Nova (1974–…): Season 48, Episode 9 - Hindenburg The New Evidence - full transcript
On May 6, 1937, the Hindenburg, the world's largest airship, ignited in a giant fireball as it prepared to land at Lakehurst, New Jersey-a disaster immortalized by searing newsreel footage and Herbert Morrison's unforgettable "Oh,...
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♪♪
The airship Hindenburg.
In 1937, the fastest way
to cross the Atlantic.
There was no other aircraft
at the time
that could do this type
of distance.
For the few who could afford
an airship trip,
the image is one of prestige.
Prestige also for the country
that built it.
The German government used
Hindenburg
as a propaganda symbol.
A revolutionary vision
of connecting the world
with a fleet of airships.
They were looking to have
40 to 50 airships
linking the cities of the globe
by 1945.
Then, disaster.
36 lives lost
in a horrifying instant,
an entire industry
essentially destroyed,
the precise cause never
conclusively proven.
Now, after more than 80 years,
new evidence.
Whoa, yeah.
No, I've never seen
this material.
And a new investigation.
That's the upwind pattern that
it was flying
as it's coming overhead
the hangar,
before it did its initial turn.
And you believe that the film
was shot
with this exact camera?
Yes, I do.
Can we still find answers?
Initially, I thought it was
going to be relatively simple.
Whoa!
But very quickly, I realized
that there were a lot of
unanswered questions.
What is going on right now?
If one thing had been different
on that day,
we wouldn't have had the same
outcome.
"Hindenburg: The New Evidence,"
right now, on "NOVA."
♪♪
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♪♪
In a nondescript building
in a Washington, D.C., suburb,
an investigation begins.
The focus is a cold case
over 80 years old
that was never definitively
solved.
An aviation accident.
The legendary crash of the
airship Hindenburg.
It's burst into flames...
and it's crashing.
It's crashing, terrible.
Oh, my, get out of the way,
please, it's burning,
bursting into flames, and,
and it's falling
on the mooring mast...
oh, the humanity!
♪♪
Hindenburg.
Like Titanic,
synonymous with disaster.
The images seen countless times
by millions.
Despite two investigations
of the accident,
the precise cause...
The exact chain of events...
Remains a mystery.
But now,
after more than 80 years,
there is new evidence.
This film.
Never seen by investigators
in 1937,
it has remained essentially
unknown.
Now, decades after the tragedy,
can this film shed new light
on one of the most notorious
aviation accidents in history?
Might it hold a clue to the
cause of the disaster?
This right here where we're
standing right now
is the actual crash site,
so you can sort of see
where we are
in relation to it.
Got it.
These men hope so.
The discovery of this
long-lost film
has prompted them to begin a new
investigation of Hindenburg.
♪♪
Lieutenant Colonel
Jason O. Harris,
an Air Force Academy graduate,
flew multiple combat tours
and has training in
accident investigation.
Today, he's a commercial airline
pilot.
When we look at aircraft
accidents,
whether it's an airship or an
airplane or even a helicopter,
you want to establish
a chain of events.
When we evaluate it,
we get to see
exactly where things begin
to break down.
And they were going to fly
basically toward the hangar
in this direction...
Harris's colleague in this
investigation
is aviation historian
Dan Grossman.
A bestselling author
and world-renowned authority
on airships,
Grossman has extensive knowledge
of Hindenburg
and the 1937 investigations.
No one's ever taken a fresh look
at the expert conclusions,
either based on testing
or based on the experience of
these experts,
and it's time to do that.
So, inspired by a newly found
reel of film,
Dan Grossman and Jason Harris
are re-examining the case
of the Hindenburg.
They'll work with specialists
who have expert knowledge
about vintage motion picture
film,
travel to Germany
to examine evidence
where the airship was built,
and observe specially designed
engineering tests
to see if anything new
can be learned about Hindenburg.
♪♪
It's May 3, 1937,
when the airship takes off
with 36 passengers
and 61 crew members.
The ship left Germany on May 3,
intending to arrive at Lakehurst
early in the morning,
about 6:00 a.m., on May 6.
Lakehurst, New Jersey,
is a U.S. Naval Air Station
and hub with connections
to New York.
At Lakehurst,
Hindenburg will be serviced
for the return to Europe.
They were hoping to have a day
to turn the ship around, refuel,
replenish.
And they were planning on
leaving that evening
with a full load of passengers
back to Germany.
Settling in for a comfortable
and scenic
two-and-a-half-day trip,
the 97 people onboard are
probably feeling quite safe.
In over 25 years of service,
no Zeppelin passenger airship
has ever
had a fatal accident.
And yet right over their heads
lurks potential danger.
What lifts Hindenburg into
the air is hydrogen gas.
Seven million cubic feet of it
are stored in 16 gas cells,
giant bags that fill the ship
from end to end.
Hydrogen is the lightest element
on the periodic table.
Because it's lighter than air,
it's buoyant.
It will go up if surrounded
by air.
But mixed with air,
it's also extremely flammable,
a bomb waiting to explode.
Everyone knew that hydrogen
burned, and it burned furiously.
But the Germans had the feeling,
this overconfidence,
that after 37 years of working
with hydrogen,
"We got this, we know how to
deal with hydrogen safely."
♪♪
It's 1909
when the German Zeppelin company
starts the world's first
passenger airline.
Two decades later,
just after Charles Lindbergh
crosses the Atlantic,
their airship Graf Zeppelin
makes an international
publicity flight.
In 1929,
the Hindenburg's predecessor,
the Graf Zeppelin,
flew from Germany here
to Lakehurst
with paying passengers,
and then did a circumnavigation
of the globe.
Their idea, their vision, was
that they were going to have
a fleet of these ships
crossing weekly in the same way
that there was a fleet of ocean
liners that crossed weekly.
Over the next several years,
the Graf Zeppelin
carries thousands of passengers
without a single mishap,
and proves the concept.
The next step:
expand to the U.S.
They had already established
service
with the Graf Zeppelin
to South America.
It was a tremendous
public relations
and investment opportunity
for German airship interests.
All they need now is more
and bigger ships.
The Hindenburg will be the first
of the new model.
♪♪
It's over three times longer
than a 747,
constructed around a lightweight
aluminum frame.
Hindenburg basically was
a metal framework
that was kind of
an engineering miracle
in that it had to be very big,
it had to be very strong,
and it had to be very, very
light.
Outside the frame,
a painted fabric skin.
The fabric covering was there
to give it an aerodynamic shape
and to protect the gas cells
that were inside the covering.
Two diesel engines on each side
propel the ship
through the air.
A rudder steers it left and
right; elevators up and down.
The crew controls the ship
from a small car
mounted to the underside.
Above the control car,
inside the skin and beneath the
gas cells, are two decks.
The lower holds a few passenger
cabins, kitchen,
and crew's quarters.
The upper,
25 double-berth cabins,
a lounge, writing room,
dining room, and promenades.
It was definitely a, a rich
person's luxury way of travel,
sailing above the great sights
of ocean and Earth
with glasses of wine
in their hand,
eating gourmet meals,
looking down.
And it's fast.
You could cross the Atlantic
in two-and-a-half days
on Hindenburg.
It took you five to six days
on an ocean liner.
The Hindenburg was
the Concorde of its day.
It was a premium-priced service
particularly popular
with American businessmen
who were always in a hurry.
Starting in 1936,
the Hindenburg
makes propaganda flights
for Germany's Nazi government
at Nuremberg rallies
and the Berlin Olympics.
That year,
the ship crosses
the Atlantic 34 times.
Hindenburg has carried
over a thousand passengers
without a single mishap.
The 1936 service
was a testing period to see
if this thing
could be made to work.
And it worked very successfully.
For the 1937 season,
there is one overriding
priority.
The key in the mind
of the Germans was to now
tighten up the schedule
and make for more
prompt arrivals and departures.
But on the very first flight,
the schedule slips.
The first problem is bad weather
all the way across,
which delays them.
And so the ship was about
12 hours
behind schedule.
They arrive over Manhattan
that afternoon
and they head directly to
Lakehurst.
Lakehurst cannot receive them,
and the weather conditions
are unsettled.
There were thunderstorms.
You're trying to get
this airship
on the ground,
you're now under a lot more
stress
than you ordinarily would be.
Hindenburg circles over
New Jersey in a holding pattern,
waiting for Charles Rosendahl,
commander at Lakehurst,
to approve landing.
As 7:00 is approaching,
Commander Rosendahl signals
that conditions now suitable
for landing,
recommend landing now.
The ship begins
its final approach.
The Hindenburg makes a wide
circle of the field
and approaches from the north.
Well, here it comes, ladies
and gentlemen, we're out now,
outside of the hangar...
Reporter Herbert Morrison
is recording a description
of Hindenburg's arrival
for later broadcast on radio.
Thousands of people have come
out to witness
the landing of this great
airship.
The barometer is dropping,
the wind is shifting.
It made a turn to realign
so its nose
was pointing into the wind.
They dropped two lines,
called trail lines.
The lines let the ground crew
pull the ship into position
and secure it.
In subsequent investigations,
these ropes will come under
intense scrutiny.
Roughly four minutes after
dropping these landing lines,
fire erupted.
♪♪
♪♪
In less than a minute,
there's nothing left
but smoking wreckage.
Of the 97 passengers
and crew, 35 are dead,
plus one ground crewman.
What happened?
Even before any investigation
starts,
Hindenburg’s commander,
Max Pruss,
says what many are thinking.
My grandfather was in charge
as a captain
on the Hindenburg flight,
and he made no secret
of his opinion
that it was sabotage.
That someone must have placed
a bomb somewhere.
Pruss's boss, Ernst Lehmann,
agrees.
It had to be sabotage.
If you're one of the German
officers who made the decisions
that lead to that public
destruction
of this symbol of Nazi power,
you're going to be very careful
about what you say.
Lehmann had been mortally
injured.
He died within 24 hours.
He reportedly said on his
deathbed that he thought
it must have been sabotage,
that it could not have been
something else.
There were a lot of people,
even in 1937, who didn't like
the Hitler government.
It was perfectly natural
for people to ask,
"Did somebody bomb
this airship?"
♪♪
Two investigations begin,
one German, one American.
But no one finds any evidence
of foul play.
The reality is that all evidence
suggests
it could not have been sabotage.
If not sabotage, then what?
They looked at a lot of things.
Diesel engine exhaust,
or a propeller breaking
and entering the airframe,
or someone from the ground
shooting at the airship,
but both agreed that it was
leaking hydrogen
ignited by some electrostatic
discharge.
Electrostatic discharge...
a sudden flow of electricity
between two electrically charged
objects.
In other words, a spark.
It can be tiny...
Like the spark you feel
when you walk across a carpet
and touch something.
Or enormous, like lightning.
Although investigators
eventually
conclude that leaking hydrogen
was ignited by a spark,
they never precisely demonstrate
the cause of the spark.
But the source of the hydrogen
is obvious:
a leak, somewhere in one of the
gas cells.
A surviving crewman reported
that he saw an orange glow
in gas cell four, near the tail.
Observers on the ground also saw
the first flames near the tail.
With so much of the physical
evidence destroyed,
investigators have to rely
on these eyewitness accounts.
But there is one other type
of evidence.
About a dozen press
and newsreel photographers
were covering the landing.
The landing crew of the airbase
here is superbly trained
to handle these massive ships
of the sky.
Safety comes first,
as it always should.
But for investigators,
every image of the accident
caught on film
has the same limitation: they're
all shot from the same angle.
All of the newsreel
photographers
were gathered in a small area
close to the mooring mast where
the ship was expected to land.
Not only are the films shot
from the same place and angle,
they all start at essentially
the same time:
after the fire is well underway.
There's no film capturing
the moment of ignition.
So for over 80 years,
the origin of the spark
that doomed Hindenburg
has remained elusive,
what exactly caused it
and where in the ship
it occurred
lost to history.
But now, a new piece of the
Hindenburg puzzle has surfaced.
Ironically, it was available
from the beginning,
but no one had been interested
at the time.
I was here at Lakehurst for
the 75th anniversary,
and we had a memorial service,
and a guy comes up to me
and says,
"I've got some film on the
Hindenburg disaster.
"You probably don't really care,
"but this was taken by my uncle,
and if you want to see it,
I'll show it to you."
So this is right
where we met in...
This is right where we met.
In 2012.
Yeah.
Where you showed me this film
on your laptop.
Yeah.
And if you remember,
I was so excited,
I took my cellphone
and I took some photos...
I asked your permission...
And I took photos of the film
on your laptop.
Yup, yup.
Because it was, like,
this is special!
Yeah.
My dad had bought this nifty
Kodak camera,
a wind-up movie camera,
eight-millimeter.
And he couldn't come
because he worked.
So he asked my uncle and my mom
if they would take some shots
and see the Hindenburg land.
And as soon as I started looking
at it, I realize
it looked really different, and
it looked really interesting.
And yet, Harold Schenck's film...
Which starts earlier and is shot
from a different angle than all
the other photographers...
Is never seen by investigators.
It was, at the time,
publicly put out that he had it.
Nobody ever asked for it.
There was plenty of footage
taken by the newsreels.
And nobody really cared,
I guess, about angles.
But perhaps this new angle
will make a difference.
After 80-plus years, might this
footage show something new?
And what could a closer
inspection of the film reveal?
To learn more about
the film's history,
Dan Grossman brings it to
Colorlab,
a world-class facility
that restores historic film
for the Library of Congress,
National Archives,
and others.
I'm excited that you have
something
for me to look at, right?
I am excited for you
to look at it.
So, here is the film we've been
talking about.
Wow.
And I also brought you
the camera that
it was filmed on.
Oh, wow!
Film archivist Pat Doyen is an
expert in preserving
and restoring rare vintage film.
Good provenance here.
And you believe that the film
was shot with this
exact camera?
Yes, I do!
I can see that this is
the kind of box
that this film
would have been packaged in.
I can see that you had it
processed by Kodak,
uh, there's an address,
there's a stamp from the time.
So this is all really good
information.
And when we look at it
over the light table,
there's a few things
we can tell.
Now, there's a number here,
36814.
Oh, okay.
That was written on the box,
and you can see
it's also on this leader.
And who wrote that?
Would Kodak
have written that?
That... yes.
That would have been
for processing.
Okay.
So, right now, I'm going to look
for what they call a date code.
So Kodak put, um,
some symbols on the film
to tell us when
it was manufactured.
So I'm looking at the date code,
and I see a triangle square.
So how do you know what a
triangle and a square means?
So there's a reference
to check that out.
And we can see...
This film
was manufactured
between July to December 1936.
Ah.
1936,
the year before the accident.
When someone would buy
a film for 1937.
Great.
We can see the aperture plate,
the little cutout on
the left side.
The camera's aperture plate
defines the frame of the picture
where the image extends
in between the sprocket holes.
This one here,
which matches our film,
has the square in between
the two perforations.
Is that, is it exactly
what we're seeing
right here?
Mm-hmm.
Oh, yeah, of course,
it looks just like your book.
It tells us that
it was shot with this
model of camera,
the Cine Kodak 8, model 20.
A year before the disaster,
in an eerily prophetic ad
featuring the Hindenburg,
Kodak suggested using
their cameras
to film
"moments that make history."
It also tells me that it was
camera-original.
Camera-original.
This film was exposed in
a camera... it's not a copy.
If it was a print,
you wouldn't see the circles
or the squares,
because the printer blocks
that off.
So what's your verdict
on the film?
So...
It's a little shrunken
and it's got some aging here,
it's got a little silver
mirroring,
which tells me that
it's an old film.
This doesn't happen right away,
overnight.
It takes years and years,
sometimes decades, so all
of this taken together,
I can't say with
a hundred percent certainty,
but everything points
to this film
being an authentic
film.
Wow.
That it was shot at that time.
This is a good day.
♪♪
After digitally scanning
the film,
Dan and Pat take a look
on a large screen.
This is the first time this
footage has been widely seen.
Wow!
Look at how much detail
we get from this scan.
The roll of film will last
only two minutes.
To conserve it, Harold Schenck
shoots brief moments:
the ground crew assembling,
the giant ship passing
over the hangar.
The landing lines are the last
thing Harold Schenck records
before disaster strikes.
And as it exploded, he had the
camera at his side,
and it was a wind-up camera, so
he, he had the presence of mind
to switch the switch on
and pick it up at that moment.
♪♪
Thanks to that aperture plate,
you actually see the nose
and the tail at the same time.
Is that unusual?
Yes, it is.
The spring runs down.
After rewinding, he rolls again,
getting the aftermath.
You can see details of the
girder structure.
Where the gas cells were would
be a lot of information for us
about how this flame progressed.
This is really great, thank you
for doing this for us.
Confident of the film's
provenance,
Dan now shares the new digital
transfer
with Jason.
You can see the mooring mast.
There's the ship,
it's flying over the building
we're in right now,
that's hangar one.
That's the upwind pattern
that it was flying
as it's coming overhead the
hangar
before it did its initial turn.
The sequence of events during
Hindenburg’s landing approach
has clues about what went wrong.
Surviving crew members indicated
that they were having trouble
trimming the ship...
Keeping it level.
The tail was heavy.
When an aircraft is out of trim,
it's not in balance.
And when you look at how massive
this aircraft was,
and then try to control it,
and it's out of trim,
it is not going to do what
you're asking.
To correct the problem,
they valve off gas from the bow,
making it heavier.
Depending on how heavy you
wanted to make the ship,
you held the gas valve open
for 15 seconds, 30 seconds.
They release gas multiple times.
They're still tail-heavy.
Then they drop weight,
water ballast, from the tail
to make it lighter.
They've already dropped about
1,300 pounds of water ballast.
Now they've moved six men
into the nose.
That's another 1,200 pounds.
The ship is still tail-heavy.
Why might Hindenburg
be tail-heavy?
It seems most likely
that it was tail-heavy
because there was
a pre-existing hydrogen leak.
♪♪
They now have a choice: proceed
with the landing or stop
and diagnose the problem.
It would have been
relatively simple
to send a few riggers back
to look into the condition
of whether the rear gas cells
were all intact.
If they needed to wait longer,
they could have just hung out
and waited longer.
It's not an issue of running
out of fuel.
It could stay up there for
an indeterminate amount of time
because it's an airship.
But who will make the decision?
The official commander of the
flight was Max Pruss,
but the director
of flight operations,
or the chief pilot, Ernst
Lehmann, was also onboard.
So Pruss was operating
under the eye of his boss.
Lehmann was very, very conscious
of the fact
that they were 12 hours behind
schedule,
and they had a full load
of passengers
that had to get onboard
and get back to Europe,
and this was now his ball game.
How do you tell your boss,
"Hey, boss, we're late,
and I actually want
to make us more late"?
"I know we're supposed to land,
but I don't think it's safe."
There's no
cockpit voice recorder
from Hindenburg.
We don't know what they said
to each other.
All we know is what they did.
There's the line going down,
you see it hit the ground.
And the ship started to burn,
and look how quickly
this crashes, right?
In the time we have
just talked about this
for the past few seconds,
that is all the time these
people had to escape.
Wow.
That's totally different
than anything I've ever seen
from all the
other footage I've seen.
Right.
Because the person
with the eight-millimeter camera
was in a different location.
So, so from what you've...
Where exactly was
Harold Schenck?
Most of the press photographers
and all of the newsreel
film photographers
were over in that direction
where the mooring mast was.
♪♪
It looks from
Schenck's photographs
that he was located around
hangar one.
So he basically is seeing the
aircraft go from right to left
as it continues to go down
to this landing site.
Exactly.
And so, because he was
all the way over there,
he got a beautiful broadside
view of Hindenburg.
As opposed to the newsreel
photographers,
who were looking at the bow
of the aircraft
as it was flying toward them.
Right.
♪♪
But for all it reveals,
Harold Schenck's film
does not show
what ignited the hydrogen,
the spark that doomed
Hindenburg.
How did the spark actually
find its way
to the location
in this enormous airship,
where actually hydrogen
was coming out,
mixing with air?
To try and learn more
about that spark,
Jason and Dan have turned to
Konstantinos Giapis,
professor of chemical
engineering at Caltech.
You see almost a mushroom cloud
right here.
And this is hydrogen being
released
massively from
the central airbags.
That hydrogen wants to rise up
because it's a very light gas,
and as it rises,
it takes a lot of heat with it.
When you look at this,
it's almost uncanny to think
that anyone actually was able
to walk away from this.
Well, you know,
if you happen to be
underneath the fire, you,
you don't suffer
as terrible consequences,
and I believe this is the reason
why so many people survived,
actually.
But the key question remains.
I see a few things,
but I don't see
the origin of the fire,
I don't see how
the fire started.
So Professor Giapis will design
experiments to learn more
about how the fire started.
The experiments should include
addressing
the origin of the spark,
addressing the importance of
the rope falling
and becoming conductive,
and addressing the issue of,
how did a spark happen
close to where
the hydrogen was leaking?
To get more information
to help Professor Giapis
design historically relevant
experiments,
Jason and Dan travel to
Friedrichshafen, Germany,
home of the Zeppelin company
and Zeppelin Museum.
Hindenburg made its first
test flights over this lake.
The Zeppelin
and the industry that it set off
was a really important part
of the town's history.
This is amazing.
Just walking in
and seeing
that airship hanging...
Isn't it incredible?
Yeah.
Dan has been coming here
for years;
this is Jason's first visit.
I didn't know very much about
lighter-than-air aircraft.
I've read a few things,
but my background is
all fixed-wing aircraft.
And so I was looking to
fully understand
how the airships worked,
and even some of the
different concepts
in terms of how
the airship was constructed.
And you know,
this World War I exhibit
really gives you an
understanding
of just how experienced
the Germans were with Zeppelins.
And it actually explains
a lot about their confidence
and overconfidence
operating Hindenburg,
because they had flown these
hydrogen-filled Zeppelins
for 37 years.
They'd flown over 100 of them.
Nevertheless, Hindenburg is not
the first Zeppelin to burn.
There were a lot of hydrogen
airships that burned,
even outside of combat, as a
result of operating accidents.
In fact, the Zeppelin company
was hoping to abandon hydrogen,
because of the danger.
The Hindenburg had
originally been designed
with the intention
of using helium gas.
However, helium was a strictly
American resource in those days.
Most of the world's
helium supply existed
within a 250-mile radius of
Amarillo, Texas.
In 1927, Congress passes
the Helium Control Act,
which forbids selling
helium to any foreign nation.
If Hindenburg's designers
want to use helium,
they'll need
Congressional approval.
Of all the resources
in this museum,
Dan and Jason
are most interested
in the historical archive.
But first,
they show Harold Schenck's film
to Zeppelin Archive director
Barbara Waibel
and Zeppelin department
head Jürgen Bleibler.
Whoa, yeah, I've
never seen this material.
You can see it so clearly,
how, how the way of the fire is.
- This moment...
- Mm-hmm.
Escaping for, of the passengers
is unbelievable.
Yeah, isn't it?
They had so little time.
Mm-hmm.
I've never seen it
from this point of view.
So it's really
new material for me, yeah.
The fire started roughly
four minutes after
the landing ropes
hit the ground.
So Professor Giapis is
interested in that rope.
Could it conduct electricity,
which might contribute
to a spark?
One of the things
we'd like to do
is test the electrical
conductivity of the trail rope,
the landing rope,
the Landestau.
Mm-hmm.
We'd like to get
a sample of that rope
and see what it looks like.
Excellent.
And is this one of the
actual ropes?
Ah.
So let's go ahead and see
how, how big the rope is,
what, what its circumference is,
so that we can either
acquire or recreate
something that matches.
14 centimeters.
Mm-hmm.
Mm-hmm.
Excellent.
And this is...
14 centimeters,
and it's manila hemp rope,
right?
Yeah.
Yup.
Back at Caltech,
Professor Giapis
has immersed himself
in Hindenburg, focusing on how
the leaking hydrogen
may have been ignited.
I read the reports of
various committees.
They both agreed
that there was a hydrogen leak.
But there were certain things
that didn't make sense.
How did the spark happen,
where it happened,
and the time sequence,
the timeline of how it happened.
The German committee believed
the landing ropes
allowed a spark to happen,
because they
gave electricity a path
from the ship to the ground.
In a house, electricity flows
from one side of an outlet
through whatever
is plugged into it,
and back to
the other side of the outlet.
But it only flows
when it has a path.
Take away the path,
the flow stops.
Why this matters to
the Hindenburg
is because the airship
is carrying electricity
on its skin.
Any craft moving through the air
will accumulate a charge.
As long as Hindenburg's
electrical charge
has no path, it can't flow.
To find out if landing rope
could create an electrical path
to the ground,
Professor Giapis will test
a sample to see if it conducts.
Jason is back at Caltech
to observe.
So, what you were looking for
was, how did
the spark in
that particular place
connect with the hydrogen
in that explicit moment in time?
Yes.
The committees talked
about the skin charging up.
And the question is,
what happens to that charge?
I can try to find out
where the charge goes
and whether, in doing so,
it can create a spark.
Hindenburg approaches,
carrying a powerful
electrical charge on its skin.
But the charge has
no path to go anywhere.
Port and starboard trail lines
hit the ground.
But nothing happens.
From the moment the ropes
touch the ground,
it takes about four minutes
for the fire to start.
If the ropes created a path
for electricity to flow,
then why the delay?
What was important about
the rope and the four minutes?
So, the idea from both
investigative committees
was that the rope
was not conductive
to begin with.
It took four minutes or so
for it to get wet
to create the spark.
During the final landing
approach,
a light rain is falling.
The theory is that
as the rope got wet,
it became more conductive.
So I want to probe that.
I want to find out if the rope
was initially conductive at all,
and how quickly did it become
conductive when it became wet?
Where'd you acquire this rope
from and how is it similar
to what they had
80-plus years ago?
So, we had to search, uh,
quite a bit, actually,
to find this rope.
However, we found one
that is made of
the same material,
which is manila hemp.
And this one is
an eight-braid rope,
whereas the original one was
a 12-braid rope.
But it's approximately
the same diameter.
And it has
a lot of surface area,
which is important
for our experiment.
My first experiment was,
try to see if
any current flows through it
when you apply a voltage
across the,
the two ends of the rope.
I will increase the voltage
that I apply at the top.
Professor Giapis
applies almost 3,000 volts
to the top end of the rope.
What you see here is
something that I think
is pretty remarkable.
We see a current
flowing through the rope
when we apply...
It's almost three kilovolts.
To my immense surprise,
dry rope had some conductivity.
Now,
when I talk about conductivity,
what we're talking about
is the ability
to ground the airframe.
So even dry rope provides
an electrical path
from the ship to the ground,
which, theoretically,
could trigger a spark.
But the test isn't over.
Now we want to find out
what happens
when I make this wet.
So we have the same voltage
we have dialed before,
about three kilovolts,
and I will make this wet.
So I'm using deionized water
to try to simulate the
absorption of water by the rope.
Pay attention to this.
So it's increasing with
every bit of wetness.
With every bit of water,
you add to it, it's increasing.
And so you figure, for
four minutes,
it was constantly having
this done
with four minutes
of rain and moisture.
So it becomes
very conductive.
Over ten times more current
flows when the rope
is even slightly wet.
Now that it's wet,
let's look at what happens
as we come down.
You see that the voltage now,
two inches below,
is about the same.
As I come down,
that higher voltage
is communicated.
This thing is fully conductive.
So wet or dry,
the landing rope
does conduct electricity.
But how would that
cause a spark?
The Zeppelin is flying.
She's got an electrical charge
that she has picked up.
But the charge on
Hindenburg’s skin
can't go anywhere... yet.
The airship is isolated
from the ground.
The mooring ropes are dropped.
They become conductors.
But there's a problem.
My very first experiment
showed that the rope
had some conductivity,
and for the kinds of voltages
that I think were possible
on the airship,
that conductivity meant that...
The explosion
should have happened
the moment the rope
hit the ground.
So once the ropes
hit the ground,
what explains the four-minute
delay before the explosion?
Dan and Jason found a clue
in Germany.
In the Zeppelin Museum,
they got details of
Hindenburg’s skin
and the paint that covered it,
called “dope."
Let's talk about the dope,
the Cellon that went
onto the fabric.
The Cellon dope paint
is what gave Hindenburg
its metallic sheen.
But it's the electrical
properties
of Hindenburg's skin
that concern Professor Giapis.
Barbara, one of the things
we care about
is whether there was
an electrical connection
between the, the fabric
and the metal.
Right.
Right.
The wooden pegs, and the space
between skin and metal frame,
would theoretically prevent
a charge on the skin
from reaching the frame.
It's crucial information
for Professor Giapis.
It seems to be that
this wooden dowel
was actually put there
to separate the skin as a
protection/safety mechanism
in the building of the airship.
This design means there's
no electrical connection
between skin and frame.
As the ship comes in to land,
the skin
is electrically charged.
When the ropes drop,
the frame is electrically
connected to the ground.
So there's now a powerful charge
right next to a grounded frame,
with a small air gap in between.
It's like a person
who crossed a carpet
almost but not quite
touching the light switch.
A spark waiting to happen.
So there is electrical
communication
between the frame
and the ground.
So now we need to find out
what was happening
between the skin
and the airframe.
Professor Giapis wants to
better understand how
a charge that's
built up on the skin
could discharge in a spark
that jumps to the frame,
and why it took roughly
four minutes to happen.
The second test that I
developed,
tried to understand this
charging-discharging issue.
So I developed a scaffold
similar to the frame
of the original airship.
He'll use a reproduction of
a section of Hindenburg's skin
covered with dope,
stretched over
but not touching
an aluminum frame.
So, what are we replicating here
in this experiment?
I'm trying to simulate
what was happening
in the top of the airship.
As this was
standing about 100 meters
away from Earth,
the top of it, at least,
collecting rain
and collecting also charge
from the ambient environment.
I need to figure out
a way to bring uniform charge
to these two panels
that we're seeing here.
And I have done this by
creating these electrodes,
and I will charge those
so that I can apply a voltage
that I think was existing
at that time on,
on the airship.
The airship is grounded.
It has the ability to, to
conduct,
but the surface
is actually just dry.
So, you're simulating
what it looks like,
or what happens
when the surface itself
is just dry.
Correct.
The electrodes apply a charge,
like that which would have built
up on the skin of Hindenburg.
I charged up the electrodes,
connected
the frame to the ground,
and I would observe no spark.
My dope was very
"dielectric,"
as we say in the jargon.
The charge
was not going anywhere.
With the skin dry, the charge
does not jump to the frame.
But these laboratory conditions
do not fully replicate
the situation at Lakehurst.
Now I want to find out
what happens if we actually,
you know, do this in the rain.
There was rain falling.
The ship had also
just crossed the ocean,
and there were salt particles
on its surface.
Now, rain and salt
make a conductive mixture.
All right.
So, let's see.
Let's wait a little bit.
Whoa!
What is going on right now?
Oh, wow, that was...
That's it.
Yes, that was significant!
That's the spark that matters.
Charging the top surfaces,
adding the rain to the mix,
you've got
the spark across the skin.
But why?
What changes
when the skin is wet?
Rain makes the top of the skin
conductive and allows
eventually for charges to move.
Making the skin more conductive
lets the charge move across it
more easily,
until it reaches
a spot over a frame member,
where it can
jump across the gap.
But there's still the question
of the four-minute delay.
Why didn't the spark happen
the instant
the ropes hit the ground?
So, then it occurred to me
that the moment
the airframe grounds,
you form a capacitor
capable of storing more charge
than what initially existed
on the surface of the airship.
And that means that
it will take time to charge up.
A capacitor
is a very simple device
that allows you to store energy.
A capacitor typically contains
two conductive plates
separated by
a non-conducting insulator.
Charge builds up on the plates,
positive and negative,
until it's strong enough
to jump across the gap.
On the Hindenburg, the skin
represents the top surface
and the grounded frame
represents
the bottom surface of
the capacitor.
Positive charge from
the air collects on the skin.
Negative charge from the ground
collects through the ropes
onto the frame.
With every passing second,
the electric field
between skin and frame
increases,
until finally it's strong enough
to jump across the gap,
making a spark.
To see how long it would take to
fully charge Hindenburg's skin,
Professor Giapis calculates
how much charge
the ship can hold
based on its surface area
and compares that with the rate
of atmospheric electricity
flowing in
the stormy conditions that day.
So then I wrote down the numbers
of how long it would take
for it to charge,
and I ended up with
four minutes.
And then it all clicked,
because nobody
has been able to explain
the four minutes
it took for it to explode.
Rope hits the ground,
turning Hindenburg into
a giant capacitor.
Charge is building up.
It will take about four minutes
to fully charge the ship.
Rain is accumulating
on the skin,
making it easier for
the charge to move
to locations of
underlying frame members.
♪♪
For his final test,
Professor Giapis
repeats the experiment,
adding the rope.
The rope to the ground
as if it's just thrown down.
And then we're going to
make the rope wet
in the correct sequence.
So we're going to
try to find out
what happens when
all of this is together.
I have zero volts down here.
Yeah.
I have one volt up here.
What is that telling us
at this point in time?
It's telling us that
it's a perfect conductor.
The frame is connected to
the ground very efficiently.
So that allows for
a maximum charge
to accumulate up there.
So, I will go now
and try to recreate the spark.
Ready?
Oh! Whoa!
That was it!
Tell us, what did we just
experience right there?
There is a capacitor forming
between the skin and the frame.
The capacitor is fully charged.
But the charge cannot move
through the rope to the ground.
Despite the fact that
the rope is wet, fully wet.
However, when I
drop a little bit of rain
on top,
magic happens.
Professor Giapis has shown that
rain did contribute
to the disaster.
Wetting the skin made it
easier...
Whoa!
For the charge
to flow to where frame members
were located.
That's the spark.
That's how you get the spark
to occur under the skin.
So, it happens underneath,
only after
all of these series of events
have taken place.
Yes.
The rope hits the ground.
Yes.
The rope then gets wet.
There's a charge on the top of
the surface of the airship,
and there's rain on top of
the airship.
Correct.
So, all of those things
have to happen,
and we pretty much
just walked through...
Yes.
That one without
the other means nothing.
Yes.
But once you put
the rain in there,
that's where we get
the magic of the spark.
The magic ingredient, yes.
Wow.
But another mystery remains.
Why did the spark
happen where it did?
What were the chances
in this enormous ship
that the spark, the tiny spark,
happened right there
where the hydrogen was leaking
or in the vicinity of
where it was mixing with air?
How was it possible to get
the spark right there, where,
you know, things were happening?
Professor Giapis believes
Hindenburg’s frame,
horizontal girders,
and vertical rings
in effect formed
individual panels.
I realized that each panel,
each crossing of these girders,
is a separate capacitor.
There didn't have to be one
spark in just the right place.
Why?
Because there were
multiple sparks!
One of them was
bound to happen near it,
because it was
happening everywhere!
♪♪
Ironically,
the design
keeping skin and frame
electrically separate,
possibly intended
as a safety feature,
actually
made this spark possible.
"I, I can't talk,
"ladies and gentlemen.
"Honest, it's just laying there,
a mass of smoking wreckage.
"I'm going to have to
stop for a minute
"because I've lost my voice;
this is the worst thing
I've ever witnessed."
Ultimately, although a spark
almost certainly
caused the fire,
it was something else
that caused the tragedy.
The story of the Hindenburg
is a story very familiar,
even today,
of human error
compounded by some very
unfortunate circumstances.
The Hindenburg had been put
by her command
into a great deal of jeopardy.
After the accident,
the Zeppelin company
made some design changes
in the skin-to-frame attachment,
but it didn't matter.
After the Hindenburg disaster,
no rigid airship ever carried
a paying passenger again.
By the time Hindenburg
actually left its hangar,
there were airplanes
that could do things better.
Although Harold Schenck's film
did not show
how the hydrogen ignited,
it did inspire
a new examination of Hindenburg,
new experiments,
and new results.
Wait a little bit...
Whoa!
So the science gave us an answer
to a previously
unsolved question
that was 80-plus-years-old
that we thought
we'd never be able to answer.
There is an opportunity here
to use science
to answer an unsolved mystery.
We come up with a new theory,
we break it apart into pieces,
we go to the lab,
and we try to validate
every one of these pieces.
Yet no matter how many
questions we answer
about the details of
what happened,
it's the image of Hindenburg
that never loses its grip
on our imagination.
Today, we're used to seeing
horrible stuff on television.
People in 1937 were not
used to seeing a disaster
with their own eyes.
And to see this airship
filled with people
burn and be destroyed
in a matter of seconds
was really
shocking and dramatic.
I think the fact that
this disaster was caught on film
is why we still think of it
today.
♪♪
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---
♪♪
The airship Hindenburg.
In 1937, the fastest way
to cross the Atlantic.
There was no other aircraft
at the time
that could do this type
of distance.
For the few who could afford
an airship trip,
the image is one of prestige.
Prestige also for the country
that built it.
The German government used
Hindenburg
as a propaganda symbol.
A revolutionary vision
of connecting the world
with a fleet of airships.
They were looking to have
40 to 50 airships
linking the cities of the globe
by 1945.
Then, disaster.
36 lives lost
in a horrifying instant,
an entire industry
essentially destroyed,
the precise cause never
conclusively proven.
Now, after more than 80 years,
new evidence.
Whoa, yeah.
No, I've never seen
this material.
And a new investigation.
That's the upwind pattern that
it was flying
as it's coming overhead
the hangar,
before it did its initial turn.
And you believe that the film
was shot
with this exact camera?
Yes, I do.
Can we still find answers?
Initially, I thought it was
going to be relatively simple.
Whoa!
But very quickly, I realized
that there were a lot of
unanswered questions.
What is going on right now?
If one thing had been different
on that day,
we wouldn't have had the same
outcome.
"Hindenburg: The New Evidence,"
right now, on "NOVA."
♪♪
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contact www.OpenSubtitles.org today
♪♪
In a nondescript building
in a Washington, D.C., suburb,
an investigation begins.
The focus is a cold case
over 80 years old
that was never definitively
solved.
An aviation accident.
The legendary crash of the
airship Hindenburg.
It's burst into flames...
and it's crashing.
It's crashing, terrible.
Oh, my, get out of the way,
please, it's burning,
bursting into flames, and,
and it's falling
on the mooring mast...
oh, the humanity!
♪♪
Hindenburg.
Like Titanic,
synonymous with disaster.
The images seen countless times
by millions.
Despite two investigations
of the accident,
the precise cause...
The exact chain of events...
Remains a mystery.
But now,
after more than 80 years,
there is new evidence.
This film.
Never seen by investigators
in 1937,
it has remained essentially
unknown.
Now, decades after the tragedy,
can this film shed new light
on one of the most notorious
aviation accidents in history?
Might it hold a clue to the
cause of the disaster?
This right here where we're
standing right now
is the actual crash site,
so you can sort of see
where we are
in relation to it.
Got it.
These men hope so.
The discovery of this
long-lost film
has prompted them to begin a new
investigation of Hindenburg.
♪♪
Lieutenant Colonel
Jason O. Harris,
an Air Force Academy graduate,
flew multiple combat tours
and has training in
accident investigation.
Today, he's a commercial airline
pilot.
When we look at aircraft
accidents,
whether it's an airship or an
airplane or even a helicopter,
you want to establish
a chain of events.
When we evaluate it,
we get to see
exactly where things begin
to break down.
And they were going to fly
basically toward the hangar
in this direction...
Harris's colleague in this
investigation
is aviation historian
Dan Grossman.
A bestselling author
and world-renowned authority
on airships,
Grossman has extensive knowledge
of Hindenburg
and the 1937 investigations.
No one's ever taken a fresh look
at the expert conclusions,
either based on testing
or based on the experience of
these experts,
and it's time to do that.
So, inspired by a newly found
reel of film,
Dan Grossman and Jason Harris
are re-examining the case
of the Hindenburg.
They'll work with specialists
who have expert knowledge
about vintage motion picture
film,
travel to Germany
to examine evidence
where the airship was built,
and observe specially designed
engineering tests
to see if anything new
can be learned about Hindenburg.
♪♪
It's May 3, 1937,
when the airship takes off
with 36 passengers
and 61 crew members.
The ship left Germany on May 3,
intending to arrive at Lakehurst
early in the morning,
about 6:00 a.m., on May 6.
Lakehurst, New Jersey,
is a U.S. Naval Air Station
and hub with connections
to New York.
At Lakehurst,
Hindenburg will be serviced
for the return to Europe.
They were hoping to have a day
to turn the ship around, refuel,
replenish.
And they were planning on
leaving that evening
with a full load of passengers
back to Germany.
Settling in for a comfortable
and scenic
two-and-a-half-day trip,
the 97 people onboard are
probably feeling quite safe.
In over 25 years of service,
no Zeppelin passenger airship
has ever
had a fatal accident.
And yet right over their heads
lurks potential danger.
What lifts Hindenburg into
the air is hydrogen gas.
Seven million cubic feet of it
are stored in 16 gas cells,
giant bags that fill the ship
from end to end.
Hydrogen is the lightest element
on the periodic table.
Because it's lighter than air,
it's buoyant.
It will go up if surrounded
by air.
But mixed with air,
it's also extremely flammable,
a bomb waiting to explode.
Everyone knew that hydrogen
burned, and it burned furiously.
But the Germans had the feeling,
this overconfidence,
that after 37 years of working
with hydrogen,
"We got this, we know how to
deal with hydrogen safely."
♪♪
It's 1909
when the German Zeppelin company
starts the world's first
passenger airline.
Two decades later,
just after Charles Lindbergh
crosses the Atlantic,
their airship Graf Zeppelin
makes an international
publicity flight.
In 1929,
the Hindenburg's predecessor,
the Graf Zeppelin,
flew from Germany here
to Lakehurst
with paying passengers,
and then did a circumnavigation
of the globe.
Their idea, their vision, was
that they were going to have
a fleet of these ships
crossing weekly in the same way
that there was a fleet of ocean
liners that crossed weekly.
Over the next several years,
the Graf Zeppelin
carries thousands of passengers
without a single mishap,
and proves the concept.
The next step:
expand to the U.S.
They had already established
service
with the Graf Zeppelin
to South America.
It was a tremendous
public relations
and investment opportunity
for German airship interests.
All they need now is more
and bigger ships.
The Hindenburg will be the first
of the new model.
♪♪
It's over three times longer
than a 747,
constructed around a lightweight
aluminum frame.
Hindenburg basically was
a metal framework
that was kind of
an engineering miracle
in that it had to be very big,
it had to be very strong,
and it had to be very, very
light.
Outside the frame,
a painted fabric skin.
The fabric covering was there
to give it an aerodynamic shape
and to protect the gas cells
that were inside the covering.
Two diesel engines on each side
propel the ship
through the air.
A rudder steers it left and
right; elevators up and down.
The crew controls the ship
from a small car
mounted to the underside.
Above the control car,
inside the skin and beneath the
gas cells, are two decks.
The lower holds a few passenger
cabins, kitchen,
and crew's quarters.
The upper,
25 double-berth cabins,
a lounge, writing room,
dining room, and promenades.
It was definitely a, a rich
person's luxury way of travel,
sailing above the great sights
of ocean and Earth
with glasses of wine
in their hand,
eating gourmet meals,
looking down.
And it's fast.
You could cross the Atlantic
in two-and-a-half days
on Hindenburg.
It took you five to six days
on an ocean liner.
The Hindenburg was
the Concorde of its day.
It was a premium-priced service
particularly popular
with American businessmen
who were always in a hurry.
Starting in 1936,
the Hindenburg
makes propaganda flights
for Germany's Nazi government
at Nuremberg rallies
and the Berlin Olympics.
That year,
the ship crosses
the Atlantic 34 times.
Hindenburg has carried
over a thousand passengers
without a single mishap.
The 1936 service
was a testing period to see
if this thing
could be made to work.
And it worked very successfully.
For the 1937 season,
there is one overriding
priority.
The key in the mind
of the Germans was to now
tighten up the schedule
and make for more
prompt arrivals and departures.
But on the very first flight,
the schedule slips.
The first problem is bad weather
all the way across,
which delays them.
And so the ship was about
12 hours
behind schedule.
They arrive over Manhattan
that afternoon
and they head directly to
Lakehurst.
Lakehurst cannot receive them,
and the weather conditions
are unsettled.
There were thunderstorms.
You're trying to get
this airship
on the ground,
you're now under a lot more
stress
than you ordinarily would be.
Hindenburg circles over
New Jersey in a holding pattern,
waiting for Charles Rosendahl,
commander at Lakehurst,
to approve landing.
As 7:00 is approaching,
Commander Rosendahl signals
that conditions now suitable
for landing,
recommend landing now.
The ship begins
its final approach.
The Hindenburg makes a wide
circle of the field
and approaches from the north.
Well, here it comes, ladies
and gentlemen, we're out now,
outside of the hangar...
Reporter Herbert Morrison
is recording a description
of Hindenburg's arrival
for later broadcast on radio.
Thousands of people have come
out to witness
the landing of this great
airship.
The barometer is dropping,
the wind is shifting.
It made a turn to realign
so its nose
was pointing into the wind.
They dropped two lines,
called trail lines.
The lines let the ground crew
pull the ship into position
and secure it.
In subsequent investigations,
these ropes will come under
intense scrutiny.
Roughly four minutes after
dropping these landing lines,
fire erupted.
♪♪
♪♪
In less than a minute,
there's nothing left
but smoking wreckage.
Of the 97 passengers
and crew, 35 are dead,
plus one ground crewman.
What happened?
Even before any investigation
starts,
Hindenburg’s commander,
Max Pruss,
says what many are thinking.
My grandfather was in charge
as a captain
on the Hindenburg flight,
and he made no secret
of his opinion
that it was sabotage.
That someone must have placed
a bomb somewhere.
Pruss's boss, Ernst Lehmann,
agrees.
It had to be sabotage.
If you're one of the German
officers who made the decisions
that lead to that public
destruction
of this symbol of Nazi power,
you're going to be very careful
about what you say.
Lehmann had been mortally
injured.
He died within 24 hours.
He reportedly said on his
deathbed that he thought
it must have been sabotage,
that it could not have been
something else.
There were a lot of people,
even in 1937, who didn't like
the Hitler government.
It was perfectly natural
for people to ask,
"Did somebody bomb
this airship?"
♪♪
Two investigations begin,
one German, one American.
But no one finds any evidence
of foul play.
The reality is that all evidence
suggests
it could not have been sabotage.
If not sabotage, then what?
They looked at a lot of things.
Diesel engine exhaust,
or a propeller breaking
and entering the airframe,
or someone from the ground
shooting at the airship,
but both agreed that it was
leaking hydrogen
ignited by some electrostatic
discharge.
Electrostatic discharge...
a sudden flow of electricity
between two electrically charged
objects.
In other words, a spark.
It can be tiny...
Like the spark you feel
when you walk across a carpet
and touch something.
Or enormous, like lightning.
Although investigators
eventually
conclude that leaking hydrogen
was ignited by a spark,
they never precisely demonstrate
the cause of the spark.
But the source of the hydrogen
is obvious:
a leak, somewhere in one of the
gas cells.
A surviving crewman reported
that he saw an orange glow
in gas cell four, near the tail.
Observers on the ground also saw
the first flames near the tail.
With so much of the physical
evidence destroyed,
investigators have to rely
on these eyewitness accounts.
But there is one other type
of evidence.
About a dozen press
and newsreel photographers
were covering the landing.
The landing crew of the airbase
here is superbly trained
to handle these massive ships
of the sky.
Safety comes first,
as it always should.
But for investigators,
every image of the accident
caught on film
has the same limitation: they're
all shot from the same angle.
All of the newsreel
photographers
were gathered in a small area
close to the mooring mast where
the ship was expected to land.
Not only are the films shot
from the same place and angle,
they all start at essentially
the same time:
after the fire is well underway.
There's no film capturing
the moment of ignition.
So for over 80 years,
the origin of the spark
that doomed Hindenburg
has remained elusive,
what exactly caused it
and where in the ship
it occurred
lost to history.
But now, a new piece of the
Hindenburg puzzle has surfaced.
Ironically, it was available
from the beginning,
but no one had been interested
at the time.
I was here at Lakehurst for
the 75th anniversary,
and we had a memorial service,
and a guy comes up to me
and says,
"I've got some film on the
Hindenburg disaster.
"You probably don't really care,
"but this was taken by my uncle,
and if you want to see it,
I'll show it to you."
So this is right
where we met in...
This is right where we met.
In 2012.
Yeah.
Where you showed me this film
on your laptop.
Yeah.
And if you remember,
I was so excited,
I took my cellphone
and I took some photos...
I asked your permission...
And I took photos of the film
on your laptop.
Yup, yup.
Because it was, like,
this is special!
Yeah.
My dad had bought this nifty
Kodak camera,
a wind-up movie camera,
eight-millimeter.
And he couldn't come
because he worked.
So he asked my uncle and my mom
if they would take some shots
and see the Hindenburg land.
And as soon as I started looking
at it, I realize
it looked really different, and
it looked really interesting.
And yet, Harold Schenck's film...
Which starts earlier and is shot
from a different angle than all
the other photographers...
Is never seen by investigators.
It was, at the time,
publicly put out that he had it.
Nobody ever asked for it.
There was plenty of footage
taken by the newsreels.
And nobody really cared,
I guess, about angles.
But perhaps this new angle
will make a difference.
After 80-plus years, might this
footage show something new?
And what could a closer
inspection of the film reveal?
To learn more about
the film's history,
Dan Grossman brings it to
Colorlab,
a world-class facility
that restores historic film
for the Library of Congress,
National Archives,
and others.
I'm excited that you have
something
for me to look at, right?
I am excited for you
to look at it.
So, here is the film we've been
talking about.
Wow.
And I also brought you
the camera that
it was filmed on.
Oh, wow!
Film archivist Pat Doyen is an
expert in preserving
and restoring rare vintage film.
Good provenance here.
And you believe that the film
was shot with this
exact camera?
Yes, I do!
I can see that this is
the kind of box
that this film
would have been packaged in.
I can see that you had it
processed by Kodak,
uh, there's an address,
there's a stamp from the time.
So this is all really good
information.
And when we look at it
over the light table,
there's a few things
we can tell.
Now, there's a number here,
36814.
Oh, okay.
That was written on the box,
and you can see
it's also on this leader.
And who wrote that?
Would Kodak
have written that?
That... yes.
That would have been
for processing.
Okay.
So, right now, I'm going to look
for what they call a date code.
So Kodak put, um,
some symbols on the film
to tell us when
it was manufactured.
So I'm looking at the date code,
and I see a triangle square.
So how do you know what a
triangle and a square means?
So there's a reference
to check that out.
And we can see...
This film
was manufactured
between July to December 1936.
Ah.
1936,
the year before the accident.
When someone would buy
a film for 1937.
Great.
We can see the aperture plate,
the little cutout on
the left side.
The camera's aperture plate
defines the frame of the picture
where the image extends
in between the sprocket holes.
This one here,
which matches our film,
has the square in between
the two perforations.
Is that, is it exactly
what we're seeing
right here?
Mm-hmm.
Oh, yeah, of course,
it looks just like your book.
It tells us that
it was shot with this
model of camera,
the Cine Kodak 8, model 20.
A year before the disaster,
in an eerily prophetic ad
featuring the Hindenburg,
Kodak suggested using
their cameras
to film
"moments that make history."
It also tells me that it was
camera-original.
Camera-original.
This film was exposed in
a camera... it's not a copy.
If it was a print,
you wouldn't see the circles
or the squares,
because the printer blocks
that off.
So what's your verdict
on the film?
So...
It's a little shrunken
and it's got some aging here,
it's got a little silver
mirroring,
which tells me that
it's an old film.
This doesn't happen right away,
overnight.
It takes years and years,
sometimes decades, so all
of this taken together,
I can't say with
a hundred percent certainty,
but everything points
to this film
being an authentic
film.
Wow.
That it was shot at that time.
This is a good day.
♪♪
After digitally scanning
the film,
Dan and Pat take a look
on a large screen.
This is the first time this
footage has been widely seen.
Wow!
Look at how much detail
we get from this scan.
The roll of film will last
only two minutes.
To conserve it, Harold Schenck
shoots brief moments:
the ground crew assembling,
the giant ship passing
over the hangar.
The landing lines are the last
thing Harold Schenck records
before disaster strikes.
And as it exploded, he had the
camera at his side,
and it was a wind-up camera, so
he, he had the presence of mind
to switch the switch on
and pick it up at that moment.
♪♪
Thanks to that aperture plate,
you actually see the nose
and the tail at the same time.
Is that unusual?
Yes, it is.
The spring runs down.
After rewinding, he rolls again,
getting the aftermath.
You can see details of the
girder structure.
Where the gas cells were would
be a lot of information for us
about how this flame progressed.
This is really great, thank you
for doing this for us.
Confident of the film's
provenance,
Dan now shares the new digital
transfer
with Jason.
You can see the mooring mast.
There's the ship,
it's flying over the building
we're in right now,
that's hangar one.
That's the upwind pattern
that it was flying
as it's coming overhead the
hangar
before it did its initial turn.
The sequence of events during
Hindenburg’s landing approach
has clues about what went wrong.
Surviving crew members indicated
that they were having trouble
trimming the ship...
Keeping it level.
The tail was heavy.
When an aircraft is out of trim,
it's not in balance.
And when you look at how massive
this aircraft was,
and then try to control it,
and it's out of trim,
it is not going to do what
you're asking.
To correct the problem,
they valve off gas from the bow,
making it heavier.
Depending on how heavy you
wanted to make the ship,
you held the gas valve open
for 15 seconds, 30 seconds.
They release gas multiple times.
They're still tail-heavy.
Then they drop weight,
water ballast, from the tail
to make it lighter.
They've already dropped about
1,300 pounds of water ballast.
Now they've moved six men
into the nose.
That's another 1,200 pounds.
The ship is still tail-heavy.
Why might Hindenburg
be tail-heavy?
It seems most likely
that it was tail-heavy
because there was
a pre-existing hydrogen leak.
♪♪
They now have a choice: proceed
with the landing or stop
and diagnose the problem.
It would have been
relatively simple
to send a few riggers back
to look into the condition
of whether the rear gas cells
were all intact.
If they needed to wait longer,
they could have just hung out
and waited longer.
It's not an issue of running
out of fuel.
It could stay up there for
an indeterminate amount of time
because it's an airship.
But who will make the decision?
The official commander of the
flight was Max Pruss,
but the director
of flight operations,
or the chief pilot, Ernst
Lehmann, was also onboard.
So Pruss was operating
under the eye of his boss.
Lehmann was very, very conscious
of the fact
that they were 12 hours behind
schedule,
and they had a full load
of passengers
that had to get onboard
and get back to Europe,
and this was now his ball game.
How do you tell your boss,
"Hey, boss, we're late,
and I actually want
to make us more late"?
"I know we're supposed to land,
but I don't think it's safe."
There's no
cockpit voice recorder
from Hindenburg.
We don't know what they said
to each other.
All we know is what they did.
There's the line going down,
you see it hit the ground.
And the ship started to burn,
and look how quickly
this crashes, right?
In the time we have
just talked about this
for the past few seconds,
that is all the time these
people had to escape.
Wow.
That's totally different
than anything I've ever seen
from all the
other footage I've seen.
Right.
Because the person
with the eight-millimeter camera
was in a different location.
So, so from what you've...
Where exactly was
Harold Schenck?
Most of the press photographers
and all of the newsreel
film photographers
were over in that direction
where the mooring mast was.
♪♪
It looks from
Schenck's photographs
that he was located around
hangar one.
So he basically is seeing the
aircraft go from right to left
as it continues to go down
to this landing site.
Exactly.
And so, because he was
all the way over there,
he got a beautiful broadside
view of Hindenburg.
As opposed to the newsreel
photographers,
who were looking at the bow
of the aircraft
as it was flying toward them.
Right.
♪♪
But for all it reveals,
Harold Schenck's film
does not show
what ignited the hydrogen,
the spark that doomed
Hindenburg.
How did the spark actually
find its way
to the location
in this enormous airship,
where actually hydrogen
was coming out,
mixing with air?
To try and learn more
about that spark,
Jason and Dan have turned to
Konstantinos Giapis,
professor of chemical
engineering at Caltech.
You see almost a mushroom cloud
right here.
And this is hydrogen being
released
massively from
the central airbags.
That hydrogen wants to rise up
because it's a very light gas,
and as it rises,
it takes a lot of heat with it.
When you look at this,
it's almost uncanny to think
that anyone actually was able
to walk away from this.
Well, you know,
if you happen to be
underneath the fire, you,
you don't suffer
as terrible consequences,
and I believe this is the reason
why so many people survived,
actually.
But the key question remains.
I see a few things,
but I don't see
the origin of the fire,
I don't see how
the fire started.
So Professor Giapis will design
experiments to learn more
about how the fire started.
The experiments should include
addressing
the origin of the spark,
addressing the importance of
the rope falling
and becoming conductive,
and addressing the issue of,
how did a spark happen
close to where
the hydrogen was leaking?
To get more information
to help Professor Giapis
design historically relevant
experiments,
Jason and Dan travel to
Friedrichshafen, Germany,
home of the Zeppelin company
and Zeppelin Museum.
Hindenburg made its first
test flights over this lake.
The Zeppelin
and the industry that it set off
was a really important part
of the town's history.
This is amazing.
Just walking in
and seeing
that airship hanging...
Isn't it incredible?
Yeah.
Dan has been coming here
for years;
this is Jason's first visit.
I didn't know very much about
lighter-than-air aircraft.
I've read a few things,
but my background is
all fixed-wing aircraft.
And so I was looking to
fully understand
how the airships worked,
and even some of the
different concepts
in terms of how
the airship was constructed.
And you know,
this World War I exhibit
really gives you an
understanding
of just how experienced
the Germans were with Zeppelins.
And it actually explains
a lot about their confidence
and overconfidence
operating Hindenburg,
because they had flown these
hydrogen-filled Zeppelins
for 37 years.
They'd flown over 100 of them.
Nevertheless, Hindenburg is not
the first Zeppelin to burn.
There were a lot of hydrogen
airships that burned,
even outside of combat, as a
result of operating accidents.
In fact, the Zeppelin company
was hoping to abandon hydrogen,
because of the danger.
The Hindenburg had
originally been designed
with the intention
of using helium gas.
However, helium was a strictly
American resource in those days.
Most of the world's
helium supply existed
within a 250-mile radius of
Amarillo, Texas.
In 1927, Congress passes
the Helium Control Act,
which forbids selling
helium to any foreign nation.
If Hindenburg's designers
want to use helium,
they'll need
Congressional approval.
Of all the resources
in this museum,
Dan and Jason
are most interested
in the historical archive.
But first,
they show Harold Schenck's film
to Zeppelin Archive director
Barbara Waibel
and Zeppelin department
head Jürgen Bleibler.
Whoa, yeah, I've
never seen this material.
You can see it so clearly,
how, how the way of the fire is.
- This moment...
- Mm-hmm.
Escaping for, of the passengers
is unbelievable.
Yeah, isn't it?
They had so little time.
Mm-hmm.
I've never seen it
from this point of view.
So it's really
new material for me, yeah.
The fire started roughly
four minutes after
the landing ropes
hit the ground.
So Professor Giapis is
interested in that rope.
Could it conduct electricity,
which might contribute
to a spark?
One of the things
we'd like to do
is test the electrical
conductivity of the trail rope,
the landing rope,
the Landestau.
Mm-hmm.
We'd like to get
a sample of that rope
and see what it looks like.
Excellent.
And is this one of the
actual ropes?
Ah.
So let's go ahead and see
how, how big the rope is,
what, what its circumference is,
so that we can either
acquire or recreate
something that matches.
14 centimeters.
Mm-hmm.
Mm-hmm.
Excellent.
And this is...
14 centimeters,
and it's manila hemp rope,
right?
Yeah.
Yup.
Back at Caltech,
Professor Giapis
has immersed himself
in Hindenburg, focusing on how
the leaking hydrogen
may have been ignited.
I read the reports of
various committees.
They both agreed
that there was a hydrogen leak.
But there were certain things
that didn't make sense.
How did the spark happen,
where it happened,
and the time sequence,
the timeline of how it happened.
The German committee believed
the landing ropes
allowed a spark to happen,
because they
gave electricity a path
from the ship to the ground.
In a house, electricity flows
from one side of an outlet
through whatever
is plugged into it,
and back to
the other side of the outlet.
But it only flows
when it has a path.
Take away the path,
the flow stops.
Why this matters to
the Hindenburg
is because the airship
is carrying electricity
on its skin.
Any craft moving through the air
will accumulate a charge.
As long as Hindenburg's
electrical charge
has no path, it can't flow.
To find out if landing rope
could create an electrical path
to the ground,
Professor Giapis will test
a sample to see if it conducts.
Jason is back at Caltech
to observe.
So, what you were looking for
was, how did
the spark in
that particular place
connect with the hydrogen
in that explicit moment in time?
Yes.
The committees talked
about the skin charging up.
And the question is,
what happens to that charge?
I can try to find out
where the charge goes
and whether, in doing so,
it can create a spark.
Hindenburg approaches,
carrying a powerful
electrical charge on its skin.
But the charge has
no path to go anywhere.
Port and starboard trail lines
hit the ground.
But nothing happens.
From the moment the ropes
touch the ground,
it takes about four minutes
for the fire to start.
If the ropes created a path
for electricity to flow,
then why the delay?
What was important about
the rope and the four minutes?
So, the idea from both
investigative committees
was that the rope
was not conductive
to begin with.
It took four minutes or so
for it to get wet
to create the spark.
During the final landing
approach,
a light rain is falling.
The theory is that
as the rope got wet,
it became more conductive.
So I want to probe that.
I want to find out if the rope
was initially conductive at all,
and how quickly did it become
conductive when it became wet?
Where'd you acquire this rope
from and how is it similar
to what they had
80-plus years ago?
So, we had to search, uh,
quite a bit, actually,
to find this rope.
However, we found one
that is made of
the same material,
which is manila hemp.
And this one is
an eight-braid rope,
whereas the original one was
a 12-braid rope.
But it's approximately
the same diameter.
And it has
a lot of surface area,
which is important
for our experiment.
My first experiment was,
try to see if
any current flows through it
when you apply a voltage
across the,
the two ends of the rope.
I will increase the voltage
that I apply at the top.
Professor Giapis
applies almost 3,000 volts
to the top end of the rope.
What you see here is
something that I think
is pretty remarkable.
We see a current
flowing through the rope
when we apply...
It's almost three kilovolts.
To my immense surprise,
dry rope had some conductivity.
Now,
when I talk about conductivity,
what we're talking about
is the ability
to ground the airframe.
So even dry rope provides
an electrical path
from the ship to the ground,
which, theoretically,
could trigger a spark.
But the test isn't over.
Now we want to find out
what happens
when I make this wet.
So we have the same voltage
we have dialed before,
about three kilovolts,
and I will make this wet.
So I'm using deionized water
to try to simulate the
absorption of water by the rope.
Pay attention to this.
So it's increasing with
every bit of wetness.
With every bit of water,
you add to it, it's increasing.
And so you figure, for
four minutes,
it was constantly having
this done
with four minutes
of rain and moisture.
So it becomes
very conductive.
Over ten times more current
flows when the rope
is even slightly wet.
Now that it's wet,
let's look at what happens
as we come down.
You see that the voltage now,
two inches below,
is about the same.
As I come down,
that higher voltage
is communicated.
This thing is fully conductive.
So wet or dry,
the landing rope
does conduct electricity.
But how would that
cause a spark?
The Zeppelin is flying.
She's got an electrical charge
that she has picked up.
But the charge on
Hindenburg’s skin
can't go anywhere... yet.
The airship is isolated
from the ground.
The mooring ropes are dropped.
They become conductors.
But there's a problem.
My very first experiment
showed that the rope
had some conductivity,
and for the kinds of voltages
that I think were possible
on the airship,
that conductivity meant that...
The explosion
should have happened
the moment the rope
hit the ground.
So once the ropes
hit the ground,
what explains the four-minute
delay before the explosion?
Dan and Jason found a clue
in Germany.
In the Zeppelin Museum,
they got details of
Hindenburg’s skin
and the paint that covered it,
called “dope."
Let's talk about the dope,
the Cellon that went
onto the fabric.
The Cellon dope paint
is what gave Hindenburg
its metallic sheen.
But it's the electrical
properties
of Hindenburg's skin
that concern Professor Giapis.
Barbara, one of the things
we care about
is whether there was
an electrical connection
between the, the fabric
and the metal.
Right.
Right.
The wooden pegs, and the space
between skin and metal frame,
would theoretically prevent
a charge on the skin
from reaching the frame.
It's crucial information
for Professor Giapis.
It seems to be that
this wooden dowel
was actually put there
to separate the skin as a
protection/safety mechanism
in the building of the airship.
This design means there's
no electrical connection
between skin and frame.
As the ship comes in to land,
the skin
is electrically charged.
When the ropes drop,
the frame is electrically
connected to the ground.
So there's now a powerful charge
right next to a grounded frame,
with a small air gap in between.
It's like a person
who crossed a carpet
almost but not quite
touching the light switch.
A spark waiting to happen.
So there is electrical
communication
between the frame
and the ground.
So now we need to find out
what was happening
between the skin
and the airframe.
Professor Giapis wants to
better understand how
a charge that's
built up on the skin
could discharge in a spark
that jumps to the frame,
and why it took roughly
four minutes to happen.
The second test that I
developed,
tried to understand this
charging-discharging issue.
So I developed a scaffold
similar to the frame
of the original airship.
He'll use a reproduction of
a section of Hindenburg's skin
covered with dope,
stretched over
but not touching
an aluminum frame.
So, what are we replicating here
in this experiment?
I'm trying to simulate
what was happening
in the top of the airship.
As this was
standing about 100 meters
away from Earth,
the top of it, at least,
collecting rain
and collecting also charge
from the ambient environment.
I need to figure out
a way to bring uniform charge
to these two panels
that we're seeing here.
And I have done this by
creating these electrodes,
and I will charge those
so that I can apply a voltage
that I think was existing
at that time on,
on the airship.
The airship is grounded.
It has the ability to, to
conduct,
but the surface
is actually just dry.
So, you're simulating
what it looks like,
or what happens
when the surface itself
is just dry.
Correct.
The electrodes apply a charge,
like that which would have built
up on the skin of Hindenburg.
I charged up the electrodes,
connected
the frame to the ground,
and I would observe no spark.
My dope was very
"dielectric,"
as we say in the jargon.
The charge
was not going anywhere.
With the skin dry, the charge
does not jump to the frame.
But these laboratory conditions
do not fully replicate
the situation at Lakehurst.
Now I want to find out
what happens if we actually,
you know, do this in the rain.
There was rain falling.
The ship had also
just crossed the ocean,
and there were salt particles
on its surface.
Now, rain and salt
make a conductive mixture.
All right.
So, let's see.
Let's wait a little bit.
Whoa!
What is going on right now?
Oh, wow, that was...
That's it.
Yes, that was significant!
That's the spark that matters.
Charging the top surfaces,
adding the rain to the mix,
you've got
the spark across the skin.
But why?
What changes
when the skin is wet?
Rain makes the top of the skin
conductive and allows
eventually for charges to move.
Making the skin more conductive
lets the charge move across it
more easily,
until it reaches
a spot over a frame member,
where it can
jump across the gap.
But there's still the question
of the four-minute delay.
Why didn't the spark happen
the instant
the ropes hit the ground?
So, then it occurred to me
that the moment
the airframe grounds,
you form a capacitor
capable of storing more charge
than what initially existed
on the surface of the airship.
And that means that
it will take time to charge up.
A capacitor
is a very simple device
that allows you to store energy.
A capacitor typically contains
two conductive plates
separated by
a non-conducting insulator.
Charge builds up on the plates,
positive and negative,
until it's strong enough
to jump across the gap.
On the Hindenburg, the skin
represents the top surface
and the grounded frame
represents
the bottom surface of
the capacitor.
Positive charge from
the air collects on the skin.
Negative charge from the ground
collects through the ropes
onto the frame.
With every passing second,
the electric field
between skin and frame
increases,
until finally it's strong enough
to jump across the gap,
making a spark.
To see how long it would take to
fully charge Hindenburg's skin,
Professor Giapis calculates
how much charge
the ship can hold
based on its surface area
and compares that with the rate
of atmospheric electricity
flowing in
the stormy conditions that day.
So then I wrote down the numbers
of how long it would take
for it to charge,
and I ended up with
four minutes.
And then it all clicked,
because nobody
has been able to explain
the four minutes
it took for it to explode.
Rope hits the ground,
turning Hindenburg into
a giant capacitor.
Charge is building up.
It will take about four minutes
to fully charge the ship.
Rain is accumulating
on the skin,
making it easier for
the charge to move
to locations of
underlying frame members.
♪♪
For his final test,
Professor Giapis
repeats the experiment,
adding the rope.
The rope to the ground
as if it's just thrown down.
And then we're going to
make the rope wet
in the correct sequence.
So we're going to
try to find out
what happens when
all of this is together.
I have zero volts down here.
Yeah.
I have one volt up here.
What is that telling us
at this point in time?
It's telling us that
it's a perfect conductor.
The frame is connected to
the ground very efficiently.
So that allows for
a maximum charge
to accumulate up there.
So, I will go now
and try to recreate the spark.
Ready?
Oh! Whoa!
That was it!
Tell us, what did we just
experience right there?
There is a capacitor forming
between the skin and the frame.
The capacitor is fully charged.
But the charge cannot move
through the rope to the ground.
Despite the fact that
the rope is wet, fully wet.
However, when I
drop a little bit of rain
on top,
magic happens.
Professor Giapis has shown that
rain did contribute
to the disaster.
Wetting the skin made it
easier...
Whoa!
For the charge
to flow to where frame members
were located.
That's the spark.
That's how you get the spark
to occur under the skin.
So, it happens underneath,
only after
all of these series of events
have taken place.
Yes.
The rope hits the ground.
Yes.
The rope then gets wet.
There's a charge on the top of
the surface of the airship,
and there's rain on top of
the airship.
Correct.
So, all of those things
have to happen,
and we pretty much
just walked through...
Yes.
That one without
the other means nothing.
Yes.
But once you put
the rain in there,
that's where we get
the magic of the spark.
The magic ingredient, yes.
Wow.
But another mystery remains.
Why did the spark
happen where it did?
What were the chances
in this enormous ship
that the spark, the tiny spark,
happened right there
where the hydrogen was leaking
or in the vicinity of
where it was mixing with air?
How was it possible to get
the spark right there, where,
you know, things were happening?
Professor Giapis believes
Hindenburg’s frame,
horizontal girders,
and vertical rings
in effect formed
individual panels.
I realized that each panel,
each crossing of these girders,
is a separate capacitor.
There didn't have to be one
spark in just the right place.
Why?
Because there were
multiple sparks!
One of them was
bound to happen near it,
because it was
happening everywhere!
♪♪
Ironically,
the design
keeping skin and frame
electrically separate,
possibly intended
as a safety feature,
actually
made this spark possible.
"I, I can't talk,
"ladies and gentlemen.
"Honest, it's just laying there,
a mass of smoking wreckage.
"I'm going to have to
stop for a minute
"because I've lost my voice;
this is the worst thing
I've ever witnessed."
Ultimately, although a spark
almost certainly
caused the fire,
it was something else
that caused the tragedy.
The story of the Hindenburg
is a story very familiar,
even today,
of human error
compounded by some very
unfortunate circumstances.
The Hindenburg had been put
by her command
into a great deal of jeopardy.
After the accident,
the Zeppelin company
made some design changes
in the skin-to-frame attachment,
but it didn't matter.
After the Hindenburg disaster,
no rigid airship ever carried
a paying passenger again.
By the time Hindenburg
actually left its hangar,
there were airplanes
that could do things better.
Although Harold Schenck's film
did not show
how the hydrogen ignited,
it did inspire
a new examination of Hindenburg,
new experiments,
and new results.
Wait a little bit...
Whoa!
So the science gave us an answer
to a previously
unsolved question
that was 80-plus-years-old
that we thought
we'd never be able to answer.
There is an opportunity here
to use science
to answer an unsolved mystery.
We come up with a new theory,
we break it apart into pieces,
we go to the lab,
and we try to validate
every one of these pieces.
Yet no matter how many
questions we answer
about the details of
what happened,
it's the image of Hindenburg
that never loses its grip
on our imagination.
Today, we're used to seeing
horrible stuff on television.
People in 1937 were not
used to seeing a disaster
with their own eyes.
And to see this airship
filled with people
burn and be destroyed
in a matter of seconds
was really
shocking and dramatic.
I think the fact that
this disaster was caught on film
is why we still think of it
today.
♪♪
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