Bender: THIS WAS TO BE A

REDISCOVER A COMMON HUMANITY.
Bender: THIS WAS TO BE A
SYMBOL OF AMERICAN METROPOLITAN

Bender: THIS WAS TO BE A
SYMBOL OF AMERICAN METROPOLITAN
DEMOCRACY, AND HE PROPOSED THAT

SYMBOL OF AMERICAN METROPOLITAN
DEMOCRACY, AND HE PROPOSED THAT
ALL PEOPLES WOULD FIND A SPACE

DEMOCRACY, AND HE PROPOSED THAT
ALL PEOPLES WOULD FIND A SPACE
IN THIS PARK.

ALL PEOPLES WOULD FIND A SPACE
IN THIS PARK.
Quinn: IT WASN'T JUST A SPOT

IN THIS PARK.
Quinn: IT WASN'T JUST A SPOT
OF GREENERY THAT LOOKED NICE IN

Quinn: IT WASN'T JUST A SPOT
OF GREENERY THAT LOOKED NICE IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE CITY AND LET

OF GREENERY THAT LOOKED NICE IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE CITY AND LET
THE PLACE BREATHE.

THE MIDDLE OF THE CITY AND LET
THE PLACE BREATHE.
OLMSTED'S VISION WAS IN PART

THE PLACE BREATHE.
OLMSTED'S VISION WAS IN PART
THAT THE CLASSES WILL MINGLE

OLMSTED'S VISION WAS IN PART
THAT THE CLASSES WILL MINGLE
HERE, THAT THE UPPER CLASSES AND

THAT THE CLASSES WILL MINGLE
HERE, THAT THE UPPER CLASSES AND
THE LOWER CLASSES WILL SEE EACH

HERE, THAT THE UPPER CLASSES AND
THE LOWER CLASSES WILL SEE EACH
OTHER AND THAT IT WILL HAVE A

THE LOWER CLASSES WILL SEE EACH
OTHER AND THAT IT WILL HAVE A
TREMENDOUS CIVILIZING EFFECT ON

OTHER AND THAT IT WILL HAVE A
TREMENDOUS CIVILIZING EFFECT ON
THE CITY.

TREMENDOUS CIVILIZING EFFECT ON
THE CITY.
THAT MINGLING OF PEOPLE WILL

THE CITY.
THAT MINGLING OF PEOPLE WILL
HAVE A CIVILIZING EFFECT.

THAT MINGLING OF PEOPLE WILL
HAVE A CIVILIZING EFFECT.
Narrator: OLMSTED AND VAUX

HAVE A CIVILIZING EFFECT.
Narrator: OLMSTED AND VAUX
SET RIGHT TO WORK, "TRANSLATING

Narrator: OLMSTED AND VAUX
SET RIGHT TO WORK, "TRANSLATING
DEMOCRATIC IDEAS," AS VAUX

SET RIGHT TO WORK, "TRANSLATING
DEMOCRATIC IDEAS," AS VAUX
HIMSELF PUT IT, "INTO TREES AND

DEMOCRATIC IDEAS," AS VAUX
HIMSELF PUT IT, "INTO TREES AND
DIRT."

HIMSELF PUT IT, "INTO TREES AND
DIRT."
BY THE SPRING OF 1858, AN ARMY

DIRT."
BY THE SPRING OF 1858, AN ARMY
OF CITY EMPLOYEES WAS HARD AT

BY THE SPRING OF 1858, AN ARMY
OF CITY EMPLOYEES WAS HARD AT
WORK, LABORIOUSLY REMODELING

OF CITY EMPLOYEES WAS HARD AT
WORK, LABORIOUSLY REMODELING
EVERY FEATURE OF THE NATURAL

WORK, LABORIOUSLY REMODELING
EVERY FEATURE OF THE NATURAL
LANDSCAPE.

EVERY FEATURE OF THE NATURAL
LANDSCAPE.
THERE WERE GERMAN GARDENERS,

LANDSCAPE.
THERE WERE GERMAN GARDENERS,
ITALIAN STONECUTTERS, AND

THERE WERE GERMAN GARDENERS,
ITALIAN STONECUTTERS, AND
HUNDREDS OF MASONS, BLACKSMITHS,

ITALIAN STONECUTTERS, AND
HUNDREDS OF MASONS, BLACKSMITHS,
AND CARPENTERS.

HUNDREDS OF MASONS, BLACKSMITHS,
AND CARPENTERS.
MOST OF THE MEN WERE UNSKILLED

AND CARPENTERS.
MOST OF THE MEN WERE UNSKILLED
IRISH DAY LABORERS, OFTEN PAID

MOST OF THE MEN WERE UNSKILLED
IRISH DAY LABORERS, OFTEN PAID
LESS THAN A DOLLAR A DAY, AND

IRISH DAY LABORERS, OFTEN PAID
LESS THAN A DOLLAR A DAY, AND
DRAWN, OLMSTED SAID, FROM THE

LESS THAN A DOLLAR A DAY, AND
DRAWN, OLMSTED SAID, FROM THE
"POOREST, MOST DANGEROUS CLASS

DRAWN, OLMSTED SAID, FROM THE
"POOREST, MOST DANGEROUS CLASS
OF THE GREAT CITY'S POPULATION."

"POOREST, MOST DANGEROUS CLASS
OF THE GREAT CITY'S POPULATION."
TO PREVENT ANY TROUBLE WITH THE

OF THE GREAT CITY'S POPULATION."
TO PREVENT ANY TROUBLE WITH THE
IRISH, AFRICAN AMERICANS HAD

TO PREVENT ANY TROUBLE WITH THE
IRISH, AFRICAN AMERICANS HAD
BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THE WORKFORCE

IRISH, AFRICAN AMERICANS HAD
BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THE WORKFORCE
ENTIRELY.

BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THE WORKFORCE
ENTIRELY.
Reader: "MY OFFICE WAS

ENTIRELY.
Reader: "MY OFFICE WAS
REGULARLY SURROUNDED BY AN

Reader: "MY OFFICE WAS
REGULARLY SURROUNDED BY AN
ORGANIZED MOB CARRYING A BANNER

REGULARLY SURROUNDED BY AN
ORGANIZED MOB CARRYING A BANNER
INSCRIBED 'BLOOD OR BREAD.'

ORGANIZED MOB CARRYING A BANNER
INSCRIBED 'BLOOD OR BREAD.'
THIS MOB SENT IN TO ME A LIST OF

INSCRIBED 'BLOOD OR BREAD.'
THIS MOB SENT IN TO ME A LIST OF
10,000 NAMES OF MEN ALLEGED TO

THIS MOB SENT IN TO ME A LIST OF
10,000 NAMES OF MEN ALLEGED TO
HAVE STARVING FAMILIES,

10,000 NAMES OF MEN ALLEGED TO
HAVE STARVING FAMILIES,
DEMANDING THAT THEY SHOULD BE

HAVE STARVING FAMILIES,
DEMANDING THAT THEY SHOULD BE
IMMEDIATELY PUT TO WORK."

DEMANDING THAT THEY SHOULD BE
IMMEDIATELY PUT TO WORK."
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.

IMMEDIATELY PUT TO WORK."
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
Robert A.M. Stern: IT WAS ONE

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
Robert A.M. Stern: IT WAS ONE
OF THE GREAT PIECES OF

Robert A.M. Stern: IT WAS ONE
OF THE GREAT PIECES OF
CONSTRUCTION OF ITS TIME AND

OF THE GREAT PIECES OF
CONSTRUCTION OF ITS TIME AND
MAYBE EVEN TO THIS DAY, AND IT

CONSTRUCTION OF ITS TIME AND
MAYBE EVEN TO THIS DAY, AND IT
WAS MAN MAKING NATURE FOR THE

MAYBE EVEN TO THIS DAY, AND IT
WAS MAN MAKING NATURE FOR THE
BENEFIT OF THE PEOPLE OF THE

WAS MAN MAKING NATURE FOR THE
BENEFIT OF THE PEOPLE OF THE
CITY, WHICH IS ALREADY ANOTHER

BENEFIT OF THE PEOPLE OF THE
CITY, WHICH IS ALREADY ANOTHER
ASPECT OF THE PHENOMENAL SELF-

CITY, WHICH IS ALREADY ANOTHER
ASPECT OF THE PHENOMENAL SELF-
CONFIDENCE OF NEW YORKERS.

WE DIDN'T NEED TO GO OUT INTO
THE COUNTRY; WE WOULD BRING THE

THE COUNTRY; WE WOULD BRING THE
COUNTRY BACK HERE.

COUNTRY BACK HERE.
WE WOULD CREATE AN IDEALIZED

WE WOULD CREATE AN IDEALIZED
VERSION OF THE WAY MANHATTAN

VERSION OF THE WAY MANHATTAN
WAS, BUT IN FACT IT'S MUCH

WAS, BUT IN FACT IT'S MUCH
NICER.
IT WAS LOUSY LAND, AND THEY

IT WAS LOUSY LAND, AND THEY
CREATED A PARADISE ON IT.
Reader: "JUNE 11, 1859.

CREATED A PARADISE ON IT.
Reader: "JUNE 11, 1859.
IMPROVED THE DAY BY LEAVING WALL

Reader: "JUNE 11, 1859.
IMPROVED THE DAY BY LEAVING WALL
STREET EARLY AND SET OFF TO

IMPROVED THE DAY BY LEAVING WALL
STREET EARLY AND SET OFF TO
EXPLORE THE CENTRAL PARK, WHICH

STREET EARLY AND SET OFF TO
EXPLORE THE CENTRAL PARK, WHICH
WILL BE A FEATURE OF THE CITY

EXPLORE THE CENTRAL PARK, WHICH
WILL BE A FEATURE OF THE CITY
WITHIN FIVE YEARS AND A LOVELY

WILL BE A FEATURE OF THE CITY
WITHIN FIVE YEARS AND A LOVELY
PLACE IN A.D. 1900, WHEN ITS

WITHIN FIVE YEARS AND A LOVELY
PLACE IN A.D. 1900, WHEN ITS
TREES WILL HAVE ACQUIRED DIGNITY

PLACE IN A.D. 1900, WHEN ITS
TREES WILL HAVE ACQUIRED DIGNITY
AND APPRECIABLE DIAMETERS.

TREES WILL HAVE ACQUIRED DIGNITY
AND APPRECIABLE DIAMETERS.
PERHAPS THE CITY ITSELF WILL

AND APPRECIABLE DIAMETERS.
PERHAPS THE CITY ITSELF WILL
PERISH BEFORE THEN, BY GROWING

PERHAPS THE CITY ITSELF WILL
PERISH BEFORE THEN, BY GROWING
TOO BIG TO LIVE UNDER FAULTY

PERISH BEFORE THEN, BY GROWING
TOO BIG TO LIVE UNDER FAULTY
INSTITUTIONS CORRUPTLY

TOO BIG TO LIVE UNDER FAULTY
INSTITUTIONS CORRUPTLY
ADMINISTERED."

INSTITUTIONS CORRUPTLY
ADMINISTERED."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

ADMINISTERED."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF
1859, AN INVENTOR NAMED THADDEUS

Narrator: IN THE SPRING OF
1859, AN INVENTOR NAMED THADDEUS
LOWE SAILED HIGH ABOVE THE

1859, AN INVENTOR NAMED THADDEUS
LOWE SAILED HIGH ABOVE THE
CONSTRUCTION SITE IN HIS NEW

LOWE SAILED HIGH ABOVE THE
CONSTRUCTION SITE IN HIS NEW
HYDROGEN-FILLED BALLOON, CALLED

CONSTRUCTION SITE IN HIS NEW
HYDROGEN-FILLED BALLOON, CALLED
THE CITY OF NEW YORK, FROM WHICH

HYDROGEN-FILLED BALLOON, CALLED
THE CITY OF NEW YORK, FROM WHICH
HE COULD SEE THE FIRST COMPLETED

THE CITY OF NEW YORK, FROM WHICH
HE COULD SEE THE FIRST COMPLETED
SECTIONS OF THE PARK.

HE COULD SEE THE FIRST COMPLETED
SECTIONS OF THE PARK.
HE WAS STUNNED BY WHAT HE SAW.

SECTIONS OF THE PARK.
HE WAS STUNNED BY WHAT HE SAW.
SPRAWLING ACROSS 843 ACRES, 80

HE WAS STUNNED BY WHAT HE SAW.
SPRAWLING ACROSS 843 ACRES, 80
TIMES THE SIZE OF THE NEXT

SPRAWLING ACROSS 843 ACRES, 80
TIMES THE SIZE OF THE NEXT
LARGEST PARK IN THE CITY,

TIMES THE SIZE OF THE NEXT
LARGEST PARK IN THE CITY,
STRETCHED AN ENDLESS LABYRINTH

LARGEST PARK IN THE CITY,
STRETCHED AN ENDLESS LABYRINTH
OF ARTFULLY COMPOSED VISTAS AND

STRETCHED AN ENDLESS LABYRINTH
OF ARTFULLY COMPOSED VISTAS AND
SCENES.

OF ARTFULLY COMPOSED VISTAS AND
SCENES.
IT WAS, ONE MAN LATER SAID,

SCENES.
IT WAS, ONE MAN LATER SAID,
"19th-CENTURY AMERICA'S GREATEST

IT WAS, ONE MAN LATER SAID,
"19th-CENTURY AMERICA'S GREATEST
WORK OF ART."

"19th-CENTURY AMERICA'S GREATEST
WORK OF ART."
Wallace: THESE GUYS PLAN THIS

WORK OF ART."
Wallace: THESE GUYS PLAN THIS
THE WAY A LATER GENERATION WOULD

Wallace: THESE GUYS PLAN THIS
THE WAY A LATER GENERATION WOULD
PLAN A MOVIE.

THE WAY A LATER GENERATION WOULD
PLAN A MOVIE.
THEY THINK ABOUT IT KINETICALLY.

PLAN A MOVIE.
THEY THINK ABOUT IT KINETICALLY.
YOU MOVE THROUGH THIS SPACE, AND

THEY THINK ABOUT IT KINETICALLY.
YOU MOVE THROUGH THIS SPACE, AND
YOU HAVE A SERIES OF COMPOSED

YOU MOVE THROUGH THIS SPACE, AND
YOU HAVE A SERIES OF COMPOSED
VIEWS.

YOU HAVE A SERIES OF COMPOSED
VIEWS.
THEY'RE CONSTRUCTING

VIEWS.
THEY'RE CONSTRUCTING
ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE THE HEIGHT

THEY'RE CONSTRUCTING
ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE THE HEIGHT
OF UNNATURALNESS BECAUSE THEY'RE

ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE THE HEIGHT
OF UNNATURALNESS BECAUSE THEY'RE
MANMADE ENVIRONMENTS, BUT THE

OF UNNATURALNESS BECAUSE THEY'RE
MANMADE ENVIRONMENTS, BUT THE
POINT IS THAT THEY FEEL LIKE

MANMADE ENVIRONMENTS, BUT THE
POINT IS THAT THEY FEEL LIKE
THEY'RE REAL, UNLIKE THE

POINT IS THAT THEY FEEL LIKE
THEY'RE REAL, UNLIKE THE
ARTIFICE OF THE CITY.

THEY'RE REAL, UNLIKE THE
ARTIFICE OF THE CITY.
Stern: YOU CAN'T

ARTIFICE OF THE CITY.
Stern: YOU CAN'T
UNDERESTIMATE CENTRAL PARK AS A

Stern: YOU CAN'T
UNDERESTIMATE CENTRAL PARK AS A
VISION, BECAUSE IT WAS NOT BUILT

UNDERESTIMATE CENTRAL PARK AS A
VISION, BECAUSE IT WAS NOT BUILT
IN THE MIDDLE OF WHAT THE CITY

VISION, BECAUSE IT WAS NOT BUILT
IN THE MIDDLE OF WHAT THE CITY
WAS; IT WAS BUILT IN THE MIDDLE

IN THE MIDDLE OF WHAT THE CITY
WAS; IT WAS BUILT IN THE MIDDLE
OF WHAT THE CITY WOULD BECOME.

WAS; IT WAS BUILT IN THE MIDDLE
OF WHAT THE CITY WOULD BECOME.
CENTRAL PARK, INSTEAD OF HAVING

OF WHAT THE CITY WOULD BECOME.
CENTRAL PARK, INSTEAD OF HAVING
THESE PIDDLING SQUARES AS

CENTRAL PARK, INSTEAD OF HAVING
THESE PIDDLING SQUARES AS
THOUGH NEW YORK WAS A COLLECTION

THESE PIDDLING SQUARES AS
THOUGH NEW YORK WAS A COLLECTION
OF KENSINGTON-LIKE NEIGHBORHOODS

THOUGH NEW YORK WAS A COLLECTION
OF KENSINGTON-LIKE NEIGHBORHOODS
IN LONDON, WE WOULD HAVE ONE

OF KENSINGTON-LIKE NEIGHBORHOODS
IN LONDON, WE WOULD HAVE ONE
HUGE 840-ACRE... NO SMALL PIECE

IN LONDON, WE WOULD HAVE ONE
HUGE 840-ACRE... NO SMALL PIECE
OF LAND... BIG PLEASURE GROUND

HUGE 840-ACRE... NO SMALL PIECE
OF LAND... BIG PLEASURE GROUND
FOR THE CITY.

OF LAND... BIG PLEASURE GROUND
FOR THE CITY.
THE PARK WOULD NOT BE A

FOR THE CITY.
THE PARK WOULD NOT BE A
LANDSCAPED FORMAL THING IN THE

THE PARK WOULD NOT BE A
LANDSCAPED FORMAL THING IN THE
FRENCH TRADITION, BUT WOULD BE A

LANDSCAPED FORMAL THING IN THE
FRENCH TRADITION, BUT WOULD BE A
KIND OF PIECE OF CAPTURED

FRENCH TRADITION, BUT WOULD BE A
KIND OF PIECE OF CAPTURED
NATURE.

KIND OF PIECE OF CAPTURED
NATURE.
Narrator: ENTERING AT FIFTH

NATURE.
Narrator: ENTERING AT FIFTH
AVENUE AND 59th STREET, VISITORS

Narrator: ENTERING AT FIFTH
AVENUE AND 59th STREET, VISITORS
WERE LED SLOWLY OUT OF THE CITY

AVENUE AND 59th STREET, VISITORS
WERE LED SLOWLY OUT OF THE CITY
ALONG AN ELEGANT, TREE-LINED

WERE LED SLOWLY OUT OF THE CITY
ALONG AN ELEGANT, TREE-LINED
MALL, A STREET OF NATURE SKEWED

ALONG AN ELEGANT, TREE-LINED
MALL, A STREET OF NATURE SKEWED
AWAY FROM THE CITY'S RIGID

MALL, A STREET OF NATURE SKEWED
AWAY FROM THE CITY'S RIGID
STREET PLAN AND PENETRATING EVER

AWAY FROM THE CITY'S RIGID
STREET PLAN AND PENETRATING EVER
DEEPER INTO THE INTERIOR OF THE

STREET PLAN AND PENETRATING EVER
DEEPER INTO THE INTERIOR OF THE
PARK.

DEEPER INTO THE INTERIOR OF THE
PARK.
AT THE FAR NORTHERN END OF THE

PARK.
AT THE FAR NORTHERN END OF THE
MALL, THE SCENE SUDDENLY WIDENED

AT THE FAR NORTHERN END OF THE
MALL, THE SCENE SUDDENLY WIDENED
TO REVEAL A BREATHTAKING VIEW.

MALL, THE SCENE SUDDENLY WIDENED
TO REVEAL A BREATHTAKING VIEW.
STRETCHING AS FAR AS THE EYE

TO REVEAL A BREATHTAKING VIEW.
STRETCHING AS FAR AS THE EYE
COULD SEE, THE PARK GAVE THE

STRETCHING AS FAR AS THE EYE
COULD SEE, THE PARK GAVE THE
ILLUSION THAT THE OPEN SPACE

COULD SEE, THE PARK GAVE THE
ILLUSION THAT THE OPEN SPACE
WENT ON, PERHAPS FOREVER, AN

ILLUSION THAT THE OPEN SPACE
WENT ON, PERHAPS FOREVER, AN
IMAGE OF THE UNSPOILED CONTINENT

WENT ON, PERHAPS FOREVER, AN
IMAGE OF THE UNSPOILED CONTINENT
AMERICA ITSELF HAD ONCE BEEN,

IMAGE OF THE UNSPOILED CONTINENT
AMERICA ITSELF HAD ONCE BEEN,
NOW TRANSFORMED INTO AN URBAN

AMERICA ITSELF HAD ONCE BEEN,
NOW TRANSFORMED INTO AN URBAN
PARADISE AND PERMANENTLY

NOW TRANSFORMED INTO AN URBAN
PARADISE AND PERMANENTLY
PRESERVED.

PARADISE AND PERMANENTLY
PRESERVED.
Reader: "ON A BRIGHT MOONLIT

PRESERVED.
Reader: "ON A BRIGHT MOONLIT
NIGHT IN THE SUMMER, THE SCENE

Reader: "ON A BRIGHT MOONLIT
NIGHT IN THE SUMMER, THE SCENE
TO BE WITNESSED ON THE LAKE IS

NIGHT IN THE SUMMER, THE SCENE
TO BE WITNESSED ON THE LAKE IS
BRILLIANT.

TO BE WITNESSED ON THE LAKE IS
BRILLIANT.
THE CLEAR WATERS GLEAM LIKE

BRILLIANT.
THE CLEAR WATERS GLEAM LIKE
POLISHED STEEL, AND ARE DOTTED

THE CLEAR WATERS GLEAM LIKE
POLISHED STEEL, AND ARE DOTTED
IN EVERY DIRECTION WITH PLEASURE

POLISHED STEEL, AND ARE DOTTED
IN EVERY DIRECTION WITH PLEASURE
BOATS.

IN EVERY DIRECTION WITH PLEASURE
BOATS.
NO SIGHT OR SOUND OF THE GREAT

BOATS.
NO SIGHT OR SOUND OF THE GREAT
CITY IS AT HAND TO DISTURB YOU,

NO SIGHT OR SOUND OF THE GREAT
CITY IS AT HAND TO DISTURB YOU,
AND YOU MAY LIE BACK IN YOUR

CITY IS AT HAND TO DISTURB YOU,
AND YOU MAY LIE BACK IN YOUR
BOAT WITH HALF-SHUT EYES AND

AND YOU MAY LIE BACK IN YOUR
BOAT WITH HALF-SHUT EYES AND
THINK YOURSELF IN FAIRYLAND."

BOAT WITH HALF-SHUT EYES AND
THINK YOURSELF IN FAIRYLAND."
JAMES D. McCABE, JR.

THINK YOURSELF IN FAIRYLAND."
JAMES D. McCABE, JR.
Reader: "OCTOBER 1, 1859.

JAMES D. McCABE, JR.
Reader: "OCTOBER 1, 1859.
WHO IS NOT PROUD THAT IN A DAY

Reader: "OCTOBER 1, 1859.
WHO IS NOT PROUD THAT IN A DAY
OF SWINDLING IN POLITICS AND OF

WHO IS NOT PROUD THAT IN A DAY
OF SWINDLING IN POLITICS AND OF
CAST IRON IN BUILDING, SUCH

OF SWINDLING IN POLITICS AND OF
CAST IRON IN BUILDING, SUCH
GRAND WORKS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN

CAST IRON IN BUILDING, SUCH
GRAND WORKS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN
RUGGED HONESTY AND SOLID STONE?

GRAND WORKS CAN BE ACHIEVED IN
RUGGED HONESTY AND SOLID STONE?
IT SILENCES FOREVER THE CLATTER

RUGGED HONESTY AND SOLID STONE?
IT SILENCES FOREVER THE CLATTER
OF SKEPTICS OF THE DEMOCRATIC

IT SILENCES FOREVER THE CLATTER
OF SKEPTICS OF THE DEMOCRATIC
PRINCIPLE AS INIMICAL TO VAST

OF SKEPTICS OF THE DEMOCRATIC
PRINCIPLE AS INIMICAL TO VAST
PUBLIC WORKS."

PRINCIPLE AS INIMICAL TO VAST
PUBLIC WORKS."
HARPER'S WEEKLY.

PUBLIC WORKS."
HARPER'S WEEKLY.
Narrator: AESTHETICALLY,

HARPER'S WEEKLY.
Narrator: AESTHETICALLY,
CENTRAL PARK WAS A TRIUMPH FROM

Narrator: AESTHETICALLY,
CENTRAL PARK WAS A TRIUMPH FROM
THE START, BUT TO VAUX AND

CENTRAL PARK WAS A TRIUMPH FROM
THE START, BUT TO VAUX AND
OLMSTED'S DISAPPOINTMENT, IT

THE START, BUT TO VAUX AND
OLMSTED'S DISAPPOINTMENT, IT
PROVED MORE POPULAR WITH

OLMSTED'S DISAPPOINTMENT, IT
PROVED MORE POPULAR WITH
WEALTHIER NEW YORKERS THAN WITH

PROVED MORE POPULAR WITH
WEALTHIER NEW YORKERS THAN WITH
THE CITY'S WORKING POOR, WHO

WEALTHIER NEW YORKERS THAN WITH
THE CITY'S WORKING POOR, WHO
NEEDED IT MOST BUT FOUND IT

THE CITY'S WORKING POOR, WHO
NEEDED IT MOST BUT FOUND IT
HARDEST TO REACH.

NEEDED IT MOST BUT FOUND IT
HARDEST TO REACH.
Wallace: AT THIS POINT, IN

HARDEST TO REACH.
Wallace: AT THIS POINT, IN
THE LATE '50s, THE AREA THAT

Wallace: AT THIS POINT, IN
THE LATE '50s, THE AREA THAT
THEY'VE GOT PICKED OUT IS WAY TO

THE LATE '50s, THE AREA THAT
THEY'VE GOT PICKED OUT IS WAY TO
THE NORTH OF THE REGULAR CITY.

THEY'VE GOT PICKED OUT IS WAY TO
THE NORTH OF THE REGULAR CITY.
OMNIBUS HORSE CARS DO RUN UP

THE NORTH OF THE REGULAR CITY.
OMNIBUS HORSE CARS DO RUN UP
THERE, BUT IT COSTS AT LEAST A

OMNIBUS HORSE CARS DO RUN UP
THERE, BUT IT COSTS AT LEAST A
NICKEL, AND FOR A WORKINGMAN'S

THERE, BUT IT COSTS AT LEAST A
NICKEL, AND FOR A WORKINGMAN'S
DOLLAR-A-DAY WAGE, A NICKEL

NICKEL, AND FOR A WORKINGMAN'S
DOLLAR-A-DAY WAGE, A NICKEL
THERE AND BACK AND FOR YOUR

DOLLAR-A-DAY WAGE, A NICKEL
THERE AND BACK AND FOR YOUR
WHOLE FAMILY, YOU KNOW, THEY'RE

THERE AND BACK AND FOR YOUR
WHOLE FAMILY, YOU KNOW, THEY'RE
GOING TO COME, BUT IT'S GOING TO

WHOLE FAMILY, YOU KNOW, THEY'RE
GOING TO COME, BUT IT'S GOING TO
BE BASICALLY A GENTEEL PROVINCE.

GOING TO COME, BUT IT'S GOING TO
BE BASICALLY A GENTEEL PROVINCE.
Narrator: ON SUNDAY

BE BASICALLY A GENTEEL PROVINCE.
Narrator: ON SUNDAY
AFTERNOONS, THE LONG, SWEEPING

Narrator: ON SUNDAY
AFTERNOONS, THE LONG, SWEEPING
DRIVES STREAMED WITH ELEGANT

AFTERNOONS, THE LONG, SWEEPING
DRIVES STREAMED WITH ELEGANT
CARRIAGES FEWER THAN ONE IN 20

DRIVES STREAMED WITH ELEGANT
CARRIAGES FEWER THAN ONE IN 20
NEW YORKERS COULD AFFORD, WHILE

CARRIAGES FEWER THAN ONE IN 20
NEW YORKERS COULD AFFORD, WHILE
WORKING-CLASS VEHICLES WERE

NEW YORKERS COULD AFFORD, WHILE
WORKING-CLASS VEHICLES WERE
BARRED ENTIRELY.

WORKING-CLASS VEHICLES WERE
BARRED ENTIRELY.
THE IRISH AND GERMAN DAY

BARRED ENTIRELY.
THE IRISH AND GERMAN DAY
LABORERS WHO HAD BUILT THE PARK

THE IRISH AND GERMAN DAY
LABORERS WHO HAD BUILT THE PARK
FOUND THEMSELVES FURTHER

LABORERS WHO HAD BUILT THE PARK
FOUND THEMSELVES FURTHER
DISCOURAGED FROM USING IT BY THE

FOUND THEMSELVES FURTHER
DISCOURAGED FROM USING IT BY THE
LONG LIST OF RULES OLMSTED HAD

DISCOURAGED FROM USING IT BY THE
LONG LIST OF RULES OLMSTED HAD
DRAWN UP FOR ITS USE.

LONG LIST OF RULES OLMSTED HAD
DRAWN UP FOR ITS USE.
THERE WERE SIGNS POSTED

DRAWN UP FOR ITS USE.
THERE WERE SIGNS POSTED
EVERYWHERE, PROHIBITING GROUP

THERE WERE SIGNS POSTED
EVERYWHERE, PROHIBITING GROUP
PICNICS, WALKING ON THE GRASS,

EVERYWHERE, PROHIBITING GROUP
PICNICS, WALKING ON THE GRASS,
AND "STRENUOUS ACTIVITY" OF ANY

PICNICS, WALKING ON THE GRASS,
AND "STRENUOUS ACTIVITY" OF ANY
KIND.

AND "STRENUOUS ACTIVITY" OF ANY
KIND.
SCHOOLBOYS WERE STRICTLY

KIND.
SCHOOLBOYS WERE STRICTLY
FORBIDDEN FROM PLAYING BASEBALL,

SCHOOLBOYS WERE STRICTLY
FORBIDDEN FROM PLAYING BASEBALL,
UNLESS THEY HAD A NOTE FROM

FORBIDDEN FROM PLAYING BASEBALL,
UNLESS THEY HAD A NOTE FROM
THEIR PRINCIPAL.

UNLESS THEY HAD A NOTE FROM
THEIR PRINCIPAL.
Stern: HE MADE A PLACE THAT

THEIR PRINCIPAL.
Stern: HE MADE A PLACE THAT
WAS FOR EVERYONE, BUT THEN HE

Stern: HE MADE A PLACE THAT
WAS FOR EVERYONE, BUT THEN HE
WROTE SO MANY COMPLICATED RULES

WAS FOR EVERYONE, BUT THEN HE
WROTE SO MANY COMPLICATED RULES
ABOUT HOW IT WAS TO BE USED.

WROTE SO MANY COMPLICATED RULES
ABOUT HOW IT WAS TO BE USED.
CLEARLY, EVERYONE HAD TO CONFORM

ABOUT HOW IT WAS TO BE USED.
CLEARLY, EVERYONE HAD TO CONFORM
TO A CODE OF BEHAVIOR THAT HE

CLEARLY, EVERYONE HAD TO CONFORM
TO A CODE OF BEHAVIOR THAT HE
THOUGHT WAS APPROPRIATE FOR A

TO A CODE OF BEHAVIOR THAT HE
THOUGHT WAS APPROPRIATE FOR A
DEMOCRATIC AMERICAN SOCIETY.

THOUGHT WAS APPROPRIATE FOR A
DEMOCRATIC AMERICAN SOCIETY.
YOU KNOW, IT'S A LITTLE BIT LIKE

DEMOCRATIC AMERICAN SOCIETY.
YOU KNOW, IT'S A LITTLE BIT LIKE
EVERYBODY GOES

YOU KNOW, IT'S A LITTLE BIT LIKE
EVERYBODY GOES
IN FROM EVERYWHERE, AND THEY ALL

EVERYBODY GOES
IN FROM EVERYWHERE, AND THEY ALL
CAME OUT PRESBYTERIAN.

IN FROM EVERYWHERE, AND THEY ALL
CAME OUT PRESBYTERIAN.
Wallace: VAUX AND OLMSTED

CAME OUT PRESBYTERIAN.
Wallace: VAUX AND OLMSTED
HAVE PARK POLICE SO THAT THEY IN

Wallace: VAUX AND OLMSTED
HAVE PARK POLICE SO THAT THEY IN
FACT DECIDE THAT THE KIND OF

HAVE PARK POLICE SO THAT THEY IN
FACT DECIDE THAT THE KIND OF
BEHAVIORS THAT ARE GOING TO BE

FACT DECIDE THAT THE KIND OF
BEHAVIORS THAT ARE GOING TO BE
PERMITTED HERE ARE NOT THOSE OF

BEHAVIORS THAT ARE GOING TO BE
PERMITTED HERE ARE NOT THOSE OF
THE ROUGH-AND-TUMBLE BOWERY

PERMITTED HERE ARE NOT THOSE OF
THE ROUGH-AND-TUMBLE BOWERY
WORLD BUT IN ESSENCE BROADWAY

THE ROUGH-AND-TUMBLE BOWERY
WORLD BUT IN ESSENCE BROADWAY
REFINEMENT, SO THAT YOU CAN'T

WORLD BUT IN ESSENCE BROADWAY
REFINEMENT, SO THAT YOU CAN'T
HAVE MILITIA PARADES, AND YOU

REFINEMENT, SO THAT YOU CAN'T
HAVE MILITIA PARADES, AND YOU
CAN'T HAVE SPORTS, AND YOU CAN'T

HAVE MILITIA PARADES, AND YOU
CAN'T HAVE SPORTS, AND YOU CAN'T
HAVE VIGOROUS DEMOS UNLEASHED,

CAN'T HAVE SPORTS, AND YOU CAN'T
HAVE VIGOROUS DEMOS UNLEASHED,
AND YOU CAN'T HAVE DISORDER AND

HAVE VIGOROUS DEMOS UNLEASHED,
AND YOU CAN'T HAVE DISORDER AND
RIOTS, GOD KNOWS, IN PARTICULAR.

AND YOU CAN'T HAVE DISORDER AND
RIOTS, GOD KNOWS, IN PARTICULAR.
Narrator: BY 1860, THE MAIN

RIOTS, GOD KNOWS, IN PARTICULAR.
Narrator: BY 1860, THE MAIN
FEATURES OF CENTRAL PARK WERE

Narrator: BY 1860, THE MAIN
FEATURES OF CENTRAL PARK WERE
NEARING COMPLETION, BUT OLMSTED

FEATURES OF CENTRAL PARK WERE
NEARING COMPLETION, BUT OLMSTED
AND VAUX'S MASTERPIECE HAD DONE

NEARING COMPLETION, BUT OLMSTED
AND VAUX'S MASTERPIECE HAD DONE
LITTLE TO EASE THE TENSIONS

AND VAUX'S MASTERPIECE HAD DONE
LITTLE TO EASE THE TENSIONS
DIVIDING THE TROUBLED CITY.

LITTLE TO EASE THE TENSIONS
DIVIDING THE TROUBLED CITY.
AND BY THEN, FEW NEW YORKERS,

DIVIDING THE TROUBLED CITY.
AND BY THEN, FEW NEW YORKERS,
AND FEW AMERICANS, WERE THINKING

AND BY THEN, FEW NEW YORKERS,
AND FEW AMERICANS, WERE THINKING
ABOUT PARKS ANYWAY.

AND FEW AMERICANS, WERE THINKING
ABOUT PARKS ANYWAY.
THE UNREST THAT HAD BEEN

ABOUT PARKS ANYWAY.
THE UNREST THAT HAD BEEN
BUILDING IN THE CITY FOR HALF A

THE UNREST THAT HAD BEEN
BUILDING IN THE CITY FOR HALF A
CENTURY WAS ABOUT TO OVERTAKEN

BUILDING IN THE CITY FOR HALF A
CENTURY WAS ABOUT TO OVERTAKEN
BY THE WORST CRISIS IN AMERICAN

CENTURY WAS ABOUT TO OVERTAKEN
BY THE WORST CRISIS IN AMERICAN
HISTORY.

BY THE WORST CRISIS IN AMERICAN
HISTORY.
IN THE CONFLICT TO COME, NEW

HISTORY.
IN THE CONFLICT TO COME, NEW
YORK WOULD PLAY A ROLE MORE

IN THE CONFLICT TO COME, NEW
YORK WOULD PLAY A ROLE MORE
EVENTFUL AND STRANGE THAN ANYONE

YORK WOULD PLAY A ROLE MORE
EVENTFUL AND STRANGE THAN ANYONE
COULD HAVE IMAGINED.

EVENTFUL AND STRANGE THAN ANYONE
COULD HAVE IMAGINED.
Narrator: AT 11:30 ON THE

COULD HAVE IMAGINED.
Narrator: AT 11:30 ON THE
MORNING OF SATURDAY, FEBRUARY

Narrator: AT 11:30 ON THE
MORNING OF SATURDAY, FEBRUARY
25, 1860, A TALL, GANGLING MAN

MORNING OF SATURDAY, FEBRUARY
25, 1860, A TALL, GANGLING MAN
IN AN ILL-FITTING BLACK COAT AND

25, 1860, A TALL, GANGLING MAN
IN AN ILL-FITTING BLACK COAT AND
BATTERED BEAVER-SKIN HAT STEPPED

IN AN ILL-FITTING BLACK COAT AND
BATTERED BEAVER-SKIN HAT STEPPED
OFF THE CORTLANDT STREET FERRY

BATTERED BEAVER-SKIN HAT STEPPED
OFF THE CORTLANDT STREET FERRY
IN MANHATTAN.

OFF THE CORTLANDT STREET FERRY
IN MANHATTAN.
A LAWYER AND EX-CONGRESSMAN,

IN MANHATTAN.
A LAWYER AND EX-CONGRESSMAN,
LITTLE KNOWN OUTSIDE HIS HOME

A LAWYER AND EX-CONGRESSMAN,
LITTLE KNOWN OUTSIDE HIS HOME
STATE OF ILLINOIS, HE HAD COME

LITTLE KNOWN OUTSIDE HIS HOME
STATE OF ILLINOIS, HE HAD COME
TO NEW YORK HOPING TO BOLSTER

STATE OF ILLINOIS, HE HAD COME
TO NEW YORK HOPING TO BOLSTER
HIS SLIM CHANCES OF WINNING THE

TO NEW YORK HOPING TO BOLSTER
HIS SLIM CHANCES OF WINNING THE
REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL

HIS SLIM CHANCES OF WINNING THE
REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL
NOMINATION.

REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL
NOMINATION.
WHEN NO ONE MET HIM AT THE DOCK

NOMINATION.
WHEN NO ONE MET HIM AT THE DOCK
ON ARRIVAL, ABRAHAM LINCOLN

WHEN NO ONE MET HIM AT THE DOCK
ON ARRIVAL, ABRAHAM LINCOLN
FOUND HIS WAY ALONE TO THE ASTOR

ON ARRIVAL, ABRAHAM LINCOLN
FOUND HIS WAY ALONE TO THE ASTOR
HOUSE HOTEL ACROSS FROM CITY

FOUND HIS WAY ALONE TO THE ASTOR
HOUSE HOTEL ACROSS FROM CITY
HALL ON BROADWAY.

HOUSE HOTEL ACROSS FROM CITY
HALL ON BROADWAY.
Wallace: LINCOLN COMES TO

HALL ON BROADWAY.
Wallace: LINCOLN COMES TO
TOWN IN 1860.

Wallace: LINCOLN COMES TO
TOWN IN 1860.
WHAT DOES HE DO?

TOWN IN 1860.
WHAT DOES HE DO?
HE GOES TO THE ASTOR HOTEL, YOU

WHAT DOES HE DO?
HE GOES TO THE ASTOR HOTEL, YOU
KNOW, WHICH IS WHERE THE

HE GOES TO THE ASTOR HOTEL, YOU
KNOW, WHICH IS WHERE THE
CELEBRITIES STAY.

THEY GIVE THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF
THIS TO THE LOCAL NEWSPAPERS,

THIS TO THE LOCAL NEWSPAPERS,
WHICH ARE RIGHT ACROSS THE

WHICH ARE RIGHT ACROSS THE
STREET, AND THEY WRITE THIS UP.
NEW YORK IS ALREADY BECOMING AN

NEW YORK IS ALREADY BECOMING AN
A ENGINE OF CELEBRITY CREATION.
Narrator: ON SUNDAY, THE

A ENGINE OF CELEBRITY CREATION.
Narrator: ON SUNDAY, THE
CANDIDATE TOOK THE FERRY TO

Narrator: ON SUNDAY, THE
CANDIDATE TOOK THE FERRY TO
BROOKLYN TO HEAR THE REVEREND

CANDIDATE TOOK THE FERRY TO
BROOKLYN TO HEAR THE REVEREND
HENRY WARD BEECHER RAIL AGAINST

BROOKLYN TO HEAR THE REVEREND
HENRY WARD BEECHER RAIL AGAINST
SLAVERY.

HENRY WARD BEECHER RAIL AGAINST
SLAVERY.
BACK IN MANHATTAN, HE ATTENDED A

SLAVERY.
BACK IN MANHATTAN, HE ATTENDED A
MINSTREL SHOW ON THE BOWERY,

BACK IN MANHATTAN, HE ATTENDED A
MINSTREL SHOW ON THE BOWERY,
ROARING WITH DELIGHT AT A NEW

MINSTREL SHOW ON THE BOWERY,
ROARING WITH DELIGHT AT A NEW
HIT TUNE WRITTEN IN MANHATTAN

ROARING WITH DELIGHT AT A NEW
HIT TUNE WRITTEN IN MANHATTAN
THE YEAR BEFORE CALLED "DIXIE."

HIT TUNE WRITTEN IN MANHATTAN
THE YEAR BEFORE CALLED "DIXIE."

THE YEAR BEFORE CALLED "DIXIE."
EVERYTHING WAS RIDING ON THE

EVERYTHING WAS RIDING ON THE
SPEECH LINCOLN WAS TO GIVE AT

EVERYTHING WAS RIDING ON THE
SPEECH LINCOLN WAS TO GIVE AT
THE COOPER INSTITUTE ON MONDAY.

SPEECH LINCOLN WAS TO GIVE AT
THE COOPER INSTITUTE ON MONDAY.
THAT AFTERNOON, IN A POURING

THE COOPER INSTITUTE ON MONDAY.
THAT AFTERNOON, IN A POURING
RAIN, HE STOPPED BY KNOX'S HAT

THAT AFTERNOON, IN A POURING
RAIN, HE STOPPED BY KNOX'S HAT
STORE ON BROADWAY AND TRADED IN

RAIN, HE STOPPED BY KNOX'S HAT
STORE ON BROADWAY AND TRADED IN
HIS OLD BEAVER-SKIN FOR A SHINY

STORE ON BROADWAY AND TRADED IN
HIS OLD BEAVER-SKIN FOR A SHINY
SILK TOP HAT, THEN CROSSED OVER

HIS OLD BEAVER-SKIN FOR A SHINY
SILK TOP HAT, THEN CROSSED OVER
TO MATHEW BRADY'S DAGUERRIAN

SILK TOP HAT, THEN CROSSED OVER
TO MATHEW BRADY'S DAGUERRIAN
STUDIO TO SIT FOR A FORMAL

TO MATHEW BRADY'S DAGUERRIAN
STUDIO TO SIT FOR A FORMAL
PORTRAIT.

STUDIO TO SIT FOR A FORMAL
PORTRAIT.
AS EVENING CAME, AND THE RAIN

PORTRAIT.
AS EVENING CAME, AND THE RAIN
TURNED TO SNOW, LINCOLN'S WORRY

AS EVENING CAME, AND THE RAIN
TURNED TO SNOW, LINCOLN'S WORRY
ABOUT THE TURNOUT BEGAN TO

TURNED TO SNOW, LINCOLN'S WORRY
ABOUT THE TURNOUT BEGAN TO
MOUNT, BUT THE NEW YORK PRESS

ABOUT THE TURNOUT BEGAN TO
MOUNT, BUT THE NEW YORK PRESS
CORPS HAD DONE ITS WORK, AND BY

MOUNT, BUT THE NEW YORK PRESS
CORPS HAD DONE ITS WORK, AND BY
7:30, MORE THAN 1,500 PEOPLE HAD

CORPS HAD DONE ITS WORK, AND BY
7:30, MORE THAN 1,500 PEOPLE HAD
FILLED THE GREAT HALL OF COOPER

7:30, MORE THAN 1,500 PEOPLE HAD
FILLED THE GREAT HALL OF COOPER
UNION TO CAPACITY TO GIVE THE

FILLED THE GREAT HALL OF COOPER
UNION TO CAPACITY TO GIVE THE
ODD-LOOKING WESTERNER WITH THE

UNION TO CAPACITY TO GIVE THE
ODD-LOOKING WESTERNER WITH THE
HIGH, NASAL VOICE A HEARING.

ODD-LOOKING WESTERNER WITH THE
HIGH, NASAL VOICE A HEARING.
STIFLED LAUGHTER RIPPLED THROUGH

HIGH, NASAL VOICE A HEARING.
STIFLED LAUGHTER RIPPLED THROUGH
THE HALL AS THE CANDIDATE BEGAN

STIFLED LAUGHTER RIPPLED THROUGH
THE HALL AS THE CANDIDATE BEGAN
TO SPEAK, BUT THE CROWD GREW

THE HALL AS THE CANDIDATE BEGAN
TO SPEAK, BUT THE CROWD GREW
QUIET AS HE WARMED TO HIS THEME,

TO SPEAK, BUT THE CROWD GREW
QUIET AS HE WARMED TO HIS THEME,
IMPLORING HIS LISTENERS WITH

QUIET AS HE WARMED TO HIS THEME,
IMPLORING HIS LISTENERS WITH
PASSIONATE LOGIC TO RESTRICT THE

IMPLORING HIS LISTENERS WITH
PASSIONATE LOGIC TO RESTRICT THE
SPREAD OF SLAVERY.

PASSIONATE LOGIC TO RESTRICT THE
SPREAD OF SLAVERY.
Reader: "PRETTY SOON I FORGOT

SPREAD OF SLAVERY.
Reader: "PRETTY SOON I FORGOT
HIS CLOTHES, HIS APPEARANCE, AND

Reader: "PRETTY SOON I FORGOT
HIS CLOTHES, HIS APPEARANCE, AND
HIS PECULIARITIES.

HIS CLOTHES, HIS APPEARANCE, AND
HIS PECULIARITIES.
PRESENTLY, FORGETTING MYSELF, I

HIS PECULIARITIES.
PRESENTLY, FORGETTING MYSELF, I
WAS ON MY FEET WITH THE REST,

PRESENTLY, FORGETTING MYSELF, I
WAS ON MY FEET WITH THE REST,
YELLING LIKE A WILD INDIAN,

WAS ON MY FEET WITH THE REST,
YELLING LIKE A WILD INDIAN,
CHEERING THIS WONDERFUL MAN.

YELLING LIKE A WILD INDIAN,
CHEERING THIS WONDERFUL MAN.
WHEN I CAME OUT OF THE HALL, A

CHEERING THIS WONDERFUL MAN.
WHEN I CAME OUT OF THE HALL, A
FRIEND, WITH HIS EYES AGLOW,

WHEN I CAME OUT OF THE HALL, A
FRIEND, WITH HIS EYES AGLOW,
ASKED ME WHAT I THOUGHT ABOUT

FRIEND, WITH HIS EYES AGLOW,
ASKED ME WHAT I THOUGHT ABOUT
ABE LINCOLN, THE RAIL SPLITTER.

ASKED ME WHAT I THOUGHT ABOUT
ABE LINCOLN, THE RAIL SPLITTER.
I SAID, 'HE'S THE GREATEST MAN

ABE LINCOLN, THE RAIL SPLITTER.
I SAID, 'HE'S THE GREATEST MAN
SINCE ST. PAUL.'

I SAID, 'HE'S THE GREATEST MAN
SINCE ST. PAUL.'
AND I THINK SO YET."

SINCE ST. PAUL.'
AND I THINK SO YET."
Narrator: THE NEXT MORNING,

AND I THINK SO YET."
Narrator: THE NEXT MORNING,
LINCOLN WOKE TO FIND HIMSELF A

Narrator: THE NEXT MORNING,
LINCOLN WOKE TO FIND HIMSELF A
NATIONAL CELEBRITY.

LINCOLN WOKE TO FIND HIMSELF A
NATIONAL CELEBRITY.
"NO MAN," HORACE GREELEY WROTE

NATIONAL CELEBRITY.
"NO MAN," HORACE GREELEY WROTE
IN THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE, "EVER

"NO MAN," HORACE GREELEY WROTE
IN THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE, "EVER
BEFORE MADE SUCH AN IMPRESSION

IN THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE, "EVER
BEFORE MADE SUCH AN IMPRESSION
ON HIS FIRST APPEAL TO A NEW

BEFORE MADE SUCH AN IMPRESSION
ON HIS FIRST APPEAL TO A NEW
YORK AUDIENCE."

ON HIS FIRST APPEAL TO A NEW
YORK AUDIENCE."
HIS SPEECH HAD BEEN REPRINTED IN

YORK AUDIENCE."
HIS SPEECH HAD BEEN REPRINTED IN
FULL IN THE DAILY PAPERS AND IN

HIS SPEECH HAD BEEN REPRINTED IN
FULL IN THE DAILY PAPERS AND IN
PAMPHLETS THAT WERE ALREADY

FULL IN THE DAILY PAPERS AND IN
PAMPHLETS THAT WERE ALREADY
MAKING THEIR WAY ACROSS THE

PAMPHLETS THAT WERE ALREADY
MAKING THEIR WAY ACROSS THE
COUNTRY, TOGETHER WITH

MAKING THEIR WAY ACROSS THE
COUNTRY, TOGETHER WITH
REPRODUCTIONS OF MATHEW BRADY'S

COUNTRY, TOGETHER WITH
REPRODUCTIONS OF MATHEW BRADY'S
PHOTOGRAPH.

REPRODUCTIONS OF MATHEW BRADY'S
PHOTOGRAPH.
LOOKING BACK, LINCOLN NEVER

PHOTOGRAPH.
LOOKING BACK, LINCOLN NEVER
FORGOT WHAT HIS THREE-DAY

LOOKING BACK, LINCOLN NEVER
FORGOT WHAT HIS THREE-DAY
SOJOURN IN NEW YORK CITY HAD

FORGOT WHAT HIS THREE-DAY
SOJOURN IN NEW YORK CITY HAD
DONE FOR HIM.

SOJOURN IN NEW YORK CITY HAD
DONE FOR HIM.
"MATHEW BRADY AND THE COOPER

DONE FOR HIM.
"MATHEW BRADY AND THE COOPER
INSTITUTE," HE SAID SIMPLY,

"MATHEW BRADY AND THE COOPER
INSTITUTE," HE SAID SIMPLY,
"MADE ME PRESIDENT."

INSTITUTE," HE SAID SIMPLY,
"MADE ME PRESIDENT."
ON NOVEMBER 15,1860, ONE WEEK

"MADE ME PRESIDENT."
ON NOVEMBER 15,1860, ONE WEEK
AFTER LINCOLN'S ELECTION, A

ON NOVEMBER 15,1860, ONE WEEK
AFTER LINCOLN'S ELECTION, A
GIANT METEOR COULD BE SEEN

AFTER LINCOLN'S ELECTION, A
GIANT METEOR COULD BE SEEN
ILLUMINATING THE SKIES ABOVE THE

GIANT METEOR COULD BE SEEN
ILLUMINATING THE SKIES ABOVE THE
CITY.

ILLUMINATING THE SKIES ABOVE THE
CITY.
"OMENS, AUGURIES, AND PORTENTS

CITY.
"OMENS, AUGURIES, AND PORTENTS
DIRE," THE NEW YORK TIMES

"OMENS, AUGURIES, AND PORTENTS
DIRE," THE NEW YORK TIMES
DECLARED.

DIRE," THE NEW YORK TIMES
DECLARED.
LINCOLN'S STARTLING RISE

DECLARED.
LINCOLN'S STARTLING RISE
CONFIRMED THE WORST SOUTHERN

LINCOLN'S STARTLING RISE
CONFIRMED THE WORST SOUTHERN
THE NORTH AND ITS RAPIDLY

CONFIRMED THE WORST SOUTHERN
THE NORTH AND ITS RAPIDLY
EXPANDING CITIES WERE GOING TO

THE NORTH AND ITS RAPIDLY
EXPANDING CITIES WERE GOING TO
DESTROY THE SOUTHERN WAY OF

EXPANDING CITIES WERE GOING TO
DESTROY THE SOUTHERN WAY OF
LIFE.

DESTROY THE SOUTHERN WAY OF
LIFE.
WITHIN DAYS, SOUTH CAROLINA HAD

LIFE.
WITHIN DAYS, SOUTH CAROLINA HAD
CALLED FOR A SPECIAL SESSION OF

WITHIN DAYS, SOUTH CAROLINA HAD
CALLED FOR A SPECIAL SESSION OF
THE STATE LEGISLATURE TO

CALLED FOR A SPECIAL SESSION OF
THE STATE LEGISLATURE TO
CONSIDER SECEDING FROM THE

THE STATE LEGISLATURE TO
CONSIDER SECEDING FROM THE
UNION.

CONSIDER SECEDING FROM THE
UNION.
IN NEW YORK, MERCHANTS AND

UNION.
IN NEW YORK, MERCHANTS AND
BANKERS WITH SOUTHERN

IN NEW YORK, MERCHANTS AND
BANKERS WITH SOUTHERN
INVESTMENTS GREW UNEASY.

BANKERS WITH SOUTHERN
INVESTMENTS GREW UNEASY.
Wallace: NEW YORK WAS A

INVESTMENTS GREW UNEASY.
Wallace: NEW YORK WAS A
SOUTHERN CITY.

Wallace: NEW YORK WAS A
SOUTHERN CITY.
IT WAS THE SOUTHERNMOST CITY

SOUTHERN CITY.
IT WAS THE SOUTHERNMOST CITY
NORTH OF THE MASON-DIXON LINE

IT WAS THE SOUTHERNMOST CITY
NORTH OF THE MASON-DIXON LINE
BECAUSE, IN FACT, ITS FATE

NORTH OF THE MASON-DIXON LINE
BECAUSE, IN FACT, ITS FATE
RELIED UPON THE SLAVE SYSTEM.

BECAUSE, IN FACT, ITS FATE
RELIED UPON THE SLAVE SYSTEM.
WE CARRIED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE

RELIED UPON THE SLAVE SYSTEM.
WE CARRIED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE
INSURED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE

WE CARRIED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE
INSURED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE
FINANCED THE PURCHASE OF SLAVES.

INSURED SOUTHERN GOODS, WE
FINANCED THE PURCHASE OF SLAVES.
WE WERE TOTALLY IMBRICATED IN

FINANCED THE PURCHASE OF SLAVES.
WE WERE TOTALLY IMBRICATED IN
THE SOUTHERN SLAVE SYSTEM.

WE WERE TOTALLY IMBRICATED IN
THE SOUTHERN SLAVE SYSTEM.
THIS MEANT THAT WITH THE

THE SOUTHERN SLAVE SYSTEM.
THIS MEANT THAT WITH THE
APPROACH OF WAR AND THE

THIS MEANT THAT WITH THE
APPROACH OF WAR AND THE
INCREASING NORTH-SOUTH CULTURAL

APPROACH OF WAR AND THE
INCREASING NORTH-SOUTH CULTURAL
HOSTILITIES, NEW YORK WAS THE

INCREASING NORTH-SOUTH CULTURAL
HOSTILITIES, NEW YORK WAS THE
MOST RELUCTANT OF ANY PLACE TO

HOSTILITIES, NEW YORK WAS THE
MOST RELUCTANT OF ANY PLACE TO
COME TO SOME KIND OF BREAK,

MOST RELUCTANT OF ANY PLACE TO
COME TO SOME KIND OF BREAK,
BECAUSE THEY KNEW THAT THEY

COME TO SOME KIND OF BREAK,
BECAUSE THEY KNEW THAT THEY
WOULD HAVE THE MOST TO LOSE.

Jackson: FIRST OF ALL, THEY
DIDN'T WANT TO BREAK UP WHAT WAS

DIDN'T WANT TO BREAK UP WHAT WAS
A VERY PROSPEROUS TRADING

A VERY PROSPEROUS TRADING
SITUATION WITH THE CONFEDERATE

SITUATION WITH THE CONFEDERATE
STATES.
AND SECONDLY, THEY KNEW FULL

AND SECONDLY, THEY KNEW FULL
WELL THAT THE ESTIMATED $40
MILLION OWED TO THEM BY

WELL THAT THE ESTIMATED $40
MILLION OWED TO THEM BY
SOUTHERNERS WOULD LIKELY NOT BE

MILLION OWED TO THEM BY
SOUTHERNERS WOULD LIKELY NOT BE
PAID IN THE EVENT OF

SOUTHERNERS WOULD LIKELY NOT BE
PAID IN THE EVENT OF
HOSTILITIES.

PAID IN THE EVENT OF
HOSTILITIES.
Narrator: ON JANUARY 21,

HOSTILITIES.
Narrator: ON JANUARY 21,
1861, FEARING THAT WAR WOULD

Narrator: ON JANUARY 21,
1861, FEARING THAT WAR WOULD
INTERRUPT THE LUCRATIVE COTTON

1861, FEARING THAT WAR WOULD
INTERRUPT THE LUCRATIVE COTTON
TRADE, MAYOR FERNANDO WOOD

INTERRUPT THE LUCRATIVE COTTON
TRADE, MAYOR FERNANDO WOOD
SUGGESTED THAT NEW YORK ITSELF

TRADE, MAYOR FERNANDO WOOD
SUGGESTED THAT NEW YORK ITSELF
SECEDE FROM THE UNION.

Wilder: IN FACT, THEY PASSED
A SORT OF NONBINDING AGREEMENT

A SORT OF NONBINDING AGREEMENT
OF SECESSION, OR A STATEMENT OF

OF SECESSION, OR A STATEMENT OF
SECESSION, IN WHICH NEW YORK

SECESSION, IN WHICH NEW YORK
DECLARED ITSELF THE EMPIRE CITY

DECLARED ITSELF THE EMPIRE CITY
OF THE SOUTH AND DEDICATED

OF THE SOUTH AND DEDICATED
THEREFORE MORE TO ITS COMMERCIAL

THEREFORE MORE TO ITS COMMERCIAL
TIES THAN ITS POLITICAL TIES

TIES THAN ITS POLITICAL TIES
WITH THE UNION AND LINCOLN.
Reader: "SATURDAY, APRIL 13,

Reader: "SATURDAY, APRIL 13,
1861.
THIS MORNING'S PAPERS CONFIRMED

1861.
THIS MORNING'S PAPERS CONFIRMED
LAST NIGHT'S NEWS, THAT THE

THIS MORNING'S PAPERS CONFIRMED
LAST NIGHT'S NEWS, THAT THE
REBELS OPENED FIRE AT SUMTER

LAST NIGHT'S NEWS, THAT THE
REBELS OPENED FIRE AT SUMTER
YESTERDAY MORNING.

REBELS OPENED FIRE AT SUMTER
YESTERDAY MORNING.
SO CIVIL WAR IS INAUGURATED AT

YESTERDAY MORNING.
SO CIVIL WAR IS INAUGURATED AT
LAST.

SO CIVIL WAR IS INAUGURATED AT
LAST.
GOD DEFEND THE RIGHT."

LAST.
GOD DEFEND THE RIGHT."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

GOD DEFEND THE RIGHT."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: WHEN NEWS REACHED

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: WHEN NEWS REACHED
THE DIVIDED CITY THAT THE

Narrator: WHEN NEWS REACHED
THE DIVIDED CITY THAT THE
CONFEDERATES HAD FIRED ON FORT

THE DIVIDED CITY THAT THE
CONFEDERATES HAD FIRED ON FORT
SUMTER, AN IMMENSE TIDE OF PRO-

CONFEDERATES HAD FIRED ON FORT
SUMTER, AN IMMENSE TIDE OF PRO-
UNION SENTIMENT SWEPT THROUGH

SUMTER, AN IMMENSE TIDE OF PRO-
UNION SENTIMENT SWEPT THROUGH
NEW YORK.

UNION SENTIMENT SWEPT THROUGH
NEW YORK.
THERE WAS NOW NO TURNING BACK.

NEW YORK.
THERE WAS NOW NO TURNING BACK.
ON APRIL 20, 1861, 250,000

THERE WAS NOW NO TURNING BACK.
ON APRIL 20, 1861, 250,000
MERCHANTS, CLERKS, AND

ON APRIL 20, 1861, 250,000
MERCHANTS, CLERKS, AND
WORKINGMEN JAMMED UNION SQUARE

MERCHANTS, CLERKS, AND
WORKINGMEN JAMMED UNION SQUARE
FOR A RALLY IN SUPPORT OF THE

WORKINGMEN JAMMED UNION SQUARE
FOR A RALLY IN SUPPORT OF THE
NORTHERN CAUSE.

FOR A RALLY IN SUPPORT OF THE
NORTHERN CAUSE.
IT WAS, HORACE GREELEY SAID,

NORTHERN CAUSE.
IT WAS, HORACE GREELEY SAID,
"THE GREATEST POPULAR

IT WAS, HORACE GREELEY SAID,
"THE GREATEST POPULAR
DEMONSTRATION EVER KNOWN IN

"THE GREATEST POPULAR
DEMONSTRATION EVER KNOWN IN
AMERICA."

DEMONSTRATION EVER KNOWN IN
AMERICA."
Reader: "APRIL 20, 1861.

AMERICA."
Reader: "APRIL 20, 1861.
WALKED UPTOWN AT 2:00.

Reader: "APRIL 20, 1861.
WALKED UPTOWN AT 2:00.
BROADWAY CROWDED AND MORE

WALKED UPTOWN AT 2:00.
BROADWAY CROWDED AND MORE
CROWDED AS ONE APPROACHED UNION

BROADWAY CROWDED AND MORE
CROWDED AS ONE APPROACHED UNION
SQUARE.

CROWDED AS ONE APPROACHED UNION
SQUARE.
LARGE COMPANIES OF RECRUITS

SQUARE.
LARGE COMPANIES OF RECRUITS
PARADING UP AND DOWN, CHEERED

LARGE COMPANIES OF RECRUITS
PARADING UP AND DOWN, CHEERED
AND CHEERING; EVERY OTHER MAN,

PARADING UP AND DOWN, CHEERED
AND CHEERING; EVERY OTHER MAN,
WOMAN, AND CHILD BEARING A FLAG

AND CHEERING; EVERY OTHER MAN,
WOMAN, AND CHILD BEARING A FLAG
OR DECORATED WITH A COCKADE.

WOMAN, AND CHILD BEARING A FLAG
OR DECORATED WITH A COCKADE.
THE CITY SEEMS TO HAVE GONE

OR DECORATED WITH A COCKADE.
THE CITY SEEMS TO HAVE GONE
SUDDENLY WILD AND CRAZY."

THE CITY SEEMS TO HAVE GONE
SUDDENLY WILD AND CRAZY."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

SUDDENLY WILD AND CRAZY."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: SO THE CITY AND

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: SO THE CITY AND
COUNTRY WENT TO WAR.

Narrator: SO THE CITY AND
COUNTRY WENT TO WAR.
BEFORE IT WAS OVER, MORE THAN

COUNTRY WENT TO WAR.
BEFORE IT WAS OVER, MORE THAN
150,000 NEW YORKERS, INCLUDING

BEFORE IT WAS OVER, MORE THAN
150,000 NEW YORKERS, INCLUDING
50,000 IRISHMEN, TENS OF

150,000 NEW YORKERS, INCLUDING
50,000 IRISHMEN, TENS OF
THOUSANDS OF GERMANS, AND 8,000

50,000 IRISHMEN, TENS OF
THOUSANDS OF GERMANS, AND 8,000
BLACKS, WOULD FIGHT FOR THE

THOUSANDS OF GERMANS, AND 8,000
BLACKS, WOULD FIGHT FOR THE
UNION CAUSE.

BLACKS, WOULD FIGHT FOR THE
UNION CAUSE.
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED RESIGNED

UNION CAUSE.
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED RESIGNED
FROM HIS POST AT CENTRAL PARK TO

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED RESIGNED
FROM HIS POST AT CENTRAL PARK TO
HELP RUN THE U.S. SANITARY

FROM HIS POST AT CENTRAL PARK TO
HELP RUN THE U.S. SANITARY
COMMISSION.

HELP RUN THE U.S. SANITARY
COMMISSION.
HE WOULD SOON BE RESPONSIBLE FOR

COMMISSION.
HE WOULD SOON BE RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF

HE WOULD SOON BE RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF UNION

THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF UNION
SOLDIERS.

HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF UNION
SOLDIERS.
WALT WHITMAN WOULD SOON GO

SOLDIERS.
WALT WHITMAN WOULD SOON GO
SOUTH, TOO, AS A VOLUNTEER IN

WALT WHITMAN WOULD SOON GO
SOUTH, TOO, AS A VOLUNTEER IN
THE CROWDED WASHINGTON

SOUTH, TOO, AS A VOLUNTEER IN
THE CROWDED WASHINGTON
HOSPITALS.

THE CROWDED WASHINGTON
HOSPITALS.
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, TOO OLD

HOSPITALS.
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, TOO OLD
AT 41 FOR ACTIVE DUTY, HELPED

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG, TOO OLD
AT 41 FOR ACTIVE DUTY, HELPED
TRAIN A BRIGADE OF LOCAL

AT 41 FOR ACTIVE DUTY, HELPED
TRAIN A BRIGADE OF LOCAL
SHARPSHOOTERS CALLED THE NEW

TRAIN A BRIGADE OF LOCAL
SHARPSHOOTERS CALLED THE NEW
YORK RIFLES.

Moynihan: THE CIVIL WAR WAS
THE FIRST INDUSTRIALIZED WAR

THE FIRST INDUSTRIALIZED WAR
EVER, AND IT PRODUCED AN

EVER, AND IT PRODUCED AN
INDUSTRIAL NORTH TO MAKE IT

INDUSTRIAL NORTH TO MAKE IT
POSSIBLE... THE MACHINES, THE

POSSIBLE... THE MACHINES, THE
MILLS, THE FACTORIES ROARING

MILLS, THE FACTORIES ROARING
OUT.
AND NEW YORK WAS THE FINANCIAL

AND NEW YORK WAS THE FINANCIAL
CAPITAL OF THAT NEW CAPITALIST
WORLD.

CAPITAL OF THAT NEW CAPITALIST
WORLD.
IT WAS IN THAT WHITE HEAT OF THE

WORLD.
IT WAS IN THAT WHITE HEAT OF THE
WAR THAT INDUSTRIAL AMERICA

IT WAS IN THAT WHITE HEAT OF THE
WAR THAT INDUSTRIAL AMERICA
FINALLY EMERGED.

WAR THAT INDUSTRIAL AMERICA
FINALLY EMERGED.
Wallace: THE WAR WAS

FINALLY EMERGED.
Wallace: THE WAR WAS
INCREDIBLY BENEFICIAL FOR NEW

Wallace: THE WAR WAS
INCREDIBLY BENEFICIAL FOR NEW
YORK CITY.

INCREDIBLY BENEFICIAL FOR NEW
YORK CITY.
THE MANUFACTURERS OF UNIFORMS,

YORK CITY.
THE MANUFACTURERS OF UNIFORMS,
OF SADDLES, OF OTHER GOODS, OF

THE MANUFACTURERS OF UNIFORMS,
OF SADDLES, OF OTHER GOODS, OF
GUNS... YOU NAME IT... IN FACT

OF SADDLES, OF OTHER GOODS, OF
GUNS... YOU NAME IT... IN FACT
WERE MAKING MONEY HAND OVER

GUNS... YOU NAME IT... IN FACT
WERE MAKING MONEY HAND OVER
FIST.

WERE MAKING MONEY HAND OVER
FIST.
Narrator: AND YET, WHILE

FIST.
Narrator: AND YET, WHILE
INDUSTRIALISTS AND WAR

Narrator: AND YET, WHILE
INDUSTRIALISTS AND WAR
PROFITEERS GREW RICH, THE

INDUSTRIALISTS AND WAR
PROFITEERS GREW RICH, THE
CONFLICT WOULD BRING HARDSHIP

PROFITEERS GREW RICH, THE
CONFLICT WOULD BRING HARDSHIP
AND MISERY TO TENS OF THOUSANDS

CONFLICT WOULD BRING HARDSHIP
AND MISERY TO TENS OF THOUSANDS
OF ORDINARY NEW YORKERS, AS

AND MISERY TO TENS OF THOUSANDS
OF ORDINARY NEW YORKERS, AS
RENTS CLIMBED, INFLATION SOARED,

OF ORDINARY NEW YORKERS, AS
RENTS CLIMBED, INFLATION SOARED,
AND THE CASUALTIES MOUNTED.

RENTS CLIMBED, INFLATION SOARED,
AND THE CASUALTIES MOUNTED.
IT WOULD ALSO BRING TO A TRAGIC

AND THE CASUALTIES MOUNTED.
IT WOULD ALSO BRING TO A TRAGIC
CLIMAX ANTAGONISMS THAT HAD BEEN

IT WOULD ALSO BRING TO A TRAGIC
CLIMAX ANTAGONISMS THAT HAD BEEN
BUILDING FOR YEARS BETWEEN RICH

CLIMAX ANTAGONISMS THAT HAD BEEN
BUILDING FOR YEARS BETWEEN RICH
AND POOR, NATIVE BORN AND

BUILDING FOR YEARS BETWEEN RICH
AND POOR, NATIVE BORN AND
IMMIGRANT, PROTESTANT AND

AND POOR, NATIVE BORN AND
IMMIGRANT, PROTESTANT AND
CATHOLIC, WHITE AND BLACK.

IMMIGRANT, PROTESTANT AND
CATHOLIC, WHITE AND BLACK.
ALL THOSE TENSIONS WOULD COME TO

CATHOLIC, WHITE AND BLACK.
ALL THOSE TENSIONS WOULD COME TO
A HEAD IN THE LONG, HOT SUMMER

ALL THOSE TENSIONS WOULD COME TO
A HEAD IN THE LONG, HOT SUMMER
OF 1863, AND WHEN THE TROUBLE

A HEAD IN THE LONG, HOT SUMMER
OF 1863, AND WHEN THE TROUBLE
CAME, IT WOULD BEGIN WITH THE

OF 1863, AND WHEN THE TROUBLE
CAME, IT WOULD BEGIN WITH THE
MOST WRETCHED AND DESPISED OF

CAME, IT WOULD BEGIN WITH THE
MOST WRETCHED AND DESPISED OF
THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED CITIZENS.

MOST WRETCHED AND DESPISED OF
THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED CITIZENS.
Wallace: RESENTMENT HAD BEEN

THE CITY'S BELEAGUERED CITIZENS.
Wallace: RESENTMENT HAD BEEN
BUILDING FOR A VERY LONG TIME.

Wallace: RESENTMENT HAD BEEN
BUILDING FOR A VERY LONG TIME.
THERE ARE CLASS ANIMOSITIES THAT

BUILDING FOR A VERY LONG TIME.
THERE ARE CLASS ANIMOSITIES THAT
HAVE RIVEN THE CITY.

THERE ARE CLASS ANIMOSITIES THAT
HAVE RIVEN THE CITY.
THE IRISH, FOR INSTANCE, HAVE

HAVE RIVEN THE CITY.
THE IRISH, FOR INSTANCE, HAVE
BEEN PROSELYTIZED AND

THE IRISH, FOR INSTANCE, HAVE
BEEN PROSELYTIZED AND
MISSIONIZED AND INVADED BY THESE

BEEN PROSELYTIZED AND
MISSIONIZED AND INVADED BY THESE
PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES WHO HAVE

MISSIONIZED AND INVADED BY THESE
PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES WHO HAVE
BEEN OUT TO REFORM THEM, WHO

PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES WHO HAVE
BEEN OUT TO REFORM THEM, WHO
HAVE DECIDED THAT THEY'RE

BEEN OUT TO REFORM THEM, WHO
HAVE DECIDED THAT THEY'RE
SUBPAR, IN SOME CASES BARELY

HAVE DECIDED THAT THEY'RE
SUBPAR, IN SOME CASES BARELY
SUBHUMAN, CERTAINLY HEATHENS, OR

SUBPAR, IN SOME CASES BARELY
SUBHUMAN, CERTAINLY HEATHENS, OR
CERTAINLY THE WRONG RELIGION.

SUBHUMAN, CERTAINLY HEATHENS, OR
CERTAINLY THE WRONG RELIGION.
THESE PEOPLE ARE FINDING

CERTAINLY THE WRONG RELIGION.
THESE PEOPLE ARE FINDING
THEMSELVES, MANY OF THEM WITH

THESE PEOPLE ARE FINDING
THEMSELVES, MANY OF THEM WITH
THEIR WAGES IN FACT GOING

THEMSELVES, MANY OF THEM WITH
THEIR WAGES IN FACT GOING
STEADILY DOWN, THE QUALITY OF

THEIR WAGES IN FACT GOING
STEADILY DOWN, THE QUALITY OF
THEIR LIVING ARRANGEMENTS IN

STEADILY DOWN, THE QUALITY OF
THEIR LIVING ARRANGEMENTS IN
FACT GOING DOWN, BUT THERE'S A

THEIR LIVING ARRANGEMENTS IN
FACT GOING DOWN, BUT THERE'S A
LOT OF PEOPLE WHO ARE GETTING

FACT GOING DOWN, BUT THERE'S A
LOT OF PEOPLE WHO ARE GETTING
THE SHORT END OF THE STICK, AND

LOT OF PEOPLE WHO ARE GETTING
THE SHORT END OF THE STICK, AND
THEY FIND IT NOW EXACERBATED BY

THE SHORT END OF THE STICK, AND
THEY FIND IT NOW EXACERBATED BY
THE WARTIME CONDITIONS, BUT THE

THEY FIND IT NOW EXACERBATED BY
THE WARTIME CONDITIONS, BUT THE
DRAFT TRIGGERS IT.

THE WARTIME CONDITIONS, BUT THE
DRAFT TRIGGERS IT.
Narrator: BY 1863, OPPOSITION

DRAFT TRIGGERS IT.
Narrator: BY 1863, OPPOSITION
TO THE WAR HAD BEEN GROWING FOR

Narrator: BY 1863, OPPOSITION
TO THE WAR HAD BEEN GROWING FOR
MORE THAN A YEAR, ESPECIALLY

TO THE WAR HAD BEEN GROWING FOR
MORE THAN A YEAR, ESPECIALLY
AMONGST THE IRISH.

MORE THAN A YEAR, ESPECIALLY
AMONGST THE IRISH.
AS ONE UNION DEFEAT FOLLOWED

AMONGST THE IRISH.
AS ONE UNION DEFEAT FOLLOWED
ANOTHER, AND THE HORRIFYING

AS ONE UNION DEFEAT FOLLOWED
ANOTHER, AND THE HORRIFYING
CASUALTY LISTS GREW LONGER,

ANOTHER, AND THE HORRIFYING
CASUALTY LISTS GREW LONGER,
ANGER TOWARDS THE GOVERNMENT

CASUALTY LISTS GREW LONGER,
ANGER TOWARDS THE GOVERNMENT
INTENSIFIED.

ANGER TOWARDS THE GOVERNMENT
INTENSIFIED.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S EMANCIPATION

INTENSIFIED.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION, WHICH HAD TAKEN

ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION, WHICH HAD TAKEN
EFFECT ON THE FIRST OF THE YEAR

PROCLAMATION, WHICH HAD TAKEN
EFFECT ON THE FIRST OF THE YEAR
AND WHICH ASKED WHITES TO FIGHT

EFFECT ON THE FIRST OF THE YEAR
AND WHICH ASKED WHITES TO FIGHT
AND DIE FOR THE FREEDOM OF

AND WHICH ASKED WHITES TO FIGHT
AND DIE FOR THE FREEDOM OF
BLACKS, ONLY MADE MATTERS WORSE.

AND DIE FOR THE FREEDOM OF
BLACKS, ONLY MADE MATTERS WORSE.
BUT IT WAS THE PASSAGE OF THE

BLACKS, ONLY MADE MATTERS WORSE.
BUT IT WAS THE PASSAGE OF THE
CONSCRIPTION ACT IN THE SPRING

BUT IT WAS THE PASSAGE OF THE
CONSCRIPTION ACT IN THE SPRING
OF 1863, THE FIRST FEDERAL DRAFT

CONSCRIPTION ACT IN THE SPRING
OF 1863, THE FIRST FEDERAL DRAFT
IN AMERICAN HISTORY, THAT

OF 1863, THE FIRST FEDERAL DRAFT
IN AMERICAN HISTORY, THAT
AROUSED THE MOST FURY.

IN AMERICAN HISTORY, THAT
AROUSED THE MOST FURY.
IT AUTHORIZED THE GOVERNMENT TO

AROUSED THE MOST FURY.
IT AUTHORIZED THE GOVERNMENT TO
DRAFT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF

IT AUTHORIZED THE GOVERNMENT TO
DRAFT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
MEN INTO THE UNION ARMY AGAINST

DRAFT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
MEN INTO THE UNION ARMY AGAINST
THEIR WILL.

MEN INTO THE UNION ARMY AGAINST
THEIR WILL.
ANYONE WITH $300 TO SPARE,

THEIR WILL.
ANYONE WITH $300 TO SPARE,
MEANWHILE... NEARLY A YEAR'S

ANYONE WITH $300 TO SPARE,
MEANWHILE... NEARLY A YEAR'S
WAGES FOR MOST WORKINGMEN...

MEANWHILE... NEARLY A YEAR'S
WAGES FOR MOST WORKINGMEN...
COULD BUY THEIR WAY OUT.

WAGES FOR MOST WORKINGMEN...
COULD BUY THEIR WAY OUT.
FOR THE IRISH, IT WAS THE LAST

COULD BUY THEIR WAY OUT.
FOR THE IRISH, IT WAS THE LAST
STRAW.

FOR THE IRISH, IT WAS THE LAST
STRAW.
Quinn: THE OPINION AMONG THE

STRAW.
Quinn: THE OPINION AMONG THE
IRISH WAS THAT EMANCIPATION

Quinn: THE OPINION AMONG THE
IRISH WAS THAT EMANCIPATION
WOULD RESULT IN HORDES OF BLACKS

IRISH WAS THAT EMANCIPATION
WOULD RESULT IN HORDES OF BLACKS
COMING NORTH AND WORKING FOR

WOULD RESULT IN HORDES OF BLACKS
COMING NORTH AND WORKING FOR
LESS THAN THEY DID, AND THEY

COMING NORTH AND WORKING FOR
LESS THAN THEY DID, AND THEY
WERE WORKING FOR MINIMUM WAGES

LESS THAN THEY DID, AND THEY
WERE WORKING FOR MINIMUM WAGES
AS IT WAS.

BUT THE REALITY WAS THAT THE
OLDEST ETHNIC GROUP IN NEW YORK,

OLDEST ETHNIC GROUP IN NEW YORK,
NEXT TO THE DUTCH, ARE AFRICAN

NEXT TO THE DUTCH, ARE AFRICAN
AMERICANS, AND IT WAS THE IRISH

AMERICANS, AND IT WAS THE IRISH
IMMIGRANTS WHO HAD REALLY DRIVEN

IMMIGRANTS WHO HAD REALLY DRIVEN
AFRICAN AMERICANS OUT OF SERVING

AFRICAN AMERICANS OUT OF SERVING
JOBS AND HAULING WASTE AND EVERY

JOBS AND HAULING WASTE AND EVERY
MENIAL JOB THERE WAS.
THE IRISH WERE TAKING THOSE

THE IRISH WERE TAKING THOSE
JOBS.
THEY WERE MAKING IT HARDER IN

JOBS.
THEY WERE MAKING IT HARDER IN
THE 1860s FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS

THEY WERE MAKING IT HARDER IN
THE 1860s FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
TO GET JOBS.

THE 1860s FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
TO GET JOBS.
BUT THE IRISH FEAR WAS THAT

TO GET JOBS.
BUT THE IRISH FEAR WAS THAT
EMANCIPATION WOULD RESULT IN

BUT THE IRISH FEAR WAS THAT
EMANCIPATION WOULD RESULT IN
BLACKS TAKING THEIR JOBS, AND

EMANCIPATION WOULD RESULT IN
BLACKS TAKING THEIR JOBS, AND
THE RICH DON'T HAVE TO FIGHT IN

BLACKS TAKING THEIR JOBS, AND
THE RICH DON'T HAVE TO FIGHT IN
THIS WAR BECAUSE THEY CAN PAY

THE RICH DON'T HAVE TO FIGHT IN
THIS WAR BECAUSE THEY CAN PAY
$300 TO GET OUT OF IT.

THIS WAR BECAUSE THEY CAN PAY
$300 TO GET OUT OF IT.
IT WAS A PERCEIVED INJUSTICE,

$300 TO GET OUT OF IT.
IT WAS A PERCEIVED INJUSTICE,
AND IN SOME WAYS I THINK IT WAS

IT WAS A PERCEIVED INJUSTICE,
AND IN SOME WAYS I THINK IT WAS
A REAL INJUSTICE.

AND IN SOME WAYS I THINK IT WAS
A REAL INJUSTICE.
Narrator: IN JUNE 1863, THE

A REAL INJUSTICE.
Narrator: IN JUNE 1863, THE
WAR MOVED CLOSER TO HOME WHEN

Narrator: IN JUNE 1863, THE
WAR MOVED CLOSER TO HOME WHEN
CONFEDERATE FORCES UNDER ROBERT

WAR MOVED CLOSER TO HOME WHEN
CONFEDERATE FORCES UNDER ROBERT
E. LEE INVADED THE NORTH,

CONFEDERATE FORCES UNDER ROBERT
E. LEE INVADED THE NORTH,
SPREADING TERROR THROUGHOUT THE

E. LEE INVADED THE NORTH,
SPREADING TERROR THROUGHOUT THE
UNION AND THREATENING

SPREADING TERROR THROUGHOUT THE
UNION AND THREATENING
HARRISBURG, PHILADELPHIA, NEW

UNION AND THREATENING
HARRISBURG, PHILADELPHIA, NEW
YORK ITSELF.

HARRISBURG, PHILADELPHIA, NEW
YORK ITSELF.
AS THE JULY DATE SET FOR NEW

YORK ITSELF.
AS THE JULY DATE SET FOR NEW
YORK'S DRAFT LOTTERY APPROACHED,

AS THE JULY DATE SET FOR NEW
YORK'S DRAFT LOTTERY APPROACHED,
FEAR AND RESENTMENT AMONGST THE

YORK'S DRAFT LOTTERY APPROACHED,
FEAR AND RESENTMENT AMONGST THE
CITY'S IMMIGRANT POOR BEGAN TO

FEAR AND RESENTMENT AMONGST THE
CITY'S IMMIGRANT POOR BEGAN TO
SEETHE OUT OF CONTROL.

CITY'S IMMIGRANT POOR BEGAN TO
SEETHE OUT OF CONTROL.
Wallace: IN, I THINK, '59,

SEETHE OUT OF CONTROL.
Wallace: IN, I THINK, '59,
'60, IN THE CAMPAIGN THAT

Wallace: IN, I THINK, '59,
'60, IN THE CAMPAIGN THAT
LINCOLN WAS ELECTED IN, A

'60, IN THE CAMPAIGN THAT
LINCOLN WAS ELECTED IN, A
SOUTHERNER WROTE A BOOK WHICH

LINCOLN WAS ELECTED IN, A
SOUTHERNER WROTE A BOOK WHICH
WAS A SCIENCE FICTION SCENARIO,

SOUTHERNER WROTE A BOOK WHICH
WAS A SCIENCE FICTION SCENARIO,
"WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF...?"

WAS A SCIENCE FICTION SCENARIO,
"WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF...?"
AND HE SPELLED OUT A POSSIBILITY

"WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF...?"
AND HE SPELLED OUT A POSSIBILITY
THAT INCLUDED GREAT RIOTS

AND HE SPELLED OUT A POSSIBILITY
THAT INCLUDED GREAT RIOTS
BREAKING OUT IN NORTHERN CITIES

THAT INCLUDED GREAT RIOTS
BREAKING OUT IN NORTHERN CITIES
ALONG CLASS LINES, OF THE IRISH

BREAKING OUT IN NORTHERN CITIES
ALONG CLASS LINES, OF THE IRISH
RISING, ARMIES BEING PULLED BACK

ALONG CLASS LINES, OF THE IRISH
RISING, ARMIES BEING PULLED BACK
TO DEAL WITH THEM, AND THE SOUTH

RISING, ARMIES BEING PULLED BACK
TO DEAL WITH THEM, AND THE SOUTH
BECOMING TRIUMPHANT.

TO DEAL WITH THEM, AND THE SOUTH
BECOMING TRIUMPHANT.
AND THAT SCENARIO, YOU KNOW, WAS

BECOMING TRIUMPHANT.
AND THAT SCENARIO, YOU KNOW, WAS
ARGUABLY WITHIN AN ACE OF BEING

AND THAT SCENARIO, YOU KNOW, WAS
ARGUABLY WITHIN AN ACE OF BEING
PLAYED OUT.

ARGUABLY WITHIN AN ACE OF BEING
PLAYED OUT.
Narrator: ON THE FOURTH OF

PLAYED OUT.
Narrator: ON THE FOURTH OF
JULY, WORD REACHED NEW YORK BY

Narrator: ON THE FOURTH OF
JULY, WORD REACHED NEW YORK BY
TELEGRAPH THAT MORE THAN 50,000

JULY, WORD REACHED NEW YORK BY
TELEGRAPH THAT MORE THAN 50,000
MEN HAD FALLEN OUTSIDE A TINY

TELEGRAPH THAT MORE THAN 50,000
MEN HAD FALLEN OUTSIDE A TINY
TOWN IN PENNSYLVANIA, ONLY 150

MEN HAD FALLEN OUTSIDE A TINY
TOWN IN PENNSYLVANIA, ONLY 150
MILES AWAY, CALLED GETTYSBURG.

TOWN IN PENNSYLVANIA, ONLY 150
MILES AWAY, CALLED GETTYSBURG.
ONE WEEK LATER, ON SATURDAY,

MILES AWAY, CALLED GETTYSBURG.
ONE WEEK LATER, ON SATURDAY,
JULY 11, 1863, DRAWINGS BEGAN AT

ONE WEEK LATER, ON SATURDAY,
JULY 11, 1863, DRAWINGS BEGAN AT
THE UPTOWN DRAFT OFFICE ON THIRD

JULY 11, 1863, DRAWINGS BEGAN AT
THE UPTOWN DRAFT OFFICE ON THIRD
AVENUE NEAR 46th STREET.

THE UPTOWN DRAFT OFFICE ON THIRD
AVENUE NEAR 46th STREET.
THE FIRST TO BE CALLED WAS A MAN

AVENUE NEAR 46th STREET.
THE FIRST TO BE CALLED WAS A MAN
NAMED JONES.

THE FIRST TO BE CALLED WAS A MAN
NAMED JONES.
BY SIX THAT NIGHT, MORE THAN

NAMED JONES.
BY SIX THAT NIGHT, MORE THAN
1,200 NAMES HAD BEEN PULLED FROM

BY SIX THAT NIGHT, MORE THAN
1,200 NAMES HAD BEEN PULLED FROM
THE DRUM.

1,200 NAMES HAD BEEN PULLED FROM
THE DRUM.
Reader: "JULY 12, 1863.

THE DRUM.
Reader: "JULY 12, 1863.
DRAFT HAS BEGUN HERE AND WAS IN

Reader: "JULY 12, 1863.
DRAFT HAS BEGUN HERE AND WAS IN
PROGRESS IN BOSTON LAST WEEK.

DRAFT HAS BEGUN HERE AND WAS IN
PROGRESS IN BOSTON LAST WEEK.
WE SHALL HAVE TROUBLE BEFORE WE

PROGRESS IN BOSTON LAST WEEK.
WE SHALL HAVE TROUBLE BEFORE WE
ARE THROUGH.

WE SHALL HAVE TROUBLE BEFORE WE
ARE THROUGH.
THE CRITICAL TIME WILL BE WHEN

ARE THROUGH.
THE CRITICAL TIME WILL BE WHEN
DEFAULTING CONSCRIPTS ARE

THE CRITICAL TIME WILL BE WHEN
DEFAULTING CONSCRIPTS ARE
HAULED OUT OF THEIR HOUSES, AS

DEFAULTING CONSCRIPTS ARE
HAULED OUT OF THEIR HOUSES, AS
MANY WILL BE.

HAULED OUT OF THEIR HOUSES, AS
MANY WILL BE.
THIS DRAFT WILL BE THE CRUCIAL

MANY WILL BE.
THIS DRAFT WILL BE THE CRUCIAL
EXPERIMENT TO DECIDE WHETHER WE

THIS DRAFT WILL BE THE CRUCIAL
EXPERIMENT TO DECIDE WHETHER WE
HAVE A GOVERNMENT AMONG US."

EXPERIMENT TO DECIDE WHETHER WE
HAVE A GOVERNMENT AMONG US."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

HAVE A GOVERNMENT AMONG US."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: SUNDAY, JULY 12,

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: SUNDAY, JULY 12,
DAWNED SULLEN AND HOT, WITHOUT A

Narrator: SUNDAY, JULY 12,
DAWNED SULLEN AND HOT, WITHOUT A
BREATH OF WIND.

DAWNED SULLEN AND HOT, WITHOUT A
BREATH OF WIND.
WITH EVERY SHOP AND OFFICE

BREATH OF WIND.
WITH EVERY SHOP AND OFFICE
CLOSED UNTIL MONDAY, PEOPLE

WITH EVERY SHOP AND OFFICE
CLOSED UNTIL MONDAY, PEOPLE
BEGAN DRIFTING OUT OF THE

CLOSED UNTIL MONDAY, PEOPLE
BEGAN DRIFTING OUT OF THE
STIFLING TENEMENTS AND INTO

BEGAN DRIFTING OUT OF THE
STIFLING TENEMENTS AND INTO
TAVERNS, AND BEGAN TO DRINK AND

STIFLING TENEMENTS AND INTO
TAVERNS, AND BEGAN TO DRINK AND
TO TALK.

TAVERNS, AND BEGAN TO DRINK AND
TO TALK.
WITH ALMOST EVERY ABLE-BODIED

TO TALK.
WITH ALMOST EVERY ABLE-BODIED
SOLDIER IN THE AREA STILL AT

WITH ALMOST EVERY ABLE-BODIED
SOLDIER IN THE AREA STILL AT
GETTYSBURG, THE CITY'S SMALL

SOLDIER IN THE AREA STILL AT
GETTYSBURG, THE CITY'S SMALL
POLICE FORCE HAD NO

GETTYSBURG, THE CITY'S SMALL
POLICE FORCE HAD NO
REINFORCEMENTS, BUT THERE WAS

POLICE FORCE HAD NO
REINFORCEMENTS, BUT THERE WAS
STILL NO CAUSE FOR ALARM.

REINFORCEMENTS, BUT THERE WAS
STILL NO CAUSE FOR ALARM.
SOMETIME AFTER MIDNIGHT, THE

STILL NO CAUSE FOR ALARM.
SOMETIME AFTER MIDNIGHT, THE
MOOD CHANGED.

SOMETIME AFTER MIDNIGHT, THE
MOOD CHANGED.
TOWARDS DAWN, DISTURBING REPORTS

MOOD CHANGED.
TOWARDS DAWN, DISTURBING REPORTS
BEGAN FILTERING IN TO POLICE

TOWARDS DAWN, DISTURBING REPORTS
BEGAN FILTERING IN TO POLICE
HEADQUARTERS ON MULBERRY STREET

BEGAN FILTERING IN TO POLICE
HEADQUARTERS ON MULBERRY STREET
OF GANGS OF ANGRY, DRUNKEN MEN

HEADQUARTERS ON MULBERRY STREET
OF GANGS OF ANGRY, DRUNKEN MEN
ROAMING THE STREETS.

OF GANGS OF ANGRY, DRUNKEN MEN
ROAMING THE STREETS.
NOT LONG AFTER SUNRISE, ON

ROAMING THE STREETS.
NOT LONG AFTER SUNRISE, ON
MONDAY, JULY 13, 1863, WAVES OF

NOT LONG AFTER SUNRISE, ON
MONDAY, JULY 13, 1863, WAVES OF
ANGRY IRISHMEN BEGAN SPILLING

MONDAY, JULY 13, 1863, WAVES OF
ANGRY IRISHMEN BEGAN SPILLING
OUT OF THE LOWER EAST SIDE,

ANGRY IRISHMEN BEGAN SPILLING
OUT OF THE LOWER EAST SIDE,
MOVING WEST ACROSS BROADWAY, AND

OUT OF THE LOWER EAST SIDE,
MOVING WEST ACROSS BROADWAY, AND
HEADING UPTOWN TOWARDS THE DRAFT

MOVING WEST ACROSS BROADWAY, AND
HEADING UPTOWN TOWARDS THE DRAFT
OFFICE, ARMED WITH IRON BARS,

HEADING UPTOWN TOWARDS THE DRAFT
OFFICE, ARMED WITH IRON BARS,
BRICKBATS, AND BLUDGEONS, AND

OFFICE, ARMED WITH IRON BARS,
BRICKBATS, AND BLUDGEONS, AND
GROWING ALL THE TIME.

BRICKBATS, AND BLUDGEONS, AND
GROWING ALL THE TIME.
AT 8:30 A.M., AN URGENT DISPATCH

GROWING ALL THE TIME.
AT 8:30 A.M., AN URGENT DISPATCH
WENT OUT FROM POLICE

AT 8:30 A.M., AN URGENT DISPATCH
WENT OUT FROM POLICE
"TROUBLE BREWING.

WENT OUT FROM POLICE
"TROUBLE BREWING.
TELEGRAPH LINES CUT.

"TROUBLE BREWING.
TELEGRAPH LINES CUT.
RUSH LARGE FORCE."

TELEGRAPH LINES CUT.
RUSH LARGE FORCE."
Reader: "THE MOB WAS COMPOSED

RUSH LARGE FORCE."
Reader: "THE MOB WAS COMPOSED
OF THE LOWEST AND MOST DEGRADED

Reader: "THE MOB WAS COMPOSED
OF THE LOWEST AND MOST DEGRADED
OF THE FOREIGN POPULATION,

OF THE LOWEST AND MOST DEGRADED
OF THE FOREIGN POPULATION,
MAINLY IRISH, RAKED FROM THE

OF THE FOREIGN POPULATION,
MAINLY IRISH, RAKED FROM THE
FILTHY CELLARS AND DENS OF THE

MAINLY IRISH, RAKED FROM THE
FILTHY CELLARS AND DENS OF THE
CITY, CALLING AT PLACES WHERE

FILTHY CELLARS AND DENS OF THE
CITY, CALLING AT PLACES WHERE
LARGE BODIES OF MEN WERE AT

CITY, CALLING AT PLACES WHERE
LARGE BODIES OF MEN WERE AT
WORK AND PRESSING THEM IN.

LARGE BODIES OF MEN WERE AT
WORK AND PRESSING THEM IN.
THEIR NUMBERS RAPIDLY INCREASED

WORK AND PRESSING THEM IN.
THEIR NUMBERS RAPIDLY INCREASED
TO THOUSANDS."

THEIR NUMBERS RAPIDLY INCREASED
TO THOUSANDS."
Narrator: "IT WAS A STRANGELY

TO THOUSANDS."
Narrator: "IT WAS A STRANGELY
WEAPONED, RAGGED, COATLESS ARMY

Narrator: "IT WAS A STRANGELY
WEAPONED, RAGGED, COATLESS ARMY
AS IT HEAVED TUMULTUOUSLY TOWARD

WEAPONED, RAGGED, COATLESS ARMY
AS IT HEAVED TUMULTUOUSLY TOWARD
THIRD AVENUE," A TELEGRAPH

AS IT HEAVED TUMULTUOUSLY TOWARD
THIRD AVENUE," A TELEGRAPH
OPERATOR NAMED CHARLES CHAPIN

THIRD AVENUE," A TELEGRAPH
OPERATOR NAMED CHARLES CHAPIN
REMEMBERED.

OPERATOR NAMED CHARLES CHAPIN
REMEMBERED.
BY 9:00, THE MOB HAD GROWN TO

REMEMBERED.
BY 9:00, THE MOB HAD GROWN TO
5,000.

BY 9:00, THE MOB HAD GROWN TO
5,000.
BY THE TIME IT REACHED THE DRAFT

5,000.
BY THE TIME IT REACHED THE DRAFT
OFFICE, IT HAD SWELLED TO

BY THE TIME IT REACHED THE DRAFT
OFFICE, IT HAD SWELLED TO
15,000, AND THEN THE VIOLENCE

OFFICE, IT HAD SWELLED TO
15,000, AND THEN THE VIOLENCE
BEGAN.

15,000, AND THEN THE VIOLENCE
BEGAN.
THE ENRAGED MOB BEAT THROUGH THE

BEGAN.
THE ENRAGED MOB BEAT THROUGH THE
SCANTY POLICE GUARD, SMASHED AND

THE ENRAGED MOB BEAT THROUGH THE
SCANTY POLICE GUARD, SMASHED AND
BURNED THE DRAFT OFFICE, THEN

SCANTY POLICE GUARD, SMASHED AND
BURNED THE DRAFT OFFICE, THEN
TURNED THEIR FURY ON A

BURNED THE DRAFT OFFICE, THEN
TURNED THEIR FURY ON A
DETACHMENT OF 32 MILITIAMEN,

TURNED THEIR FURY ON A
DETACHMENT OF 32 MILITIAMEN,
BEATING AND KICKING ONE SOLDIER

DETACHMENT OF 32 MILITIAMEN,
BEATING AND KICKING ONE SOLDIER
TO DEATH, THEN TURNING ON

BEATING AND KICKING ONE SOLDIER
TO DEATH, THEN TURNING ON
ANOTHER.

TO DEATH, THEN TURNING ON
ANOTHER.
Reader: "THE MOB GRABBED HIM,

ANOTHER.
Reader: "THE MOB GRABBED HIM,
AND TAKING HIM TO THE TOP OF THE

Reader: "THE MOB GRABBED HIM,
AND TAKING HIM TO THE TOP OF THE
ROCKS, STRIPPED HIS UNIFORM OF

AND TAKING HIM TO THE TOP OF THE
ROCKS, STRIPPED HIS UNIFORM OF
HIM, AND AFTER BEATING HIM

ROCKS, STRIPPED HIS UNIFORM OF
HIM, AND AFTER BEATING HIM
ALMOST TO A JELLY, THREW HIM

HIM, AND AFTER BEATING HIM
ALMOST TO A JELLY, THREW HIM
OVER A PRECIPICE SOME 20 FEET

ALMOST TO A JELLY, THREW HIM
OVER A PRECIPICE SOME 20 FEET
HIGH ON THE HARD ROCKS BENEATH."

OVER A PRECIPICE SOME 20 FEET
HIGH ON THE HARD ROCKS BENEATH."
THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.

HIGH ON THE HARD ROCKS BENEATH."
THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.
Narrator: BY 11:30, THE

THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.
Narrator: BY 11:30, THE
FEDERAL DRAFT HAD BEEN

Narrator: BY 11:30, THE
FEDERAL DRAFT HAD BEEN
OFFICIALLY SUSPENDED IN NEW

FEDERAL DRAFT HAD BEEN
OFFICIALLY SUSPENDED IN NEW
YORK, AND THE CITY ITSELF WAS IN

OFFICIALLY SUSPENDED IN NEW
YORK, AND THE CITY ITSELF WAS IN
A STATE OF SIEGE.

YORK, AND THE CITY ITSELF WAS IN
A STATE OF SIEGE.
Reader: "THE SCENE ON THIRD

A STATE OF SIEGE.
Reader: "THE SCENE ON THIRD
AVENUE AT THIS TIME WAS

Reader: "THE SCENE ON THIRD
AVENUE AT THIS TIME WAS
APPALLING.

AVENUE AT THIS TIME WAS
APPALLING.
IT WAS NOW NOON, BUT THE HOT

APPALLING.
IT WAS NOW NOON, BUT THE HOT
JULY SUN WAS OBSCURED BY HEAVY

IT WAS NOW NOON, BUT THE HOT
JULY SUN WAS OBSCURED BY HEAVY
CLOUDS WHICH CAST DARK SHADOWS

JULY SUN WAS OBSCURED BY HEAVY
CLOUDS WHICH CAST DARK SHADOWS
OVER THE CITY.

CLOUDS WHICH CAST DARK SHADOWS
OVER THE CITY.
AS ONE GLANCED AMONG THE DENSE

OVER THE CITY.
AS ONE GLANCED AMONG THE DENSE
MASS OF MEN AND WOMEN, THE EYE

AS ONE GLANCED AMONG THE DENSE
MASS OF MEN AND WOMEN, THE EYE
RESTED UPON HUGE COLUMNS OF

MASS OF MEN AND WOMEN, THE EYE
RESTED UPON HUGE COLUMNS OF
SMOKE RISING FROM BURNING

RESTED UPON HUGE COLUMNS OF
SMOKE RISING FROM BURNING
BUILDINGS, FOR THE MOB HAD NOW

SMOKE RISING FROM BURNING
BUILDINGS, FOR THE MOB HAD NOW
BEGUN TO PLUNDER AND BURN,

BUILDINGS, FOR THE MOB HAD NOW
BEGUN TO PLUNDER AND BURN,
GIVING A WILD AND TERRIFYING

BEGUN TO PLUNDER AND BURN,
GIVING A WILD AND TERRIFYING
ASPECT TO THE SCENE."

GIVING A WILD AND TERRIFYING
ASPECT TO THE SCENE."
CHARLES CHAPIN.

ASPECT TO THE SCENE."
CHARLES CHAPIN.
Wallace: THEY ALSO... THEY

CHARLES CHAPIN.
Wallace: THEY ALSO... THEY
CUT THE TELEGRAPH LINES LIKE

Wallace: THEY ALSO... THEY
CUT THE TELEGRAPH LINES LIKE
INDIANS DID OUT WEST WHEN THEY

CUT THE TELEGRAPH LINES LIKE
INDIANS DID OUT WEST WHEN THEY
TRIED TO CUT THE COMMUNICATIONS

INDIANS DID OUT WEST WHEN THEY
TRIED TO CUT THE COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM.

TRIED TO CUT THE COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM.
AND THE REASON THAT THIS RISING

SYSTEM.
AND THE REASON THAT THIS RISING
CAN TAKE PLACE IS BECAUSE

AND THE REASON THAT THIS RISING
CAN TAKE PLACE IS BECAUSE
THERE'S NO ARMY HERE.

CAN TAKE PLACE IS BECAUSE
THERE'S NO ARMY HERE.
THE ARMY HAS... AND IN FACT A

THERE'S NO ARMY HERE.
THE ARMY HAS... AND IN FACT A
GOOD DEAL OF THE LOCAL MILITIA

THE ARMY HAS... AND IN FACT A
GOOD DEAL OF THE LOCAL MILITIA
ARE OFF FIGHTING AT GETTYSBURG.

GOOD DEAL OF THE LOCAL MILITIA
ARE OFF FIGHTING AT GETTYSBURG.
NOW GETTYSBURG IS OVER, BUT

ARE OFF FIGHTING AT GETTYSBURG.
NOW GETTYSBURG IS OVER, BUT
LEE'S ARMY IS WOUNDED AND

NOW GETTYSBURG IS OVER, BUT
LEE'S ARMY IS WOUNDED AND
DANGEROUS AND IN THE AREA, AND

LEE'S ARMY IS WOUNDED AND
DANGEROUS AND IN THE AREA, AND
COULD IN FACT PERHAPS MAKE AN

DANGEROUS AND IN THE AREA, AND
COULD IN FACT PERHAPS MAKE AN
END RUN AND, YOU KNOW, ATTACK

COULD IN FACT PERHAPS MAKE AN
END RUN AND, YOU KNOW, ATTACK
WASHINGTON, ATTACK NEW YORK, SO

END RUN AND, YOU KNOW, ATTACK
WASHINGTON, ATTACK NEW YORK, SO
THEY'RE KIND OF PINNED DOWN

WASHINGTON, ATTACK NEW YORK, SO
THEY'RE KIND OF PINNED DOWN
THERE FOR A WHILE, SO THEY HAVE

THEY'RE KIND OF PINNED DOWN
THERE FOR A WHILE, SO THEY HAVE
THE OPPORTUNITY OF NO MILITARY

THERE FOR A WHILE, SO THEY HAVE
THE OPPORTUNITY OF NO MILITARY
PRESENCE, AND THEY EXPLODE ONTO

THE OPPORTUNITY OF NO MILITARY
PRESENCE, AND THEY EXPLODE ONTO
THE STREETS.

PRESENCE, AND THEY EXPLODE ONTO
THE STREETS.
Sante: THE DRAFT RIOTS

THE STREETS.
Sante: THE DRAFT RIOTS
REPRESENT THE CLOSEST THAT NEW

Sante: THE DRAFT RIOTS
REPRESENT THE CLOSEST THAT NEW
YORK CITY EVER GOT TO A

REPRESENT THE CLOSEST THAT NEW
YORK CITY EVER GOT TO A
REVOLUTION.

YORK CITY EVER GOT TO A
REVOLUTION.
IT WAS JUST THIS SORT OF AN

REVOLUTION.
IT WAS JUST THIS SORT OF AN
EXPLOSION OF BLIND RAGE.

THERE'S NO DOUBT THAT THE
BIGGEST, MOST FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE

BIGGEST, MOST FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE
WERE MASSES OF IMMIGRANTS, MANY

WERE MASSES OF IMMIGRANTS, MANY
OF THEM IRISH, WHO'D COME TO THE

OF THEM IRISH, WHO'D COME TO THE
UNITED STATES WITH THE PROMISE

UNITED STATES WITH THE PROMISE
OF LEADING KIND OF A GOOD LIFE

OF LEADING KIND OF A GOOD LIFE
AND HAD FOUND THAT PROMISE

AND HAD FOUND THAT PROMISE
VACATED.
THEY WERE LIVING IN MISERY, WERE

THEY WERE LIVING IN MISERY, WERE
LIVING IN SHACKS.
Narrator: ALL DAY, MARAUDING

LIVING IN SHACKS.
Narrator: ALL DAY, MARAUDING
MOBS OF INFURIATED IMMIGRANTS

Narrator: ALL DAY, MARAUDING
MOBS OF INFURIATED IMMIGRANTS
RAMPAGED UP AND DOWN THE ISLAND

MOBS OF INFURIATED IMMIGRANTS
RAMPAGED UP AND DOWN THE ISLAND
AT WILL, DESTROYING STREET CARS

RAMPAGED UP AND DOWN THE ISLAND
AT WILL, DESTROYING STREET CARS
AND TRAIN TRACKS, LOOTING AND

AT WILL, DESTROYING STREET CARS
AND TRAIN TRACKS, LOOTING AND
BURNING THE ARMORY ON 21st

AND TRAIN TRACKS, LOOTING AND
BURNING THE ARMORY ON 21st
STREET, THE HARLEM TEMPERANCE

BURNING THE ARMORY ON 21st
STREET, THE HARLEM TEMPERANCE
ROOM, THE MAGDALEN ASYLUM FOR

STREET, THE HARLEM TEMPERANCE
ROOM, THE MAGDALEN ASYLUM FOR
AGED PROSTITUTES, AND BROOKS

ROOM, THE MAGDALEN ASYLUM FOR
AGED PROSTITUTES, AND BROOKS
BROTHERS ON FIFTH AVENUE, AS

AGED PROSTITUTES, AND BROOKS
BROTHERS ON FIFTH AVENUE, AS
WELL AS THE HOMES OF POLICE

BROTHERS ON FIFTH AVENUE, AS
WELL AS THE HOMES OF POLICE
OFFICIALS AND PROMINENT

WELL AS THE HOMES OF POLICE
OFFICIALS AND PROMINENT
REPUBLICANS AND POLITICIANS OF

OFFICIALS AND PROMINENT
REPUBLICANS AND POLITICIANS OF
ANY KIND, AND THE RICH.

REPUBLICANS AND POLITICIANS OF
ANY KIND, AND THE RICH.
Wallace: THE RIOT OVER THE

ANY KIND, AND THE RICH.
Wallace: THE RIOT OVER THE
NEXT THREE DAYS IS THE LARGEST

Wallace: THE RIOT OVER THE
NEXT THREE DAYS IS THE LARGEST
INCIDENT OF CIVIL DISORDER IN

NEXT THREE DAYS IS THE LARGEST
INCIDENT OF CIVIL DISORDER IN
THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED

INCIDENT OF CIVIL DISORDER IN
THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED
STATES.

THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED
STATES.
THE CROWDS DO A COUPLE OF

STATES.
THE CROWDS DO A COUPLE OF
THINGS.

THE CROWDS DO A COUPLE OF
THINGS.
ONE, THEY GO AFTER THOSE THAT

THINGS.
ONE, THEY GO AFTER THOSE THAT
THEY THINK ARE THE AGENTS OF

ONE, THEY GO AFTER THOSE THAT
THEY THINK ARE THE AGENTS OF
THIS WAR.

THEY THINK ARE THE AGENTS OF
THIS WAR.
THEY GO AFTER THE NEW YORK

THIS WAR.
THEY GO AFTER THE NEW YORK
TIMES.

THEY GO AFTER THE NEW YORK
TIMES.
HUGE CROWDS SURGE DOWN AND TRY

TIMES.
HUGE CROWDS SURGE DOWN AND TRY
TO ATTACK THE TIMES BUILDING,

HUGE CROWDS SURGE DOWN AND TRY
TO ATTACK THE TIMES BUILDING,
AND LEONARD JEROME, ONE OF THE

TO ATTACK THE TIMES BUILDING,
AND LEONARD JEROME, ONE OF THE
OWNERS, IS UP ON THE ROOF WITH

AND LEONARD JEROME, ONE OF THE
OWNERS, IS UP ON THE ROOF WITH
GATLING GUNS, YOU KNOW, SORT OF

OWNERS, IS UP ON THE ROOF WITH
GATLING GUNS, YOU KNOW, SORT OF
TRAINED ON THE CROWD.

GATLING GUNS, YOU KNOW, SORT OF
TRAINED ON THE CROWD.
THEY, YOU KNOW, HEAD FOR WALL

TRAINED ON THE CROWD.
THEY, YOU KNOW, HEAD FOR WALL
STREET, ALTHOUGH WALL STREET IS

THEY, YOU KNOW, HEAD FOR WALL
STREET, ALTHOUGH WALL STREET IS
THE MOST VIGOROUSLY DEFENDED OF

STREET, ALTHOUGH WALL STREET IS
THE MOST VIGOROUSLY DEFENDED OF
ALL.

THE MOST VIGOROUSLY DEFENDED OF
ALL.
THERE ARE NAVAL GUNBOATS THAT

ALL.
THERE ARE NAVAL GUNBOATS THAT
ARE BROUGHT UP TO TRAIN ON THE

THERE ARE NAVAL GUNBOATS THAT
ARE BROUGHT UP TO TRAIN ON THE
CROWD AND HOT OIL IS BEING

ARE BROUGHT UP TO TRAIN ON THE
CROWD AND HOT OIL IS BEING
PREPARED BY, YOU KNOW, EMPLOYEES

CROWD AND HOT OIL IS BEING
PREPARED BY, YOU KNOW, EMPLOYEES
UP ON THE ROOF.

PREPARED BY, YOU KNOW, EMPLOYEES
UP ON THE ROOF.
BUT THEY GO AFTER INDIVIDUAL

UP ON THE ROOF.
BUT THEY GO AFTER INDIVIDUAL
RICH PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, AND

BUT THEY GO AFTER INDIVIDUAL
RICH PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, AND
BECAUSE CLASS DIVISIONS ARE

RICH PEOPLE, YOU KNOW, AND
BECAUSE CLASS DIVISIONS ARE
PLAYED OUT ON THE STREETS

BECAUSE CLASS DIVISIONS ARE
PLAYED OUT ON THE STREETS
SARTORIALLY, THEY'LL SAY, "THERE

PLAYED OUT ON THE STREETS
SARTORIALLY, THEY'LL SAY, "THERE
GOES A $300 MAN," AND THEY'LL

SARTORIALLY, THEY'LL SAY, "THERE
GOES A $300 MAN," AND THEY'LL
MOB THEM, OR THEY'LL GO TO

GOES A $300 MAN," AND THEY'LL
MOB THEM, OR THEY'LL GO TO
GRAMERCY PARK AND TRY AND SORT

MOB THEM, OR THEY'LL GO TO
GRAMERCY PARK AND TRY AND SORT
OF SMASH UP THE HOMES.

GRAMERCY PARK AND TRY AND SORT
OF SMASH UP THE HOMES.
SO THEY ATTACK UPWARDS, AND THEY

OF SMASH UP THE HOMES.
SO THEY ATTACK UPWARDS, AND THEY
ALSO ATTACK DOWNWARDS, BECAUSE

SO THEY ATTACK UPWARDS, AND THEY
ALSO ATTACK DOWNWARDS, BECAUSE
ON THE ONE HAND THEY HOLD BLACKS

ALSO ATTACK DOWNWARDS, BECAUSE
ON THE ONE HAND THEY HOLD BLACKS
RESPONSIBLE IN SOME SENSE FOR

ON THE ONE HAND THEY HOLD BLACKS
RESPONSIBLE IN SOME SENSE FOR
THIS, BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, IF

RESPONSIBLE IN SOME SENSE FOR
THIS, BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, IF
THERE HADN'T BEEN BLACKS AND

THIS, BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, IF
THERE HADN'T BEEN BLACKS AND
THERE HADN'T BEEN SLAVES, THERE

THERE HADN'T BEEN BLACKS AND
THERE HADN'T BEEN SLAVES, THERE
WOULDN'T BE ANY OF THIS STUFF.

THERE HADN'T BEEN SLAVES, THERE
WOULDN'T BE ANY OF THIS STUFF.
Rev. Dr. Calvin O. Butts III:

WOULDN'T BE ANY OF THIS STUFF.
Rev. Dr. Calvin O. Butts III:
THAT'S WHAT IT WAS ABOUT, JUST

Rev. Dr. Calvin O. Butts III:
THAT'S WHAT IT WAS ABOUT, JUST
PURE RACIAL HATRED AND FEAR.

AND THEN THOSE WHO HAVE KEPT
PEOPLE OF AFRICAN DESCENT DOWN

PEOPLE OF AFRICAN DESCENT DOWN
FOR SO LONG BEGIN TO BELIEVE

FOR SO LONG BEGIN TO BELIEVE
THE LIES, AND THAT SOMEHOW WE

THE LIES, AND THAT SOMEHOW WE
ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE REST OF

ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE REST OF
HUMANITY; SOMEHOW WE DON'T

HUMANITY; SOMEHOW WE DON'T
DESERVE OUR EQUAL RIGHTS;

DESERVE OUR EQUAL RIGHTS;
SOMEHOW WE DESERVE TO BE ABUSED

SOMEHOW WE DESERVE TO BE ABUSED
AND MISTREATED.
AND THEN THEY ACT OUT ON THAT IN

AND THEN THEY ACT OUT ON THAT IN
THE MOST VICIOUS AND BRUTAL OF
WAYS.

THE MOST VICIOUS AND BRUTAL OF
WAYS.
Narrator: AT 2:30, A MOB OF

WAYS.
Narrator: AT 2:30, A MOB OF
IMMIGRANTS, SCREAMING "BURN THE

Narrator: AT 2:30, A MOB OF
IMMIGRANTS, SCREAMING "BURN THE
NIGGERS' NEST," SURROUNDED THE

IMMIGRANTS, SCREAMING "BURN THE
NIGGERS' NEST," SURROUNDED THE
COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUM AT FIFTH

NIGGERS' NEST," SURROUNDED THE
COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUM AT FIFTH
AVENUE AND 43rd STREET, HOME TO

COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUM AT FIFTH
AVENUE AND 43rd STREET, HOME TO
MORE THAN 200 AFRICAN AMERICAN

AVENUE AND 43rd STREET, HOME TO
MORE THAN 200 AFRICAN AMERICAN
CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 12.

MORE THAN 200 AFRICAN AMERICAN
CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 12.
ALL OF THE TERRIFIED CHILDREN

CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 12.
ALL OF THE TERRIFIED CHILDREN
MANAGED TO ESCAPE OUT A BACK

ALL OF THE TERRIFIED CHILDREN
MANAGED TO ESCAPE OUT A BACK
DOOR, THE OLDER ONES CARRYING

MANAGED TO ESCAPE OUT A BACK
DOOR, THE OLDER ONES CARRYING
THE YOUNGER ONES ON THEIR BACKS,

DOOR, THE OLDER ONES CARRYING
THE YOUNGER ONES ON THEIR BACKS,
BEFORE THE MOB BROKE IN, HACKED

THE YOUNGER ONES ON THEIR BACKS,
BEFORE THE MOB BROKE IN, HACKED
APART FURNITURE AND TOYS WITH

BEFORE THE MOB BROKE IN, HACKED
APART FURNITURE AND TOYS WITH
AXES, THEN SET THE BUILDING ON

APART FURNITURE AND TOYS WITH
AXES, THEN SET THE BUILDING ON
FIRE.

AXES, THEN SET THE BUILDING ON
FIRE.
A TEN-YEAR-OLD GIRL WAS KILLED

FIRE.
A TEN-YEAR-OLD GIRL WAS KILLED
ON THE STREET OUTSIDE WHEN A

A TEN-YEAR-OLD GIRL WAS KILLED
ON THE STREET OUTSIDE WHEN A
DRESSER HEAVED FROM A WINDOW

ON THE STREET OUTSIDE WHEN A
DRESSER HEAVED FROM A WINDOW
STRUCK HER IN THE HEAD.

DRESSER HEAVED FROM A WINDOW
STRUCK HER IN THE HEAD.
Wilder: THE EXTENT TO WHICH

STRUCK HER IN THE HEAD.
Wilder: THE EXTENT TO WHICH
THE BLACK POPULATION HAD BECOME

Wilder: THE EXTENT TO WHICH
THE BLACK POPULATION HAD BECOME
THE SYMBOLS OF EVERYONE'S ANGER

THE BLACK POPULATION HAD BECOME
THE SYMBOLS OF EVERYONE'S ANGER
IN THIS WAR IS REALLY SEEN IN

THE SYMBOLS OF EVERYONE'S ANGER
IN THIS WAR IS REALLY SEEN IN
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE COLORED

IN THIS WAR IS REALLY SEEN IN
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE COLORED
ORPHAN ASYLUM.

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE COLORED
ORPHAN ASYLUM.
THIS IS PROBABLY THE MOST

ORPHAN ASYLUM.
THIS IS PROBABLY THE MOST
OFFENSELESS GROUP OF PEOPLE IN

THIS IS PROBABLY THE MOST
OFFENSELESS GROUP OF PEOPLE IN
THE CITY AT THE TIME, BUT A MOB

OFFENSELESS GROUP OF PEOPLE IN
THE CITY AT THE TIME, BUT A MOB
WALKS UP TO THE ASYLUM, TORCHES

THE CITY AT THE TIME, BUT A MOB
WALKS UP TO THE ASYLUM, TORCHES
IT, AND IS ATTEMPTING TO KILL

WALKS UP TO THE ASYLUM, TORCHES
IT, AND IS ATTEMPTING TO KILL
THE INHABITANTS.

IT, AND IS ATTEMPTING TO KILL
THE INHABITANTS.
A POLICE GUARD HAS TO ESCORT THE

THE INHABITANTS.
A POLICE GUARD HAS TO ESCORT THE
CHILDREN WITH THEIR LITTLE BAGS

A POLICE GUARD HAS TO ESCORT THE
CHILDREN WITH THEIR LITTLE BAGS
AND SATCHELS OF CLOTHES TOSSED

CHILDREN WITH THEIR LITTLE BAGS
AND SATCHELS OF CLOTHES TOSSED
ACROSS THEIR SHOULDERS THROUGH

AND SATCHELS OF CLOTHES TOSSED
ACROSS THEIR SHOULDERS THROUGH
THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN.

ACROSS THEIR SHOULDERS THROUGH
THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN.
THE POLICE AND THE SOLDIERS ARE

THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN.
THE POLICE AND THE SOLDIERS ARE
CARRYING RIFLES WITH BAYONETS ON

THE POLICE AND THE SOLDIERS ARE
CARRYING RIFLES WITH BAYONETS ON
THEM TO KEEP THE CROWDS BACK.

CARRYING RIFLES WITH BAYONETS ON
THEM TO KEEP THE CROWDS BACK.
THEY HAVE TO PUT THESE CHILDREN

THEM TO KEEP THE CROWDS BACK.
THEY HAVE TO PUT THESE CHILDREN
ON A BARGE AND CARRY THEM OUT TO

THEY HAVE TO PUT THESE CHILDREN
ON A BARGE AND CARRY THEM OUT TO
THE MIDDLE OF THE EAST RIVER

ON A BARGE AND CARRY THEM OUT TO
THE MIDDLE OF THE EAST RIVER
WHERE NO ONE CAN GET TO THEM,

THE MIDDLE OF THE EAST RIVER
WHERE NO ONE CAN GET TO THEM,
WHERE THEY REMAIN FOR A DAY OR

WHERE NO ONE CAN GET TO THEM,
WHERE THEY REMAIN FOR A DAY OR
TWO BEFORE THEY GO ON TO LONG

WHERE THEY REMAIN FOR A DAY OR
TWO BEFORE THEY GO ON TO LONG
ISLAND, TO SAFETY.

TWO BEFORE THEY GO ON TO LONG
ISLAND, TO SAFETY.
Reader: "JULY 13, 1863.

ISLAND, TO SAFETY.
Reader: "JULY 13, 1863.
THE COLORED HALF ORPHAN ASYLUM

Reader: "JULY 13, 1863.
THE COLORED HALF ORPHAN ASYLUM
ON FIFTH AVENUE IS BURNED.

THE COLORED HALF ORPHAN ASYLUM
ON FIFTH AVENUE IS BURNED.
TRIBUNE OFFICE TO BE BURNED

ON FIFTH AVENUE IS BURNED.
TRIBUNE OFFICE TO BE BURNED
TONIGHT.

TRIBUNE OFFICE TO BE BURNED
TONIGHT.
IF A QUARTER OF WHAT ONE HEARS

TONIGHT.
IF A QUARTER OF WHAT ONE HEARS
BE TRUE, THIS IS AN ORGANIZED

IF A QUARTER OF WHAT ONE HEARS
BE TRUE, THIS IS AN ORGANIZED
INSURRECTION IN THE INTEREST OF

BE TRUE, THIS IS AN ORGANIZED
INSURRECTION IN THE INTEREST OF
THE REBELLION, AND JEFFERSON

INSURRECTION IN THE INTEREST OF
THE REBELLION, AND JEFFERSON
DAVIS RULES NEW YORK TODAY."

THE REBELLION, AND JEFFERSON
DAVIS RULES NEW YORK TODAY."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

DAVIS RULES NEW YORK TODAY."
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: BY THE END OF THE

GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.
Narrator: BY THE END OF THE
FIRST DAY OF RIOTING, THE

Narrator: BY THE END OF THE
FIRST DAY OF RIOTING, THE
WEALTHIEST AND MOST IMPORTANT

FIRST DAY OF RIOTING, THE
WEALTHIEST AND MOST IMPORTANT
CITY IN THE NATION LAY IN A

WEALTHIEST AND MOST IMPORTANT
CITY IN THE NATION LAY IN A
STATE OF ANARCHY ALL BUT

CITY IN THE NATION LAY IN A
STATE OF ANARCHY ALL BUT
COMPLETE.

STATE OF ANARCHY ALL BUT
COMPLETE.
AS DARKNESS FELL, AN INFERNAL

COMPLETE.
AS DARKNESS FELL, AN INFERNAL
PALL OF SMOKE SHROUDED NEW YORK.

AS DARKNESS FELL, AN INFERNAL
PALL OF SMOKE SHROUDED NEW YORK.
TOWARDS MIDNIGHT, STABS OF

PALL OF SMOKE SHROUDED NEW YORK.
TOWARDS MIDNIGHT, STABS OF
LIGHTNING AND LASHING SHEETS OF

TOWARDS MIDNIGHT, STABS OF
LIGHTNING AND LASHING SHEETS OF
RAIN BROKE OVER THE TOWN.

LIGHTNING AND LASHING SHEETS OF
RAIN BROKE OVER THE TOWN.
Quinn: IF THE DEVIL WOULD

RAIN BROKE OVER THE TOWN.
Quinn: IF THE DEVIL WOULD
APPEAR BEFORE ME NOW, IF I COULD

Quinn: IF THE DEVIL WOULD
APPEAR BEFORE ME NOW, IF I COULD
JUST STAND FOR AN HOUR ON THE

APPEAR BEFORE ME NOW, IF I COULD
JUST STAND FOR AN HOUR ON THE
STREETS OF NEW YORK DURING THE

JUST STAND FOR AN HOUR ON THE
STREETS OF NEW YORK DURING THE
DRAFT RIOTS AND SEE WHAT THIS

STREETS OF NEW YORK DURING THE
DRAFT RIOTS AND SEE WHAT THIS
WAS LIKE, THIS EXPLOSION, WHICH

DRAFT RIOTS AND SEE WHAT THIS
WAS LIKE, THIS EXPLOSION, WHICH
I THINK TO A LARGE MEASURE WOULD

WAS LIKE, THIS EXPLOSION, WHICH
I THINK TO A LARGE MEASURE WOULD
DEFINE THE CITY FOR GENERATIONS

I THINK TO A LARGE MEASURE WOULD
DEFINE THE CITY FOR GENERATIONS
AFTERWARDS AND WOULD STAY IN THE

DEFINE THE CITY FOR GENERATIONS
AFTERWARDS AND WOULD STAY IN THE
RECESSES OF THE MEMORY... WHAT

AFTERWARDS AND WOULD STAY IN THE
RECESSES OF THE MEMORY... WHAT
DID THE CITY SMELL LIKE AND LOOK

RECESSES OF THE MEMORY... WHAT
DID THE CITY SMELL LIKE AND LOOK
LIKE AT THAT MOMENT? THAT'S

DID THE CITY SMELL LIKE AND LOOK
LIKE AT THAT MOMENT? THAT'S
THE MOMENT I WOULD LIKE TO SEE,

LIKE AT THAT MOMENT? THAT'S
THE MOMENT I WOULD LIKE TO SEE,
TO STAND ON A ROOFTOP AND LOOK

THE MOMENT I WOULD LIKE TO SEE,
TO STAND ON A ROOFTOP AND LOOK
DOWN.

TO STAND ON A ROOFTOP AND LOOK
DOWN.
Reader: "NO SLEEP.

DOWN.
Reader: "NO SLEEP.
THE SULTRINESS PERVADES THE AIR

Reader: "NO SLEEP.
THE SULTRINESS PERVADES THE AIR
AND BINDS THE BRAIN, A DENSE

THE SULTRINESS PERVADES THE AIR
AND BINDS THE BRAIN, A DENSE
OPPRESSION.

AND BINDS THE BRAIN, A DENSE
OPPRESSION.
ALL IS HUSHED NEARBY, YET

OPPRESSION.
ALL IS HUSHED NEARBY, YET
FITFULLY FROM FAR BREAKS A MIXED

ALL IS HUSHED NEARBY, YET
FITFULLY FROM FAR BREAKS A MIXED
SURF OF MUFFLED SOUND, THE

FITFULLY FROM FAR BREAKS A MIXED
SURF OF MUFFLED SOUND, THE
ATHEIST ROAR OF RIOT.

SURF OF MUFFLED SOUND, THE
ATHEIST ROAR OF RIOT.
THE TOWN IS TAKEN BY ITS RATS,

ATHEIST ROAR OF RIOT.
THE TOWN IS TAKEN BY ITS RATS,
SHIP RATS AND RATS OF THE

THE TOWN IS TAKEN BY ITS RATS,
SHIP RATS AND RATS OF THE
WHARVES, AND MAN REBOUNDS WHOLE

SHIP RATS AND RATS OF THE
WHARVES, AND MAN REBOUNDS WHOLE
EONS BACK IN NATURE."

WHARVES, AND MAN REBOUNDS WHOLE
EONS BACK IN NATURE."
Wallace: HERMAN MELVILLE WAS

EONS BACK IN NATURE."
Wallace: HERMAN MELVILLE WAS
WATCHING THIS FROM A ROOFTOP,

Wallace: HERMAN MELVILLE WAS
WATCHING THIS FROM A ROOFTOP,
AND HE SAID, "THE RATS HAVE

WATCHING THIS FROM A ROOFTOP,
AND HE SAID, "THE RATS HAVE
TAKEN THE CITY."

AND HE SAID, "THE RATS HAVE
TAKEN THE CITY."
AND TO THE DEGREE THAT YOU'RE

TAKEN THE CITY."
AND TO THE DEGREE THAT YOU'RE
BEGINNING TO THINK ABOUT THE

AND TO THE DEGREE THAT YOU'RE
BEGINNING TO THINK ABOUT THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES, AND NOW HERE

BEGINNING TO THINK ABOUT THE
DANGEROUS CLASSES, AND NOW HERE
IT IS... JUDGMENT DAY HAS COME,

DANGEROUS CLASSES, AND NOW HERE
IT IS... JUDGMENT DAY HAS COME,
AND THEY'VE EXPLODED ONTO THE

IT IS... JUDGMENT DAY HAS COME,
AND THEY'VE EXPLODED ONTO THE
STREETS... THE WORST FANTASIES

AND THEY'VE EXPLODED ONTO THE
STREETS... THE WORST FANTASIES
THAT YOU CAN IMAGINE ARE

STREETS... THE WORST FANTASIES
THAT YOU CAN IMAGINE ARE
ACTUALLY BEING ENACTED.

THAT YOU CAN IMAGINE ARE
ACTUALLY BEING ENACTED.
Quinn: YOU LOOK AT THE RIOTS

ACTUALLY BEING ENACTED.
Quinn: YOU LOOK AT THE RIOTS
IN LOS ANGELES, OR YOU LOOK AT

Quinn: YOU LOOK AT THE RIOTS
IN LOS ANGELES, OR YOU LOOK AT
THE GORDON RIOTS IN LONDON IN

IN LOS ANGELES, OR YOU LOOK AT
THE GORDON RIOTS IN LONDON IN
THE 1780s, OR YOU LOOK AT THE

THE GORDON RIOTS IN LONDON IN
THE 1780s, OR YOU LOOK AT THE
PARIS COMMUNE, THERE'S ONLY ONE

THE 1780s, OR YOU LOOK AT THE
PARIS COMMUNE, THERE'S ONLY ONE
MOB IN HISTORY.

PARIS COMMUNE, THERE'S ONLY ONE
MOB IN HISTORY.
ALL MOBS DO THE SAME THINGS.

MOB IN HISTORY.
ALL MOBS DO THE SAME THINGS.
THERE'S A REPTILIAN BRAIN BURIED

ALL MOBS DO THE SAME THINGS.
THERE'S A REPTILIAN BRAIN BURIED
IN THE HUMAN BRAIN, AND WHEN

THERE'S A REPTILIAN BRAIN BURIED
IN THE HUMAN BRAIN, AND WHEN
PEOPLE LOSE THEIR INDIVIDUALITY

IN THE HUMAN BRAIN, AND WHEN
PEOPLE LOSE THEIR INDIVIDUALITY
IN MOBS, THEY DO THE THINGS LIKE

PEOPLE LOSE THEIR INDIVIDUALITY
IN MOBS, THEY DO THE THINGS LIKE
THIS.

IN MOBS, THEY DO THE THINGS LIKE
THIS.
AND THE DRAFT RIOT MOBS WERE NO

THIS.
AND THE DRAFT RIOT MOBS WERE NO
DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER MOB.

AND THE DRAFT RIOT MOBS WERE NO
DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER MOB.
THEY WERE CAPABLE OF REALLY

DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER MOB.
THEY WERE CAPABLE OF REALLY
EXTRAORDINARY, HIDEOUS VIOLENCE

THEY WERE CAPABLE OF REALLY
EXTRAORDINARY, HIDEOUS VIOLENCE
AGAINST PEOPLE.

EXTRAORDINARY, HIDEOUS VIOLENCE
AGAINST PEOPLE.
Narrator: ON TUESDAY, THE

AGAINST PEOPLE.
Narrator: ON TUESDAY, THE
ATROCITIES AGAINST AFRICAN

Narrator: ON TUESDAY, THE
ATROCITIES AGAINST AFRICAN
AMERICANS GREW WORSE.

ATROCITIES AGAINST AFRICAN
AMERICANS GREW WORSE.
ON EIGHTH AVENUE, A MOB OF 5,000

AMERICANS GREW WORSE.
ON EIGHTH AVENUE, A MOB OF 5,000
MEN WENT HOUSE TO HOUSE,

ON EIGHTH AVENUE, A MOB OF 5,000
MEN WENT HOUSE TO HOUSE,
SEARCHING FOR BLACK FAMILIES AND

MEN WENT HOUSE TO HOUSE,
SEARCHING FOR BLACK FAMILIES AND
INTERRACIAL COUPLES TO HANG AND

SEARCHING FOR BLACK FAMILIES AND
INTERRACIAL COUPLES TO HANG AND
BURN.

INTERRACIAL COUPLES TO HANG AND
BURN.
ON WEDNESDAY, THE HOTTEST DAY OF

BURN.
ON WEDNESDAY, THE HOTTEST DAY OF
THE YEAR, A BLACK SHOEMAKER

ON WEDNESDAY, THE HOTTEST DAY OF
THE YEAR, A BLACK SHOEMAKER
NAMED JAMES COSTELLO WAS BEATEN,

THE YEAR, A BLACK SHOEMAKER
NAMED JAMES COSTELLO WAS BEATEN,
KICKED, STONED, TRAMPLED, AND

NAMED JAMES COSTELLO WAS BEATEN,
KICKED, STONED, TRAMPLED, AND
THEN HANGED.

KICKED, STONED, TRAMPLED, AND
THEN HANGED.
A FEW HOURS LATER, A MOB OF

THEN HANGED.
A FEW HOURS LATER, A MOB OF
IRISH LABORERS PULLED A CRIPPLED

A FEW HOURS LATER, A MOB OF
IRISH LABORERS PULLED A CRIPPLED
22-YEAR-OLD BLACK COACHMAN NAMED

IRISH LABORERS PULLED A CRIPPLED
22-YEAR-OLD BLACK COACHMAN NAMED
ABRAHAM FRANKLIN FROM HIS

22-YEAR-OLD BLACK COACHMAN NAMED
ABRAHAM FRANKLIN FROM HIS
LODGING HOUSE.

ABRAHAM FRANKLIN FROM HIS
LODGING HOUSE.
HE WAS TORTURED, LYNCHED,

LODGING HOUSE.
HE WAS TORTURED, LYNCHED,
BURNED, AND MUTILATED, THEN

HE WAS TORTURED, LYNCHED,
BURNED, AND MUTILATED, THEN
DRAGGED THROUGH THE STREETS BY

BURNED, AND MUTILATED, THEN
DRAGGED THROUGH THE STREETS BY
HIS GENITALS.

DRAGGED THROUGH THE STREETS BY
HIS GENITALS.
Wilder: HIS BODY PARTS ARE

HIS GENITALS.
Wilder: HIS BODY PARTS ARE
THEN FETISHED.

Wilder: HIS BODY PARTS ARE
THEN FETISHED.
THE CROWD BEGINS TO CHOP PIECES

THEN FETISHED.
THE CROWD BEGINS TO CHOP PIECES
OF HIS BODY UP AND CARRY THEM

THE CROWD BEGINS TO CHOP PIECES
OF HIS BODY UP AND CARRY THEM
ABOUT AS SOUVENIRS.

OF HIS BODY UP AND CARRY THEM
ABOUT AS SOUVENIRS.
AND THAT'S NOT NECESSARILY THE

ABOUT AS SOUVENIRS.
AND THAT'S NOT NECESSARILY THE
MOST EXTRAORDINARILY VIOLENT

AND THAT'S NOT NECESSARILY THE
MOST EXTRAORDINARILY VIOLENT
EPISODE THAT HAPPENS IN THIS

MOST EXTRAORDINARILY VIOLENT
EPISODE THAT HAPPENS IN THIS
WEEK OF VIOLENCE.

EPISODE THAT HAPPENS IN THIS
WEEK OF VIOLENCE.
Reader: "BLACKS WERE CHASED

WEEK OF VIOLENCE.
Reader: "BLACKS WERE CHASED
TO THE DOCKS, THROWN INTO THE

Reader: "BLACKS WERE CHASED
TO THE DOCKS, THROWN INTO THE
RIVER, AND DROWNED, WHILE SOME,

TO THE DOCKS, THROWN INTO THE
RIVER, AND DROWNED, WHILE SOME,
AFTER BEING MURDERED, WERE HUNG

RIVER, AND DROWNED, WHILE SOME,
AFTER BEING MURDERED, WERE HUNG
TO LAMPPOSTS.

AFTER BEING MURDERED, WERE HUNG
TO LAMPPOSTS.
BETWEEN 40 AND 50 COLORED

TO LAMPPOSTS.
BETWEEN 40 AND 50 COLORED
PERSONS WERE KILLED, AND NEARLY

BETWEEN 40 AND 50 COLORED
PERSONS WERE KILLED, AND NEARLY
AS MANY MAIMED FOR LIFE."

PERSONS WERE KILLED, AND NEARLY
AS MANY MAIMED FOR LIFE."
Narrator: AROUND 10:00 ON

AS MANY MAIMED FOR LIFE."
Narrator: AROUND 10:00 ON
WEDNESDAY NIGHT, AFTER THREE

Narrator: AROUND 10:00 ON
WEDNESDAY NIGHT, AFTER THREE
FULL DAYS OF ANARCHY AND

WEDNESDAY NIGHT, AFTER THREE
FULL DAYS OF ANARCHY AND
VIOLENCE, THE FIRST UNION

FULL DAYS OF ANARCHY AND
VIOLENCE, THE FIRST UNION
REINFORCEMENTS, THE 65th NEW

VIOLENCE, THE FIRST UNION
REINFORCEMENTS, THE 65th NEW
YORK REGIMENT, FINALLY BEGAN

REINFORCEMENTS, THE 65th NEW
YORK REGIMENT, FINALLY BEGAN
ARRIVING BY FERRY FROM

YORK REGIMENT, FINALLY BEGAN
ARRIVING BY FERRY FROM
GETTYSBURG.

ARRIVING BY FERRY FROM
GETTYSBURG.
THE 7th NEW YORK REGIMENT

GETTYSBURG.
THE 7th NEW YORK REGIMENT
ARRIVED THE NEXT MORNING, AND

THE 7th NEW YORK REGIMENT
ARRIVED THE NEXT MORNING, AND
THE TIDE OF BATTLE TURNED.

ARRIVED THE NEXT MORNING, AND
THE TIDE OF BATTLE TURNED.
Wallace: THERE ARE NOTHING

THE TIDE OF BATTLE TURNED.
Wallace: THERE ARE NOTHING
LESS THAN PITCHED BATTLES IN THE

Wallace: THERE ARE NOTHING
LESS THAN PITCHED BATTLES IN THE
STREETS, AND, YOU KNOW, THEY

LESS THAN PITCHED BATTLES IN THE
STREETS, AND, YOU KNOW, THEY
ATTACK THE BARRICADES, THEIR

STREETS, AND, YOU KNOW, THEY
ATTACK THE BARRICADES, THEIR
GATLING GUNS SET UP, ALL THE

ATTACK THE BARRICADES, THEIR
GATLING GUNS SET UP, ALL THE
MACHINERY, HIGH-TECH WARFARE

GATLING GUNS SET UP, ALL THE
MACHINERY, HIGH-TECH WARFARE
THAT WE ASSOCIATE WITH THE CIVIL

MACHINERY, HIGH-TECH WARFARE
THAT WE ASSOCIATE WITH THE CIVIL
WAR, IS BEING PLAYED OUT HERE ON

THAT WE ASSOCIATE WITH THE CIVIL
WAR, IS BEING PLAYED OUT HERE ON
THE STREETS.

WAR, IS BEING PLAYED OUT HERE ON
THE STREETS.
BUT ONCE THE MILITARY POWER WAS

THE STREETS.
BUT ONCE THE MILITARY POWER WAS
FULLY BROUGHT TO BEAR, IT TOOK

BUT ONCE THE MILITARY POWER WAS
FULLY BROUGHT TO BEAR, IT TOOK
SEVERAL DAYS, BUT, IN FACT, THE

FULLY BROUGHT TO BEAR, IT TOOK
SEVERAL DAYS, BUT, IN FACT, THE
RESISTANCE WAS CRUSHED.

SEVERAL DAYS, BUT, IN FACT, THE
RESISTANCE WAS CRUSHED.
Reader: "WE SOON CLEARED THE

RESISTANCE WAS CRUSHED.
Reader: "WE SOON CLEARED THE
STREETS AND THEN COMMENCED

Reader: "WE SOON CLEARED THE
STREETS AND THEN COMMENCED
SEARCHING THE HOUSES, KILLING

STREETS AND THEN COMMENCED
SEARCHING THE HOUSES, KILLING
THOSE WITHIN THAT RESISTED, AND

SEARCHING THE HOUSES, KILLING
THOSE WITHIN THAT RESISTED, AND
TOOK THE REMAINDER PRISONERS.

THOSE WITHIN THAT RESISTED, AND
TOOK THE REMAINDER PRISONERS.
SOME OF THEM FOUGHT LIKE

TOOK THE REMAINDER PRISONERS.
SOME OF THEM FOUGHT LIKE
INCARNATE FIENDS AND WOULD NOT

SOME OF THEM FOUGHT LIKE
INCARNATE FIENDS AND WOULD NOT
SURRENDER.

INCARNATE FIENDS AND WOULD NOT
SURRENDER.
ALL SUCH WERE SHOT ON THE SPOT.

SURRENDER.
ALL SUCH WERE SHOT ON THE SPOT.
THE FIGHT LASTED ABOUT 40

ALL SUCH WERE SHOT ON THE SPOT.
THE FIGHT LASTED ABOUT 40
MINUTES.

THE FIGHT LASTED ABOUT 40
MINUTES.
THE MOB BEING ENTIRELY

MINUTES.
THE MOB BEING ENTIRELY
DISPERSED, WE RETURNED TO

THE MOB BEING ENTIRELY
DISPERSED, WE RETURNED TO
HEADQUARTERS."

DISPERSED, WE RETURNED TO
HEADQUARTERS."
CAPTAIN H.R. PUTNAM.

HEADQUARTERS."
CAPTAIN H.R. PUTNAM.
Narrator: LIKE THE POLICE,

CAPTAIN H.R. PUTNAM.
Narrator: LIKE THE POLICE,
THE EXHAUSTED, SUNBURNED TROOPS

Narrator: LIKE THE POLICE,
THE EXHAUSTED, SUNBURNED TROOPS
WERE ALMOST ALL LOCAL BOYS, MANY

THE EXHAUSTED, SUNBURNED TROOPS
WERE ALMOST ALL LOCAL BOYS, MANY
FROM IRISH AND GERMAN FAMILIES

WERE ALMOST ALL LOCAL BOYS, MANY
FROM IRISH AND GERMAN FAMILIES
THEMSELVES, WITH STRICT ORDERS

FROM IRISH AND GERMAN FAMILIES
THEMSELVES, WITH STRICT ORDERS
TO DISPERSE THE IMMIGRANT MOB

THEMSELVES, WITH STRICT ORDERS
TO DISPERSE THE IMMIGRANT MOB
AND, IF NECESSARY, TO SHOOT TO

TO DISPERSE THE IMMIGRANT MOB
AND, IF NECESSARY, TO SHOOT TO
KILL.

AND, IF NECESSARY, TO SHOOT TO
KILL.
Quinn: THERE WAS A QUESTION,

KILL.
Quinn: THERE WAS A QUESTION,
I THINK, OF THE LOYALTY OF IRISH

Quinn: THERE WAS A QUESTION,
I THINK, OF THE LOYALTY OF IRISH
"WHAT WILL THEY DO WITH

I THINK, OF THE LOYALTY OF IRISH
"WHAT WILL THEY DO WITH
THEIR OWN?"

"WHAT WILL THEY DO WITH
THEIR OWN?"
I THINK THAT WAS A QUESTION IN

THEIR OWN?"
I THINK THAT WAS A QUESTION IN
THE MINDS OF THE UPPER

I THINK THAT WAS A QUESTION IN
THE MINDS OF THE UPPER
CLASSES.

THE MINDS OF THE UPPER
CLASSES.
"CAN THEY BE TRUSTED TO PUT

CLASSES.
"CAN THEY BE TRUSTED TO PUT
THESE MOBS DOWN?"

"CAN THEY BE TRUSTED TO PUT
THESE MOBS DOWN?"
AND AS IT TURNED OUT, IT WAS

THESE MOBS DOWN?"
AND AS IT TURNED OUT, IT WAS
THE IRISH COP WHO DID HIS JOB

AND AS IT TURNED OUT, IT WAS
THE IRISH COP WHO DID HIS JOB
AND FOUGHT THE MOBS, AND SOME OF

THE IRISH COP WHO DID HIS JOB
AND FOUGHT THE MOBS, AND SOME OF
THEM LOST THEIR LIVES DOING IT.

AND FOUGHT THE MOBS, AND SOME OF
THEM LOST THEIR LIVES DOING IT.
Narrator: BY FRIDAY, NEW YORK

THEM LOST THEIR LIVES DOING IT.
Narrator: BY FRIDAY, NEW YORK
HAD BEEN COMPLETELY OCCUPIED BY

Narrator: BY FRIDAY, NEW YORK
HAD BEEN COMPLETELY OCCUPIED BY
FEDERAL TROOPS, AND CALM HAD

HAD BEEN COMPLETELY OCCUPIED BY
FEDERAL TROOPS, AND CALM HAD
BEEN RESTORED.

FEDERAL TROOPS, AND CALM HAD
BEEN RESTORED.
BUT THE CITY LAY SHATTERED.

BEEN RESTORED.
BUT THE CITY LAY SHATTERED.
HUNDREDS OF BUILDINGS HAD BEEN

BUT THE CITY LAY SHATTERED.
HUNDREDS OF BUILDINGS HAD BEEN
BURNED OR DEMOLISHED, AND $5

HUNDREDS OF BUILDINGS HAD BEEN
BURNED OR DEMOLISHED, AND $5
MILLION IN PROPERTY HAD BEEN

BURNED OR DEMOLISHED, AND $5
MILLION IN PROPERTY HAD BEEN
DESTROYED.

MILLION IN PROPERTY HAD BEEN
DESTROYED.
THE LOSS OF LIFE HAD BEEN

DESTROYED.
THE LOSS OF LIFE HAD BEEN
APPALLING.

THE LOSS OF LIFE HAD BEEN
APPALLING.
NO ONE WOULD EVER KNOW FOR SURE,

APPALLING.
NO ONE WOULD EVER KNOW FOR SURE,
BUT AT LEAST 119 PEOPLE HAD BEEN

NO ONE WOULD EVER KNOW FOR SURE,
BUT AT LEAST 119 PEOPLE HAD BEEN
KILLED IN THE DRAFT RIOTS,

BUT AT LEAST 119 PEOPLE HAD BEEN
KILLED IN THE DRAFT RIOTS,
INCLUDING 18 AFRICAN AMERICANS,

KILLED IN THE DRAFT RIOTS,
INCLUDING 18 AFRICAN AMERICANS,
16 SOLDIERS, AND 85 RIOTERS,

INCLUDING 18 AFRICAN AMERICANS,
16 SOLDIERS, AND 85 RIOTERS,
MOST OF THEM IRISH.

16 SOLDIERS, AND 85 RIOTERS,
MOST OF THEM IRISH.
Jackson: THE NUMBER OF KILLED

MOST OF THEM IRISH.
Jackson: THE NUMBER OF KILLED
WILL NEVER BE KNOWN BECAUSE

Jackson: THE NUMBER OF KILLED
WILL NEVER BE KNOWN BECAUSE
BODIES WERE THROWN IN THE RIVER

WILL NEVER BE KNOWN BECAUSE
BODIES WERE THROWN IN THE RIVER
OR BURIED IN SECRET, BUT WE DO

BODIES WERE THROWN IN THE RIVER
OR BURIED IN SECRET, BUT WE DO
HAVE ENOUGH OF THE CRUDE

OR BURIED IN SECRET, BUT WE DO
HAVE ENOUGH OF THE CRUDE
OUTLINES OF THAT CONFLICT TO

HAVE ENOUGH OF THE CRUDE
OUTLINES OF THAT CONFLICT TO
KNOW THAT THERE HAS NEVER BEEN

OUTLINES OF THAT CONFLICT TO
KNOW THAT THERE HAS NEVER BEEN
ANYTHING LIKE IT IN THE HISTORY

KNOW THAT THERE HAS NEVER BEEN
ANYTHING LIKE IT IN THE HISTORY
OF THE UNITED STATES.

ANYTHING LIKE IT IN THE HISTORY
OF THE UNITED STATES.
Reader: "A GLOOM OF INFAMY

OF THE UNITED STATES.
Reader: "A GLOOM OF INFAMY
AND SHAME WILL HANG OVER NEW

Reader: "A GLOOM OF INFAMY
AND SHAME WILL HANG OVER NEW
YORK FOR CENTURIES.

AND SHAME WILL HANG OVER NEW
YORK FOR CENTURIES.
OVER 3,000 ARE TODAY HOMELESS

YORK FOR CENTURIES.
OVER 3,000 ARE TODAY HOMELESS
AND DESTITUTE, WITHOUT MEANS OF

OVER 3,000 ARE TODAY HOMELESS
AND DESTITUTE, WITHOUT MEANS OF
SUPPORT FOR THEIR FAMILIES.

AND DESTITUTE, WITHOUT MEANS OF
SUPPORT FOR THEIR FAMILIES.
IT IS TRULY A DAY OF DISTRESS TO

SUPPORT FOR THEIR FAMILIES.
IT IS TRULY A DAY OF DISTRESS TO
OUR RACE.

IT IS TRULY A DAY OF DISTRESS TO
OUR RACE.
THE IRISH HAVE BECOME SO BRUTISH

OUR RACE.
THE IRISH HAVE BECOME SO BRUTISH
THAT IT IS UNSAFE FOR FAMILIES

THE IRISH HAVE BECOME SO BRUTISH
THAT IT IS UNSAFE FOR FAMILIES
TO LIVE NEAR THEM, AND WHILE I

THAT IT IS UNSAFE FOR FAMILIES
TO LIVE NEAR THEM, AND WHILE I
WRITE, THERE ARE MANY NOW IN THE

TO LIVE NEAR THEM, AND WHILE I
WRITE, THERE ARE MANY NOW IN THE
STATIONS AND COUNTRY, HIDING

WRITE, THERE ARE MANY NOW IN THE
STATIONS AND COUNTRY, HIDING
FROM VIOLENCE."

STATIONS AND COUNTRY, HIDING
FROM VIOLENCE."
THE CHRISTIAN RECORDER.

FROM VIOLENCE."
THE CHRISTIAN RECORDER.
Reader: "NOTHING DELIGHTS US

THE CHRISTIAN RECORDER.
Reader: "NOTHING DELIGHTS US
MORE GREATLY AS TO HEAR OF

Reader: "NOTHING DELIGHTS US
MORE GREATLY AS TO HEAR OF
YANKEES BURNING, DESTROYING, AND

MORE GREATLY AS TO HEAR OF
YANKEES BURNING, DESTROYING, AND
KILLING YANKEE BUILDINGS, YANKEE

YANKEES BURNING, DESTROYING, AND
KILLING YANKEE BUILDINGS, YANKEE
PROPERTY, AND YANKEE MEN."

KILLING YANKEE BUILDINGS, YANKEE
PROPERTY, AND YANKEE MEN."
THE CHARLESTON DAILY COURIER.

PROPERTY, AND YANKEE MEN."
THE CHARLESTON DAILY COURIER.
Wilder: I THINK ONE OF THE

THE CHARLESTON DAILY COURIER.
Wilder: I THINK ONE OF THE
GREAT COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT

Wilder: I THINK ONE OF THE
GREAT COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT
RIOTS COMES, ODDLY, FROM WALT

GREAT COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT
RIOTS COMES, ODDLY, FROM WALT
WHITMAN, WHO DURING THE WAR IS

RIOTS COMES, ODDLY, FROM WALT
WHITMAN, WHO DURING THE WAR IS
IN THE SOUTH, IN WASHINGTON,

WHITMAN, WHO DURING THE WAR IS
IN THE SOUTH, IN WASHINGTON,
D.C., AND WHO WRITES A LETTER

IN THE SOUTH, IN WASHINGTON,
D.C., AND WHO WRITES A LETTER
BACK TO HIS MOTHER SAYING THAT

D.C., AND WHO WRITES A LETTER
BACK TO HIS MOTHER SAYING THAT
FEELINGS ARE "HOT AS FIRE"

BACK TO HIS MOTHER SAYING THAT
FEELINGS ARE "HOT AS FIRE"
AGAINST NEW YORK CITY RIGHT NOW,

FEELINGS ARE "HOT AS FIRE"
AGAINST NEW YORK CITY RIGHT NOW,
BECAUSE THE WHOLE COUNTRY IS

AGAINST NEW YORK CITY RIGHT NOW,
BECAUSE THE WHOLE COUNTRY IS
BEING TORTURED, SO HOW CAN NEW

BECAUSE THE WHOLE COUNTRY IS
BEING TORTURED, SO HOW CAN NEW
YORK EXPRESS ITS PROBLEMS

BEING TORTURED, SO HOW CAN NEW
YORK EXPRESS ITS PROBLEMS
VIOLENTLY AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT

YORK EXPRESS ITS PROBLEMS
VIOLENTLY AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT
AND AGAINST THE BLACK POPULATION

VIOLENTLY AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT
AND AGAINST THE BLACK POPULATION
WHEN NO ONE IS DOING WELL UNDER

AND AGAINST THE BLACK POPULATION
WHEN NO ONE IS DOING WELL UNDER
THESE CIRCUMSTANCES?

WHEN NO ONE IS DOING WELL UNDER
THESE CIRCUMSTANCES?
Narrator: IT HAD BEEN, WALT

THESE CIRCUMSTANCES?
Narrator: IT HAD BEEN, WALT
WHITMAN WROTE, "THE DEVIL'S OWN

Narrator: IT HAD BEEN, WALT
WHITMAN WROTE, "THE DEVIL'S OWN
WORK ALL THROUGH," AND IN AN

WHITMAN WROTE, "THE DEVIL'S OWN
WORK ALL THROUGH," AND IN AN
ANGUISHED LETTER HOME, HE

WORK ALL THROUGH," AND IN AN
ANGUISHED LETTER HOME, HE
STRUGGLED TO MAKE SENSE OF WHAT

ANGUISHED LETTER HOME, HE
STRUGGLED TO MAKE SENSE OF WHAT
HAD HAPPENED TO HIS CITY AND HIS

STRUGGLED TO MAKE SENSE OF WHAT
HAD HAPPENED TO HIS CITY AND HIS
PEOPLE.

HAD HAPPENED TO HIS CITY AND HIS
PEOPLE.
Reader: "SO THE MOB HAS

PEOPLE.
Reader: "SO THE MOB HAS
ARISEN AT LAST IN NEW YORK.

Reader: "SO THE MOB HAS
ARISEN AT LAST IN NEW YORK.
IT SEEMS THE PASSIONS OF THE

ARISEN AT LAST IN NEW YORK.
IT SEEMS THE PASSIONS OF THE
PEOPLE WERE ONLY SLEEPING, AND

IT SEEMS THE PASSIONS OF THE
PEOPLE WERE ONLY SLEEPING, AND
BURST FORTH WITH A TERRIBLE

PEOPLE WERE ONLY SLEEPING, AND
BURST FORTH WITH A TERRIBLE
FURY.

BURST FORTH WITH A TERRIBLE
FURY.
I DO NOT FEEL IT IN MY HEART TO

FURY.
I DO NOT FEEL IT IN MY HEART TO
ABUSE THE POOR PEOPLE, OR CALL

I DO NOT FEEL IT IN MY HEART TO
ABUSE THE POOR PEOPLE, OR CALL
FOR ROPES OR BULLETS FOR THEM.

ABUSE THE POOR PEOPLE, OR CALL
FOR ROPES OR BULLETS FOR THEM.
WE ARE IN THE MIDST OF STRANGE

FOR ROPES OR BULLETS FOR THEM.
WE ARE IN THE MIDST OF STRANGE
AND TERRIBLE TIMES.

WE ARE IN THE MIDST OF STRANGE
AND TERRIBLE TIMES.
ONE IS PULLED A DOZEN DIFFERENT

AND TERRIBLE TIMES.
ONE IS PULLED A DOZEN DIFFERENT
WAYS IN HIS MIND, AND HARDLY

ONE IS PULLED A DOZEN DIFFERENT
WAYS IN HIS MIND, AND HARDLY
KNOWS WHAT TO THINK OR DO."

WAYS IN HIS MIND, AND HARDLY
KNOWS WHAT TO THINK OR DO."
WALT WHITMAN.

KNOWS WHAT TO THINK OR DO."
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IT WOULD TAKE

WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: IT WOULD TAKE
DECADES... GENERATIONS... FOR

Narrator: IT WOULD TAKE
DECADES... GENERATIONS... FOR
AMERICANS TO COME TO TERMS WITH

DECADES... GENERATIONS... FOR
AMERICANS TO COME TO TERMS WITH
WHAT HAD HAPPENED ON THE STREETS

AMERICANS TO COME TO TERMS WITH
WHAT HAD HAPPENED ON THE STREETS
OF NEW YORK.

WHAT HAD HAPPENED ON THE STREETS
OF NEW YORK.
Bender: IN SOME WAYS, IT IS A

OF NEW YORK.
Bender: IN SOME WAYS, IT IS A
CULMINATION OF THE ECONOMIC

Bender: IN SOME WAYS, IT IS A
CULMINATION OF THE ECONOMIC
TRANSFORMATION OF THE CITY.

THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE
INDUSTRIAL NEW YORK THAT WOULD

INDUSTRIAL NEW YORK THAT WOULD
BE THE NEW YORK THAT WOULD LAST

BE THE NEW YORK THAT WOULD LAST
INTO THE 20th CENTURY WERE BEING

INTO THE 20th CENTURY WERE BEING
LAID, AND I THINK THAT THERE WAS

LAID, AND I THINK THAT THERE WAS
LOTS OF TENSION AND CONFLICT IN

LOTS OF TENSION AND CONFLICT IN
THAT.
SO IT'S A POLITICAL CRISIS.

SO IT'S A POLITICAL CRISIS.
IT'S A RACIAL CRISIS.
IT'S A CLASS CRISIS.

IT'S A RACIAL CRISIS.
IT'S A CLASS CRISIS.
IT IS A SIMPLE CRISIS OF

IT'S A CLASS CRISIS.
IT IS A SIMPLE CRISIS OF
FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE.

IT IS A SIMPLE CRISIS OF
FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE.
Quinn: AND YOU HAVE THIS

FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE.
Quinn: AND YOU HAVE THIS
CONFLICT START, WHICH STILL

Quinn: AND YOU HAVE THIS
CONFLICT START, WHICH STILL
CONTINUES IN AMERICA, BETWEEN

CONFLICT START, WHICH STILL
CONTINUES IN AMERICA, BETWEEN
PEOPLE COMING TO THE CITIES FROM

CONTINUES IN AMERICA, BETWEEN
PEOPLE COMING TO THE CITIES FROM
INSIDE THE COUNTRY, AFRICAN

PEOPLE COMING TO THE CITIES FROM
INSIDE THE COUNTRY, AFRICAN
AMERICANS, AND PEOPLE COMING

INSIDE THE COUNTRY, AFRICAN
AMERICANS, AND PEOPLE COMING
FROM OUTSIDE, AND THAT THERE'S

AMERICANS, AND PEOPLE COMING
FROM OUTSIDE, AND THAT THERE'S
THIS CONFLICT THERE BETWEEN

FROM OUTSIDE, AND THAT THERE'S
THIS CONFLICT THERE BETWEEN
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND

THIS CONFLICT THERE BETWEEN
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND
IMMIGRANTS, WHICH WILL SURVIVE

AFRICAN AMERICANS AND
IMMIGRANTS, WHICH WILL SURVIVE
TO THIS DAY.

IMMIGRANTS, WHICH WILL SURVIVE
TO THIS DAY.
"WHO'S GOING TO BE AT THE BOTTOM

TO THIS DAY.
"WHO'S GOING TO BE AT THE BOTTOM
IN NEW YORK?"

"WHO'S GOING TO BE AT THE BOTTOM
IN NEW YORK?"
AND WHAT AMERICA HAS ALWAYS

IN NEW YORK?"
AND WHAT AMERICA HAS ALWAYS
DECIDED IN THE END IS THAT RACE

AND WHAT AMERICA HAS ALWAYS
DECIDED IN THE END IS THAT RACE
IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANYTHING

DECIDED IN THE END IS THAT RACE
IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANYTHING
ELSE.

IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANYTHING
ELSE.
THAT'S WHO WILL STAY AT THE

ELSE.
THAT'S WHO WILL STAY AT THE
BOTTOM.

THAT'S WHO WILL STAY AT THE
BOTTOM.
Narrator: IN THE MONTHS TO

BOTTOM.
Narrator: IN THE MONTHS TO
COME, SOME EFFORTS WERE MADE TO

Narrator: IN THE MONTHS TO
COME, SOME EFFORTS WERE MADE TO
MAKE RESTITUTION TO THE CITY'S

COME, SOME EFFORTS WERE MADE TO
MAKE RESTITUTION TO THE CITY'S
BLACK POPULATION, BUT IT WAS TOO

MAKE RESTITUTION TO THE CITY'S
BLACK POPULATION, BUT IT WAS TOO
LITTLE, TOO LATE.

BLACK POPULATION, BUT IT WAS TOO
LITTLE, TOO LATE.
Reader: "AUGUST 24, 1863.

LITTLE, TOO LATE.
Reader: "AUGUST 24, 1863.
RELIEF AND DAMAGE MONEY IS WELL

Reader: "AUGUST 24, 1863.
RELIEF AND DAMAGE MONEY IS WELL
ENOUGH, BUT IT CANNOT ATONE

RELIEF AND DAMAGE MONEY IS WELL
ENOUGH, BUT IT CANNOT ATONE
FULLY FOR THE EVILS DONE BY

ENOUGH, BUT IT CANNOT ATONE
FULLY FOR THE EVILS DONE BY
RIOTS.

FULLY FOR THE EVILS DONE BY
RIOTS.
IT CANNOT BRING BACK OUR

RIOTS.
IT CANNOT BRING BACK OUR
MURDERED DEAD.

IT CANNOT BRING BACK OUR
MURDERED DEAD.
IT CANNOT REMOVE THE INSULTS WE

MURDERED DEAD.
IT CANNOT REMOVE THE INSULTS WE
FEEL, AND IT GIVES US NO PROOF

IT CANNOT REMOVE THE INSULTS WE
FEEL, AND IT GIVES US NO PROOF
THAT THE PEOPLE HAVE REALLY

FEEL, AND IT GIVES US NO PROOF
THAT THE PEOPLE HAVE REALLY
CHANGED THEIR MINDS FOR THE

THAT THE PEOPLE HAVE REALLY
CHANGED THEIR MINDS FOR THE
BETTER TOWARDS US."

CHANGED THEIR MINDS FOR THE
BETTER TOWARDS US."
DR. J.W.C. PENNINGTON.

BETTER TOWARDS US."
DR. J.W.C. PENNINGTON.
Narrator: IN INCREASING

DR. J.W.C. PENNINGTON.
Narrator: IN INCREASING
NUMBERS, AFRICAN AMERICANS LEFT

Narrator: IN INCREASING
NUMBERS, AFRICAN AMERICANS LEFT
NEW YORK.

NUMBERS, AFRICAN AMERICANS LEFT
NEW YORK.
AS LATE AS 1900, FEWER THAN

NEW YORK.
AS LATE AS 1900, FEWER THAN
60,000 AFRICANS AMERICANS MADE

AS LATE AS 1900, FEWER THAN
60,000 AFRICANS AMERICANS MADE
THEIR HOME IN MANHATTAN, OUT OF

60,000 AFRICANS AMERICANS MADE
THEIR HOME IN MANHATTAN, OUT OF
A POPULATION OF ALMOST TWO

THEIR HOME IN MANHATTAN, OUT OF
A POPULATION OF ALMOST TWO
MILLION.

A POPULATION OF ALMOST TWO
MILLION.
Quinn: IF YOU WANT TO DATE

MILLION.
Quinn: IF YOU WANT TO DATE
THE METROPOLIS OF NEW YORK, YOU

Quinn: IF YOU WANT TO DATE
THE METROPOLIS OF NEW YORK, YOU
CAN DATE IT FROM THE DRAFT

THE METROPOLIS OF NEW YORK, YOU
CAN DATE IT FROM THE DRAFT
RIOTS.

CAN DATE IT FROM THE DRAFT
RIOTS.
IT WAS A DEFINING MOMENT IN THE

RIOTS.
IT WAS A DEFINING MOMENT IN THE
CITY.

IT WAS A DEFINING MOMENT IN THE
CITY.
IT HAD A WORLD-CLASS RIOT.

CITY.
IT HAD A WORLD-CLASS RIOT.
THAT'S A MARK OF A WORLD-CLASS

IT HAD A WORLD-CLASS RIOT.
THAT'S A MARK OF A WORLD-CLASS
CITY.

THAT'S A MARK OF A WORLD-CLASS
CITY.
I MEAN, PARIS, LONDON HAVE HAD

CITY.
I MEAN, PARIS, LONDON HAVE HAD
TREMENDOUS SOCIAL EXPLOSIONS,

I MEAN, PARIS, LONDON HAVE HAD
TREMENDOUS SOCIAL EXPLOSIONS,
AND NEW YORK BECAME A WORLD-

TREMENDOUS SOCIAL EXPLOSIONS,
AND NEW YORK BECAME A WORLD-
CLASS CITY WITH A WORLD-CLASS

AND NEW YORK BECAME A WORLD-
CLASS CITY WITH A WORLD-CLASS
RIOT.

CLASS CITY WITH A WORLD-CLASS
RIOT.
THIS WAS IN A WAY, IN AN IRONIC

RIOT.
THIS WAS IN A WAY, IN AN IRONIC
WAY, IT WAS A MARK OF THE CITY'S

THIS WAS IN A WAY, IN AN IRONIC
WAY, IT WAS A MARK OF THE CITY'S
ARRIVAL, I THINK, ON THE WORLD

WAY, IT WAS A MARK OF THE CITY'S
ARRIVAL, I THINK, ON THE WORLD
STAGE, THAT YOU COULD HAVE

ARRIVAL, I THINK, ON THE WORLD
STAGE, THAT YOU COULD HAVE
VIOLENCE ON THIS SCALE.

Czitrom: I THINK THAT THE
DRAFT RIOTS REALLY PROVIDE A

DRAFT RIOTS REALLY PROVIDE A
KIND OF WAKE-UP CALL FOR THE

KIND OF WAKE-UP CALL FOR THE
ELITE AND MIDDLE CLASS OF NEW

ELITE AND MIDDLE CLASS OF NEW
YORK, BECAUSE IT IS A

YORK, BECAUSE IT IS A
DEMONSTRATION, IN THE PHRASE OF

DEMONSTRATION, IN THE PHRASE OF
THE DAY, OF THE VOLCANO UNDER

THE DAY, OF THE VOLCANO UNDER
THE CITY.
IT WAS A DEMONSTRATION OF, YOU

IT WAS A DEMONSTRATION OF, YOU
KNOW, THE ENORMOUS NUMBER OF
POOR, DESPERATE, ANGRY PEOPLE

KNOW, THE ENORMOUS NUMBER OF
POOR, DESPERATE, ANGRY PEOPLE
WHO WERE THERE AND WHO

POOR, DESPERATE, ANGRY PEOPLE
WHO WERE THERE AND WHO
REPRESENTED A THREAT TO THE

WHO WERE THERE AND WHO
REPRESENTED A THREAT TO THE
CITY.

REPRESENTED A THREAT TO THE
CITY.
Narrator: THE DRAFT RIOTS

CITY.
Narrator: THE DRAFT RIOTS
MARKED A CRUCIAL TURNING POINT

Narrator: THE DRAFT RIOTS
MARKED A CRUCIAL TURNING POINT
IN THE HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY.

MARKED A CRUCIAL TURNING POINT
IN THE HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW

IN THE HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW
YORKERS WOULD BEGIN TO ENLARGE

IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW
YORKERS WOULD BEGIN TO ENLARGE
THEIR SENSE OF WHAT A CITY

YORKERS WOULD BEGIN TO ENLARGE
THEIR SENSE OF WHAT A CITY
SHOULD BE.

THEIR SENSE OF WHAT A CITY
SHOULD BE.
IT WAS A STRUGGLE THAT WOULD

SHOULD BE.
IT WAS A STRUGGLE THAT WOULD
TAKE GENERATIONS TO ACHIEVE, AND

IT WAS A STRUGGLE THAT WOULD
TAKE GENERATIONS TO ACHIEVE, AND
NEVER REALLY END.

TAKE GENERATIONS TO ACHIEVE, AND
NEVER REALLY END.
BUT IT HAD BEGUN.

NEVER REALLY END.
BUT IT HAD BEGUN.
WITHIN MONTHS, THE FIRST MODERN

BUT IT HAD BEGUN.
WITHIN MONTHS, THE FIRST MODERN
FIRE DEPARTMENT HAD BEEN

WITHIN MONTHS, THE FIRST MODERN
FIRE DEPARTMENT HAD BEEN
ORGANIZED AND THE POLICE

FIRE DEPARTMENT HAD BEEN
ORGANIZED AND THE POLICE
DEPARTMENT GREATLY EXPANDED.

ORGANIZED AND THE POLICE
DEPARTMENT GREATLY EXPANDED.
NEW FORMS OF PUBLIC

DEPARTMENT GREATLY EXPANDED.
NEW FORMS OF PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION WOULD SOON BEGIN

NEW FORMS OF PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION WOULD SOON BEGIN
TO EASE THE TREMENDOUS

TRANSPORTATION WOULD SOON BEGIN
TO EASE THE TREMENDOUS
CONGESTION IN LOWER MANHATTAN,

TO EASE THE TREMENDOUS
CONGESTION IN LOWER MANHATTAN,
AND BY 1866, A METROPOLITAN

CONGESTION IN LOWER MANHATTAN,
AND BY 1866, A METROPOLITAN
BOARD OF HEALTH HAD BEEN FORMED,

AND BY 1866, A METROPOLITAN
BOARD OF HEALTH HAD BEEN FORMED,
THE FIRST OF ITS KIND IN THE

BOARD OF HEALTH HAD BEEN FORMED,
THE FIRST OF ITS KIND IN THE
COUNTRY, AS DOCTORS PLUNGED INTO

THE FIRST OF ITS KIND IN THE
COUNTRY, AS DOCTORS PLUNGED INTO
THE SLUMS TO ASSESS THE SANITARY

COUNTRY, AS DOCTORS PLUNGED INTO
THE SLUMS TO ASSESS THE SANITARY
CONDITIONS OF THE POOR.

THE SLUMS TO ASSESS THE SANITARY
CONDITIONS OF THE POOR.
THEIR FINDINGS SHOCKED NEW

CONDITIONS OF THE POOR.
THEIR FINDINGS SHOCKED NEW
YORKERS, AND FORCED THE CITY TO

THEIR FINDINGS SHOCKED NEW
YORKERS, AND FORCED THE CITY TO
PASS THE FIRST LAWS REGULATING

YORKERS, AND FORCED THE CITY TO
PASS THE FIRST LAWS REGULATING
HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES.

PASS THE FIRST LAWS REGULATING
HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES.
"IT IS SHAMEFUL," GEORGE

HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES.
"IT IS SHAMEFUL," GEORGE
TEMPLETON STRONG WROTE, "THAT

"IT IS SHAMEFUL," GEORGE
TEMPLETON STRONG WROTE, "THAT
MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN SHOULD

TEMPLETON STRONG WROTE, "THAT
MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN SHOULD
BE PERMITTED TO LIVE IN SUCH

MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN SHOULD
BE PERMITTED TO LIVE IN SUCH
HOLES."

BE PERMITTED TO LIVE IN SUCH
HOLES."
Jackson: WHAT'S IMPORTANT

HOLES."
Jackson: WHAT'S IMPORTANT
ABOUT THE 1867 LAW IS THAT IT

Jackson: WHAT'S IMPORTANT
ABOUT THE 1867 LAW IS THAT IT
ESTABLISHES THE PRINCIPLE FOR

ABOUT THE 1867 LAW IS THAT IT
ESTABLISHES THE PRINCIPLE FOR
REALLY THE FIRST TIME IN

ESTABLISHES THE PRINCIPLE FOR
REALLY THE FIRST TIME IN
AMERICAN HISTORY THAT GOVERNMENT

REALLY THE FIRST TIME IN
AMERICAN HISTORY THAT GOVERNMENT
IN GENERAL HAS THE RIGHT TO

AMERICAN HISTORY THAT GOVERNMENT
IN GENERAL HAS THE RIGHT TO
ESTABLISH SOME MINIMAL STANDARDS

IN GENERAL HAS THE RIGHT TO
ESTABLISH SOME MINIMAL STANDARDS
OF LIVABILITY AND SAFETY AND

ESTABLISH SOME MINIMAL STANDARDS
OF LIVABILITY AND SAFETY AND
QUALITY.

OF LIVABILITY AND SAFETY AND
QUALITY.
Narrator: AND THERE WERE

QUALITY.
Narrator: AND THERE WERE
OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF THE RIOTS

Narrator: AND THERE WERE
OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF THE RIOTS
EVEN MORE MOMENTOUS.

OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF THE RIOTS
EVEN MORE MOMENTOUS.
IN 1863, THE YEAR OF THE

EVEN MORE MOMENTOUS.
IN 1863, THE YEAR OF THE
UPRISING, AN EX-FIREMAN FROM THE

IN 1863, THE YEAR OF THE
UPRISING, AN EX-FIREMAN FROM THE
FIVE POINTS NAMED WILLIAM M.

UPRISING, AN EX-FIREMAN FROM THE
FIVE POINTS NAMED WILLIAM M.
TWEED WAS NAMED GRAND SACHEM OF

FIVE POINTS NAMED WILLIAM M.
TWEED WAS NAMED GRAND SACHEM OF
TAMMANY HALL.

TWEED WAS NAMED GRAND SACHEM OF
TAMMANY HALL.
ONE OF HIS FIRST ACTS WAS TO

TAMMANY HALL.
ONE OF HIS FIRST ACTS WAS TO
PUSH THROUGH A SPECIAL LOW-

ONE OF HIS FIRST ACTS WAS TO
PUSH THROUGH A SPECIAL LOW-
INTEREST LOAN PROGRAM THAT

PUSH THROUGH A SPECIAL LOW-
INTEREST LOAN PROGRAM THAT
ENABLED POOR NEW YORKERS AS WELL

INTEREST LOAN PROGRAM THAT
ENABLED POOR NEW YORKERS AS WELL
AS RICH TO BUY THEIR WAY OUT OF

ENABLED POOR NEW YORKERS AS WELL
AS RICH TO BUY THEIR WAY OUT OF
THE DRAFT.

AS RICH TO BUY THEIR WAY OUT OF
THE DRAFT.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW

THE DRAFT.
IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW
YORK'S IMMIGRANT POOR WOULD

IN THE DECADES TO COME, NEW
YORK'S IMMIGRANT POOR WOULD
BEGIN TO ACQUIRE A VOICE IN

YORK'S IMMIGRANT POOR WOULD
BEGIN TO ACQUIRE A VOICE IN
URBAN POLITICS FOR THE FIRST

BEGIN TO ACQUIRE A VOICE IN
URBAN POLITICS FOR THE FIRST
TIME.

Hamill: THE DRAFT RIOTS WHICH
THE IRISH WERE FUNDAMENTAL

THE IRISH WERE FUNDAMENTAL
PLAYERS IN IN 1863 WERE

PLAYERS IN IN 1863 WERE
HORRIBLE.
THERE WAS... THE BEHAVIOR WAS

THERE WAS... THE BEHAVIOR WAS
UNSPEAKABLE IN SOME CASES, SOME
PARTS OF IT.

UNSPEAKABLE IN SOME CASES, SOME
PARTS OF IT.
BUT WHEN THEY WERE OVER, PEOPLE

PARTS OF IT.
BUT WHEN THEY WERE OVER, PEOPLE
KNEW THAT THERE WAS NO WAY TO

BUT WHEN THEY WERE OVER, PEOPLE
KNEW THAT THERE WAS NO WAY TO
DEAL WITH POLITICAL POWER IN NEW

KNEW THAT THERE WAS NO WAY TO
DEAL WITH POLITICAL POWER IN NEW
YORK CITY WITHOUT FINDING OUT

DEAL WITH POLITICAL POWER IN NEW
YORK CITY WITHOUT FINDING OUT
HOW TO DEAL WITH THE IRISH.

YORK CITY WITHOUT FINDING OUT
HOW TO DEAL WITH THE IRISH.
AND I'M NOT SAYING THAT VIOLENCE

HOW TO DEAL WITH THE IRISH.
AND I'M NOT SAYING THAT VIOLENCE
IS THE WAY TO GET PEOPLE TO

AND I'M NOT SAYING THAT VIOLENCE
IS THE WAY TO GET PEOPLE TO
RESPECT YOU, BUT BY 1870, THEY

IS THE WAY TO GET PEOPLE TO
RESPECT YOU, BUT BY 1870, THEY
RAN TAMMANY HALL.

RESPECT YOU, BUT BY 1870, THEY
RAN TAMMANY HALL.
Narrator: AT 7:30 ON THE

RAN TAMMANY HALL.
Narrator: AT 7:30 ON THE
MORNING OF SATURDAY, APRIL 15,

Narrator: AT 7:30 ON THE
MORNING OF SATURDAY, APRIL 15,
1865, CHURCH BELLS BEGAN TOLLING

MORNING OF SATURDAY, APRIL 15,
1865, CHURCH BELLS BEGAN TOLLING
ALL OVER BROOKLYN AND NEW YORK.

1865, CHURCH BELLS BEGAN TOLLING
ALL OVER BROOKLYN AND NEW YORK.
THE MORNING PAPERS CARRIED

ALL OVER BROOKLYN AND NEW YORK.
THE MORNING PAPERS CARRIED
PRESIDENT

THE MORNING PAPERS CARRIED
PRESIDENT
ABRAHAM LINCOLN HAD BEEN

PRESIDENT
ABRAHAM LINCOLN HAD BEEN
ASSASSINATED THE NIGHT BEFORE.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN HAD BEEN
ASSASSINATED THE NIGHT BEFORE.
ON PORTLAND AVENUE IN BROOKLYN,

ASSASSINATED THE NIGHT BEFORE.
ON PORTLAND AVENUE IN BROOKLYN,
WALT WHITMAN AND HIS MOTHER

ON PORTLAND AVENUE IN BROOKLYN,
WALT WHITMAN AND HIS MOTHER
SILENTLY PASSED THE MORNING

WALT WHITMAN AND HIS MOTHER
SILENTLY PASSED THE MORNING
PAPERS BACK AND FORTH, TOO

SILENTLY PASSED THE MORNING
PAPERS BACK AND FORTH, TOO
STUNNED TO EAT OR TALK.

PAPERS BACK AND FORTH, TOO
STUNNED TO EAT OR TALK.
LATE IN THE AFTERNOON, WHITMAN

STUNNED TO EAT OR TALK.
LATE IN THE AFTERNOON, WHITMAN
TOOK THE FERRY TO MANHATTAN, AND

LATE IN THE AFTERNOON, WHITMAN
TOOK THE FERRY TO MANHATTAN, AND
WALKED UP BROADWAY UNDER A

TOOK THE FERRY TO MANHATTAN, AND
WALKED UP BROADWAY UNDER A
DARKENING SKY.

WALKED UP BROADWAY UNDER A
DARKENING SKY.
THE NORMALLY BUSTLING

DARKENING SKY.
THE NORMALLY BUSTLING
THOROUGHFARE WAS EERILY QUIET,

THE NORMALLY BUSTLING
THOROUGHFARE WAS EERILY QUIET,
THE STOREFRONTS SHUTTERED AND

THOROUGHFARE WAS EERILY QUIET,
THE STOREFRONTS SHUTTERED AND
HUNG WITH BLACK.

THE STOREFRONTS SHUTTERED AND
HUNG WITH BLACK.
HERE AND THERE, PEOPLE HUDDLED

HUNG WITH BLACK.
HERE AND THERE, PEOPLE HUDDLED
IN DOORWAYS TO ESCAPE THE STEADY

HERE AND THERE, PEOPLE HUDDLED
IN DOORWAYS TO ESCAPE THE STEADY
RAIN.

IN DOORWAYS TO ESCAPE THE STEADY
RAIN.
Reader: "SATURDAY, APRIL 15,

RAIN.
Reader: "SATURDAY, APRIL 15,
1865.

Reader: "SATURDAY, APRIL 15,
1865.
BLACKS CLOUDS DRIVING OVERHEAD.

1865.
BLACKS CLOUDS DRIVING OVERHEAD.
LINCOLN'S DEATH... BLACK, BLACK,

BLACKS CLOUDS DRIVING OVERHEAD.
LINCOLN'S DEATH... BLACK, BLACK,
BLACK.

LINCOLN'S DEATH... BLACK, BLACK,
BLACK.
AS YOU LOOK TOWARD THE SKY,

BLACK.
AS YOU LOOK TOWARD THE SKY,
LONG, BROAD, BLACK, LIKE GREAT

AS YOU LOOK TOWARD THE SKY,
LONG, BROAD, BLACK, LIKE GREAT
SERPENTS UNDULATING IN EVERY

LONG, BROAD, BLACK, LIKE GREAT
SERPENTS UNDULATING IN EVERY
DIRECTION."

SERPENTS UNDULATING IN EVERY
DIRECTION."
WALT WHITMAN.

DIRECTION."
WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: TEN DAYS LATER, A

WALT WHITMAN.
Narrator: TEN DAYS LATER, A
FUNERAL TRAIN BROUGHT LINCOLN'S

Narrator: TEN DAYS LATER, A
FUNERAL TRAIN BROUGHT LINCOLN'S
BODY TO NEW YORK, ON ITS WAY

FUNERAL TRAIN BROUGHT LINCOLN'S
BODY TO NEW YORK, ON ITS WAY
HOME TO ILLINOIS.

BODY TO NEW YORK, ON ITS WAY
HOME TO ILLINOIS.
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF

HOME TO ILLINOIS.
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
GRIEVING NEW YORKERS SILENTLY

HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF
GRIEVING NEW YORKERS SILENTLY
LINED THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN

GRIEVING NEW YORKERS SILENTLY
LINED THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN
AS THE PRESIDENT'S BODY WAS

LINED THE STREETS OF MANHATTAN
AS THE PRESIDENT'S BODY WAS
BORNE SLOWLY DOWN BROADWAY

AS THE PRESIDENT'S BODY WAS
BORNE SLOWLY DOWN BROADWAY
TOWARDS CITY HALL.

BORNE SLOWLY DOWN BROADWAY
TOWARDS CITY HALL.
AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE BARRED

TOWARDS CITY HALL.
AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE BARRED
FROM THE CEREMONIES AT FIRST,

AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE BARRED
FROM THE CEREMONIES AT FIRST,
THEN, AT THE LAST MINUTE,

FROM THE CEREMONIES AT FIRST,
THEN, AT THE LAST MINUTE,
ALLOWED TO MARCH, BUT ONLY AT

THEN, AT THE LAST MINUTE,
ALLOWED TO MARCH, BUT ONLY AT
THE VERY END OF THE PARADE.

ALLOWED TO MARCH, BUT ONLY AT
THE VERY END OF THE PARADE.
SCALPERS SOLD CHOICE POSITIONS

THE VERY END OF THE PARADE.
SCALPERS SOLD CHOICE POSITIONS
ALONG THE ROUTE FOR EIGHT

SCALPERS SOLD CHOICE POSITIONS
ALONG THE ROUTE FOR EIGHT
DOLLARS APIECE.

ALONG THE ROUTE FOR EIGHT
DOLLARS APIECE.
FROM THE SECOND FLOOR OF HIS

DOLLARS APIECE.
FROM THE SECOND FLOOR OF HIS
FAMILY'S HOUSE ON EAST 28th

FROM THE SECOND FLOOR OF HIS
FAMILY'S HOUSE ON EAST 28th
STREET, SEVEN-YEAR-OLD THEODORE

FAMILY'S HOUSE ON EAST 28th
STREET, SEVEN-YEAR-OLD THEODORE
ROOSEVELT AND HIS BROTHER LOOKED

STREET, SEVEN-YEAR-OLD THEODORE
ROOSEVELT AND HIS BROTHER LOOKED
ON.

ROOSEVELT AND HIS BROTHER LOOKED
ON.
Reader: "PARTIES FOR THE

ON.
Reader: "PARTIES FOR THE
MOMENT DO NOT EXIST, WHILE ALL

Reader: "PARTIES FOR THE
MOMENT DO NOT EXIST, WHILE ALL
MEN OF WHATEVER RELIGIOUS FAITH,

MOMENT DO NOT EXIST, WHILE ALL
MEN OF WHATEVER RELIGIOUS FAITH,
OF WHATEVER POLITICAL CREED, ARE

MEN OF WHATEVER RELIGIOUS FAITH,
OF WHATEVER POLITICAL CREED, ARE
UNITED, PERHAPS FOR THE FIRST

OF WHATEVER POLITICAL CREED, ARE
UNITED, PERHAPS FOR THE FIRST
TIME IN THE HISTORY OF THE

UNITED, PERHAPS FOR THE FIRST
TIME IN THE HISTORY OF THE
REPUBLIC, IN LOVE FOR THE

TIME IN THE HISTORY OF THE
REPUBLIC, IN LOVE FOR THE
DEPARTED, IN SYMPATHY FOR THE

REPUBLIC, IN LOVE FOR THE
DEPARTED, IN SYMPATHY FOR THE
BEREAVED.

DEPARTED, IN SYMPATHY FOR THE
BEREAVED.
TOUCHING EVIDENCE OF THE FIRM

BEREAVED.
TOUCHING EVIDENCE OF THE FIRM
SEAT OCCUPIED IN THE POPULAR

TOUCHING EVIDENCE OF THE FIRM
SEAT OCCUPIED IN THE POPULAR
HEART BY THE LAMENTED PRESIDENT

SEAT OCCUPIED IN THE POPULAR
HEART BY THE LAMENTED PRESIDENT
IS THE ALMOST UNIVERSAL

HEART BY THE LAMENTED PRESIDENT
IS THE ALMOST UNIVERSAL
EXHIBITION BY THE POOR, THE VERY

IS THE ALMOST UNIVERSAL
EXHIBITION BY THE POOR, THE VERY
POOR PEOPLE OF THIS CITY AND THE

EXHIBITION BY THE POOR, THE VERY
POOR PEOPLE OF THIS CITY AND THE
ADJOINING CITY OF BROOKLYN."

POOR PEOPLE OF THIS CITY AND THE
ADJOINING CITY OF BROOKLYN."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.

ADJOINING CITY OF BROOKLYN."
THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: LINCOLN'S DEATH

THE NEW YORK TIMES.
Narrator: LINCOLN'S DEATH
BROUGHT NEW YORKERS TOGETHER AS

Narrator: LINCOLN'S DEATH
BROUGHT NEW YORKERS TOGETHER AS
NOTHING ELSE HAD.

BROUGHT NEW YORKERS TOGETHER AS
NOTHING ELSE HAD.
BUT IN THE RESTLESS, TURBULENT

NOTHING ELSE HAD.
BUT IN THE RESTLESS, TURBULENT
DECADES TO COME, AS THE CITY LED

BUT IN THE RESTLESS, TURBULENT
DECADES TO COME, AS THE CITY LED
AMERICA INTO A NEW AGE, CRUCIAL

DECADES TO COME, AS THE CITY LED
AMERICA INTO A NEW AGE, CRUCIAL
QUESTIONS REMAINED.

AMERICA INTO A NEW AGE, CRUCIAL
QUESTIONS REMAINED.
WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO BRIDGE

QUESTIONS REMAINED.
WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO BRIDGE
THE ENORMOUS CHASMS STILL

WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO BRIDGE
THE ENORMOUS CHASMS STILL
DIVIDING AMERICANS AND MAKE

THE ENORMOUS CHASMS STILL
DIVIDING AMERICANS AND MAKE
THE UNION AN ENDURING REALITY?

DIVIDING AMERICANS AND MAKE
THE UNION AN ENDURING REALITY?
VISIT NEW YORK ON-LINE.

THE UNION AN ENDURING REALITY?
VISIT NEW YORK ON-LINE.
JUMP INTO A TAXI AND PLAY A QUIZ

VISIT NEW YORK ON-LINE.
JUMP INTO A TAXI AND PLAY A QUIZ
GAME, VISIT A VIRTUAL NEW YORK.

JUMP INTO A TAXI AND PLAY A QUIZ
GAME, VISIT A VIRTUAL NEW YORK.
AND FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS,

GAME, VISIT A VIRTUAL NEW YORK.
AND FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS,
TAKE YOUR KIDS ON A LEARNING

AND FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS,
TAKE YOUR KIDS ON A LEARNING
ADVENTURE THROUGH YOUR TOWN.

ç■■H&■o?;