NASA's Unexplained Files (2012–…): Season 3, Episode 8 - Attack of the Thunderballs - full transcript
Astronauts are evacuated when a mystery object is discovered hurtling towards the ISS, a NASA secret agent goes undercover to recover missing moon rocks and scientists struggle to find answers when they find a huge void at the edge of the solar system.
NASA's MISSION
IS TO EXPLORE THE UNKNOWN.
THERE'S MORE THAT WE
DON'T KNOW THAN WE DO KNOW.
THAT'S JUST THE NATURE
OF THE UNIVERSE.
IN THE SEARCH FOR ANSWERS,
IT LAUNCHES ITS SCIENTISTS
INTO SPACE,
ITS CRAFT BEYOND THE LIMITS
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
TAKING RISK IS PART
OF MAKING DISCOVERIES.
SPACE EXPLORATION
IS LIKE LIGHTING A MATCH.
AND WE DON'T KNOW
WHAT LURKS IN THE SHADOWS.
THERE COULD BE ANYTHING
OUT THERE.
AN UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
IS ON A COLLISION COURSE
WITH THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION.
THEY THOUGHT IT WAS DEBRIS.
BUT DEBRIS
DOESN'T MOVE THAT FAST.
IT COULD HIT YOU WITH THE
FORCE OF AN ARTILLERY SHELL.
ASTRONAUT CHRIS HADFIELD
TAKES DESPERATE MEASURES
AFTER GOING BLIND IN SPACE.
THE LAST THING
AN ASTRONAUT WANTS TO DO
IS ACTUALLY PUT A HOLE
IN HIS SUIT.
AND AN UNKNOWN FORCE
DECIMATES THE OUTER REACHES
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
IT'S SOMETHING
BARRELING TOWARDS US,
SOMEDAY MAYBE EVEN
HITTING EARTH.
IT'S LIKE SCIENCE FICTION,
BUT COMING TRUE.
NASA's MISSIONS HAVE UNCOVERED
DISTURBING ANOMALIES...
OKAY. WE'RE SEEIN' THREE
OR FOUR OBJECTS.
NOW, THERE ARE, UH,
THERE ARE THREE OBJECTS.
...THAT CONTINUE TO PERPLEX
OUR FINEST SCIENTIFIC MINDS.
THESE ARE
"NASA's UNEXPLAINED FILES."
NASA's Unexplained Files - SEASON 3
EP - 8 - Attack of the Thunderballs
Subtitles Diego Moraes
NASA's RADAR WARNING SYSTEM
DETECTS AN OBJECT
ON A COLLISION COURSE
WITH THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION.
IF THE I.S.S. TAKES A BIG HIT,
THE WHOLE THING
IS JUST GONNA BE TORN APART.
MISSION CONTROL ORDERS
AN EMERGENCY EVACUATION.
THIS IS A CASE WHERE
YOU JUST DROP EVERYTHING.
THE OBJECT IS MOVING
AT SPEEDS IN EXCESS
OF 28,000 MILES PER HOUR.
THEY THOUGHT IT WAS DEBRIS.
BUT DEBRIS
DOESN'T MOVE THAT FAST.
JULY 16, 2015.
AT 6:30 A.M. EASTERN TIME,
NASA MISSION CONTROL
RECEIVES A WARNING
THAT AN UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
IS APPROACHING THE I.S.S.
THERE'S A POTENTIAL
OBJECT THAT...
THAT THEY CAN TRACK THAT LOOKS
LIKE IT'S GONNA POKE A HOLE
IN OUR SPACESHIP.
IF IT HITS YOU
WITH A HIGH SPEED,
IT COULD HIT YOU WITH THE
FORCE OF AN ARTILLERY SHELL.
THE MYSTERY OBJECT
IS ABOUT TO ENTER
THE SPACE STATION'S DANGER ZONE,
AN AREA ASTRONAUTS
CALL THE PIZZA BOX.
THE PIZZA BOX
IS A 30-BY-30-BY-1 MILE REGION
AROUND THE I.S.S.
THAT IS A KEEP-OUT ZONE.
ANYTHING ENTERING THE PIZZA
BOX IS A POTENTIALLY DEADLY THREAT.
IF AN OBJECT IS GONNA
ENTER THAT DANGER ZONE,
THEN THE CREW
AND THE GROUND TEAM
TAKE ACTION TO MINIMIZE ANY
RISK TO THE CREW AND THE STATION.
MISSION CONTROL
ORDERS THE I.S.S. CREW
TO PREPARE
FOR EVASIVE MANEUVERS.
ONE OF THE THINGS YOU CAN DO
IS MOVE THE SPACE STATION.
THE GROUND CONTROL TEAM
CAN SEND COMMANDS
TO THE SPACE STATION
AND ESSENTIALLY DRIVE IT
TO HELP US AVOID THAT OBJECT.
BUT THE OBJECT IS
TRAVELING TOO FAST
FOR THE SPACE STATION
TO GET OUT OF THE WAY.
THIS OBJECT IS GOING TO REACH
THE SPACE STATION AT 8:01 A.M.
THAT'S LESS THAN AN HOUR
AND A HALF AWAY.
THAT'S NOT ENOUGH TIME
TO MOVE THE SPACE STATION
OUT OF THE OBJECT'S PATH.
NASA CLOCKS THE OBJECT
AT AN ASTONISHING
28,000 MILES PER HOUR.
IF IT HITS THE SPACE STATION,
THE EFFECTS
WILL BE CATASTROPHIC.
IF IT CONTACTS YOU
AT THE RIGHT ANGLE,
IT CAN DO A LOT OF DAMAGE.
IF THE I.S.S. TAKES A BIG HIT,
THE WHOLE THING
IS JUST GONNA BE TORN APART.
THE NIGHTMARE
SCENARIO IS A DIRECT HIT
ON THE COOLING SYSTEM.
THE WAY THE COOLING SYSTEM
ON THE I.S.S. WORKS,
IT'S GOT THESE BIG RADIATORS
FILLED WITH AMMONIA
THAT RADIATE HEAT
OUT INTO SPACE.
IF A RADIATOR IS STRUCK
BY A BIG ENOUGH PARTICLE,
THE TUBES
THAT CARRY THE AMMONIA COOLANT
WOULD BE RUPTURED,
AND THE AMMONIA WOULD LEAK OUT.
IF IT WERE TO LEAK
INSIDE THE SPACE STATION,
IT'D BE CATASTROPHIC.
THAT... IT'S A POISONOUS
SUBSTANCE.
HUMANS CAN'T BREATHE IT.
NASA CAN'T RISK
THE LIVES OF THE CREW.
MISSION CONTROL ORDERS THEM
TO INITIATE FLIGHT RULE B4-101.
THEY MUST PREPARE
TO ABANDON SHIP.
GO TO YOUR SOYUZ.
GET OUTTA THERE.
JUST DROP EVERYTHING,
LET YOUR TOOLS GO
AND YOU FLOAT QUICKLY
TO YOUR ESCAPE VEHICLE.
THE CREW MEMBERS SCRAMBLE INTO
THE RUSSIAN BUILT SOYUZ CAPSULE,
WHICH ACTS AS A LIFE BOAT
AND EMERGENCY SHELTER.
IT'S THREE PEOPLE
SITTIN' SIDE BY SIDE.
YOU'RE STANDIN' BY FOR A CALL
FROM THE GROUND
TO SAY STAY OR GO.
WHEN YOU'RE THINKING
ABOUT SOMETHING COMING
CLOSE TO THE SPACE STATION,
YOU... YOU JUST DON'T REALLY
BELIEVE IT'S GONNA HAPPEN.
THE CREW BRACES FOR IMPACT.
ALL THEY CAN DO IS WAIT
AS THE SECONDS
COUNT DOWN TO 8:01.
THE OBJECT HAS RIPPED
PAST THE SPACE STATION,
MISSING IT ONLY BY
A MILE AND A HALF.
THE CREW OF THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
LIVES TO FIGHT ANOTHER DAY.
BUT A MYSTERY REMAINS.
HOW DID A POTENTIALLY
LETHAL OBJECT
SLIP THROUGH THE EARLY WARNING
SYSTEMS PROTECTING THE STATION?
THE I.S.S. IS PROTECTED
BY THE MOST SOPHISTICATED
RADAR SENSING SYSTEM IN THE WORLD.
IT'S VERY RARE FOR SOMETHING
LIKE THIS TO SLIP BY.
FROM A CREW POINT OF VIEW,
WHAT'S FRIGHTENING IS THE FACT
THAT, UM, IT'S NOT POSSIBLE
TO TRACK EVERY SINGLE PARTICLE
THAT MIGHT BE A THREAT TO THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
SO THERE COULD BE SOMETHING
UP THERE
THAT IT CAN'T DO ANYTHING ABOUT.
NASA DESCRIBES THE OBJECT
AS A PIECE OF SPACE DEBRIS.
BUT IT WAS MOVING FAR FASTER
THAN ANY ORDINARY SPACE JUNK.
TYPICAL SPEED IN LOW EARTH
ORBIT IS ABOUT 17,000 MILES PER HOUR.
THIS PIECE OF SPACE JUNK
IS UNIQUE IN THAT
IT'S MOVING TWICE AS FAST.
NASA SCIENTISTS SPECULATE
HOW THE MYSTERY OBJECT
COULD BUILD UP THAT SPEED.
ONE POSSIBILITY IS THE OBJECT
MIGHT HAVE PREVIOUSLY
COLLIDED WITH SOMETHING ELSE
AND GAINED SPEED
FROM THE RICOCHET.
IN THEORY,
IT IS FOR AN OBJECT'S SPEED AND TRAJECTORY
TO CHANGE AFTER A COLLISION.
BUT THE OBJECT
THAT HIT IT WOULD HAVE
TO BE GOING
EXTREMELY FAST ITSELF.
SO WHAT COULD MAKE THIS KILLER
OBJECT BE MOVING THAT QUICKLY?
NEWS OF THE CLOSE ENCOUNTER
ATTRACTS THE INTEREST
OF THE UFO COMMUNITY.
THEY DRAW ATTENTION
TO TWO SPOTS OF BRIGHT LIGHT,
WHICH APPEARED
ON THE I.S.S. LIVE FEED
JUST 24 HOURS
BEFORE THE NEAR MISS.
THE DAY BEFORE THIS EMERGENCY
EVACUATION PROCEDURE,
TWO OBJECTS
SEEM TO BE KEEPING PACE
WITH THE STATION.
THEY LOOK LIKE THEY'RE
TRACKING IT FOR SOME REASON.
IT'S CURIOUS BECAUSE GENERALLY,
SPACE DEBRIS
DOESN'T FOLLOW THE I.S.S.
IN FORMATION.
THEY CHANGE DIRECTION
WITH RESPECT TO EACH OTHER
AND THE SPACE STATION.
AND THEY START MOVING
VERY QUICKLY.
IT LOOKS
LIKE THEY'RE CONTROLLED.
NASA DOES NOT
COMMENT ON SPECULATION
SURROUNDING THE EVENTS
LEADING TO THE UNPLANNED
EMERGENCY MANEUVER OF THE I.S.S.
IT'S INTERESTING THAT WE'RE
GETTING THESE KIND OF, UH,
DEBRIS AVOIDANCE MANEUVERS
MORE FREQUENTLY.
WHAT IS GOING ON
IN ORBITAL SPACE?
ARE THERE SIMPLY TOO
MANY THINGS UP THERE?
OR ARE THERE
TOO MANY THINGS UP THERE
THAT WE DON'T KNOW ABOUT?
COMING UP, A NASA SPECIAL
AGENT SETS UP A $5 MILLION STING
TO RECOVER A MISSING MOON ROCK.
WE HAD CON ARTISTS
SELLING BOGUS MOON ROCKS
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
AND I DECIDED,
I'M GONNA GO AFTER THAT.
THE APOLLO MISSIONS BRING BACK
THE MOST VALUABLE ROCKS
IN HUMAN HISTORY.
BUT THE PRICELESS ARTIFACTS
GO MISSING
UNDER STRANGE CIRCUMSTANCES.
HOUSTON, WE HAVE A PROBLEM.
WE DON'T KNOW
WHERE OUR MOON ROCKS ARE.
TRACKING DOWN NASA's LOST LEGACY
BECOMES ONE MAN'S QUEST.
I'M NOT GONNA REST
UNTIL WE TRACK
THOSE MOON ROCKS DOWN.
THE APOLLO MISSIONS
SPURRED UNPRECEDENTED ADVANCES
IN TECHNOLOGY.
IT'S ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN...
ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND.
THE GIANTS OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY
MADE MILLIONS SUPPLYING NASA.
AND SOME TRIED IN OTHER WAYS
TO MAKE MONEY OFF THE BACK
OF THE MOON PROGRAM.
JULY 24, 1969.
NEAL ARMSTRONG, BUZZ ALDRIN
AND MICHAEL COLLINS RETURN
TO EARTH AFTER MAKING HISTORY.
THEY CARRY WITH THEM 50 POUNDS
OF MOON ROCK,
THE FIRST OF MORE THAN 2,000
PRECIOUS LUNAR SAMPLES
FROM THE APOLLO PROGRAM.
PRESIDENT NIXON DECIDED
AFTER THE FIRST MOON LANDING
AND THE LAST MOON LANDING
THAT HE WOULD GIFT MOON ROCKS
TO 135 NATIONS AROUND THE WORLD
AS WELL AS THE 50 STATES
AND THE U.S. PROPERTIES.
EACH ROCK WAS THEN
EMBEDDED IN LUCITE,
MOUNTED TO A PLAQUE WITH THE
FLAG OF THE RECIPIENT NATION.
AND THOSE SAMPLES BECAME KNOWN
AS THE GOODWILL MOON ROCKS.
THESE LITTLE PIECES OF ROCK
CAN BE WORTH $20,000 PER OUNCE.
SO THE GOODWILL ROCKS,
THEY CAN BE WORTH MILLIONS.
DESPITE THEIR VALUE,
MANY OF THE GOODWILL ROCKS
ARE NOT TREATED
AS NATIONAL TREASURES.
ALASKA'S APOLLO 11 MOON ROCK
IS LOST IN A FIRE.
1976, DELAWARE'S
APOLLO 11 MOON ROCK
IS STOLEN FROM A DISPLAY.
1977, IRELAND'S
APOLLO 11 MOON ROCK
IS THROWN AWAY IN A DUMP.
THE DISAPPEARANCES
SPAWN A SHADOWY ILLEGAL TRADE.
IN THE 1990s,
NASA's INVESTIGATIVE ARM
BECAME AWARE
THAT THERE WAS A RASH
OF SALES OF FAKE MOON ROCKS.
WE HAD CON ARTISTS
SELLING BOGUS MOON ROCKS
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
NASA ASSIGNS
SPECIAL AGENT JOE GUTHEINZ
TO CLAMP DOWN
ON THE ILLEGAL TRADE.
I DECIDED, "YOU KNOW WHAT?
I'M SICK AND TIRED
OF CON ARTISTS,
UH, FLEECING PEOPLE
OUT OF THEIR LIFE'S SAVINGS
WITH BOGUS MOON ROCKS AND DUST."
AND I DECIDED,
"I'M GONNA GO AFTER THEM."
GUTHEINZ GETS
AN ABANDONED BUNKER
ON THE NORTH SIDE
OF NASA's JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
TO USE AS HIS OPERATIONAL HQ.
HE SPENDS MONTHS
CHASING DOWN LEADS.
BUT AFTER ONLY A FEW ARRESTS,
HE DECIDES TO CHANGE TACTICS.
I THOUGHT, "YOU KNOW WHAT?
WE SHOULDN'T BE WAITING
FOR THE VICTIMS TO COME TO US.
WE SHOULD REACH OUT
AND HAVE THE CON ARTISTS
APPROACH US DIRECTLY."
I PUT AN AD IN U.S.A. TODAY,
TITLED "MOON ROCKS WANTED."
AND I BASICALLY DIRECTED THE
CON ARTISTS TO COME TO ME.
ALMOST IMMEDIATELY,
GUTHEINZ GETS A BITE.
GUTHEINZ GETS A CALL
FROM ALAN ROSEN,
A MIAMI BUSINESSMAN
WHO SAYS HE HAS
A REAL MOON ROCK TO SELL.
GUTHEINZ IS OBVIOUSLY SKEPTICAL,
AND SAYS,
"WHAT PROOF DO YOU HAVE?"
HE DIRECTED ME TO
A WEB PAGE ADDRESS.
AND ON THAT WEB PAGE ADDRESS
WAS A 10-BY-14-INCH PLAQUE
WITH A LUCITE BALL,
A THE FLAG
OF THE RECIPIENT COUNTRIES.
AND I IMMEDIATELY
RECOGNIZED THAT
AS A POSSIBLE
APOLLO 17 GOODWILL GIFT.
THIS WAS ABSOLUTELY INCREDIBLE.
WE WEREN'T DEALING WITH
A CON ARTIST SELLING US DIRT.
WE WERE DEALING WITH A SELLER
SELLING US THE THE REAL THING.
A MOON ROCK.
IT HAD NEVER HAPPENED BEFORE.
GUTHEINZ MUST PLAN
HIS NEXT MOVE CAREFULLY
TO PREVENT ROSEN
FROM GOING UNDERGROUND
AND TAKING
THE MOON ROCK WITH HIM.
I DECIDE, WE'RE GONNA SET UP
A MEETING.
AND WE'RE GONNA TRY TO ENCOURAGE
HIM TO BRING OUT THE MOON ROCK
SO THAT WE COULD SEE IT
AND SEIZE IT.
KNOWING THAT THE
SELLER IS LIKELY TO BE WARY
OF A STING,
HE CREATES A BACKSTORY
THAT MAKES HIM SEEM
LIKE A GENUINE BUYER.
I CREATED A FICTITIOUS COMPANY.
WE CALLED IT
"JOHN'S ESTATE SALES."
I BROUGHT IN A, UH,
POSTAL INSPECTOR
BY THE NAME OF BOB CREGGER.
AND I MADE HIM THE PRESIDENT
OF THE COMPANY, JOHN MARTA.
I TOOK ON THE UNDERCOVER NAME
OF TONY CORIASSO.
AND I BECAME THE CHIEF
SALESMAN OF THE COMPANY.
HE AND CREGGER,
AS THEIR ALTER-EGOS,
SET UP A MEETING WITH ALAN ROSEN
TO INSPECT THIS MOON ROCK
AND, FROM ROSEN'S PERSPECTIVE,
SEAL THE DEAL.
GUTHEINZ AND HIS PARTNER
ARRIVE AT THE RESTAURANT
AND WAIT FOR THEIR CONTACT.
I WAS WEARING A LOOSE
JACKET WITH, UH,
WITH MY GUN TUCKED
INTO MY BELT IN THE BACK.
ROSEN ARRIVES
ALMOST AN HOUR LATER.
HE IMMEDIATELY GETS DOWN
TO BUSINESS.
ALAN ROSEN TELLS ME
HE WANTS $5 MILLION
FOR THE MOON ROCK.
THERE WAS ONE PROBLEM...
WE DIDN'T HAVE $5 MILLION.
ROSEN WAS NOT GONNA
GO AHEAD WITH THE DEAL.
HE WAS NOT GONNA DO IT
UNLESS WE HAD PROOF
THAT WE HAD HIS ASKING PRICE.
THE MOON ROCK IS
SLIPPING THROUGH HIS FINGERS.
GUTHEINZ NEEDS TO FIND
THE MONEY, AND FAST.
GETTING THE $5
MILLION WAS A PROBLEM.
I'LL ASK NASA.
NASA DIDN'T HAVE THE $5 MILLION.
WE'LL ASK DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.
THEY DIDN'T HAVE THE $5 MILLION.
WHAT GUTHEINZ NEEDS
IS A FINANCIAL BACKER.
SOMEONE WITH DEEP POCKETS
WHO'D BE WILLING TO FRONT HIM
THE CASH FOR NO REWARD,
OTHER THAN PATRIOTIC DUTY.
HE TURNS TO TWO-TIME
PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE
AND BILLIONAIRE, ROSS PEROT.
WITH TIME RUNNING OUT,
GUTHEINZ PICKS UP THE PHONE.
AT FIRST, THE ONLY
RESPONSE HE GETS
IS A PROMISE FROM A SECRETARY
TO PASS ON THE MESSAGE TO PEROT.
JUST AS HE'S GETTING READY
TO GIVE UP ON THE MONEY,
JOE GETS A CALL.
THE PHONE RINGS.
I PICK UP THE PHONE.
HE SAYS, "HELLO, JOE.
THIS IS ROSS PEROT.
HOW CAN I HELP YOU?"
I SAID, "UH,
WE WOULD LOVE TO GET
$5 MILLION FROM YOU
IN ORDER TO, UM,
GET A MOON ROCK BACK
IN A STING OPERATION."
"NO PROBLEM, JOE. GLAD TO HELP."
WITHIN A FEW HOURS, PEROT
TRANSFERS THE MONEY
INTO GUTHEINZ'S ACCOUNT,
TURNING HIM
INTO A MILLIONAIRE OVER NIGHT.
A PRINTED BANK BALANCE
GIVES HIM THE PROOF
HE NEEDS TO SHOW
HE'S A GENUINE BUYER.
WHEN HE REQUESTS
A SECOND MEETING WITH ROSEN
TO DISCUSS THE DEAL, THE SELLER
SUGGESTS THEY MEET
AT A BANK VAULT.
ROSEN GOES INTO THE BANK.
HE MEETS WITH THE ALLEGED
BANK OFFICIAL,
WHO'S REALLY A CUSTOMS AGENT.
THE CUSTOMS AGENT
TAKES HIM INTO THE VAULT
AND OPENS UP A CONTAINER.
AND IN THAT CONTAINER
IS THE MOON ROCK.
AGENTS FROM
THE U.S. CUSTOMS DEPARTMENT
PUT ROSEN UNDER ARREST.
GAME OVER. WE WIN.
THE MOON ROCK
HE WAS TRYING TO SELL
IS STILL IN ITS ORIGINAL
PRESENTATION CASE.
EXAMINING THE ROCK, NASA
DETERMINES IT'S THE APOLLO
17 GOODWILL MOON ROCK
THAT WAS PRESENTED
TO HONDURAS IN 1973.
ROSEN BOUGHT THE ROCK
FROM A RETIRED HONDURAN
ARMY OFFICER
AFTER IT MYSTERIOUSLY
DISAPPEARED
FROM THE PRESIDENTIAL PALACE.
AFTER A LENGTHY COURT CASE,
THE MOON ROCK WAS RETURNED
TO THE PEOPLE OF HONDURAS.
A U.S. DISTRICT COURT FINDS
THAT ALAN ROSEN'S ATTEMPT
TO SELL THE ROCK
WAS NOT ILLEGAL,
AND HE FACES NO CHARGES.
TODAY, JOE GUTHEINZ
CONTINUES TO HUNT
FOR THE GOODWILL MOON ROCKS.
THERE ARE 158 MOON ROCKS
THAT WE GAVE AWAY TO THE NATIONS
OF THE WORLD
THAT ARE STILL MISSING.
AND I'M NOT GONNA GIVE UP
UNTIL I FIND THOSE.
COMING UP, CHRIS HADFIELD
LOSES VISION IN BOTH EYES
ON HIS FIRST SPACE WALK.
IT RENDERED HIM BLIND
OUTSIDE THE SPACE STATION,
FLOATING IN SPACE.
ASTRONAUT CHRIS HADFIELD
STEPS INTO THE VACUUM OF SPACE
ON HIS FIRST SPACE WALK.
MOMENTS AFTER LEAVING
THE SPACE STATION,
HE LOSES VISION.
- THIS IS UNPRECEDENTED.
WE'VE NEVER HAD THIS HAPPEN
TO AN ASTRONAUT BEFORE.
MISSION CONTROL
IS POWERLESS TO HELP.
WHEN YOU'RE ON A SPACE WALK, UH,
YOU'RE PRETTY MUCH
DEPENDENT ON YOURSELF.
IT'S VERY SIMPLE.
IF YOU LOSE YOUR COOL, YOU DIE.
APRIL 22, 2001.
THE CREW OF THE I.S.S.
IS 3 DAYS INTO MISSION 6A.
CHRIS HADFIELD IS PREPARING
TO WALK IN SPACE
FOR THE FIRST TIME
IN HIS ASTRONAUT CAREER.
THESE WERE
THE RELATIVELY EARLY DAYS
OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE
STATION PROGRAM.
AND WE WERE AT THE STAGE
OF MAJOR ASSEMBLY,
WHICH MEANT A LOT OF SPACE
WALKS WERE GONNA BE REQUIRED.
CHRIS ISN'T A CELEBRITY
JUST YET.
NOBODY HAS SEEN HIM SINGING
DAVID BOWIE SONGS
OR HIS FUNNY LITTLE
SCIENCE PROJECTS.
THE WATER SORT OF
HAS IT STICK TO MY HAND.
HADFIELD'S JOB IS TO INSTALL
THE COMPONENT
CALLED THE CANADARM2.
THIS BIG ROBOTIC ARM... IT'S,
LIKE, A BIG, WHITE CRANE.
WE COULD NOT HAVE BUILT
THE SPACE STATION
OR DONE A LOT OF THE...
THE SPACE WALKS
THAT WE HAVE HAD TO DO
AND WILL DO WITHOUT THAT ARM.
HADFIELD IS ABOUT TO MAKE
A PIECE OF NATIONAL HISTORY
AS THE FIRST CANADIAN
TO LEAVE A SPACECRAFT.
THERE'S NOTHING
LIKE A SPACE WALK.
THAT IS THE... THE PINNACLE
OF ALMOST EVERY ASTRONAUT'S
EXPERIENCE.
THEY'RE FLOATING 260 MILES
ABOVE THE EARTH
AT 17,500 MILES AN HOUR.
YOU'RE ANXIOUS. YOU'RE EXCITED.
BUT THE THING THAT REALLY IS
GOIN' THROUGH YOUR HEAD
IS, "I KNOW I HAVE THESE
THINGS TO DO OUT THERE.
I WANNA MAKE SURE
I DO 'EM RIGHT."
WITHIN MOMENTS
OF BEGINNING IS E.V.A.,
HADFIELD IS IN TROUBLE.
HE GETS THIS SUDDEN BURST
OF PAIN IN HIS LEFT EYE,
AND TEARS START TO FLOW.
THE ASTRONAUT ATTEMPTS
TO PUSH THROUGH THE PAIN
AND KEEP WORKING.
BUT THE SITUATION GETS WORSE.
IN MICROGRAVITY,
TEARS DON'T FALL.
THEY DON'T RUN DOWN YOUR FACE
LIKE THEY DO HERE ON EARTH.
IT JUST FORMED A BALL
OF MOISTURE AND LIQUID
ON HIS EYE.
HIS LEFT EYE IS BLIND
AND SNAPPED SHUT.
AND THE PROBLEM IS SPREADING.
IT RAN ACROSS HIS NOSE
AND WENT INTO HIS OTHER EYE
AND JUST RENDERED HIM BLIND
OUTSIDE THE SPACE STATION,
FLOATING IN SPACE.
TRAPPED INSIDE HIS OWN SUIT,
HADFIELD IS POWERLESS
TO FIX THE PROBLEM.
WHEN YOU'RE OUT ON A SPACE WALK,
IN YOUR SPACE SUIT, YOU...
YOU CAN'T REACH UP
AND JUST WIPE YOUR EYE
IF SOMETHING GETS INTO IT.
HADFIELD CONTACTS
MISSION CONTROL IN HOUSTON.
TECHNICIANS IMMEDIATELY
START TO BRAINSTORM
WHAT COULD BE GOING WRONG.
SO ONE OF THE FIRST THOUGHTS
OF WHAT COULD CAUSE
THIS EYE IRRITATION WAS POSSIBLY
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE,
WHICH IS A CHEMICAL
THAT WE USE AS PART OF THE SUIT
TO SCRUB THE CARBON DIOXIDE
OUT OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
LEAKS OF THIS HIGHLY
CAUSTIC CHEMICAL
HAVE CAUSED PROBLEMS
ON PREVIOUS NASA MISSIONS.
DURING GEMINI 10 IN 1966, UH,
JOHN YOUNG AND MIKE COLLINS
DID HAVE THIS PROBLEM
WHERE LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
DID GET INTO THEIR HELMETS.
AND THEY HAD TO TERMINATE
THE E.V.A. EARLY.
NASA TECHNICIANS FEAR THE
SITUATION COULD GET WORSE
UNLESS THE ASTRONAUT
TAKES IMMEDIATE ACTION.
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
IS A VERY CAUSTIC CHEMICAL.
AND SO IF IT GETS
INTO THE SUIT ENVIRONMENTS,
IT'S CAUSE FOR GREAT CONCERN.
IF THE SUBSTANCE
REACHES THE LUNGS,
IT COULD CAUSE VIOLENT CHOKING
AND EVENTUAL SUFFOCATION.
MISSION CONTROL ORDERS
HADFIELD TO OPEN HIS SUIT
TO THE VACUUM OF SPACE
IN AN ATTEMPT TO FLUSH OUT
THE DANGEROUS SUBSTANCE.
THIS IS CERTAINLY NOT
A NORMAL PROCEDURE.
THE LAST THING
AN ASTRONAUT WANTS TO DO
IS ACTUALLY PUT A HOLE
IN HIS SUIT.
HE STILL CAN'T SEE. AND HE HAS HIS VENT,
HIS OXYGEN,
GOING OUT TO SPACE.
AND I THINK IS JUST HOPING
THAT THIS VENT TO SPACE
WILL WORK FOR HIM.
AFTER 30 MINUTES
OF BLINDNESS AND PAIN,
THE EMERGENCY VENT
APPEARS TO WORK.
HADFIELD'S VISION RETURNS.
INCREDIBLY, HE THEN CONTINUES
WITH HIS ASSIGNED TASK,
WORKING NONSTOP
OUTSIDE THE SPACE STATION
FOR ALMOST 8 HOURS.
THAT'S JUST THE NATURE
OF HOW ASTRONAUTS ARE.
WE'RE... WE'RE NEVER QUITTERS.
WE WANNA GET THE JOB DONE.
AND WE'LL DO EVERYTHING
WE CAN TO KEEP GOING.
ASTRONAUTS, BY THEIR NATURE,
HAVE TO SUPPRESS THEIR FEAR
BECAUSE WHAT THEY'RE DOING
IS INHERENTLY SCARY.
NASA CONDUCTS AN INVESTIGATION
INTO THE INCIDENT.
THERE IS NO SIGN
OF THE LITHIUM HYDROXIDE LEAK
THEY'D SUSPECTED.
SO THEY LOOK FOR OTHER CAUSES.
THEY FIRST INVESTIGATE A
MEDICAL CONDITION CAUSED
BY LOW GRAVITY,
KNOWN AS PAPILLEDEMA.
PAPILLEDEMA,
AND SOME OF THE OTHER THINGS
THAT WE'VE SEEN, COULD BE CAUSED
BY ELEVATED LEVELS
OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE,
OR THE PRESSURE
INSIDE OF YOUR HEAD.
PAPILLEDEMA CAN
CAUSE PAIN AND TEARS.
BUT THE SYMPTOMS TAKE
SEVERAL HOURS TO MANIFEST.
HADFIELD'S BLINDNESS
STRUCK WITHIN SECONDS.
EVENTUALLY, NASA's INVESTIGATION
ARRIVES AT
A SIMPLER EXPLANATION.
THEY WERE GOING
OVER ALL THE POSSIBILITIES
AT MISSION CONTROL
WHEN CAPCOM SAID,
"CHRIS, DID YOU REMEMBER
TO USE YOUR ANTI-FOG STUFF?
WE DON'T THINK
YOU USED IT PROPERLY.
ARE YOU SURE
YOU GOT IT ALL OFF?"
JUST LIKE WHEN YOU GO OUT
AND GO SCUBA DIVING,
YOU USE A LITTLE SOAP
OR SPIT TO CLEAN YOUR MASK
TO MAKE SURE IT STAYS CLEAR
AND DOESN'T FOG UP.
WE DO THE SAME THING.
WE HAVE A...
A DETERGENT SOLUTION
THAT WE RUB ON THE INSIDE
OF THE VISOR.
AND AS IT TURNED OUT,
THERE WAS JUST A LITTLE RESIDUE OF SOAP.
AND SO CHRIS
GOT SOAP IN HIS EYE.
THE EXPLANATION
SOLVES THE MYSTERY
OF HADFIELD'S SUDDEN
SPACE BLINDNESS.
BUT IT DOESN'T IMPRESS
THE ASTRONAUT HIMSELF.
HE SAID, "REALLY?
WE'RE USING DETERGENT?
NO MORE TEARS WASN'T AN OPTION?"
STILL TO COME...
MYSTERIOUS ORBS OF LIGHT
APPEAR OUT OF NOWHERE
AND ENTER PEOPLE'S HOMES.
IT MOVED TOWARDS HER.
SHE SCREAMED.
AND IT EXPLODED.
ALL OVER THE WORLD, WITNESSES
REPORT TERRIFYING ENCOUNTERS
WITH EERIE SPHERES
OF GLOWING LIGHT.
THEY APPEAR OUT OF THIN AIR.
THEY SEEM TO MOVE
PRETTY MUCH AT RANDOM.
AND THEY'RE DANGEROUS.
THEY SEEM TO DEFY
THE LAWS OF NATURE.
IT CAN EVEN PASS
THROUGH SOLID OBJECTS.
A NASA SCIENTIST INVESTIGATES.
THEY KIND OF LOOK
LIKE LIGHTNING.
BUT THEY DON'T ACT
LIKE LIGHTNING.
SO WHAT COULD THEY BE?
MARCH 19, 1963.
EASTERN AIRLINES FLIGHT 539
ENCOUNTERS
A VIOLENT THUNDERSTORM
AS IT NEARS THE AIRSPACE
OF NEW YORK CITY.
THIS IS NO ORDINARY STORM.
A UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR
OF ELECTRONICS
WAS FLYING ON AN INTERNAL
FLIGHT OVER THE UNITED STATES.
HE HEARD A LOUD CRASH.
AND IMMEDIATELY, A BLUE BALL
ABOUT THE SIZE OF A FOOTBALL
APPEARED IN FRONT OF HIM,
TRAVELING PAST HIM
ALL THE WAY DOWN THE FUSELAGE,
AND PASSED THE AIR STEWARDESS
WHERE IT DISAPPEARED
WITH A LOUD EXPLOSION.
THIS STRANGE ENCOUNTER
IS JUST ONE EXAMPLE
OF THE PHENOMENON SCIENTISTS
CALL BALL LIGHTNING.
PEOPLE HAVE BEEN REPORTING
THIS PHENOMENON FOR CENTURIES.
THERE MUST BE THOUSANDS
OF WITNESSES,
BUT WE STILL
DON'T UNDERSTAND IT.
THE TERRIFYING SPHERES
CAN STRIKE IN ANY CONDITION
WITHOUT WARNING.
A VERY INTERESTING BALL
LIGHTNING CASE
THAT I INVESTIGATED TOOK PLACE
IN 1975 IN THE WEST MIDLANDS.
THE CITY OF BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND,
WAS IN THE GRIP
OF A FIERCE LIGHTNING STORM
WHEN ONE OF THE BALLS
APPEARED INSIDE A HOUSE.
A LADY WAS IN THE KITCHEN
OF HER HOME.
SUDDENLY, A BALL
APPEARED IN FRONT OF HER
ABOUT 4 INCHES,
5 INCHES IN DIAMETER.
IT MOVED TOWARDS HER.
SHE SCREAMED
AND INSTINCTIVELY BRUSHED
THE BALL AWAY WITH HER HAND.
AND IT EXPLODED.
THE STRANGE GLOWING
ORB INFLICTS SEVERE BURNS,
THEN MAKES A SOUND
LIKE A GUNSHOT AS IT VANISHES.
WHEN SHE EXAMINED HER CLOTHING,
SHE REALIZED THERE WAS A HOLE
THAT HAD BEEN MADE IN HER TIGHTS
AND IN HER DRESS.
AFTER CENTURIES OF SPECULATION,
A NASA SCIENTIST
UNDERTAKES THE FIRST
SERIOUS INVESTIGATION
INTO BALL LIGHTNING.
WARREN RAYLE CARRIED OUT
A SYSTEMATIC STUDY
BY COLLECTING REPORTS
OF BALL LIGHTNING
FROM EMPLOYEES OF ONE
OF THE NASA LABORATORIES.
HE WAS QUITE SURPRISED TO FIND
HOW MANY PEOPLE THERE SAID
THEY'D SEEN BALL LIGHTNING.
THE DATA LEADS RAYLE TO
SOME INTRIGUING OBSERVATIONS.
RAYLE FINDS THAT THERE ARE
TWO TYPES OF BALL LIGHTNING.
ONE THAT'S FORMED CLOSED
TO THE GROUND AND STAYS THERE.
THE SECOND IS FORMED UP
IN THE AIR
AND SLOWLY DRIFTS AROUND.
DESPITE COLLECTING HUNDREDS
OF EYEWITNESS REPORTS,
RAYLE IS UNABLE TO EXPLAIN THE
NATURE OF THESE STRANGE ORBS.
THE PROBLEM WITH BALL
LIGHTNING IS THAT FOR A LONG TIME,
THE ONLY EVIDENCE WE HAD
IS HUMAN OBSERVATIONS.
AND IN SCIENCE,
A HUMAN OBSERVATION
IS JUST NOT RIGOROUS.
YOU HAVE TO HAVE
AN INSTRUMENT MEASUREMENT.
PART OF THE REASON
IT'S SO DIFFICULT
TO GET TO THE BOTTOM
OF WHAT BALL LIGHTNING IS,
IS BECAUSE IT'S SO DIFFICULT
TO CAPTURE IT ON CAMERA.
IN 2012, A CHANCE
ENCOUNTER IN QINGHAI, CHINA,
SHEDS NEW LIGHT
ON THE CENTURIES-OLD MYSTERY
OF BALL LIGHTNING.
CHINESE SCIENTISTS
ARE RECORDING A THUNDERSTORM
USING A SPECTROMETER.
THEY'RE LUCKY ENOUGH
TO SEE BALL LIGHTNING.
IT SEEMED TO BE
ABOUT 15 FEET ACROSS.
AND IT TRAVELED A DISTANCE
OF ABOUT 45 FEET.
IT'S THE FIRST TIME SCIENTISTS
HAVE ENCOUNTERED BALL LIGHTNING
WITH THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT
TO ANALYZE IT.
THEY WERE ABLE TO
OBTAIN A SPECTRUM FROM THIS,
WHICH GAVE THEM SOME INDICATION
OF THE ELEMENTS
THAT WERE PRESENT,
ELEMENTS CONSISTENT WITH
MATERIAL FOUND IN ORDINARY SOIL.
THE ANALYSIS REVEALS THE BALL
OF LIGHTNING CONTAINS
TRACES OF SILICONE, CALCIUM,
AND IRON.
THIS IS INCREDIBLE.
WE KNOW WHAT IT'S MADE OF.
THIS AMAZING DISCOVERY
PROVIDES
THE FIRST CONCRETE EVIDENCE
OF THE WEIRD
GLOWING BALL'S COMPOSITION.
SO THIS SEEMS TO PROVE
THAT AT LEAST THIS KIND
OF BALL LIGHTNING
IS PRODUCED BY LIGHTNING
HITTING THE GROUND,
VAPORIZING ROCK AND SOIL
TO PRODUCE THESE ELEMENTS.
WHEN LIGHTNING STRIKES
THE GROUND,
SOME OF THE MATERIAL
IN THE GROUND BECOMES IONIZED.
THE ATOMS AND PARTICLES
OF SOIL THROWN INTO THE AIR
BY THE LIGHTNING STRIKE
HAVE THEIR ELECTRONS
STRIPPED AWAY.
THESE TINY BITS OF DIRT
BECOME POSITIVELY CHARGED.
SO IT'S GONNA DRAW ANY
ELECTRONS IN THE AREA TO IT.
AND WHEN THOSE ELECTRONS
RECOMBINE WITH THAT ION,
LIGHT WILL BE EMITTED.
IT'S THIS BREAKING
AND REFORMING OF PARTICLES
BY A LIGHTNING STRIKE
THAT CREATES THE STRANGE
GLOWING BALLS.
IT'S A COMPELLING THEORY,
BUT IT DOESN'T EXPLAIN SOME
OF THE MOST FAMOUS SIGHTINGS.
WHILE THIS MIGHT
WORK AS AN EXPLANATION
FOR BALL LIGHTNING
THAT'S SEEN IN THE OPEN AIR,
IT DOESN'T WORK VERY WELL
WHEN YOU TRY TO EXPLAIN
BALL LIGHTNING WITHIN A BUILDING
OR SEEN WITHIN AN AIRCRAFT.
SOME OF THESE GLOWING BALLS
ARE APPEARING IN CLEAR SKIES.
NO THUNDER OR LIGHTNING.
SO THEY CAN'T BE MADE
FROM LIGHTNING.
SOMETHING ELSE
MUST BE HAPPENING.
IT SEEMS THAT, FOR NOW,
THE ENIGMA
OF BALL LIGHTNING INDOORS.
THE FACT THAT BALL
LIGHTNING HAS BEEN STUDIED
FOR NEARLY 200 YEARS
AND THERE'S STILL
NO REAL SOLUTION
TO WHAT IT MIGHT BE MAKES IT ONE
OF THE MOST EXCITING MYSTERIES
OF SCIENCE.
UP NEXT...
SOMETHING IS TEARING A HOLE
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
THERE ARE FORCES AT WORK HERE.
AND WE DON'T UNDERSTAND
HOW THIS IS HAPPENING.
SCIENTISTS DETECT SIGNS
OF A DESTRUCTIVE FORCE
ON THE FRINGES
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
IT APPEARS MASSIVE ENOUGH
TO CAUSE DAMAGE.
IT'S GOING AROUND THE SUN,
STIRRING UP THIS REGION,
TURNING IT INTO DUST.
DID ANCIENT ASTRONOMERS
PREDICT ITS COMING?
IT'S LIKE SCIENCE FICTION,
BUT COMING TRUE.
AUGUST 30, 1992.
SCIENTISTS AT THE MAUNA KEA
OBSERVATORY IN HAWAII
DISCOVER AN UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
BEYOND THE KNOWN LIMITS
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
BEFORE 1992, WE HADN'T FOUND
ANYTHING PAST PLUTO.
AND WE HADN'T EXPECTED
ANYTHING TO BE THERE.
ANOTHER DISCOVERY SOON FOLLOWS.
THEN ANOTHER,
UNTIL SCIENTISTS REALIZE
THEY ARE LOOKING AT MILLIONS
OF OBJECTS IN THE OUTER
REACHES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
WE START TO SEE THESE ENORMOUS
POPULATIONS OF OBJECTS.
THIS VAST RESERVOIR.
THESE ICY OBJECTS MAKE UP A
BAND AROUND 2 BILLION MILES DEEP,
KNOWN AS THE KUIPER BELT.
THEY MAY OFFER CLUES ABOUT
HOW THE SOLAR SYSTEM BEGAN.
THESE ARE PRIMORDIAL PIECES
THAT TELL US
ABOUT THE COMPOSITION
AND THE STRUCTURE
OF THE MATERIAL
FROM WHICH
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM FORMED.
THIS BELT OF ROCKY OBJECTS
REPRESENTS THE LEFTOVERS
OF THE BIRTH
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
BUT AS ASTRONOMERS
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII
LOOK DEEPER INTO THIS GIANT
ASTEROID BELT,
THEY DISCOVER SOMETHING
COMPLETELY UNEXPECTED.
JUST A YOU'RE COMING
TO THE PART OF THE KUIPER BELT
THAT HAS THE MOST MATERIAL,
IT STOPS.
IT ENDS. THERE'S
NOTHING ELSE BEYOND IT.
THERE SHOULD BE AN ENORMOUS
RESERVOIR OF MATERIAL
AS YOU GO FATHER OUT.
AND IT'S JUST NOT THERE.
EVERYTHING WE KNOW TELLS US
THAT THE VAST RING OF ROCKS
SHOULD EXTEND DEEP INTO SPACE.
BUT INSTEAD, IT STOPS DEAD
LIKE A CLIFF EDGE
WITH TOTAL EMPTINESS BEYOND.
NO ONE CAN EXPLAIN IT.
THERE SHOULD BE
LOADS OF ASTEROIDS HERE,
BUT THERE'S NOT.
WHY DID IT JUST
STOP SO SUDDENLY?
PERHAPS THE MOST
INTRIGUING THEORY
TO EXPLAIN THE PURE EMPTINESS
IS THAT SOMETHING VAST
AND INVISIBLE
HAS CLEARED THE AREA.
THERE COULD BE ANOTHER PLANET
OUT THERE
UP TO 20 TIMES
THE SIZE OF THE EARTH.
ASTRONOMERS CALL IT PLANET X.
THERE HAVE BEEN SPECULATIONS
ALWAYS
THAT THERE'S
A PLANET X OUT THERE
THAT IS SCULPTING THE KUIPER
BELT FROM THE OUTSIDE.
THE GRAVITATIONAL PUSHES
AND PULLS FROM THIS PLANET
ARE KIND OF LIKE A BROOM
SWEEPING THIS MATERIAL,
PUSHING IT TOGETHER
AND CAUSING IT
TO COLLIDE, GRIND DOWN.
WE'RE TALKING
ABOUT A 10th PLANET
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
IT'S LIKE SCIENCE FICTION,
BUT COMING TRUE.
PLANET X, AN UNKNOWN WORLD
AT THE EDGE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
IS A SCIENCE FICTION STAPLE.
BUT THE IDEA
OF THE INVISIBLE PLANET
GOES BACK TO THE VERY
EARLIEST DAYS OF ASTRONOMY.
OVER AND OVER AGAIN,
PEOPLE HAVE HYPOTHESIZED
THAT THERE WERE MORE
THAN JUST THE PLANETS
THAT WE KNOW OF TODAY.
IN FACT, YOU CAN EVEN TO BACK
TO THE TIME OF THE BABYLONIANS
WHEN THEY POSITED THE IDEA
THAT THERE MIGHT BE
SOME 12th PLANET
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
ON SOME STRANGE ORBIT.
A DISTANT PLANET OUT THERE
THAT WE HAVEN'T BEEN
ABLE TO SEE YET,
BARRELING TOWARDS US.
SOMEDAY MAYBE EVEN
HITTING EARTH.
TODAY, ASTRONOMERS
CAN ACCESS THE LATEST DATA
FROM INFRARED OBSERVATORIES
IN SPACE PROBES
IN THE SEARCH FOR PLANET X.
THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
IS ACTIVELY INVOLVED
IN TRYING TO FIND MATERIAL
IN THE VERY DISTANT PARTS
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
WE SEE STRANGE EVIDENCE
THAT INDICATES THERE'S
SOME HIDDEN MYSTERY OUT THERE.
MAYBE IT'S A PLANET X.
IN 2016,
COMPUTER MODELING
BY ASTRONOMERS AT CALTECH
PROVIDES THE STRONGEST
EVIDENCE YET
OF AN UNSEEN PLANET
LURKING AT THE OUTER EDGE
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
BUT TO DATE, NO ONE
HAS LOCATED PLANET X.
MAYBE IT'S TOO DARK.
MAYBE WE HAVEN'T LOOKED
IN THE RIGHT PLACE.
MAYBE IT'S VERY DENSE AND SMALL.
THE SEARCH CONTINUES.
THREE, TWO, ONE.
IN 2006,
NASA LAUNCHES THE NEW HORIZONS PROBE
TO ANSWER SOME OF THE MYSTERIES
OF THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM.
ITS 3 BILLION MILE JOURNEY
LASTS MORE THAN A DECADE.
IS IT POSSIBLE FOR SOMETHING
THE SIZE OF A PLANET
TO REMAIN UNDETECTED
FOR ALL THESE YEARS?
OF COURSE IT IS.
THE SKY IS ENORMOUS.
THE PLACES THAT SUCH A PLANET
COULD BE HIDING ARE VAST.
ON AUGUST 28, 2015,
NEW HORIZONS GETS A NEW TARGET.
HUBBLE TELESCOPE IMAGES
INDICATE THE PRESENCE
OF AN UNKNOWN OBJECT
DEEP WITHIN THE KUIPER BELT.
NEW HORIZONS SHOULD MAKE
CONTACT SOMETIME IN 2019.
WE'VE ONLY JUST STARTED
EXPLORING THE KUIPER BELT.
WE STILL DON'T REALLY KNOW
WHAT TO EXPECT OUT THERE.
STILL TO COME...
MYSTERIOUS EXPLOSIONS TURN NIGHT
INTO DAY IN THE SKIES
OVER RUSSIA.
SOMETHING TERRIBLE HAPPENED.
THERE DOESN'T SEEM TO BE
A NATURAL CAUSE.
A HUGE FLASH LIGHTS UP THE SKIES
ABOVE A HIGHLY RESTRICTED AREA
IN CENTRAL RUSSIA.
THIS HUGE EXPLOSION COVERS
HALF OF THE SKY IN FRONT OF THEM.
DASH CAM FOOTAGE
OF THE TERRIFYING INCIDENT
BECOMES AN ONLINE SENSATION.
IT SCARED SO MANY RUSSIANS.
YOU COULD HEARD THEM SCREAMING
AND WONDERING WHAT WAS GOING ON.
THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES JUST
DON'T WANT TO TALK ABOUT IT.
NOVEMBER 14, 2014.
THE NIGHT SKIES
OVER RUSSIA'S REMOTE SVERDLOVSK
REGION EXPLODE INTO LIGHT.
PEOPLE WITNESS AN ENORMOUS
BURST OF ORANGE LIGHT
THAT TURNS NIGHT INTO DAY.
THEY SEE THIS HUGE EXPLOSION
ON THE HORIZON
THAT COVERS HALF OF THE SKY
IN FRONT OF THEM.
ON A HIGHWAY JUST OUTSIDE
THE SMALL INDUSTRIAL TOWN
OF REZH,
A RUSSIAN MOTORIST CAPTURES
THE EVENT ON HIS DASH CAM.
THIS TIME, WE HAVE
ACTUAL FOOTAGE OF THIS
GOING ON OVER RUSSIA
AND THE URALS.
IT SCARED SO MANY RUSSIANS.
AND THEY TOOK A LOT
OF PICTURES OF IT.
YOU COULD HEAR THEM SCREAMING
AND WONDERING WHAT WAS GOING ON.
THIS HUGE ORANGE
AND YELLOW FIREBALL...
IT'S VERY LARGE, VERY BIG.
AND THEN, IT IMMEDIATELY
DISBURSES TO NOTHING.
WORD OF THE EVENT
QUICKLY SPREADS.
A HUGE ORANGE LIGHT OVER RUSSIA
IS SOMETHING WE'RE GOING
TO PAY ATTENTION TO.
THE SVERDLOVSK REGION IS AN AREA
ABOUT THE SIZE OF NEBRASKA
DEEP IN THE RUSSIAN INTERIOR.
DURING THE COLD WAR,
THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES MADE IT
TOTALLY OFF-LIMITS TO FOREIGNERS
TO PROTECT THE MILITARY
SECRETS HIDDEN THERE.
IT WAS SO REMOTE,
SO FAR FROM ANYTHING,
THAT YOU COULD TEST WEAPONS
OF ANY KIND OUT THERE,
INCLUDING BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS.
NO OFFICIAL EXPLANATION
FOR THE STRANGE LIGHTS
COMES OUT OF RUSSIA.
THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES
REFUSED TO COMMENT ON IT.
THEY JUST DON'T WANNA TALK
ABOUT IT.
MANY LOCALS BELIEVE
THE INCREDIBLE LIGHT SHOW
WAS EVIDENCE OF A METEOR STRIKE.
METEORITES ENTER THE
ATMOSPHERE AT A TREMENDOUS SPEED.
THEY BURN UP AND CAN EXPLODE
INTO A GIANT FIREBALL.
THE TOWN OF CHELYABINSK,
SITE OF A DEVASTATING METEOR
EXPLOSION IN 2013,
IS ONLY 100 MILES AWAY.
A 20-METER METEOR
STREAKED ACROSS THE SKY
AT A VERY LOW GRAZING ANGLE
AND EXPLODED WITH
25 TIMES THE EXPLOSION
THAT DEVASTATED HIROSHIMA
AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II.
MANY OF THE SVERDLOVSK LOCALS
HAVE FRIENDS AND FAMILY CAUGHT
IN THE BLAST.
IT BLEW OUT WINDOWS
IN OVER 7,200 OFFICE BUILDINGS
IN SIX NEARBY CITIES.
NO SHOCKWAVE ACCOMPANIES
THE BIZARRE LIGHT SHOW
OVER SVERDLOVSK.
BUT SOME BELIEVE
IT IS ANOTHER METEOR
BURNING UP
IN EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE.
IT IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE
OF A METEOR FIREBALL.
IT'S ABOVE THE CLOUDS,
SO YOU DON'T SEE THE METEOR.
YOU JUST SEE THE LIGHT.
IT'S NOT SURPRISING
TO SEE A FLASH IN THE SKY
FROM AN INCOMING METEOR.
WE HAVE APPROXIMATELY
78,000 TONS OF MATERIAL
HITTING THE EARTH
EVERY SINGLE YEAR.
BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM
WITH THE METEOR THEORY.
I WOULD NOT HAVE EXPECTED SUCH
A DEEP RED, ORANGE COLOR.
METEORITES TYPICALLY
EXPLODE WHITE, NOT ORANGE.
SO SOMETHING ELSE IS PROBABLY
GOING ON HERE.
WHEN FOOTAGE
OF THE LIGHT FLASH GOES VIRAL,
ONLINE COMMENTATORS
SUGGEST IT COULD BE AN EXPLOSION
FROM AN INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT.
ONE LOCAL SITE SUGGESTED THAT
THERE'S AN OLD CHEMICAL PLANT
NEARBY THAT COULD HAVE EXPLODED.
IF YOU HAVE A CHEMICAL PLANT
THAT EXPLODES,
IT DEFINITELY COULD LOOK
THAT BIG AND THAT YELLOW
AND THAT HOT.
BUT LOCAL NEWS REPORTS
CONTAIN NO MENTION
OF ANY SUCH INCIDENTS.
EVEN IN RUSSIA,
YOU WOULD EXPECT AN EVENT
LIKE THAT TO MAKE THE NEWS.
AND IT WOULD SHOW UP
ON SATELLITE IMAGERY.
WE WOULD ALMOST CERTAINLY SEE
WHAT WAS GOING ON,
ESPECIALLY IF IT WAS
A FLASH THAT BIG.
OTHER COMMENTATORS SPECULATE
THAT THE COLOSSAL LIGHT FLASH
BY COULD BE MADE
THE RUSSIAN MILITARY.
WE EXPECT THAT THE RUSSIANS
WOULD TEST THINGS
FAR FROM PRYING EYES.
AND SO WHEN SOMETHING STRANGE
HAPPENS IN THE MIDDLE OF RUSSIA,
THERE'S AN IMMEDIATE SUSPICION
THAT THE RUSSIAN MILITARY
IS UP TO SOMETHING.
WHAT COULD BE GOING ON HERE?
COULD THIS BE A ROCKET TEST,
A MISSILE LAUNCH?
MISSILE TESTING CAN PRODUCE
SPECTACULAR LIGHT SHOWS.
THE COLOR, THE RED COLOR,
THE ORANGE COLOR
IS CONSISTENT
WITH A ROCKET MOTOR.
THE BRIGHT FLASH,
THE BRIEF DURATION...
THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS
WHEN ROCKETS EXPLODE.
THE RUSSIAN MILITARY
DENIES INVOLVEMENT.
BUT THAT'S WHAT THEY DO.
ON MARCH 17, 2015,
THE WEAPON TESTING THEORY
GAINS GROUND
WHEN CAMERAS IN RUSSIA CAPTURE
ANOTHER WEIRD LIGHT
IN THE NIGHT SKY.
THIS SECOND EXPLOSION
ABOUT 4 MONTHS LATER
IS VERY DIFFERENT.
IT'S BLUE AND WHITE.
IT ALSO HAD SOME IMPACT
ON LIGHTING
AND ELECTRONICS LOCALLY.
MILITARY EXPERTS SPECULATE
THAT RUSSIA COULD BE TESTING A
DEVASTATING NEW SECRET WEAPON.
IT'S POSSIBLE THAT THIS BLUE
AND WHITE EXPLOSION
THAT WE'VE SEEN WAS, IN FACT,
THE TESTING OF AN EMP WEAPON.
AN ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE,
AN EMP,
CAN BE USED TO TAKE OUT
AN ENEMY'S ELECTRONICS,
COMPUTERS, COMMUNICATIONS
AND THE LIKE.
THE RUSSIAN
AUTHORITIES HAVE NOT OFFERED
ANY OFFICIAL EXPLANATION
FOR EITHER INCIDENT.
THE OFFICIAL WORD FROM RUSSIA
WAS THAT THERE IS
NO OFFICIAL WORD.
THE TWO REMARKABLE FLASHES
CONTINUE TO PROVOKE SPECULATION.
TO THIS DAY, WE STILL DON'T
KNOW WHAT THIS STRANGE EVENT IS.
THERE DOESN'T SEEM TO BE
A NATURAL CAUSE.
IT REMAINS COMPLETELY
UNEXPLAINED.
AS WE ENTER A NEW ERA
OF EXPLORATION,
WE ENCOUNTER NEW
AND UNPREDICTABLE THREATS.
EVEN WITH THE MOST
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY,
OUR ASTRONAUTS ARE ONLY HUMAN.
OUR OWN PLANET IS STILL A
PLACE OF MYSTERY AND WONDER.
AND FEAR OF THE UNKNOWN
IS NEVER FAR AWAY.
Subtitles Diego Moraes
www.oakisland.tk
IS TO EXPLORE THE UNKNOWN.
THERE'S MORE THAT WE
DON'T KNOW THAN WE DO KNOW.
THAT'S JUST THE NATURE
OF THE UNIVERSE.
IN THE SEARCH FOR ANSWERS,
IT LAUNCHES ITS SCIENTISTS
INTO SPACE,
ITS CRAFT BEYOND THE LIMITS
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
TAKING RISK IS PART
OF MAKING DISCOVERIES.
SPACE EXPLORATION
IS LIKE LIGHTING A MATCH.
AND WE DON'T KNOW
WHAT LURKS IN THE SHADOWS.
THERE COULD BE ANYTHING
OUT THERE.
AN UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
IS ON A COLLISION COURSE
WITH THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION.
THEY THOUGHT IT WAS DEBRIS.
BUT DEBRIS
DOESN'T MOVE THAT FAST.
IT COULD HIT YOU WITH THE
FORCE OF AN ARTILLERY SHELL.
ASTRONAUT CHRIS HADFIELD
TAKES DESPERATE MEASURES
AFTER GOING BLIND IN SPACE.
THE LAST THING
AN ASTRONAUT WANTS TO DO
IS ACTUALLY PUT A HOLE
IN HIS SUIT.
AND AN UNKNOWN FORCE
DECIMATES THE OUTER REACHES
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
IT'S SOMETHING
BARRELING TOWARDS US,
SOMEDAY MAYBE EVEN
HITTING EARTH.
IT'S LIKE SCIENCE FICTION,
BUT COMING TRUE.
NASA's MISSIONS HAVE UNCOVERED
DISTURBING ANOMALIES...
OKAY. WE'RE SEEIN' THREE
OR FOUR OBJECTS.
NOW, THERE ARE, UH,
THERE ARE THREE OBJECTS.
...THAT CONTINUE TO PERPLEX
OUR FINEST SCIENTIFIC MINDS.
THESE ARE
"NASA's UNEXPLAINED FILES."
NASA's Unexplained Files - SEASON 3
EP - 8 - Attack of the Thunderballs
Subtitles Diego Moraes
NASA's RADAR WARNING SYSTEM
DETECTS AN OBJECT
ON A COLLISION COURSE
WITH THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION.
IF THE I.S.S. TAKES A BIG HIT,
THE WHOLE THING
IS JUST GONNA BE TORN APART.
MISSION CONTROL ORDERS
AN EMERGENCY EVACUATION.
THIS IS A CASE WHERE
YOU JUST DROP EVERYTHING.
THE OBJECT IS MOVING
AT SPEEDS IN EXCESS
OF 28,000 MILES PER HOUR.
THEY THOUGHT IT WAS DEBRIS.
BUT DEBRIS
DOESN'T MOVE THAT FAST.
JULY 16, 2015.
AT 6:30 A.M. EASTERN TIME,
NASA MISSION CONTROL
RECEIVES A WARNING
THAT AN UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
IS APPROACHING THE I.S.S.
THERE'S A POTENTIAL
OBJECT THAT...
THAT THEY CAN TRACK THAT LOOKS
LIKE IT'S GONNA POKE A HOLE
IN OUR SPACESHIP.
IF IT HITS YOU
WITH A HIGH SPEED,
IT COULD HIT YOU WITH THE
FORCE OF AN ARTILLERY SHELL.
THE MYSTERY OBJECT
IS ABOUT TO ENTER
THE SPACE STATION'S DANGER ZONE,
AN AREA ASTRONAUTS
CALL THE PIZZA BOX.
THE PIZZA BOX
IS A 30-BY-30-BY-1 MILE REGION
AROUND THE I.S.S.
THAT IS A KEEP-OUT ZONE.
ANYTHING ENTERING THE PIZZA
BOX IS A POTENTIALLY DEADLY THREAT.
IF AN OBJECT IS GONNA
ENTER THAT DANGER ZONE,
THEN THE CREW
AND THE GROUND TEAM
TAKE ACTION TO MINIMIZE ANY
RISK TO THE CREW AND THE STATION.
MISSION CONTROL
ORDERS THE I.S.S. CREW
TO PREPARE
FOR EVASIVE MANEUVERS.
ONE OF THE THINGS YOU CAN DO
IS MOVE THE SPACE STATION.
THE GROUND CONTROL TEAM
CAN SEND COMMANDS
TO THE SPACE STATION
AND ESSENTIALLY DRIVE IT
TO HELP US AVOID THAT OBJECT.
BUT THE OBJECT IS
TRAVELING TOO FAST
FOR THE SPACE STATION
TO GET OUT OF THE WAY.
THIS OBJECT IS GOING TO REACH
THE SPACE STATION AT 8:01 A.M.
THAT'S LESS THAN AN HOUR
AND A HALF AWAY.
THAT'S NOT ENOUGH TIME
TO MOVE THE SPACE STATION
OUT OF THE OBJECT'S PATH.
NASA CLOCKS THE OBJECT
AT AN ASTONISHING
28,000 MILES PER HOUR.
IF IT HITS THE SPACE STATION,
THE EFFECTS
WILL BE CATASTROPHIC.
IF IT CONTACTS YOU
AT THE RIGHT ANGLE,
IT CAN DO A LOT OF DAMAGE.
IF THE I.S.S. TAKES A BIG HIT,
THE WHOLE THING
IS JUST GONNA BE TORN APART.
THE NIGHTMARE
SCENARIO IS A DIRECT HIT
ON THE COOLING SYSTEM.
THE WAY THE COOLING SYSTEM
ON THE I.S.S. WORKS,
IT'S GOT THESE BIG RADIATORS
FILLED WITH AMMONIA
THAT RADIATE HEAT
OUT INTO SPACE.
IF A RADIATOR IS STRUCK
BY A BIG ENOUGH PARTICLE,
THE TUBES
THAT CARRY THE AMMONIA COOLANT
WOULD BE RUPTURED,
AND THE AMMONIA WOULD LEAK OUT.
IF IT WERE TO LEAK
INSIDE THE SPACE STATION,
IT'D BE CATASTROPHIC.
THAT... IT'S A POISONOUS
SUBSTANCE.
HUMANS CAN'T BREATHE IT.
NASA CAN'T RISK
THE LIVES OF THE CREW.
MISSION CONTROL ORDERS THEM
TO INITIATE FLIGHT RULE B4-101.
THEY MUST PREPARE
TO ABANDON SHIP.
GO TO YOUR SOYUZ.
GET OUTTA THERE.
JUST DROP EVERYTHING,
LET YOUR TOOLS GO
AND YOU FLOAT QUICKLY
TO YOUR ESCAPE VEHICLE.
THE CREW MEMBERS SCRAMBLE INTO
THE RUSSIAN BUILT SOYUZ CAPSULE,
WHICH ACTS AS A LIFE BOAT
AND EMERGENCY SHELTER.
IT'S THREE PEOPLE
SITTIN' SIDE BY SIDE.
YOU'RE STANDIN' BY FOR A CALL
FROM THE GROUND
TO SAY STAY OR GO.
WHEN YOU'RE THINKING
ABOUT SOMETHING COMING
CLOSE TO THE SPACE STATION,
YOU... YOU JUST DON'T REALLY
BELIEVE IT'S GONNA HAPPEN.
THE CREW BRACES FOR IMPACT.
ALL THEY CAN DO IS WAIT
AS THE SECONDS
COUNT DOWN TO 8:01.
THE OBJECT HAS RIPPED
PAST THE SPACE STATION,
MISSING IT ONLY BY
A MILE AND A HALF.
THE CREW OF THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
LIVES TO FIGHT ANOTHER DAY.
BUT A MYSTERY REMAINS.
HOW DID A POTENTIALLY
LETHAL OBJECT
SLIP THROUGH THE EARLY WARNING
SYSTEMS PROTECTING THE STATION?
THE I.S.S. IS PROTECTED
BY THE MOST SOPHISTICATED
RADAR SENSING SYSTEM IN THE WORLD.
IT'S VERY RARE FOR SOMETHING
LIKE THIS TO SLIP BY.
FROM A CREW POINT OF VIEW,
WHAT'S FRIGHTENING IS THE FACT
THAT, UM, IT'S NOT POSSIBLE
TO TRACK EVERY SINGLE PARTICLE
THAT MIGHT BE A THREAT TO THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
SO THERE COULD BE SOMETHING
UP THERE
THAT IT CAN'T DO ANYTHING ABOUT.
NASA DESCRIBES THE OBJECT
AS A PIECE OF SPACE DEBRIS.
BUT IT WAS MOVING FAR FASTER
THAN ANY ORDINARY SPACE JUNK.
TYPICAL SPEED IN LOW EARTH
ORBIT IS ABOUT 17,000 MILES PER HOUR.
THIS PIECE OF SPACE JUNK
IS UNIQUE IN THAT
IT'S MOVING TWICE AS FAST.
NASA SCIENTISTS SPECULATE
HOW THE MYSTERY OBJECT
COULD BUILD UP THAT SPEED.
ONE POSSIBILITY IS THE OBJECT
MIGHT HAVE PREVIOUSLY
COLLIDED WITH SOMETHING ELSE
AND GAINED SPEED
FROM THE RICOCHET.
IN THEORY,
IT IS FOR AN OBJECT'S SPEED AND TRAJECTORY
TO CHANGE AFTER A COLLISION.
BUT THE OBJECT
THAT HIT IT WOULD HAVE
TO BE GOING
EXTREMELY FAST ITSELF.
SO WHAT COULD MAKE THIS KILLER
OBJECT BE MOVING THAT QUICKLY?
NEWS OF THE CLOSE ENCOUNTER
ATTRACTS THE INTEREST
OF THE UFO COMMUNITY.
THEY DRAW ATTENTION
TO TWO SPOTS OF BRIGHT LIGHT,
WHICH APPEARED
ON THE I.S.S. LIVE FEED
JUST 24 HOURS
BEFORE THE NEAR MISS.
THE DAY BEFORE THIS EMERGENCY
EVACUATION PROCEDURE,
TWO OBJECTS
SEEM TO BE KEEPING PACE
WITH THE STATION.
THEY LOOK LIKE THEY'RE
TRACKING IT FOR SOME REASON.
IT'S CURIOUS BECAUSE GENERALLY,
SPACE DEBRIS
DOESN'T FOLLOW THE I.S.S.
IN FORMATION.
THEY CHANGE DIRECTION
WITH RESPECT TO EACH OTHER
AND THE SPACE STATION.
AND THEY START MOVING
VERY QUICKLY.
IT LOOKS
LIKE THEY'RE CONTROLLED.
NASA DOES NOT
COMMENT ON SPECULATION
SURROUNDING THE EVENTS
LEADING TO THE UNPLANNED
EMERGENCY MANEUVER OF THE I.S.S.
IT'S INTERESTING THAT WE'RE
GETTING THESE KIND OF, UH,
DEBRIS AVOIDANCE MANEUVERS
MORE FREQUENTLY.
WHAT IS GOING ON
IN ORBITAL SPACE?
ARE THERE SIMPLY TOO
MANY THINGS UP THERE?
OR ARE THERE
TOO MANY THINGS UP THERE
THAT WE DON'T KNOW ABOUT?
COMING UP, A NASA SPECIAL
AGENT SETS UP A $5 MILLION STING
TO RECOVER A MISSING MOON ROCK.
WE HAD CON ARTISTS
SELLING BOGUS MOON ROCKS
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
AND I DECIDED,
I'M GONNA GO AFTER THAT.
THE APOLLO MISSIONS BRING BACK
THE MOST VALUABLE ROCKS
IN HUMAN HISTORY.
BUT THE PRICELESS ARTIFACTS
GO MISSING
UNDER STRANGE CIRCUMSTANCES.
HOUSTON, WE HAVE A PROBLEM.
WE DON'T KNOW
WHERE OUR MOON ROCKS ARE.
TRACKING DOWN NASA's LOST LEGACY
BECOMES ONE MAN'S QUEST.
I'M NOT GONNA REST
UNTIL WE TRACK
THOSE MOON ROCKS DOWN.
THE APOLLO MISSIONS
SPURRED UNPRECEDENTED ADVANCES
IN TECHNOLOGY.
IT'S ONE SMALL STEP FOR MAN...
ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND.
THE GIANTS OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY
MADE MILLIONS SUPPLYING NASA.
AND SOME TRIED IN OTHER WAYS
TO MAKE MONEY OFF THE BACK
OF THE MOON PROGRAM.
JULY 24, 1969.
NEAL ARMSTRONG, BUZZ ALDRIN
AND MICHAEL COLLINS RETURN
TO EARTH AFTER MAKING HISTORY.
THEY CARRY WITH THEM 50 POUNDS
OF MOON ROCK,
THE FIRST OF MORE THAN 2,000
PRECIOUS LUNAR SAMPLES
FROM THE APOLLO PROGRAM.
PRESIDENT NIXON DECIDED
AFTER THE FIRST MOON LANDING
AND THE LAST MOON LANDING
THAT HE WOULD GIFT MOON ROCKS
TO 135 NATIONS AROUND THE WORLD
AS WELL AS THE 50 STATES
AND THE U.S. PROPERTIES.
EACH ROCK WAS THEN
EMBEDDED IN LUCITE,
MOUNTED TO A PLAQUE WITH THE
FLAG OF THE RECIPIENT NATION.
AND THOSE SAMPLES BECAME KNOWN
AS THE GOODWILL MOON ROCKS.
THESE LITTLE PIECES OF ROCK
CAN BE WORTH $20,000 PER OUNCE.
SO THE GOODWILL ROCKS,
THEY CAN BE WORTH MILLIONS.
DESPITE THEIR VALUE,
MANY OF THE GOODWILL ROCKS
ARE NOT TREATED
AS NATIONAL TREASURES.
ALASKA'S APOLLO 11 MOON ROCK
IS LOST IN A FIRE.
1976, DELAWARE'S
APOLLO 11 MOON ROCK
IS STOLEN FROM A DISPLAY.
1977, IRELAND'S
APOLLO 11 MOON ROCK
IS THROWN AWAY IN A DUMP.
THE DISAPPEARANCES
SPAWN A SHADOWY ILLEGAL TRADE.
IN THE 1990s,
NASA's INVESTIGATIVE ARM
BECAME AWARE
THAT THERE WAS A RASH
OF SALES OF FAKE MOON ROCKS.
WE HAD CON ARTISTS
SELLING BOGUS MOON ROCKS
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
NASA ASSIGNS
SPECIAL AGENT JOE GUTHEINZ
TO CLAMP DOWN
ON THE ILLEGAL TRADE.
I DECIDED, "YOU KNOW WHAT?
I'M SICK AND TIRED
OF CON ARTISTS,
UH, FLEECING PEOPLE
OUT OF THEIR LIFE'S SAVINGS
WITH BOGUS MOON ROCKS AND DUST."
AND I DECIDED,
"I'M GONNA GO AFTER THEM."
GUTHEINZ GETS
AN ABANDONED BUNKER
ON THE NORTH SIDE
OF NASA's JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
TO USE AS HIS OPERATIONAL HQ.
HE SPENDS MONTHS
CHASING DOWN LEADS.
BUT AFTER ONLY A FEW ARRESTS,
HE DECIDES TO CHANGE TACTICS.
I THOUGHT, "YOU KNOW WHAT?
WE SHOULDN'T BE WAITING
FOR THE VICTIMS TO COME TO US.
WE SHOULD REACH OUT
AND HAVE THE CON ARTISTS
APPROACH US DIRECTLY."
I PUT AN AD IN U.S.A. TODAY,
TITLED "MOON ROCKS WANTED."
AND I BASICALLY DIRECTED THE
CON ARTISTS TO COME TO ME.
ALMOST IMMEDIATELY,
GUTHEINZ GETS A BITE.
GUTHEINZ GETS A CALL
FROM ALAN ROSEN,
A MIAMI BUSINESSMAN
WHO SAYS HE HAS
A REAL MOON ROCK TO SELL.
GUTHEINZ IS OBVIOUSLY SKEPTICAL,
AND SAYS,
"WHAT PROOF DO YOU HAVE?"
HE DIRECTED ME TO
A WEB PAGE ADDRESS.
AND ON THAT WEB PAGE ADDRESS
WAS A 10-BY-14-INCH PLAQUE
WITH A LUCITE BALL,
A THE FLAG
OF THE RECIPIENT COUNTRIES.
AND I IMMEDIATELY
RECOGNIZED THAT
AS A POSSIBLE
APOLLO 17 GOODWILL GIFT.
THIS WAS ABSOLUTELY INCREDIBLE.
WE WEREN'T DEALING WITH
A CON ARTIST SELLING US DIRT.
WE WERE DEALING WITH A SELLER
SELLING US THE THE REAL THING.
A MOON ROCK.
IT HAD NEVER HAPPENED BEFORE.
GUTHEINZ MUST PLAN
HIS NEXT MOVE CAREFULLY
TO PREVENT ROSEN
FROM GOING UNDERGROUND
AND TAKING
THE MOON ROCK WITH HIM.
I DECIDE, WE'RE GONNA SET UP
A MEETING.
AND WE'RE GONNA TRY TO ENCOURAGE
HIM TO BRING OUT THE MOON ROCK
SO THAT WE COULD SEE IT
AND SEIZE IT.
KNOWING THAT THE
SELLER IS LIKELY TO BE WARY
OF A STING,
HE CREATES A BACKSTORY
THAT MAKES HIM SEEM
LIKE A GENUINE BUYER.
I CREATED A FICTITIOUS COMPANY.
WE CALLED IT
"JOHN'S ESTATE SALES."
I BROUGHT IN A, UH,
POSTAL INSPECTOR
BY THE NAME OF BOB CREGGER.
AND I MADE HIM THE PRESIDENT
OF THE COMPANY, JOHN MARTA.
I TOOK ON THE UNDERCOVER NAME
OF TONY CORIASSO.
AND I BECAME THE CHIEF
SALESMAN OF THE COMPANY.
HE AND CREGGER,
AS THEIR ALTER-EGOS,
SET UP A MEETING WITH ALAN ROSEN
TO INSPECT THIS MOON ROCK
AND, FROM ROSEN'S PERSPECTIVE,
SEAL THE DEAL.
GUTHEINZ AND HIS PARTNER
ARRIVE AT THE RESTAURANT
AND WAIT FOR THEIR CONTACT.
I WAS WEARING A LOOSE
JACKET WITH, UH,
WITH MY GUN TUCKED
INTO MY BELT IN THE BACK.
ROSEN ARRIVES
ALMOST AN HOUR LATER.
HE IMMEDIATELY GETS DOWN
TO BUSINESS.
ALAN ROSEN TELLS ME
HE WANTS $5 MILLION
FOR THE MOON ROCK.
THERE WAS ONE PROBLEM...
WE DIDN'T HAVE $5 MILLION.
ROSEN WAS NOT GONNA
GO AHEAD WITH THE DEAL.
HE WAS NOT GONNA DO IT
UNLESS WE HAD PROOF
THAT WE HAD HIS ASKING PRICE.
THE MOON ROCK IS
SLIPPING THROUGH HIS FINGERS.
GUTHEINZ NEEDS TO FIND
THE MONEY, AND FAST.
GETTING THE $5
MILLION WAS A PROBLEM.
I'LL ASK NASA.
NASA DIDN'T HAVE THE $5 MILLION.
WE'LL ASK DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.
THEY DIDN'T HAVE THE $5 MILLION.
WHAT GUTHEINZ NEEDS
IS A FINANCIAL BACKER.
SOMEONE WITH DEEP POCKETS
WHO'D BE WILLING TO FRONT HIM
THE CASH FOR NO REWARD,
OTHER THAN PATRIOTIC DUTY.
HE TURNS TO TWO-TIME
PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE
AND BILLIONAIRE, ROSS PEROT.
WITH TIME RUNNING OUT,
GUTHEINZ PICKS UP THE PHONE.
AT FIRST, THE ONLY
RESPONSE HE GETS
IS A PROMISE FROM A SECRETARY
TO PASS ON THE MESSAGE TO PEROT.
JUST AS HE'S GETTING READY
TO GIVE UP ON THE MONEY,
JOE GETS A CALL.
THE PHONE RINGS.
I PICK UP THE PHONE.
HE SAYS, "HELLO, JOE.
THIS IS ROSS PEROT.
HOW CAN I HELP YOU?"
I SAID, "UH,
WE WOULD LOVE TO GET
$5 MILLION FROM YOU
IN ORDER TO, UM,
GET A MOON ROCK BACK
IN A STING OPERATION."
"NO PROBLEM, JOE. GLAD TO HELP."
WITHIN A FEW HOURS, PEROT
TRANSFERS THE MONEY
INTO GUTHEINZ'S ACCOUNT,
TURNING HIM
INTO A MILLIONAIRE OVER NIGHT.
A PRINTED BANK BALANCE
GIVES HIM THE PROOF
HE NEEDS TO SHOW
HE'S A GENUINE BUYER.
WHEN HE REQUESTS
A SECOND MEETING WITH ROSEN
TO DISCUSS THE DEAL, THE SELLER
SUGGESTS THEY MEET
AT A BANK VAULT.
ROSEN GOES INTO THE BANK.
HE MEETS WITH THE ALLEGED
BANK OFFICIAL,
WHO'S REALLY A CUSTOMS AGENT.
THE CUSTOMS AGENT
TAKES HIM INTO THE VAULT
AND OPENS UP A CONTAINER.
AND IN THAT CONTAINER
IS THE MOON ROCK.
AGENTS FROM
THE U.S. CUSTOMS DEPARTMENT
PUT ROSEN UNDER ARREST.
GAME OVER. WE WIN.
THE MOON ROCK
HE WAS TRYING TO SELL
IS STILL IN ITS ORIGINAL
PRESENTATION CASE.
EXAMINING THE ROCK, NASA
DETERMINES IT'S THE APOLLO
17 GOODWILL MOON ROCK
THAT WAS PRESENTED
TO HONDURAS IN 1973.
ROSEN BOUGHT THE ROCK
FROM A RETIRED HONDURAN
ARMY OFFICER
AFTER IT MYSTERIOUSLY
DISAPPEARED
FROM THE PRESIDENTIAL PALACE.
AFTER A LENGTHY COURT CASE,
THE MOON ROCK WAS RETURNED
TO THE PEOPLE OF HONDURAS.
A U.S. DISTRICT COURT FINDS
THAT ALAN ROSEN'S ATTEMPT
TO SELL THE ROCK
WAS NOT ILLEGAL,
AND HE FACES NO CHARGES.
TODAY, JOE GUTHEINZ
CONTINUES TO HUNT
FOR THE GOODWILL MOON ROCKS.
THERE ARE 158 MOON ROCKS
THAT WE GAVE AWAY TO THE NATIONS
OF THE WORLD
THAT ARE STILL MISSING.
AND I'M NOT GONNA GIVE UP
UNTIL I FIND THOSE.
COMING UP, CHRIS HADFIELD
LOSES VISION IN BOTH EYES
ON HIS FIRST SPACE WALK.
IT RENDERED HIM BLIND
OUTSIDE THE SPACE STATION,
FLOATING IN SPACE.
ASTRONAUT CHRIS HADFIELD
STEPS INTO THE VACUUM OF SPACE
ON HIS FIRST SPACE WALK.
MOMENTS AFTER LEAVING
THE SPACE STATION,
HE LOSES VISION.
- THIS IS UNPRECEDENTED.
WE'VE NEVER HAD THIS HAPPEN
TO AN ASTRONAUT BEFORE.
MISSION CONTROL
IS POWERLESS TO HELP.
WHEN YOU'RE ON A SPACE WALK, UH,
YOU'RE PRETTY MUCH
DEPENDENT ON YOURSELF.
IT'S VERY SIMPLE.
IF YOU LOSE YOUR COOL, YOU DIE.
APRIL 22, 2001.
THE CREW OF THE I.S.S.
IS 3 DAYS INTO MISSION 6A.
CHRIS HADFIELD IS PREPARING
TO WALK IN SPACE
FOR THE FIRST TIME
IN HIS ASTRONAUT CAREER.
THESE WERE
THE RELATIVELY EARLY DAYS
OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE
STATION PROGRAM.
AND WE WERE AT THE STAGE
OF MAJOR ASSEMBLY,
WHICH MEANT A LOT OF SPACE
WALKS WERE GONNA BE REQUIRED.
CHRIS ISN'T A CELEBRITY
JUST YET.
NOBODY HAS SEEN HIM SINGING
DAVID BOWIE SONGS
OR HIS FUNNY LITTLE
SCIENCE PROJECTS.
THE WATER SORT OF
HAS IT STICK TO MY HAND.
HADFIELD'S JOB IS TO INSTALL
THE COMPONENT
CALLED THE CANADARM2.
THIS BIG ROBOTIC ARM... IT'S,
LIKE, A BIG, WHITE CRANE.
WE COULD NOT HAVE BUILT
THE SPACE STATION
OR DONE A LOT OF THE...
THE SPACE WALKS
THAT WE HAVE HAD TO DO
AND WILL DO WITHOUT THAT ARM.
HADFIELD IS ABOUT TO MAKE
A PIECE OF NATIONAL HISTORY
AS THE FIRST CANADIAN
TO LEAVE A SPACECRAFT.
THERE'S NOTHING
LIKE A SPACE WALK.
THAT IS THE... THE PINNACLE
OF ALMOST EVERY ASTRONAUT'S
EXPERIENCE.
THEY'RE FLOATING 260 MILES
ABOVE THE EARTH
AT 17,500 MILES AN HOUR.
YOU'RE ANXIOUS. YOU'RE EXCITED.
BUT THE THING THAT REALLY IS
GOIN' THROUGH YOUR HEAD
IS, "I KNOW I HAVE THESE
THINGS TO DO OUT THERE.
I WANNA MAKE SURE
I DO 'EM RIGHT."
WITHIN MOMENTS
OF BEGINNING IS E.V.A.,
HADFIELD IS IN TROUBLE.
HE GETS THIS SUDDEN BURST
OF PAIN IN HIS LEFT EYE,
AND TEARS START TO FLOW.
THE ASTRONAUT ATTEMPTS
TO PUSH THROUGH THE PAIN
AND KEEP WORKING.
BUT THE SITUATION GETS WORSE.
IN MICROGRAVITY,
TEARS DON'T FALL.
THEY DON'T RUN DOWN YOUR FACE
LIKE THEY DO HERE ON EARTH.
IT JUST FORMED A BALL
OF MOISTURE AND LIQUID
ON HIS EYE.
HIS LEFT EYE IS BLIND
AND SNAPPED SHUT.
AND THE PROBLEM IS SPREADING.
IT RAN ACROSS HIS NOSE
AND WENT INTO HIS OTHER EYE
AND JUST RENDERED HIM BLIND
OUTSIDE THE SPACE STATION,
FLOATING IN SPACE.
TRAPPED INSIDE HIS OWN SUIT,
HADFIELD IS POWERLESS
TO FIX THE PROBLEM.
WHEN YOU'RE OUT ON A SPACE WALK,
IN YOUR SPACE SUIT, YOU...
YOU CAN'T REACH UP
AND JUST WIPE YOUR EYE
IF SOMETHING GETS INTO IT.
HADFIELD CONTACTS
MISSION CONTROL IN HOUSTON.
TECHNICIANS IMMEDIATELY
START TO BRAINSTORM
WHAT COULD BE GOING WRONG.
SO ONE OF THE FIRST THOUGHTS
OF WHAT COULD CAUSE
THIS EYE IRRITATION WAS POSSIBLY
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE,
WHICH IS A CHEMICAL
THAT WE USE AS PART OF THE SUIT
TO SCRUB THE CARBON DIOXIDE
OUT OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
LEAKS OF THIS HIGHLY
CAUSTIC CHEMICAL
HAVE CAUSED PROBLEMS
ON PREVIOUS NASA MISSIONS.
DURING GEMINI 10 IN 1966, UH,
JOHN YOUNG AND MIKE COLLINS
DID HAVE THIS PROBLEM
WHERE LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
DID GET INTO THEIR HELMETS.
AND THEY HAD TO TERMINATE
THE E.V.A. EARLY.
NASA TECHNICIANS FEAR THE
SITUATION COULD GET WORSE
UNLESS THE ASTRONAUT
TAKES IMMEDIATE ACTION.
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
IS A VERY CAUSTIC CHEMICAL.
AND SO IF IT GETS
INTO THE SUIT ENVIRONMENTS,
IT'S CAUSE FOR GREAT CONCERN.
IF THE SUBSTANCE
REACHES THE LUNGS,
IT COULD CAUSE VIOLENT CHOKING
AND EVENTUAL SUFFOCATION.
MISSION CONTROL ORDERS
HADFIELD TO OPEN HIS SUIT
TO THE VACUUM OF SPACE
IN AN ATTEMPT TO FLUSH OUT
THE DANGEROUS SUBSTANCE.
THIS IS CERTAINLY NOT
A NORMAL PROCEDURE.
THE LAST THING
AN ASTRONAUT WANTS TO DO
IS ACTUALLY PUT A HOLE
IN HIS SUIT.
HE STILL CAN'T SEE. AND HE HAS HIS VENT,
HIS OXYGEN,
GOING OUT TO SPACE.
AND I THINK IS JUST HOPING
THAT THIS VENT TO SPACE
WILL WORK FOR HIM.
AFTER 30 MINUTES
OF BLINDNESS AND PAIN,
THE EMERGENCY VENT
APPEARS TO WORK.
HADFIELD'S VISION RETURNS.
INCREDIBLY, HE THEN CONTINUES
WITH HIS ASSIGNED TASK,
WORKING NONSTOP
OUTSIDE THE SPACE STATION
FOR ALMOST 8 HOURS.
THAT'S JUST THE NATURE
OF HOW ASTRONAUTS ARE.
WE'RE... WE'RE NEVER QUITTERS.
WE WANNA GET THE JOB DONE.
AND WE'LL DO EVERYTHING
WE CAN TO KEEP GOING.
ASTRONAUTS, BY THEIR NATURE,
HAVE TO SUPPRESS THEIR FEAR
BECAUSE WHAT THEY'RE DOING
IS INHERENTLY SCARY.
NASA CONDUCTS AN INVESTIGATION
INTO THE INCIDENT.
THERE IS NO SIGN
OF THE LITHIUM HYDROXIDE LEAK
THEY'D SUSPECTED.
SO THEY LOOK FOR OTHER CAUSES.
THEY FIRST INVESTIGATE A
MEDICAL CONDITION CAUSED
BY LOW GRAVITY,
KNOWN AS PAPILLEDEMA.
PAPILLEDEMA,
AND SOME OF THE OTHER THINGS
THAT WE'VE SEEN, COULD BE CAUSED
BY ELEVATED LEVELS
OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE,
OR THE PRESSURE
INSIDE OF YOUR HEAD.
PAPILLEDEMA CAN
CAUSE PAIN AND TEARS.
BUT THE SYMPTOMS TAKE
SEVERAL HOURS TO MANIFEST.
HADFIELD'S BLINDNESS
STRUCK WITHIN SECONDS.
EVENTUALLY, NASA's INVESTIGATION
ARRIVES AT
A SIMPLER EXPLANATION.
THEY WERE GOING
OVER ALL THE POSSIBILITIES
AT MISSION CONTROL
WHEN CAPCOM SAID,
"CHRIS, DID YOU REMEMBER
TO USE YOUR ANTI-FOG STUFF?
WE DON'T THINK
YOU USED IT PROPERLY.
ARE YOU SURE
YOU GOT IT ALL OFF?"
JUST LIKE WHEN YOU GO OUT
AND GO SCUBA DIVING,
YOU USE A LITTLE SOAP
OR SPIT TO CLEAN YOUR MASK
TO MAKE SURE IT STAYS CLEAR
AND DOESN'T FOG UP.
WE DO THE SAME THING.
WE HAVE A...
A DETERGENT SOLUTION
THAT WE RUB ON THE INSIDE
OF THE VISOR.
AND AS IT TURNED OUT,
THERE WAS JUST A LITTLE RESIDUE OF SOAP.
AND SO CHRIS
GOT SOAP IN HIS EYE.
THE EXPLANATION
SOLVES THE MYSTERY
OF HADFIELD'S SUDDEN
SPACE BLINDNESS.
BUT IT DOESN'T IMPRESS
THE ASTRONAUT HIMSELF.
HE SAID, "REALLY?
WE'RE USING DETERGENT?
NO MORE TEARS WASN'T AN OPTION?"
STILL TO COME...
MYSTERIOUS ORBS OF LIGHT
APPEAR OUT OF NOWHERE
AND ENTER PEOPLE'S HOMES.
IT MOVED TOWARDS HER.
SHE SCREAMED.
AND IT EXPLODED.
ALL OVER THE WORLD, WITNESSES
REPORT TERRIFYING ENCOUNTERS
WITH EERIE SPHERES
OF GLOWING LIGHT.
THEY APPEAR OUT OF THIN AIR.
THEY SEEM TO MOVE
PRETTY MUCH AT RANDOM.
AND THEY'RE DANGEROUS.
THEY SEEM TO DEFY
THE LAWS OF NATURE.
IT CAN EVEN PASS
THROUGH SOLID OBJECTS.
A NASA SCIENTIST INVESTIGATES.
THEY KIND OF LOOK
LIKE LIGHTNING.
BUT THEY DON'T ACT
LIKE LIGHTNING.
SO WHAT COULD THEY BE?
MARCH 19, 1963.
EASTERN AIRLINES FLIGHT 539
ENCOUNTERS
A VIOLENT THUNDERSTORM
AS IT NEARS THE AIRSPACE
OF NEW YORK CITY.
THIS IS NO ORDINARY STORM.
A UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR
OF ELECTRONICS
WAS FLYING ON AN INTERNAL
FLIGHT OVER THE UNITED STATES.
HE HEARD A LOUD CRASH.
AND IMMEDIATELY, A BLUE BALL
ABOUT THE SIZE OF A FOOTBALL
APPEARED IN FRONT OF HIM,
TRAVELING PAST HIM
ALL THE WAY DOWN THE FUSELAGE,
AND PASSED THE AIR STEWARDESS
WHERE IT DISAPPEARED
WITH A LOUD EXPLOSION.
THIS STRANGE ENCOUNTER
IS JUST ONE EXAMPLE
OF THE PHENOMENON SCIENTISTS
CALL BALL LIGHTNING.
PEOPLE HAVE BEEN REPORTING
THIS PHENOMENON FOR CENTURIES.
THERE MUST BE THOUSANDS
OF WITNESSES,
BUT WE STILL
DON'T UNDERSTAND IT.
THE TERRIFYING SPHERES
CAN STRIKE IN ANY CONDITION
WITHOUT WARNING.
A VERY INTERESTING BALL
LIGHTNING CASE
THAT I INVESTIGATED TOOK PLACE
IN 1975 IN THE WEST MIDLANDS.
THE CITY OF BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND,
WAS IN THE GRIP
OF A FIERCE LIGHTNING STORM
WHEN ONE OF THE BALLS
APPEARED INSIDE A HOUSE.
A LADY WAS IN THE KITCHEN
OF HER HOME.
SUDDENLY, A BALL
APPEARED IN FRONT OF HER
ABOUT 4 INCHES,
5 INCHES IN DIAMETER.
IT MOVED TOWARDS HER.
SHE SCREAMED
AND INSTINCTIVELY BRUSHED
THE BALL AWAY WITH HER HAND.
AND IT EXPLODED.
THE STRANGE GLOWING
ORB INFLICTS SEVERE BURNS,
THEN MAKES A SOUND
LIKE A GUNSHOT AS IT VANISHES.
WHEN SHE EXAMINED HER CLOTHING,
SHE REALIZED THERE WAS A HOLE
THAT HAD BEEN MADE IN HER TIGHTS
AND IN HER DRESS.
AFTER CENTURIES OF SPECULATION,
A NASA SCIENTIST
UNDERTAKES THE FIRST
SERIOUS INVESTIGATION
INTO BALL LIGHTNING.
WARREN RAYLE CARRIED OUT
A SYSTEMATIC STUDY
BY COLLECTING REPORTS
OF BALL LIGHTNING
FROM EMPLOYEES OF ONE
OF THE NASA LABORATORIES.
HE WAS QUITE SURPRISED TO FIND
HOW MANY PEOPLE THERE SAID
THEY'D SEEN BALL LIGHTNING.
THE DATA LEADS RAYLE TO
SOME INTRIGUING OBSERVATIONS.
RAYLE FINDS THAT THERE ARE
TWO TYPES OF BALL LIGHTNING.
ONE THAT'S FORMED CLOSED
TO THE GROUND AND STAYS THERE.
THE SECOND IS FORMED UP
IN THE AIR
AND SLOWLY DRIFTS AROUND.
DESPITE COLLECTING HUNDREDS
OF EYEWITNESS REPORTS,
RAYLE IS UNABLE TO EXPLAIN THE
NATURE OF THESE STRANGE ORBS.
THE PROBLEM WITH BALL
LIGHTNING IS THAT FOR A LONG TIME,
THE ONLY EVIDENCE WE HAD
IS HUMAN OBSERVATIONS.
AND IN SCIENCE,
A HUMAN OBSERVATION
IS JUST NOT RIGOROUS.
YOU HAVE TO HAVE
AN INSTRUMENT MEASUREMENT.
PART OF THE REASON
IT'S SO DIFFICULT
TO GET TO THE BOTTOM
OF WHAT BALL LIGHTNING IS,
IS BECAUSE IT'S SO DIFFICULT
TO CAPTURE IT ON CAMERA.
IN 2012, A CHANCE
ENCOUNTER IN QINGHAI, CHINA,
SHEDS NEW LIGHT
ON THE CENTURIES-OLD MYSTERY
OF BALL LIGHTNING.
CHINESE SCIENTISTS
ARE RECORDING A THUNDERSTORM
USING A SPECTROMETER.
THEY'RE LUCKY ENOUGH
TO SEE BALL LIGHTNING.
IT SEEMED TO BE
ABOUT 15 FEET ACROSS.
AND IT TRAVELED A DISTANCE
OF ABOUT 45 FEET.
IT'S THE FIRST TIME SCIENTISTS
HAVE ENCOUNTERED BALL LIGHTNING
WITH THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT
TO ANALYZE IT.
THEY WERE ABLE TO
OBTAIN A SPECTRUM FROM THIS,
WHICH GAVE THEM SOME INDICATION
OF THE ELEMENTS
THAT WERE PRESENT,
ELEMENTS CONSISTENT WITH
MATERIAL FOUND IN ORDINARY SOIL.
THE ANALYSIS REVEALS THE BALL
OF LIGHTNING CONTAINS
TRACES OF SILICONE, CALCIUM,
AND IRON.
THIS IS INCREDIBLE.
WE KNOW WHAT IT'S MADE OF.
THIS AMAZING DISCOVERY
PROVIDES
THE FIRST CONCRETE EVIDENCE
OF THE WEIRD
GLOWING BALL'S COMPOSITION.
SO THIS SEEMS TO PROVE
THAT AT LEAST THIS KIND
OF BALL LIGHTNING
IS PRODUCED BY LIGHTNING
HITTING THE GROUND,
VAPORIZING ROCK AND SOIL
TO PRODUCE THESE ELEMENTS.
WHEN LIGHTNING STRIKES
THE GROUND,
SOME OF THE MATERIAL
IN THE GROUND BECOMES IONIZED.
THE ATOMS AND PARTICLES
OF SOIL THROWN INTO THE AIR
BY THE LIGHTNING STRIKE
HAVE THEIR ELECTRONS
STRIPPED AWAY.
THESE TINY BITS OF DIRT
BECOME POSITIVELY CHARGED.
SO IT'S GONNA DRAW ANY
ELECTRONS IN THE AREA TO IT.
AND WHEN THOSE ELECTRONS
RECOMBINE WITH THAT ION,
LIGHT WILL BE EMITTED.
IT'S THIS BREAKING
AND REFORMING OF PARTICLES
BY A LIGHTNING STRIKE
THAT CREATES THE STRANGE
GLOWING BALLS.
IT'S A COMPELLING THEORY,
BUT IT DOESN'T EXPLAIN SOME
OF THE MOST FAMOUS SIGHTINGS.
WHILE THIS MIGHT
WORK AS AN EXPLANATION
FOR BALL LIGHTNING
THAT'S SEEN IN THE OPEN AIR,
IT DOESN'T WORK VERY WELL
WHEN YOU TRY TO EXPLAIN
BALL LIGHTNING WITHIN A BUILDING
OR SEEN WITHIN AN AIRCRAFT.
SOME OF THESE GLOWING BALLS
ARE APPEARING IN CLEAR SKIES.
NO THUNDER OR LIGHTNING.
SO THEY CAN'T BE MADE
FROM LIGHTNING.
SOMETHING ELSE
MUST BE HAPPENING.
IT SEEMS THAT, FOR NOW,
THE ENIGMA
OF BALL LIGHTNING INDOORS.
THE FACT THAT BALL
LIGHTNING HAS BEEN STUDIED
FOR NEARLY 200 YEARS
AND THERE'S STILL
NO REAL SOLUTION
TO WHAT IT MIGHT BE MAKES IT ONE
OF THE MOST EXCITING MYSTERIES
OF SCIENCE.
UP NEXT...
SOMETHING IS TEARING A HOLE
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
THERE ARE FORCES AT WORK HERE.
AND WE DON'T UNDERSTAND
HOW THIS IS HAPPENING.
SCIENTISTS DETECT SIGNS
OF A DESTRUCTIVE FORCE
ON THE FRINGES
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
IT APPEARS MASSIVE ENOUGH
TO CAUSE DAMAGE.
IT'S GOING AROUND THE SUN,
STIRRING UP THIS REGION,
TURNING IT INTO DUST.
DID ANCIENT ASTRONOMERS
PREDICT ITS COMING?
IT'S LIKE SCIENCE FICTION,
BUT COMING TRUE.
AUGUST 30, 1992.
SCIENTISTS AT THE MAUNA KEA
OBSERVATORY IN HAWAII
DISCOVER AN UNIDENTIFIED OBJECT
BEYOND THE KNOWN LIMITS
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
BEFORE 1992, WE HADN'T FOUND
ANYTHING PAST PLUTO.
AND WE HADN'T EXPECTED
ANYTHING TO BE THERE.
ANOTHER DISCOVERY SOON FOLLOWS.
THEN ANOTHER,
UNTIL SCIENTISTS REALIZE
THEY ARE LOOKING AT MILLIONS
OF OBJECTS IN THE OUTER
REACHES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
WE START TO SEE THESE ENORMOUS
POPULATIONS OF OBJECTS.
THIS VAST RESERVOIR.
THESE ICY OBJECTS MAKE UP A
BAND AROUND 2 BILLION MILES DEEP,
KNOWN AS THE KUIPER BELT.
THEY MAY OFFER CLUES ABOUT
HOW THE SOLAR SYSTEM BEGAN.
THESE ARE PRIMORDIAL PIECES
THAT TELL US
ABOUT THE COMPOSITION
AND THE STRUCTURE
OF THE MATERIAL
FROM WHICH
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM FORMED.
THIS BELT OF ROCKY OBJECTS
REPRESENTS THE LEFTOVERS
OF THE BIRTH
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
BUT AS ASTRONOMERS
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII
LOOK DEEPER INTO THIS GIANT
ASTEROID BELT,
THEY DISCOVER SOMETHING
COMPLETELY UNEXPECTED.
JUST A YOU'RE COMING
TO THE PART OF THE KUIPER BELT
THAT HAS THE MOST MATERIAL,
IT STOPS.
IT ENDS. THERE'S
NOTHING ELSE BEYOND IT.
THERE SHOULD BE AN ENORMOUS
RESERVOIR OF MATERIAL
AS YOU GO FATHER OUT.
AND IT'S JUST NOT THERE.
EVERYTHING WE KNOW TELLS US
THAT THE VAST RING OF ROCKS
SHOULD EXTEND DEEP INTO SPACE.
BUT INSTEAD, IT STOPS DEAD
LIKE A CLIFF EDGE
WITH TOTAL EMPTINESS BEYOND.
NO ONE CAN EXPLAIN IT.
THERE SHOULD BE
LOADS OF ASTEROIDS HERE,
BUT THERE'S NOT.
WHY DID IT JUST
STOP SO SUDDENLY?
PERHAPS THE MOST
INTRIGUING THEORY
TO EXPLAIN THE PURE EMPTINESS
IS THAT SOMETHING VAST
AND INVISIBLE
HAS CLEARED THE AREA.
THERE COULD BE ANOTHER PLANET
OUT THERE
UP TO 20 TIMES
THE SIZE OF THE EARTH.
ASTRONOMERS CALL IT PLANET X.
THERE HAVE BEEN SPECULATIONS
ALWAYS
THAT THERE'S
A PLANET X OUT THERE
THAT IS SCULPTING THE KUIPER
BELT FROM THE OUTSIDE.
THE GRAVITATIONAL PUSHES
AND PULLS FROM THIS PLANET
ARE KIND OF LIKE A BROOM
SWEEPING THIS MATERIAL,
PUSHING IT TOGETHER
AND CAUSING IT
TO COLLIDE, GRIND DOWN.
WE'RE TALKING
ABOUT A 10th PLANET
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
IT'S LIKE SCIENCE FICTION,
BUT COMING TRUE.
PLANET X, AN UNKNOWN WORLD
AT THE EDGE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
IS A SCIENCE FICTION STAPLE.
BUT THE IDEA
OF THE INVISIBLE PLANET
GOES BACK TO THE VERY
EARLIEST DAYS OF ASTRONOMY.
OVER AND OVER AGAIN,
PEOPLE HAVE HYPOTHESIZED
THAT THERE WERE MORE
THAN JUST THE PLANETS
THAT WE KNOW OF TODAY.
IN FACT, YOU CAN EVEN TO BACK
TO THE TIME OF THE BABYLONIANS
WHEN THEY POSITED THE IDEA
THAT THERE MIGHT BE
SOME 12th PLANET
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
ON SOME STRANGE ORBIT.
A DISTANT PLANET OUT THERE
THAT WE HAVEN'T BEEN
ABLE TO SEE YET,
BARRELING TOWARDS US.
SOMEDAY MAYBE EVEN
HITTING EARTH.
TODAY, ASTRONOMERS
CAN ACCESS THE LATEST DATA
FROM INFRARED OBSERVATORIES
IN SPACE PROBES
IN THE SEARCH FOR PLANET X.
THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
IS ACTIVELY INVOLVED
IN TRYING TO FIND MATERIAL
IN THE VERY DISTANT PARTS
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
WE SEE STRANGE EVIDENCE
THAT INDICATES THERE'S
SOME HIDDEN MYSTERY OUT THERE.
MAYBE IT'S A PLANET X.
IN 2016,
COMPUTER MODELING
BY ASTRONOMERS AT CALTECH
PROVIDES THE STRONGEST
EVIDENCE YET
OF AN UNSEEN PLANET
LURKING AT THE OUTER EDGE
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
BUT TO DATE, NO ONE
HAS LOCATED PLANET X.
MAYBE IT'S TOO DARK.
MAYBE WE HAVEN'T LOOKED
IN THE RIGHT PLACE.
MAYBE IT'S VERY DENSE AND SMALL.
THE SEARCH CONTINUES.
THREE, TWO, ONE.
IN 2006,
NASA LAUNCHES THE NEW HORIZONS PROBE
TO ANSWER SOME OF THE MYSTERIES
OF THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM.
ITS 3 BILLION MILE JOURNEY
LASTS MORE THAN A DECADE.
IS IT POSSIBLE FOR SOMETHING
THE SIZE OF A PLANET
TO REMAIN UNDETECTED
FOR ALL THESE YEARS?
OF COURSE IT IS.
THE SKY IS ENORMOUS.
THE PLACES THAT SUCH A PLANET
COULD BE HIDING ARE VAST.
ON AUGUST 28, 2015,
NEW HORIZONS GETS A NEW TARGET.
HUBBLE TELESCOPE IMAGES
INDICATE THE PRESENCE
OF AN UNKNOWN OBJECT
DEEP WITHIN THE KUIPER BELT.
NEW HORIZONS SHOULD MAKE
CONTACT SOMETIME IN 2019.
WE'VE ONLY JUST STARTED
EXPLORING THE KUIPER BELT.
WE STILL DON'T REALLY KNOW
WHAT TO EXPECT OUT THERE.
STILL TO COME...
MYSTERIOUS EXPLOSIONS TURN NIGHT
INTO DAY IN THE SKIES
OVER RUSSIA.
SOMETHING TERRIBLE HAPPENED.
THERE DOESN'T SEEM TO BE
A NATURAL CAUSE.
A HUGE FLASH LIGHTS UP THE SKIES
ABOVE A HIGHLY RESTRICTED AREA
IN CENTRAL RUSSIA.
THIS HUGE EXPLOSION COVERS
HALF OF THE SKY IN FRONT OF THEM.
DASH CAM FOOTAGE
OF THE TERRIFYING INCIDENT
BECOMES AN ONLINE SENSATION.
IT SCARED SO MANY RUSSIANS.
YOU COULD HEARD THEM SCREAMING
AND WONDERING WHAT WAS GOING ON.
THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES JUST
DON'T WANT TO TALK ABOUT IT.
NOVEMBER 14, 2014.
THE NIGHT SKIES
OVER RUSSIA'S REMOTE SVERDLOVSK
REGION EXPLODE INTO LIGHT.
PEOPLE WITNESS AN ENORMOUS
BURST OF ORANGE LIGHT
THAT TURNS NIGHT INTO DAY.
THEY SEE THIS HUGE EXPLOSION
ON THE HORIZON
THAT COVERS HALF OF THE SKY
IN FRONT OF THEM.
ON A HIGHWAY JUST OUTSIDE
THE SMALL INDUSTRIAL TOWN
OF REZH,
A RUSSIAN MOTORIST CAPTURES
THE EVENT ON HIS DASH CAM.
THIS TIME, WE HAVE
ACTUAL FOOTAGE OF THIS
GOING ON OVER RUSSIA
AND THE URALS.
IT SCARED SO MANY RUSSIANS.
AND THEY TOOK A LOT
OF PICTURES OF IT.
YOU COULD HEAR THEM SCREAMING
AND WONDERING WHAT WAS GOING ON.
THIS HUGE ORANGE
AND YELLOW FIREBALL...
IT'S VERY LARGE, VERY BIG.
AND THEN, IT IMMEDIATELY
DISBURSES TO NOTHING.
WORD OF THE EVENT
QUICKLY SPREADS.
A HUGE ORANGE LIGHT OVER RUSSIA
IS SOMETHING WE'RE GOING
TO PAY ATTENTION TO.
THE SVERDLOVSK REGION IS AN AREA
ABOUT THE SIZE OF NEBRASKA
DEEP IN THE RUSSIAN INTERIOR.
DURING THE COLD WAR,
THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES MADE IT
TOTALLY OFF-LIMITS TO FOREIGNERS
TO PROTECT THE MILITARY
SECRETS HIDDEN THERE.
IT WAS SO REMOTE,
SO FAR FROM ANYTHING,
THAT YOU COULD TEST WEAPONS
OF ANY KIND OUT THERE,
INCLUDING BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS.
NO OFFICIAL EXPLANATION
FOR THE STRANGE LIGHTS
COMES OUT OF RUSSIA.
THE RUSSIAN AUTHORITIES
REFUSED TO COMMENT ON IT.
THEY JUST DON'T WANNA TALK
ABOUT IT.
MANY LOCALS BELIEVE
THE INCREDIBLE LIGHT SHOW
WAS EVIDENCE OF A METEOR STRIKE.
METEORITES ENTER THE
ATMOSPHERE AT A TREMENDOUS SPEED.
THEY BURN UP AND CAN EXPLODE
INTO A GIANT FIREBALL.
THE TOWN OF CHELYABINSK,
SITE OF A DEVASTATING METEOR
EXPLOSION IN 2013,
IS ONLY 100 MILES AWAY.
A 20-METER METEOR
STREAKED ACROSS THE SKY
AT A VERY LOW GRAZING ANGLE
AND EXPLODED WITH
25 TIMES THE EXPLOSION
THAT DEVASTATED HIROSHIMA
AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II.
MANY OF THE SVERDLOVSK LOCALS
HAVE FRIENDS AND FAMILY CAUGHT
IN THE BLAST.
IT BLEW OUT WINDOWS
IN OVER 7,200 OFFICE BUILDINGS
IN SIX NEARBY CITIES.
NO SHOCKWAVE ACCOMPANIES
THE BIZARRE LIGHT SHOW
OVER SVERDLOVSK.
BUT SOME BELIEVE
IT IS ANOTHER METEOR
BURNING UP
IN EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE.
IT IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE
OF A METEOR FIREBALL.
IT'S ABOVE THE CLOUDS,
SO YOU DON'T SEE THE METEOR.
YOU JUST SEE THE LIGHT.
IT'S NOT SURPRISING
TO SEE A FLASH IN THE SKY
FROM AN INCOMING METEOR.
WE HAVE APPROXIMATELY
78,000 TONS OF MATERIAL
HITTING THE EARTH
EVERY SINGLE YEAR.
BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM
WITH THE METEOR THEORY.
I WOULD NOT HAVE EXPECTED SUCH
A DEEP RED, ORANGE COLOR.
METEORITES TYPICALLY
EXPLODE WHITE, NOT ORANGE.
SO SOMETHING ELSE IS PROBABLY
GOING ON HERE.
WHEN FOOTAGE
OF THE LIGHT FLASH GOES VIRAL,
ONLINE COMMENTATORS
SUGGEST IT COULD BE AN EXPLOSION
FROM AN INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT.
ONE LOCAL SITE SUGGESTED THAT
THERE'S AN OLD CHEMICAL PLANT
NEARBY THAT COULD HAVE EXPLODED.
IF YOU HAVE A CHEMICAL PLANT
THAT EXPLODES,
IT DEFINITELY COULD LOOK
THAT BIG AND THAT YELLOW
AND THAT HOT.
BUT LOCAL NEWS REPORTS
CONTAIN NO MENTION
OF ANY SUCH INCIDENTS.
EVEN IN RUSSIA,
YOU WOULD EXPECT AN EVENT
LIKE THAT TO MAKE THE NEWS.
AND IT WOULD SHOW UP
ON SATELLITE IMAGERY.
WE WOULD ALMOST CERTAINLY SEE
WHAT WAS GOING ON,
ESPECIALLY IF IT WAS
A FLASH THAT BIG.
OTHER COMMENTATORS SPECULATE
THAT THE COLOSSAL LIGHT FLASH
BY COULD BE MADE
THE RUSSIAN MILITARY.
WE EXPECT THAT THE RUSSIANS
WOULD TEST THINGS
FAR FROM PRYING EYES.
AND SO WHEN SOMETHING STRANGE
HAPPENS IN THE MIDDLE OF RUSSIA,
THERE'S AN IMMEDIATE SUSPICION
THAT THE RUSSIAN MILITARY
IS UP TO SOMETHING.
WHAT COULD BE GOING ON HERE?
COULD THIS BE A ROCKET TEST,
A MISSILE LAUNCH?
MISSILE TESTING CAN PRODUCE
SPECTACULAR LIGHT SHOWS.
THE COLOR, THE RED COLOR,
THE ORANGE COLOR
IS CONSISTENT
WITH A ROCKET MOTOR.
THE BRIGHT FLASH,
THE BRIEF DURATION...
THAT'S WHAT HAPPENS
WHEN ROCKETS EXPLODE.
THE RUSSIAN MILITARY
DENIES INVOLVEMENT.
BUT THAT'S WHAT THEY DO.
ON MARCH 17, 2015,
THE WEAPON TESTING THEORY
GAINS GROUND
WHEN CAMERAS IN RUSSIA CAPTURE
ANOTHER WEIRD LIGHT
IN THE NIGHT SKY.
THIS SECOND EXPLOSION
ABOUT 4 MONTHS LATER
IS VERY DIFFERENT.
IT'S BLUE AND WHITE.
IT ALSO HAD SOME IMPACT
ON LIGHTING
AND ELECTRONICS LOCALLY.
MILITARY EXPERTS SPECULATE
THAT RUSSIA COULD BE TESTING A
DEVASTATING NEW SECRET WEAPON.
IT'S POSSIBLE THAT THIS BLUE
AND WHITE EXPLOSION
THAT WE'VE SEEN WAS, IN FACT,
THE TESTING OF AN EMP WEAPON.
AN ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE,
AN EMP,
CAN BE USED TO TAKE OUT
AN ENEMY'S ELECTRONICS,
COMPUTERS, COMMUNICATIONS
AND THE LIKE.
THE RUSSIAN
AUTHORITIES HAVE NOT OFFERED
ANY OFFICIAL EXPLANATION
FOR EITHER INCIDENT.
THE OFFICIAL WORD FROM RUSSIA
WAS THAT THERE IS
NO OFFICIAL WORD.
THE TWO REMARKABLE FLASHES
CONTINUE TO PROVOKE SPECULATION.
TO THIS DAY, WE STILL DON'T
KNOW WHAT THIS STRANGE EVENT IS.
THERE DOESN'T SEEM TO BE
A NATURAL CAUSE.
IT REMAINS COMPLETELY
UNEXPLAINED.
AS WE ENTER A NEW ERA
OF EXPLORATION,
WE ENCOUNTER NEW
AND UNPREDICTABLE THREATS.
EVEN WITH THE MOST
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY,
OUR ASTRONAUTS ARE ONLY HUMAN.
OUR OWN PLANET IS STILL A
PLACE OF MYSTERY AND WONDER.
AND FEAR OF THE UNKNOWN
IS NEVER FAR AWAY.
Subtitles Diego Moraes
www.oakisland.tk