How It's Made (2001–…): Season 19, Episode 12 - Navajo Rugs, Crude Oil, Kaleidoscopes, Titanium Dental Implants - full transcript
Navajo Rugs; Crude Oil; Kaleidoscopes; Titanium Dental Implants
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
Narrator: RUG WEAVING
IS A TRADITIONAL ART
PRACTICED BY THE NAVAJO,
AN INDIAN NATION
LOCATED IN THE UNITED STATES
WHERE COLORADO, NEW MEXICO,
UTAH, AND ARIZONA INTERSECT.
THEY ORIGINALLY WOVE
BLANKETS AND CLOTHING.
THEN, IN THE EARLY 1800s,
THEY BEGAN WEAVING RUGS
FOR SALE.
WHILE MANY WEAVERS CREATE
CONTEMPORARY DESIGNS,
NAVAJO RUGS TYPICALLY FEATURE
BOLD GEOMETRIC PATTERNS.
THE WOOL-PREPARATION
AND WEAVING TECHNIQUES
DEVELOPED
BY THE WEAVERS' ANCESTORS
HAVE BEEN PROUDLY PASSED DOWN
FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION.
EVERYTHING IN A NAVAJO RUG
COMES FROM NATURE,
STARTING WITH FLEECE --
RAW WOOL SHEARED FROM A SHEEP.
WORKING A HANDFUL AT A TIME,
THE WEAVER REMOVES
THE MATS AND TANGLES
AND PLACES THE WOOL
ON CARDERS --
WOODEN PADDLES WITH METAL TEETH.
BY PULLING ONE CARDER
AGAINST THE OTHER,
SHE STRAIGHTENS THE WOOL FIBERS,
LINING THEM UP
IN THE SAME DIRECTION.
THIS PREPARES THEM TO BE SPUN
INTO ONE CONTINUOUS STRAND
OF YARN.
AFTER THREE OR FOUR PULLS,
SHE FLIPS THE CARDERS
TO STRAIGHTEN THE FIBERS
ON THE UNDERSIDE.
THEN SHE ROLLS UP THE FLEECE
AND ADDS IT TO THE OTHER ROLLS
IN THE SPINNING PILE.
SHE SPINS THE FLEECE
ONE ROLL AT A TIME
WITH THE TRADITIONAL SPINDLE
THAT SHE LAYS AGAINST HER THIGH
AND ROTATES TOWARDS HER
WITH ONE HAND.
THIS MOVEMENT TWISTS
THE CARDED ROLL OF FLEECE
INTO A STRAND.
WHEN SHE REACHES
THE END OF THE ROLL,
SHE CONNECTS ANOTHER
AND RESUMES SPINNING
AND KEEPS REPEATING THIS PROCESS
UNTIL SHE'S PRODUCED ONE LONG,
CONTINUOUS STRAND
FROM ABOUT 50 ROLLS.
THEN SHE RESPINS THE STRAND
TO THIN IT OUT
TO THE FINAL WEAVING SIZE.
WHEN SHE'S DONE,
SHE CHECKS
THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE STRAND,
PULLING ON THE THICKER AREAS
TO THIN THEM OUT
SO THAT THE ENTIRE STRAND
IS A CONSISTENT SIZE
FROM ONE END TO THE OTHER.
HERE YOU CAN SEE
THE DIFFERENCE IN THICKNESS
BETWEEN THE FIRST SPINNING
AND THE SECOND.
TO INFUSE HER WOOL WITH COLOR,
SHE PREPARES NATURAL DYES --
SUNFLOWERS FOR YELLOW,
WALNUTS FOR TAN AND BROWN HUES,
AND CACTUS BUGS FOR BRIGHT RED.
SHE PUTS THE BUGS IN A STOCKING
AND SOAKS THEM
IN WARM WATER OVERNIGHT.
THEN, SHE SUBMERGES THEM
IN A POT OF WATER,
POURS IN THE PRESOAK WATER,
AS WELL,
AND SIMMERS FOR 45 MINUTES
TO AN HOUR AND A HALF,
DEPENDING ON HOW VIBRANT
SHE WANTS THE RED DYE TO BE.
MEANWHILE, SHE SOAKS THE YARN
IN WARM WATER
FOR AT LEAST A HALF-HOUR
TO OPEN UP THE FIBERS
SO THAT THEY'LL ABSORB THE DYE.
AFTER WRINGING OUT THE YARN,
SHE IMMERSES IT
IN THE POT OF HOT DYE
AND SIMMERS
FOR AT LEAST 45 MINUTES,
DEPENDING ON THE AMOUNT OF BUGS,
WATER, AND WOOL.
SHE STIRS FREQUENTLY TO ENSURE
IT DYES EVENLY THROUGHOUT.
IT'S THE SAME PROCESS
WITH PLANT DYES,
EXCEPT THAT SHE DOESN'T
PRESOAK THE PLANTS OVERNIGHT
BEFORE BOILING THEM IN WATER.
THE SHADE OF COLOR DEPENDS
ON THE RATIO OF PLANTS TO WATER
DURING DYE PREPARATION,
THEN OF DYE
TO THE QUANTITY OF WOOL.
PROPORTIONALLY MORE PLANTS
THAN DYE,
THE DARKER THE SHADE.
PROPORTIONATELY LESS,
THE LIGHTER THE SHADE.
SUNFLOWERS AND WALNUTS
ARE JUST TWO OF MANY PLANTS
THE NAVAJO HAVE
TRADITIONALLY USED
TO PRODUCE A RAINBOW OF DYES
FOR THEIR TEXTILES.
WITH HER WOOL NOW SPUN AND DYED,
THE WEAVER PICKS UP
HER WEAVING COMB AND BEGINS.
NAVAJO ANCESTORS USED TREES
AS THE SIDES OF THEIR LOOMS.
TODAY'S WEAVERS MAKE LOOMS
FROM LUMBER OR METAL PIPES.
AFTER STRINGING
TIGHT, VERTICAL STRANDS OF WOOL
CALLED THE WARP,
SHE USES A FLAT,
HANDMADE STICK CALLED A BATTEN
TO PRY A WIDE ENOUGH OPENING
THROUGH WHICH TO PASS HER HAND
WITH THE COLORED WEAVING WOOL.
SHE WEAVES HORIZONTALLY
IN AND OUT BETWEEN THE WARP
FIRST IN ONE DIRECTION,
THEN IN THE OTHER.
THEN, SHE PACKS DOWN
THE WOOL TIGHTLY WITH HER COMB
SO THAT THE WARP DOESN'T SHOW.
SHE MOSTLY EYEBALLS
THE EMERGING UNIQUE PATTERN,
OCCASIONALLY COUNTING
VERTICAL STRANDS
TO CALCULATE THE SYMMETRY,
A SIGNATURE FEATURE
OF TRADITIONAL NAVAJO RUGS.
Narrator: CRUDE OIL,
ALSO CALLED PETROLEUM,
IS UNPROCESSED OIL
FOUND DEEP IN THE GROUND.
IT FORMS NATURALLY
FROM DECOMPOSED,
PREHISTORIC PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
THE COLOR CAN RANGE
FROM CLEAR TO BLACK,
THE CONSISTENCY FROM VERY WATERY
TO VERY THICK.
OIL COMPANIES DRILL WELLS
DEEP INTO THE GROUND
THEN INSTALL PUMPING UNITS
TO DRAW UP THE FLUID
THAT CONTAINS CRUDE OIL
AND SALTY WATER.
THIS OIL FIELD
IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
HAS 6,000 PRODUCING WELLS.
THE PUMPING UNITS CAN RUN
24 HOURS A DAY.
HOWEVER,
A SENSOR TRIGGERS THEM TO PUMP
ONLY WHEN THE FLUID FLOW STOPS.
HERE'S WHAT GOES ON
INSIDE THE WELL.
WITH EACH DOWNSTROKE,
THE PUMPING UNIT PUSHES
A STEEL ROD
DOWN THE STEEL TUBE
LINING THE WELL.
WITH EACH UPSTROKE,
THE ROD RISES,
AND THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE FLUID ON THE OUTSIDE
AND FLUID ON THE INSIDE
OPENS A BALL-SHAPED VALVE
PLUGGING THE BOTTOM,
LETTING THE FLUID FLOW
UP THE TUBE.
ANOTHER VALVE AT THE TOP
RELEASES THE FLUID
OUT OF THE WELL.
TO DRILL A NEW WELL,
WORKERS FIRST ERECT
A DRILLING RIG AT THE SITE
THEN HOIST A GIANT PIPE
WITH A DRILL BIT ON THE END.
THEY FEED THIS DRILL PIPE
THROUGH THE CENTER
OF A SPINNING DISK
CALLED A ROTARY TABLE.
AS THE TABLE TURNS,
THE DRILL PIPE TURNS,
ITS WEIGHT BEARING DOWN
AND BORING A HOLE
THROUGH THE GROUND.
ONCE THE DRILL PIPE DESCENDS
ITS FULL 30-FOOT LENGTH,
THEY CONNECT ANOTHER PIPE
THEN KEEP REPEATING
WITH SUBSEQUENT DRILL PIPES
UNTIL THEY BORE INTO
THE RESERVOIR CONTAINING FLUID.
THROUGHOUT THE DRILLING PROCESS,
THEY PUMP A MUD MIXTURE
DOWN THE DRILL PIPE.
IT COMES OUT THE DRILL BIT
AT THE END,
HITS THE BOTTOM OF THE HOLE,
THEN BACKS UP TO THE TOP,
BRINGING THE DRILLED-OUT ROCK
WITH IT.
AFTER LINING THE WELL
WITH A STEEL TUBE
TO KEEP THE WALLS
FROM COLLAPSING INWARD,
THEY MOUNT THE PUMPING UNIT
AND INSTALL
THE VALVES WE SAW IN THE MODEL.
THE PUMPING UNIT PUSHES
THE ROD UP AND DOWN
THROUGH THE WELL HEAD
AT THE SURFACE.
AS A SAFETY MEASURE,
WORKERS TAKE READINGS
TO CHECK THE AIR
FOR ANY HAZARDOUS
UNDERGROUND GASES
THAT MAY BE EXITING THE WELL.
ONCE THEY DETERMINE
THE AREA IS SAFE,
THEY DRAW A SAMPLE OF FLUID
TO TEST
THE WELL'S WATER-TO-OIL RATIO.
THE TYPICAL RATIO IS
90% WATER TO 10% OIL.
THE FLUID FROM EACH WELL EXITS
VIA A PIPE,
AND THE PIPES FROM ALL THE WELLS
FEED A MAIN LINE LEADING
TO A GAS-REMOVAL VESSEL.
THE FLUID CONTAINS
CARBON DIOXIDE,
HYDROGEN SULFIDE,
AND NATURAL GAS.
THEY NATURALLY RISE
TO THE TOP OF THE VESSEL
AND EXIT VIA A PIPE
WHICH RUNS TO THE COMPANY'S
GAS-TREATMENT PLANT.
THERE, EQUIPMENT REMOVES
AND TREATS THE HYDROGEN SULFIDE,
TRANSFORMING IT INTO SULFUR,
WHICH A LOCAL FARM BUYS
TO USE AS FERTILIZER.
THE NATURAL GAS AND CO2,
MEANWHILE,
ARE PIPED TO ANOTHER AREA,
WHERE THEY FUEL
THE COMPANY'S STEAM GENERATOR.
THE GENERATOR BOILS THE WATER
EXTRACTED FROM THE FLUID
TO PRODUCE STEAM.
THE COMPANY INJECTS STEAM
INTO THE WELLS
TO HEAT THE FLUID,
THINNING IT
SO THAT IT FLOWS FASTER.
ONCE GASLESS, THE FLUID IS PIPED
TO THE TREATMENT PLANT
THAT EXTRACTS THE SALTY WATER.
IN THIS BIG TANK,
APPROPRIATELY CALLED
THE FREE-WATER KNOCKOUT,
THE SEPARATION OF OIL AND WATER
HAPPENS NATURALLY,
THE OIL FLOATING TO THE TOP.
HOWEVER,
TO HASTEN THAT NATURAL PROCESS,
THEY ADD A CHEMICAL
CALLED AN EMULSION BREAKER.
THE EXTRACTED WATER EXITS
VIA A PIPE LEADING
TO THE STEAM GENERATOR.
THE OIL GOES
TO A CLARIFICATION TANK
IN WHICH A CHEMICAL PROCESS
FILTERS OUT SAND,
WHICH THE FLUID BROUGHT UP
FROM THE RESERVOIR.
THE EMULSION BREAKER
ADDED IN THE PREVIOUS TANK
CONTINUES TO EXTRACT WATER.
BY THE END, WHEN THE RATIO IS
98% OIL TO 2% WATER OR BETTER,
THE CRUDE OIL IS READY TO SELL.
BUILT-IN METERS GIVE
INSTANTANEOUS
WATER-CONTENT READINGS.
AS AN ADDITIONAL QUALITY-CONTROL
MEASURE, HOWEVER,
THE COMPANY ALSO DRAWS SAMPLES
FOR ANALYSIS IN ITS ONSITE LAB.
IN FACT, THERE'S TESTING
THROUGHOUT PRODUCTION
TO ENSURE SUFFICIENT WATER
IS BEING EXTRACTED
AT EACH PHASE OF PROCESSING.
REFINERIES BUY CRUDE OIL
AS A RAW MATERIAL
FOR PRODUCING GASOLINE, ASPHALT,
PLASTICS,
AND MANY OTHER PRODUCTS.
Narrator: INVENTED
IN THE EARLY 19th CENTURY
BY A SCOTTISH SCIENTIST
STUDYING LIGHT,
THE KALEIDOSCOPE
CAN STILL COMPETE
WHEN IT COMES TO PRODUCING
STUNNING VISUAL EFFECTS.
PEER INSIDE AND WITNESS
DAZZLING GEOMETRIC IMAGES
PRODUCED AS MIRRORS
MULTIPLY OBJECTS.
THE IMAGES ARE SPECTACULAR
AND FLEETING,
EACH ONE LASTING JUST SECONDS
BEFORE THE NEXT APPEARS.
MANY YEARS AFTER ITS INVENTION,
THE KALEIDOSCOPE
IS STILL WORTH LOOKING INTO.
TO MAKE A KALEIDOSCOPE,
THIS CRAFTSMAN STARTS
WITH A MIRROR SHEET
THAT HAS ADHESIVE BACKING.
HE SCORES IT TO CREATE
LONG AND NARROW RECTANGLES
AND GENTLY BREAKS IT
ALONG THE SCORED LINES.
THE MIRROR'S REFLECTIVE COATING
IS ON THE FRONT
INSTEAD OF THE UNDERSIDE.
A MIRROR LIKE THIS PRODUCES
SHARPER REFLECTIONS
THAN A REGULAR HOUSEHOLD MIRROR.
HE SLICES THE ADHESIVE BACKING
TO SEPARATE
THE MIRRORED RECTANGLES.
HE SNAPS OFF THE SCORED ENDS,
CREATING PERFECTLY LINEAR EDGES.
NEXT, HE PEELS BACKING FROM
A STRIP OF BLACK-OUT FELT PAPER
AND WRAPS IT
AROUND A GLASS RECTANGLE.
THIS FELT-WRAPPED GLASS WILL BE
THE THIRD WALL
OF A TWO-MIRROR SYSTEM -- ONE
WITH A TRIANGULAR CONFIGURATION.
HE REMOVES THE ADHESIVE FILM
FROM THE MIRRORS
THEN BUILDS THE TRIANGLES
WITH THE MIRRORS'
REFLECTIVE SURFACES
FACING INWARD TOWARDS
THE FELT-WRAPPED RECTANGLE.
THIS ARRANGEMENT WILL REFLECT
OBJECTS
TO CREATE A CIRCULAR IMAGE
KNOWN AS A MANDALA.
HE AIMS THE MIRROR SYSTEM
AT A LIGHT BOX
WITH A TWO-LINE DRAWING IN IT.
ONE LINE IS CURVED,
AND THE OTHER IS STRAIGHT.
PEERING INTO IT,
HE ADJUSTS THE ALIGNMENT
OF THE MIRRORS
UNTIL THE LINES MORPH
INTO A FIVE-POINT STAR.
THIS MEANS THE CORNERS
OF THE MIRROR TRIANGLE
ARE PRECISELY 36 DEGREES
AND IT IS MULTIPLYING
IMAGES CORRECTLY.
HE HOT-GLUES THE MIRRORS
TO THE OPAQUE PART
AND APPLIES METAL TAPE
TO THE TOP SEAM
TO COMPLETE
THE KALEIDOSCOPE MIRROR SYSTEM.
OVER IN THE ART DEPARTMENT,
THE ARTIST ASSEMBLES
DECORATIVE OBJECTS
AGAINST A BLACK BACKGROUND
IN AN ACRYLIC CELL.
WITH EVERY PLACEMENT,
SHE CHECKS THE EFFECT THROUGH
THE TRIANGULAR MIRROR SYSTEM.
SHE GLUES DICHROIC GLASS
ONTO THE BACKDROP.
IT'S A KIND OF GLASS
THAT'S BEEN TREATED
WITH METAL OXIDES,
AND IT APPEARS
TO HAVE DIFFERENT HUES.
OTHER OBJECTS INCLUDE
JEWELRY PARTS, COLORED WIRE,
BUTTONS, AND EVEN PAPER CLIPS.
SHE FOLLOWS NO SPECIFIC DESIGN
BUT WORKS FREESTYLE.
WHILE SHE GLUES SOME DOWN,
SHE LEAVES OTHERS LOOSE
TO SIMPLY TUMBLE AROUND.
A SPRINKLE OF TINY BEADS
COMPLETES THE GROUPING.
AS THE MIRROR SYSTEM MULTIPLIES
THESE OBJECTS,
THEY WILL CREATE THE MANDALAS.
THESE ARE PHOTOGRAPHS
OF ACTUAL MANDALAS,
AND THEY'LL BE USED TO DECORATE
THE OUTSIDE OF THE KALEIDOSCOPE.
THE OTHER MEMBER OF THE TEAM
NOW APPLIES AN ACRYLIC ADHESIVE
TO THE RIM OF THE CELL
AND PRESSES A CLEAR LID ONTO IT.
THE LID FUSES TO THE CELL BODY.
BUT IT'S NOT YET COMPLETELY
SEALED.
THERE'S A TINY HOLE
IN THE SIDE OF THE CELL
THROUGH WHICH HE NOW DISPENSES
HEAVY MINERAL OIL.
SUBMERGED IN MINERAL OIL,
THE OBJECTS WILL FLOAT
AND MOVE THROUGH THE CELL
FOR GREATER EFFECT.
HE PLUGS THE HOLE WITH
AN ACRYLIC ADHESIVE AND SCREW.
HE IS NOW READY
TO ASSEMBLE ALL THE PARTS
OF THE KALEIDOSCOPE.
HE SLIDES THE MIRROR SYSTEM
INTO A HEAVY CARDBOARD TUBE
DECORATED BY THE MANDALA PHOTOS.
HE CUSHIONS THE MIRROR SYSTEM
WITH FOAM,
AND THIS STABILIZES IT.
HE INSTALLS A METAL EYEPIECE
AND GLASS LENS
ON ONE END
OF THE KALEIDOSCOPE TUBE.
HE SLIDES THE OBJECT CELL
INTO A PROTECTIVE METAL CAGE
THAT ROTATES.
HE PLACES
A TRANSPARENT GLASS DISK
OVER THE CELL.
HE APPLIES ADHESIVE TO THE CAGE
AND INSERTS THE ASSEMBLY
INTO THE OTHER END
OF THE KALEIDOSCOPE TUBE.
THIS KALEIDOSCOPE IS NOW READY
FOR A VIEWING.
LIGHT PASSES
THROUGH THE OBJECT CELL,
ILLUMINATING THE TRINKETS.
REFLECTIONS BOUNCE
OFF THE MIRRORS TO CREATE
ONE SPECTACULAR ILLUSION
AFTER ANOTHER.
TWO CENTURIES
AFTER ITS INVENTION,
THE VIEW
THROUGH THE KALEIDOSCOPE
STILL FASCINATES.
Narrator:
THE ANCIENT MAYANS HAMMERED
SEASHELLS INTO THEIR JAWS
TO REPLACE MISSING TEETH.
THOSE SEASHELLS WERE LIKELY
THE FIRST DENTAL IMPLANTS.
TODAY, TITANIUM TOOTH IMPLANTS
FILL THE GAPS NICELY,
AND, USUALLY,
THE PATIENT'S JAWBONE
WILL ACTUALLY BOND TO THEM.
IN THE MIDDLE
OF THE 20th CENTURY,
IT WAS DISCOVERED
THAT TITANIUM IS A METAL
THAT BONDS WITH BONE.
IT REVOLUTIONIZED
RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY,
MAKING ENDURING TOOTH IMPLANTS
POSSIBLE.
TO MAKE THESE IMPLANTS,
THEY START
WITH A SOLID TITANIUM ROD.
THIS 13-FOOT ROD WILL BE USED
TO MAKE MORE THAN 200 IMPLANTS.
THE TECHNICIAN INSERTS THE ROD
IN A LONG TUBULAR DEVICE
THAT KEEPS IT STRAIGHT
AS IT FEEDS TO A LATHE SYSTEM.
THE TITANIUM ROD SPINS
AS COMPUTERIZED TOOLS
SLIM IT DOWN
AND CUT THREADS INTO IT.
THESE THREADS WILL
HELP ANCHOR THE IMPLANTS
IN THE PATIENT'S JAW.
THE LATHE PUSHES THE ROD OUT
AND THEN PULLS IT BACK IN
REPEATEDLY
TO FACILITATE
THE SHAPING PROCESS.
A TOOL NOW GRIPS THE IMPLANT
WHILE ANOTHER CUTS IT TO LENGTH.
THEN, A COMPUTERIZED DRILL
HOLLOWS OUT THE IMPLANT
AND CARVES THREADS INSIDE
FOR ATTACHING THE CERAMIC TOOTH.
IN MINUTES, A SOLID,
METAL CYLINDER BECOMES
A HOLLOWED AND THREADED IMPLANT.
A ROBOT NOW RETRIEVES
THE IMPLANT
FROM THE CLUTCHES
OF ANOTHER ONE.
IT TRANSFERS IT
TO A CLEANING STATION
AND THEN OVER TO WHAT'S KNOWN
AS A VISION MEASURING SYSTEM.
HERE, A CAMERA TAKES PICTURES
OF THE IMPLANT FROM ALL ANGLES
AND SENDS THE IMAGES
TO A COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS.
THE COMPUTER CONFIRMS
THE DIMENSIONS ARE
EXACTLY RIGHT.
THEN,
THE ROBOT COLLECTS THE IMPLANT
AND PLACES IT
INTO A SLOT IN A TRAY.
ONCE FILLED WITH IMPLANTS,
A TECHNICIAN SCREWS
A MESH LID ON THE TRAY
AND SLIDES IT
INTO A METAL BASKET.
THE BASKET POSITIONS THEM
FOR CLEANING
IN A SPECIAL WASHING MACHINE
KNOWN AS A VAPOR DEGREASER.
INSIDE,
SOLVENT VAPORS ENVELOP THE PARTS
TO CLEAN OFF
RESIDUAL LUBRICANT OILS
USED DURING THE CUTTING PROCESS.
A ROBOT TRANSFERS AN IMPLANT
TO A HOLDING DEVICE.
THE DEVICE SECURES THE IMPLANT
FOR THE NEXT ROBOT TO PRESS
A PLASTIC COLLAR ONTO IT.
THIS COLLAR IS TEMPORARY.
IT WILL SERVE AS A MASK
TO PROTECT THE OUTSIDE
OF THE IMPLANT
AS THE TOP UNDERGOES
A PROCESS OF COLORIZATION.
A ROBOT PLACES THE IMPLANT
UPSIDE DOWN IN A MILD ACID.
THEY APPLY AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE.
DIFFERENT COLORS WILL APPEAR
AT DIFFERENT VOLTAGES
TO COLOR-CODE THE PART
AND INDICATE THE DIAMETER.
THE PROCESS IS CALLED ANODIZING.
A ROBOT NOW PULLS OFF
THE MASKING COLLAR.
IT TRANSFERS THE IMPLANTS
TO ANOTHER TRAY
AND SCREWS THEM ONTO IT.
THIS KEEPS THEM FROM FALLING OFF
AS MACHINERY TURNS THE TRAY
UPSIDE DOWN
TO IMMERSE THE IMPLANTS
IN ACID
AND ANODIZE THE EXTERIOR.
THIS TIME, THE ANODIZING SERVES
ANOTHER PURPOSE.
IT CHANGES THE SURFACE
TO MAKE IT MORE POROUS.
THIS WILL IMPROVE THE BONDING
OF THE PATIENT'S JAWBONE
TO THE IMPLANT.
THE IMPLANT SPARKLES
IN THE SOLUTION
AS IT UNDERGOES
A TRANSFORMATION.
HERE'S THE NEW POROUS SURFACE
MAGNIFIED BY A MICROSCOPE.
A ROBOT TRANSFERS
THE DENTAL IMPLANTS
TO ANOTHER TRAY.
THEY'RE NOW READY
FOR A FINAL CLEANING.
A TECHNICIAN PUTS A LID
ON THE TRAY
AND LOWERS IT INTO A TANK
FULL OF HOT, PURIFIED WATER.
A GENERATOR SENDS
HIGH-FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES
INTO THE WATER,
CREATING BUBBLES AND WAVES
THAT GENTLY SCRUB THE IMPLANTS.
AFTER STERILIZATION,
THESE TITANIUM DENTAL IMPLANTS
ARE READY TO TAKE ROOT
IN HUMAN JAWS.
THE CLINICIAN SCREWS THE IMPLANT
INTO THE PATIENT'S JAWBONE
AND THEN SECURES A MADE-TO-MATCH
CERAMIC TOOTH TO IT.
OVER TIME, BONE WILL FUSE
TO THIS ARTIFICIAL TOOTH,
PROVIDING
A LONG-LASTING TOOTH REPLACEMENT
AND GIVING THE PATIENT
A REASON TO SMILE.
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS
ABOUT THE SHOW,
OR IF YOU'D LIKE TO SUGGEST
TOPICS FOR FUTURE SHOWS,
DROP US A LINE AT...
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
Narrator: RUG WEAVING
IS A TRADITIONAL ART
PRACTICED BY THE NAVAJO,
AN INDIAN NATION
LOCATED IN THE UNITED STATES
WHERE COLORADO, NEW MEXICO,
UTAH, AND ARIZONA INTERSECT.
THEY ORIGINALLY WOVE
BLANKETS AND CLOTHING.
THEN, IN THE EARLY 1800s,
THEY BEGAN WEAVING RUGS
FOR SALE.
WHILE MANY WEAVERS CREATE
CONTEMPORARY DESIGNS,
NAVAJO RUGS TYPICALLY FEATURE
BOLD GEOMETRIC PATTERNS.
THE WOOL-PREPARATION
AND WEAVING TECHNIQUES
DEVELOPED
BY THE WEAVERS' ANCESTORS
HAVE BEEN PROUDLY PASSED DOWN
FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION.
EVERYTHING IN A NAVAJO RUG
COMES FROM NATURE,
STARTING WITH FLEECE --
RAW WOOL SHEARED FROM A SHEEP.
WORKING A HANDFUL AT A TIME,
THE WEAVER REMOVES
THE MATS AND TANGLES
AND PLACES THE WOOL
ON CARDERS --
WOODEN PADDLES WITH METAL TEETH.
BY PULLING ONE CARDER
AGAINST THE OTHER,
SHE STRAIGHTENS THE WOOL FIBERS,
LINING THEM UP
IN THE SAME DIRECTION.
THIS PREPARES THEM TO BE SPUN
INTO ONE CONTINUOUS STRAND
OF YARN.
AFTER THREE OR FOUR PULLS,
SHE FLIPS THE CARDERS
TO STRAIGHTEN THE FIBERS
ON THE UNDERSIDE.
THEN SHE ROLLS UP THE FLEECE
AND ADDS IT TO THE OTHER ROLLS
IN THE SPINNING PILE.
SHE SPINS THE FLEECE
ONE ROLL AT A TIME
WITH THE TRADITIONAL SPINDLE
THAT SHE LAYS AGAINST HER THIGH
AND ROTATES TOWARDS HER
WITH ONE HAND.
THIS MOVEMENT TWISTS
THE CARDED ROLL OF FLEECE
INTO A STRAND.
WHEN SHE REACHES
THE END OF THE ROLL,
SHE CONNECTS ANOTHER
AND RESUMES SPINNING
AND KEEPS REPEATING THIS PROCESS
UNTIL SHE'S PRODUCED ONE LONG,
CONTINUOUS STRAND
FROM ABOUT 50 ROLLS.
THEN SHE RESPINS THE STRAND
TO THIN IT OUT
TO THE FINAL WEAVING SIZE.
WHEN SHE'S DONE,
SHE CHECKS
THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE STRAND,
PULLING ON THE THICKER AREAS
TO THIN THEM OUT
SO THAT THE ENTIRE STRAND
IS A CONSISTENT SIZE
FROM ONE END TO THE OTHER.
HERE YOU CAN SEE
THE DIFFERENCE IN THICKNESS
BETWEEN THE FIRST SPINNING
AND THE SECOND.
TO INFUSE HER WOOL WITH COLOR,
SHE PREPARES NATURAL DYES --
SUNFLOWERS FOR YELLOW,
WALNUTS FOR TAN AND BROWN HUES,
AND CACTUS BUGS FOR BRIGHT RED.
SHE PUTS THE BUGS IN A STOCKING
AND SOAKS THEM
IN WARM WATER OVERNIGHT.
THEN, SHE SUBMERGES THEM
IN A POT OF WATER,
POURS IN THE PRESOAK WATER,
AS WELL,
AND SIMMERS FOR 45 MINUTES
TO AN HOUR AND A HALF,
DEPENDING ON HOW VIBRANT
SHE WANTS THE RED DYE TO BE.
MEANWHILE, SHE SOAKS THE YARN
IN WARM WATER
FOR AT LEAST A HALF-HOUR
TO OPEN UP THE FIBERS
SO THAT THEY'LL ABSORB THE DYE.
AFTER WRINGING OUT THE YARN,
SHE IMMERSES IT
IN THE POT OF HOT DYE
AND SIMMERS
FOR AT LEAST 45 MINUTES,
DEPENDING ON THE AMOUNT OF BUGS,
WATER, AND WOOL.
SHE STIRS FREQUENTLY TO ENSURE
IT DYES EVENLY THROUGHOUT.
IT'S THE SAME PROCESS
WITH PLANT DYES,
EXCEPT THAT SHE DOESN'T
PRESOAK THE PLANTS OVERNIGHT
BEFORE BOILING THEM IN WATER.
THE SHADE OF COLOR DEPENDS
ON THE RATIO OF PLANTS TO WATER
DURING DYE PREPARATION,
THEN OF DYE
TO THE QUANTITY OF WOOL.
PROPORTIONALLY MORE PLANTS
THAN DYE,
THE DARKER THE SHADE.
PROPORTIONATELY LESS,
THE LIGHTER THE SHADE.
SUNFLOWERS AND WALNUTS
ARE JUST TWO OF MANY PLANTS
THE NAVAJO HAVE
TRADITIONALLY USED
TO PRODUCE A RAINBOW OF DYES
FOR THEIR TEXTILES.
WITH HER WOOL NOW SPUN AND DYED,
THE WEAVER PICKS UP
HER WEAVING COMB AND BEGINS.
NAVAJO ANCESTORS USED TREES
AS THE SIDES OF THEIR LOOMS.
TODAY'S WEAVERS MAKE LOOMS
FROM LUMBER OR METAL PIPES.
AFTER STRINGING
TIGHT, VERTICAL STRANDS OF WOOL
CALLED THE WARP,
SHE USES A FLAT,
HANDMADE STICK CALLED A BATTEN
TO PRY A WIDE ENOUGH OPENING
THROUGH WHICH TO PASS HER HAND
WITH THE COLORED WEAVING WOOL.
SHE WEAVES HORIZONTALLY
IN AND OUT BETWEEN THE WARP
FIRST IN ONE DIRECTION,
THEN IN THE OTHER.
THEN, SHE PACKS DOWN
THE WOOL TIGHTLY WITH HER COMB
SO THAT THE WARP DOESN'T SHOW.
SHE MOSTLY EYEBALLS
THE EMERGING UNIQUE PATTERN,
OCCASIONALLY COUNTING
VERTICAL STRANDS
TO CALCULATE THE SYMMETRY,
A SIGNATURE FEATURE
OF TRADITIONAL NAVAJO RUGS.
Narrator: CRUDE OIL,
ALSO CALLED PETROLEUM,
IS UNPROCESSED OIL
FOUND DEEP IN THE GROUND.
IT FORMS NATURALLY
FROM DECOMPOSED,
PREHISTORIC PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
THE COLOR CAN RANGE
FROM CLEAR TO BLACK,
THE CONSISTENCY FROM VERY WATERY
TO VERY THICK.
OIL COMPANIES DRILL WELLS
DEEP INTO THE GROUND
THEN INSTALL PUMPING UNITS
TO DRAW UP THE FLUID
THAT CONTAINS CRUDE OIL
AND SALTY WATER.
THIS OIL FIELD
IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
HAS 6,000 PRODUCING WELLS.
THE PUMPING UNITS CAN RUN
24 HOURS A DAY.
HOWEVER,
A SENSOR TRIGGERS THEM TO PUMP
ONLY WHEN THE FLUID FLOW STOPS.
HERE'S WHAT GOES ON
INSIDE THE WELL.
WITH EACH DOWNSTROKE,
THE PUMPING UNIT PUSHES
A STEEL ROD
DOWN THE STEEL TUBE
LINING THE WELL.
WITH EACH UPSTROKE,
THE ROD RISES,
AND THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE FLUID ON THE OUTSIDE
AND FLUID ON THE INSIDE
OPENS A BALL-SHAPED VALVE
PLUGGING THE BOTTOM,
LETTING THE FLUID FLOW
UP THE TUBE.
ANOTHER VALVE AT THE TOP
RELEASES THE FLUID
OUT OF THE WELL.
TO DRILL A NEW WELL,
WORKERS FIRST ERECT
A DRILLING RIG AT THE SITE
THEN HOIST A GIANT PIPE
WITH A DRILL BIT ON THE END.
THEY FEED THIS DRILL PIPE
THROUGH THE CENTER
OF A SPINNING DISK
CALLED A ROTARY TABLE.
AS THE TABLE TURNS,
THE DRILL PIPE TURNS,
ITS WEIGHT BEARING DOWN
AND BORING A HOLE
THROUGH THE GROUND.
ONCE THE DRILL PIPE DESCENDS
ITS FULL 30-FOOT LENGTH,
THEY CONNECT ANOTHER PIPE
THEN KEEP REPEATING
WITH SUBSEQUENT DRILL PIPES
UNTIL THEY BORE INTO
THE RESERVOIR CONTAINING FLUID.
THROUGHOUT THE DRILLING PROCESS,
THEY PUMP A MUD MIXTURE
DOWN THE DRILL PIPE.
IT COMES OUT THE DRILL BIT
AT THE END,
HITS THE BOTTOM OF THE HOLE,
THEN BACKS UP TO THE TOP,
BRINGING THE DRILLED-OUT ROCK
WITH IT.
AFTER LINING THE WELL
WITH A STEEL TUBE
TO KEEP THE WALLS
FROM COLLAPSING INWARD,
THEY MOUNT THE PUMPING UNIT
AND INSTALL
THE VALVES WE SAW IN THE MODEL.
THE PUMPING UNIT PUSHES
THE ROD UP AND DOWN
THROUGH THE WELL HEAD
AT THE SURFACE.
AS A SAFETY MEASURE,
WORKERS TAKE READINGS
TO CHECK THE AIR
FOR ANY HAZARDOUS
UNDERGROUND GASES
THAT MAY BE EXITING THE WELL.
ONCE THEY DETERMINE
THE AREA IS SAFE,
THEY DRAW A SAMPLE OF FLUID
TO TEST
THE WELL'S WATER-TO-OIL RATIO.
THE TYPICAL RATIO IS
90% WATER TO 10% OIL.
THE FLUID FROM EACH WELL EXITS
VIA A PIPE,
AND THE PIPES FROM ALL THE WELLS
FEED A MAIN LINE LEADING
TO A GAS-REMOVAL VESSEL.
THE FLUID CONTAINS
CARBON DIOXIDE,
HYDROGEN SULFIDE,
AND NATURAL GAS.
THEY NATURALLY RISE
TO THE TOP OF THE VESSEL
AND EXIT VIA A PIPE
WHICH RUNS TO THE COMPANY'S
GAS-TREATMENT PLANT.
THERE, EQUIPMENT REMOVES
AND TREATS THE HYDROGEN SULFIDE,
TRANSFORMING IT INTO SULFUR,
WHICH A LOCAL FARM BUYS
TO USE AS FERTILIZER.
THE NATURAL GAS AND CO2,
MEANWHILE,
ARE PIPED TO ANOTHER AREA,
WHERE THEY FUEL
THE COMPANY'S STEAM GENERATOR.
THE GENERATOR BOILS THE WATER
EXTRACTED FROM THE FLUID
TO PRODUCE STEAM.
THE COMPANY INJECTS STEAM
INTO THE WELLS
TO HEAT THE FLUID,
THINNING IT
SO THAT IT FLOWS FASTER.
ONCE GASLESS, THE FLUID IS PIPED
TO THE TREATMENT PLANT
THAT EXTRACTS THE SALTY WATER.
IN THIS BIG TANK,
APPROPRIATELY CALLED
THE FREE-WATER KNOCKOUT,
THE SEPARATION OF OIL AND WATER
HAPPENS NATURALLY,
THE OIL FLOATING TO THE TOP.
HOWEVER,
TO HASTEN THAT NATURAL PROCESS,
THEY ADD A CHEMICAL
CALLED AN EMULSION BREAKER.
THE EXTRACTED WATER EXITS
VIA A PIPE LEADING
TO THE STEAM GENERATOR.
THE OIL GOES
TO A CLARIFICATION TANK
IN WHICH A CHEMICAL PROCESS
FILTERS OUT SAND,
WHICH THE FLUID BROUGHT UP
FROM THE RESERVOIR.
THE EMULSION BREAKER
ADDED IN THE PREVIOUS TANK
CONTINUES TO EXTRACT WATER.
BY THE END, WHEN THE RATIO IS
98% OIL TO 2% WATER OR BETTER,
THE CRUDE OIL IS READY TO SELL.
BUILT-IN METERS GIVE
INSTANTANEOUS
WATER-CONTENT READINGS.
AS AN ADDITIONAL QUALITY-CONTROL
MEASURE, HOWEVER,
THE COMPANY ALSO DRAWS SAMPLES
FOR ANALYSIS IN ITS ONSITE LAB.
IN FACT, THERE'S TESTING
THROUGHOUT PRODUCTION
TO ENSURE SUFFICIENT WATER
IS BEING EXTRACTED
AT EACH PHASE OF PROCESSING.
REFINERIES BUY CRUDE OIL
AS A RAW MATERIAL
FOR PRODUCING GASOLINE, ASPHALT,
PLASTICS,
AND MANY OTHER PRODUCTS.
Narrator: INVENTED
IN THE EARLY 19th CENTURY
BY A SCOTTISH SCIENTIST
STUDYING LIGHT,
THE KALEIDOSCOPE
CAN STILL COMPETE
WHEN IT COMES TO PRODUCING
STUNNING VISUAL EFFECTS.
PEER INSIDE AND WITNESS
DAZZLING GEOMETRIC IMAGES
PRODUCED AS MIRRORS
MULTIPLY OBJECTS.
THE IMAGES ARE SPECTACULAR
AND FLEETING,
EACH ONE LASTING JUST SECONDS
BEFORE THE NEXT APPEARS.
MANY YEARS AFTER ITS INVENTION,
THE KALEIDOSCOPE
IS STILL WORTH LOOKING INTO.
TO MAKE A KALEIDOSCOPE,
THIS CRAFTSMAN STARTS
WITH A MIRROR SHEET
THAT HAS ADHESIVE BACKING.
HE SCORES IT TO CREATE
LONG AND NARROW RECTANGLES
AND GENTLY BREAKS IT
ALONG THE SCORED LINES.
THE MIRROR'S REFLECTIVE COATING
IS ON THE FRONT
INSTEAD OF THE UNDERSIDE.
A MIRROR LIKE THIS PRODUCES
SHARPER REFLECTIONS
THAN A REGULAR HOUSEHOLD MIRROR.
HE SLICES THE ADHESIVE BACKING
TO SEPARATE
THE MIRRORED RECTANGLES.
HE SNAPS OFF THE SCORED ENDS,
CREATING PERFECTLY LINEAR EDGES.
NEXT, HE PEELS BACKING FROM
A STRIP OF BLACK-OUT FELT PAPER
AND WRAPS IT
AROUND A GLASS RECTANGLE.
THIS FELT-WRAPPED GLASS WILL BE
THE THIRD WALL
OF A TWO-MIRROR SYSTEM -- ONE
WITH A TRIANGULAR CONFIGURATION.
HE REMOVES THE ADHESIVE FILM
FROM THE MIRRORS
THEN BUILDS THE TRIANGLES
WITH THE MIRRORS'
REFLECTIVE SURFACES
FACING INWARD TOWARDS
THE FELT-WRAPPED RECTANGLE.
THIS ARRANGEMENT WILL REFLECT
OBJECTS
TO CREATE A CIRCULAR IMAGE
KNOWN AS A MANDALA.
HE AIMS THE MIRROR SYSTEM
AT A LIGHT BOX
WITH A TWO-LINE DRAWING IN IT.
ONE LINE IS CURVED,
AND THE OTHER IS STRAIGHT.
PEERING INTO IT,
HE ADJUSTS THE ALIGNMENT
OF THE MIRRORS
UNTIL THE LINES MORPH
INTO A FIVE-POINT STAR.
THIS MEANS THE CORNERS
OF THE MIRROR TRIANGLE
ARE PRECISELY 36 DEGREES
AND IT IS MULTIPLYING
IMAGES CORRECTLY.
HE HOT-GLUES THE MIRRORS
TO THE OPAQUE PART
AND APPLIES METAL TAPE
TO THE TOP SEAM
TO COMPLETE
THE KALEIDOSCOPE MIRROR SYSTEM.
OVER IN THE ART DEPARTMENT,
THE ARTIST ASSEMBLES
DECORATIVE OBJECTS
AGAINST A BLACK BACKGROUND
IN AN ACRYLIC CELL.
WITH EVERY PLACEMENT,
SHE CHECKS THE EFFECT THROUGH
THE TRIANGULAR MIRROR SYSTEM.
SHE GLUES DICHROIC GLASS
ONTO THE BACKDROP.
IT'S A KIND OF GLASS
THAT'S BEEN TREATED
WITH METAL OXIDES,
AND IT APPEARS
TO HAVE DIFFERENT HUES.
OTHER OBJECTS INCLUDE
JEWELRY PARTS, COLORED WIRE,
BUTTONS, AND EVEN PAPER CLIPS.
SHE FOLLOWS NO SPECIFIC DESIGN
BUT WORKS FREESTYLE.
WHILE SHE GLUES SOME DOWN,
SHE LEAVES OTHERS LOOSE
TO SIMPLY TUMBLE AROUND.
A SPRINKLE OF TINY BEADS
COMPLETES THE GROUPING.
AS THE MIRROR SYSTEM MULTIPLIES
THESE OBJECTS,
THEY WILL CREATE THE MANDALAS.
THESE ARE PHOTOGRAPHS
OF ACTUAL MANDALAS,
AND THEY'LL BE USED TO DECORATE
THE OUTSIDE OF THE KALEIDOSCOPE.
THE OTHER MEMBER OF THE TEAM
NOW APPLIES AN ACRYLIC ADHESIVE
TO THE RIM OF THE CELL
AND PRESSES A CLEAR LID ONTO IT.
THE LID FUSES TO THE CELL BODY.
BUT IT'S NOT YET COMPLETELY
SEALED.
THERE'S A TINY HOLE
IN THE SIDE OF THE CELL
THROUGH WHICH HE NOW DISPENSES
HEAVY MINERAL OIL.
SUBMERGED IN MINERAL OIL,
THE OBJECTS WILL FLOAT
AND MOVE THROUGH THE CELL
FOR GREATER EFFECT.
HE PLUGS THE HOLE WITH
AN ACRYLIC ADHESIVE AND SCREW.
HE IS NOW READY
TO ASSEMBLE ALL THE PARTS
OF THE KALEIDOSCOPE.
HE SLIDES THE MIRROR SYSTEM
INTO A HEAVY CARDBOARD TUBE
DECORATED BY THE MANDALA PHOTOS.
HE CUSHIONS THE MIRROR SYSTEM
WITH FOAM,
AND THIS STABILIZES IT.
HE INSTALLS A METAL EYEPIECE
AND GLASS LENS
ON ONE END
OF THE KALEIDOSCOPE TUBE.
HE SLIDES THE OBJECT CELL
INTO A PROTECTIVE METAL CAGE
THAT ROTATES.
HE PLACES
A TRANSPARENT GLASS DISK
OVER THE CELL.
HE APPLIES ADHESIVE TO THE CAGE
AND INSERTS THE ASSEMBLY
INTO THE OTHER END
OF THE KALEIDOSCOPE TUBE.
THIS KALEIDOSCOPE IS NOW READY
FOR A VIEWING.
LIGHT PASSES
THROUGH THE OBJECT CELL,
ILLUMINATING THE TRINKETS.
REFLECTIONS BOUNCE
OFF THE MIRRORS TO CREATE
ONE SPECTACULAR ILLUSION
AFTER ANOTHER.
TWO CENTURIES
AFTER ITS INVENTION,
THE VIEW
THROUGH THE KALEIDOSCOPE
STILL FASCINATES.
Narrator:
THE ANCIENT MAYANS HAMMERED
SEASHELLS INTO THEIR JAWS
TO REPLACE MISSING TEETH.
THOSE SEASHELLS WERE LIKELY
THE FIRST DENTAL IMPLANTS.
TODAY, TITANIUM TOOTH IMPLANTS
FILL THE GAPS NICELY,
AND, USUALLY,
THE PATIENT'S JAWBONE
WILL ACTUALLY BOND TO THEM.
IN THE MIDDLE
OF THE 20th CENTURY,
IT WAS DISCOVERED
THAT TITANIUM IS A METAL
THAT BONDS WITH BONE.
IT REVOLUTIONIZED
RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY,
MAKING ENDURING TOOTH IMPLANTS
POSSIBLE.
TO MAKE THESE IMPLANTS,
THEY START
WITH A SOLID TITANIUM ROD.
THIS 13-FOOT ROD WILL BE USED
TO MAKE MORE THAN 200 IMPLANTS.
THE TECHNICIAN INSERTS THE ROD
IN A LONG TUBULAR DEVICE
THAT KEEPS IT STRAIGHT
AS IT FEEDS TO A LATHE SYSTEM.
THE TITANIUM ROD SPINS
AS COMPUTERIZED TOOLS
SLIM IT DOWN
AND CUT THREADS INTO IT.
THESE THREADS WILL
HELP ANCHOR THE IMPLANTS
IN THE PATIENT'S JAW.
THE LATHE PUSHES THE ROD OUT
AND THEN PULLS IT BACK IN
REPEATEDLY
TO FACILITATE
THE SHAPING PROCESS.
A TOOL NOW GRIPS THE IMPLANT
WHILE ANOTHER CUTS IT TO LENGTH.
THEN, A COMPUTERIZED DRILL
HOLLOWS OUT THE IMPLANT
AND CARVES THREADS INSIDE
FOR ATTACHING THE CERAMIC TOOTH.
IN MINUTES, A SOLID,
METAL CYLINDER BECOMES
A HOLLOWED AND THREADED IMPLANT.
A ROBOT NOW RETRIEVES
THE IMPLANT
FROM THE CLUTCHES
OF ANOTHER ONE.
IT TRANSFERS IT
TO A CLEANING STATION
AND THEN OVER TO WHAT'S KNOWN
AS A VISION MEASURING SYSTEM.
HERE, A CAMERA TAKES PICTURES
OF THE IMPLANT FROM ALL ANGLES
AND SENDS THE IMAGES
TO A COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS.
THE COMPUTER CONFIRMS
THE DIMENSIONS ARE
EXACTLY RIGHT.
THEN,
THE ROBOT COLLECTS THE IMPLANT
AND PLACES IT
INTO A SLOT IN A TRAY.
ONCE FILLED WITH IMPLANTS,
A TECHNICIAN SCREWS
A MESH LID ON THE TRAY
AND SLIDES IT
INTO A METAL BASKET.
THE BASKET POSITIONS THEM
FOR CLEANING
IN A SPECIAL WASHING MACHINE
KNOWN AS A VAPOR DEGREASER.
INSIDE,
SOLVENT VAPORS ENVELOP THE PARTS
TO CLEAN OFF
RESIDUAL LUBRICANT OILS
USED DURING THE CUTTING PROCESS.
A ROBOT TRANSFERS AN IMPLANT
TO A HOLDING DEVICE.
THE DEVICE SECURES THE IMPLANT
FOR THE NEXT ROBOT TO PRESS
A PLASTIC COLLAR ONTO IT.
THIS COLLAR IS TEMPORARY.
IT WILL SERVE AS A MASK
TO PROTECT THE OUTSIDE
OF THE IMPLANT
AS THE TOP UNDERGOES
A PROCESS OF COLORIZATION.
A ROBOT PLACES THE IMPLANT
UPSIDE DOWN IN A MILD ACID.
THEY APPLY AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE.
DIFFERENT COLORS WILL APPEAR
AT DIFFERENT VOLTAGES
TO COLOR-CODE THE PART
AND INDICATE THE DIAMETER.
THE PROCESS IS CALLED ANODIZING.
A ROBOT NOW PULLS OFF
THE MASKING COLLAR.
IT TRANSFERS THE IMPLANTS
TO ANOTHER TRAY
AND SCREWS THEM ONTO IT.
THIS KEEPS THEM FROM FALLING OFF
AS MACHINERY TURNS THE TRAY
UPSIDE DOWN
TO IMMERSE THE IMPLANTS
IN ACID
AND ANODIZE THE EXTERIOR.
THIS TIME, THE ANODIZING SERVES
ANOTHER PURPOSE.
IT CHANGES THE SURFACE
TO MAKE IT MORE POROUS.
THIS WILL IMPROVE THE BONDING
OF THE PATIENT'S JAWBONE
TO THE IMPLANT.
THE IMPLANT SPARKLES
IN THE SOLUTION
AS IT UNDERGOES
A TRANSFORMATION.
HERE'S THE NEW POROUS SURFACE
MAGNIFIED BY A MICROSCOPE.
A ROBOT TRANSFERS
THE DENTAL IMPLANTS
TO ANOTHER TRAY.
THEY'RE NOW READY
FOR A FINAL CLEANING.
A TECHNICIAN PUTS A LID
ON THE TRAY
AND LOWERS IT INTO A TANK
FULL OF HOT, PURIFIED WATER.
A GENERATOR SENDS
HIGH-FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES
INTO THE WATER,
CREATING BUBBLES AND WAVES
THAT GENTLY SCRUB THE IMPLANTS.
AFTER STERILIZATION,
THESE TITANIUM DENTAL IMPLANTS
ARE READY TO TAKE ROOT
IN HUMAN JAWS.
THE CLINICIAN SCREWS THE IMPLANT
INTO THE PATIENT'S JAWBONE
AND THEN SECURES A MADE-TO-MATCH
CERAMIC TOOTH TO IT.
OVER TIME, BONE WILL FUSE
TO THIS ARTIFICIAL TOOTH,
PROVIDING
A LONG-LASTING TOOTH REPLACEMENT
AND GIVING THE PATIENT
A REASON TO SMILE.
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