Colosseum (2022–…): Season 1, Episode 3 - The Beastmaster - full transcript
Beast master Carpophorus is enslaved by the Romans and trained to fight beasts in the Colosseum.
Welcome, one and all,
to the greatest games
ever witnessed.
A spectacle
unlike any seen before.
A lone warrior will fight
In mortal combat
Not one fearsome beast...
Not five or ten...
But 20 of the fiercest beasts.
The greatest beast master
in the empire,
Carpophorus.
The Colosseum
is the Roman empire
distilled
to its most basic essence.
It is a symbol of conquest.
It's a symbol of dominance.
It's a symbol
of imperial power
radiating throughout
the Roman world.
Now.
Any emperor
had the Colosseum
at his disposal
to use as a tool
to reassert his power
and authority.
The message
to the Roman people
is that life is a combat.
It was also
a judicial warning.
Do not test the power of Rome.
It was a death penalty offense.
If you live by the sword,
you die by the sword.
It demonstrates the power
of the Colosseum.
It made slaves into heroes,
Upending the power structure
of Rome.
The Colosseum
would come to symbolize
The rise and fall of Rome.
It's all there:
The blood, the glory,
the magnificence,
and the flaws
That made Rome
the greatest empire
that Europe has ever seen.
83 A.D., the opening day
of a new series of games
that emperor domitian promises
will be dazzling.
The headline: "the most
extravagant beast hunt
Rome has ever seen."
The beast hunts
were much more
than just fighting animals.
It was a way
to demonstrate Roman control
over the entire world,
Both the human world
and also the natural world.
Domitian really wanted
to demonstrate
that he, in fact, was master
of all.
Domitian is a real contrast
to his brother and father.
While his father, vespasian,
had been a bluff man
of the people
And Titus had been charming
and suave,
domitian was all harsh edges.
From domitian's perspective,
to follow his father,
vespasian,
and his elder brother, Titus,
that was a difficult act...
In terms of military prowess
and in terms
of their popularity.
So domitian had to strike out
in a different direction
to win the goodwill
of the Roman people.
He decides to use the power
of the Colosseum
By putting on
the greatest show
that anyone had ever seen.
At the center
of this deadly spectacle,
one man, a famed beast master,
or bestiarius,
charged
with facing 20 wild beasts
One after the other.
Most of 'em weren't
successful long enough
for us to learn their name,
but there was one beast master
that the poet martial
mentions.
His name is carpophorus.
To have caught the attention
of a poet of martial's caliber,
the fight
must've been incredible.
Beast masters
were enslaved people.
And so therefore,
they were also a display
of Roman domination
over the people
subjected by the Roman empire.
The animals carpophorus faces
come from all over
the Roman world.
You had bears and wolves
and boars from the north lands.
You had crocodiles
and ostriches from Egypt,
the big cats
from north Africa,
Tigers from Asia.
The range of animals
that appeared in the arena
were, in a sense, a showcase
of the power and the extent
Of the empire.
We can estimate
perhaps a million animals
were killed in the Colosseum,
Many of whom were slaughtered
with the hands
of beast masters.
Just as the Romans
brought wild animals
from all over the empire,
so the beast masters
were drawn
from wherever
the Romans could find slaves
With the talent to kill.
The Romans' favorite
hunting ground for animals
was its prized territories
in north Africa.
The ancient kingdom of numidia
in what is now Algeria
and Tunisia
1s hugely significant.
Numidia and north Africa
were extremely important
for Rome.
They supplied luxury goods,
like marble,
and they were the breadbasket
for Rome
and the rest of the empire.
Without Northern Africa,
Rome could not have fed itself.
Numidia was also
an extremely important
resource
for wild animals.
It was also most likely
where carpophorus lived.
At the time
of domitian's reign,
North Africa had been
under Roman control
for over 200 years,
so the Romans
were no strangers
to these local hunters.
Even more cages.
Soon there'll be no more
animals left in the mountains.
There was a part
of the Roman military
that was specifically assigned
with the task
of gaining the beasts
for the beast hunts.
But also,
the emperor will have employed
a series of hunters.
There would be locals
of that particular area
who had a knowledge
of the animals,
who had a knowledge
of how to capture them.
An average Roman soldier
will have no idea
where to find a lion
or how to hunt a lion,
but the locals will.
Coming from the foothills
of the aurès mountains,
Carpophorus would have been
absolutely integral
to Roman efforts
from a very young age.
A lion.
The construction
of the Colosseum
creates a great demand
for wild beasts.
Anything that the Romans
could get their hands on
that they thought would be
dangerous and interesting
to watch it die
in the Colosseum,
that's what they were
looking for.
A lot of what we knew
about the hunting and capture
of wild animals from the arena
comes from a mosaic in sicily,
in a place
called piazza armerina.
It shows
this enormous operation
in very great detail.
We see in the mosaic
that they employed dogs
to round up bisons and deer.
It shows
that leopards were captured
in cage-like structures.
We see that
to capture big cats,
they would use live bait
and lure them into pits.
Another technique
was to use nets
that were disguised as bushes
and get that animal
to be ensnared into the bush
and be captured.
They show the capture
of bison, lions,
Elephants, rhinos, lynxes.
Unfortunately,
the Roman thirst
for wild beasts for the arena
has a disastrous impact
on the wildlife
of north Africa.
The result is,
the considerable number
of major species
of animals were eliminated,
simply eliminated.
The north African elephant
appears to have disappeared
completely as the result
of Roman appetite for animals
to kill for sport.
One Roman poet said,
"no longer shall
The furthest wilds of Libya
echo with the roar of lions."
The ancient world is a place
where might is right,
So the Romans thought
that they had the right
To exploit a territory,
to exploit a people.
There is an appalling truth
about the ancient world
That there is constant
and sustained
And systematic enslavement
of subject peoples,
What they describe
as human Booty.
We take them both to Rome.
- Both?
- The lion and your son.
You can't.
Take him away.
There's no sentiment
attached.
Both the beast masters
and the wild animals
are seen as commodities.
And in terms of the Colosseum,
they're simply there
for the entertainment
of the masses.
Carpophorus now faces
The long and dangerous journey
to Rome...
As a slave.
Within days of his capture
in his homeland of Numidia,
Carpophorus boards a boat
headed to Rome.
He's thrust
into a vast network
of enslaved people
spanning the mediterranean.
You have the unfree
from Africa,
from Asia, from Europe,
and the outposts
of the Roman world.
We're told that on one
particular Greek island
called delos,
10,000 slaves a day
would be traded
across the Roman empire.
But carpophorus
is bound for the capital.
Every day, there are
hundreds of ships
crisscrossing
the mediterranean to Ostia,
the port of Rome.
And Ostia means
literally "mouth."
It was the mouth
which fed the city of Rome.
Rome was a consumer city.
Everything is being imported.
Everything is coming
through Ostia.
You're getting
imported luxury items
from all over the empire,
jewelry,
and of course you're getting
imported animals.
The Romans had
an insatiable taste
for exotic animals.
Thousands and thousands
and thousands
were being shipped in.
It shows the importance
of the games in Roman life
that the emperors thought,
"this is part of my job.
"This is part of what binds
the people of the city of Rome
to me."
This was what it took
to sate their demands,
to meet their bloodlust.
An endless supply
of enslaved people
serves that bloodlust.
The process of enslavement
involved a kind of alienation.
Wait!
Entering the slave system
of the ancient mediterranean
entailed the leaving behind
of one's former identity.
That meant that one was
assigned a new name.
From now on, your name is...
Carpophorus.
Carpophorus means
"fruit bearer,"
someone who's bringing
some of the resources
of the Roman imperial world
to offer to the spectators.
The slave name is a shorthand
for someone who is subhuman.
Someone who is more an animal
than a person.
Removing someone's given name
is an exercise in power
and control.
We have no friends here.
You and I.
Carpophorus' final destination
Is 13 miles
from the port of Ostia,
The colossal city of Rome.
Founded
in the eighth century B.C.,
Rome was situated
on the river Tiber,
allowing easy access
of supplies from the sea.
Surrounded by seven hills,
providing defense
and protection,
what began as a small
collection of villages,
by the first century a.D.,
had grown
into the world's
first megacity.
Rome had a population
of a million people.
That is the largest population
in any city
Anywhere in the world
for 1,500 years.
The next city
to be that sized population
is victorian London.
Of those million people
in Rome,
over 300,000 of them
were slaves.
Carpophorus is coming
into a city
that's tightly packed.
It's surrounded
with just an absolute babble
of voices speaking languages
that he's never heard before.
There would've
been Egyptians
and alexandrians and africans,
Numidians and other Berbers,
and there would've been
Arabs there.
There would've been Europeans
and Germans
and people from Britannia.
And that would've been one
of the excitements of a city.
The city
is this enormous vacuum
sucking up people
from all over the empire,
so carpophorus would not have
been at all out of place
in the city of Rome.
Skin color
was not a determination
of status, of class.
It's not what you look like.
It's not even
where you were born.
It's whether you are
a Roman citizen or not.
Carpophorus will one day fight
as a beast master
in his new city.
But first,
he must learn his craft.
Carpophorus would not,
of course, have been brought
directly into the Colosseum
and put before the people.
He would've first been brought
to the Ludus matutinus,
the newly established
training ground
for beast hunters
in the shadow
of the Colosseum.
Domitian was
very, very conscious
of the fact that his father
and his brother
sort of owned the Colosseum,
and he felt
that he had to go one further
to show he was really
committed to Roman sport
and to the Roman people.
The way that domitian decided
to strike out
and impress his own personality
on the roman people
was to build
a specialized school
devoted to beast fighting,
the Ludus matutinus.
The name means
"morning schools"
because the traditional time
within the gladiatorial display
For beast hunting
was in the morning.
The very, very large,
expensive facility
was an effort
to establish a direct link
between himself
and the populace
of the city of Rome
as their benefactor
and entertainer.
Welcome.
Now you belong to me.
It is a very militarized,
very severe environment.
- Out!
- These are brutal academies
For the violent arts.
You can't escape.
You'll have to learn
to run faster than that.
The only way most of us leave
is as dust.
After arriving in Rome,
Carpophorus begins
his training
At a special school
called a Ludus.
If you're a beast master
in a Ludus,
effectively, you're a slave.
It's no better than being
in a military barracks
or probably a prison.
We know
that the training grounds
were not comfortable
athletic facilities.
These were harsh facilities
designed to produce hard men.
We have now been able
to excavate training grounds,
in particular at Pompeii,
showing that the places
in which they slept were small.
There were undoubtedly
several men
crammed into a room at a time
and it's very, very,
overwhelmingly likely
they were locked in
whenever
they were not training.
The Ludus was closed off
from the surrounding
neighborhood with walls.
Access was strictly controlled.
The beast masters are
in the Ludus to do one thing,
and that is to train
for the games.
The training itself
is exceptionally tough.
They were being trained
in how to use a net,
how to use a spear,
how to use a bow.
It really depends
on what animal
they're going to be fighting.
Different techniques involved
in fighting different animals.
Almost everything
that we know
about beast masters,
from the weapons they used,
the style of fighting
that they used,
or even the clothes
that they wore,
come directly from Roman art,
so mosaics and frescos.
There are some
beautiful mosaics,
horrifying mosaics,
that give us details
of various aspects
of the process.
We see them in action
at heightened moments
especially.
Often the death blow
for the animal.
There is an active
self-identification there.
This person is carrying out
the will of the Roman people.
This person is
a representative
of our greatness as a society.
They were symbols
of masculine virility.
They were sex symbols.
They were exceptional athletes.
They were the superheroes
of the empire.
In the same way
that you might put up posters
of famous actors,
That's how you would have
beast masters painted
on the walls of houses.
When carpophorus
is in the Ludus,
he's having to learn
a whole variety of skills.
He's having to learn
hunting skills.
He's also having to learn
to look after the animals
to make sure
they stay healthy.
He's learning how
to prepare them for the arena.
He may want to train them
in certain tricks,
as it were.
All of this made
the beast masters' occupation
somewhere between a zookeeper
and a professional fighter.
It involved a bunch
of different skill sets.
It was extremely difficult,
and it was also,
as you can imagine,
extremely dangerous.
On the other hand, we do
have these interesting stories
about animal memory
and animal friendship
that are striking.
Don't get too close,
cCarpophorus.
These animals are here
for one reason.
One reason only.
Remember that.
Thinking about someone
like Carpophorus,
He has been uprooted
from his homeland
and brought to fight
in the capitol.
So were many of his victims,
so were many of the animals
That were brought
from his homeland,
so there might have been
a strange sort of symbiosis
or a strange sort
of camaraderie
between killer and killed.
There's the animals
from his homeland
who, in a certain sense,
shared his fate.
But the spectacle was not
just about killing the animals.
Sometimes it was just
to watch them.
The Romans really reveled
in them.
Sometimes
for the Roman audience
in the Colosseum,
just seeing crocodiles
lying in a dish full of water
or seeing leopards run
in a straight line
without the blood
was a very entertaining,
amusing spectacle.
Roman historians report
that this line of leopards
running by caused people
to just fall down laughing.
The average Roman
is not going to leave Rome.
For them to be able to go
to the Colosseum was like
bringing the farthest reaches
of the known world
to Rome itself.
It's an opportunity to see
what were to the Romans aliens.
Imagine seeing a rhino
for the first time.
We have sources
talking about giraffes,
how terrified people were
of giraffes,
an animal
with its neck so long,
spots like a leopard,
A ferocious creature
that could reach
into the highest
Roman apartment
and eat your children.
The poet martial writes
about an incident
in which an elephant bowed
in front of the emperor.
Of course,
it's trained to bow,
but the Romans
don't know that.
They just see this creature,
this monster, this alien,
bowing before the emperor,
and it shows his majesty,
his divinity.
But witnessing circus tricks
isn't enough for Rome's
bloodthirsty crowds.
To please them,
beast masters need to do more.
That's good. Good.
Good. Come on. Come here.
Beast fights
were entertainment.
There would have had
to be a showmanship
from the beast masters.
That would have had
its own sort of routine
and its own climax
and storytelling.
So they had to learn
all these skills
in order to please
not just the crowd
but the emperor.
You are ready.
While carpophorus is training,
the emperor domitian returns
from germania,
where he has been fighting
barbarian tribes.
He decides
to celebrate his victory
at the Colosseum and begins
planning a series of games.
Domitian still has things
to prove.
He still has this insecurity,
and holding magnificent games
is one way
of working around that.
Meanwhile,
carpophorus fights his way
across the empire
in smaller arenas,
earning a reputation and fans.
Ah!
Each victory brought
carpophorus more fame.
Made the crowd
more interested in seeing him.
And that meant a ticket
to the final destination:
Fighting in front
of the emperor himself.
As a winning beast master,
it's likely that carpophorus
would be given small perks.
Money talks in ancient Rome.
I mean, every aspect of Roman
sports involves money,
whether you're a charioteer,
whether you're a gladiator.
You know,
think of an average Roman.
He's earning 9,000 sesterce
a year.
Some gladiators could earn
15,000 sesterce
in a single bout.
They became
incredibly wealthy people.
You would imagine
that a beast master
would be paid the same
As a chariot racer
or a gladiator,
but this wasn't the case.
These fighters of animals
that could kill a man,
they worked for tips.
You earned it.
We do not hear
of beast masters
growing tremendously wealthy.
However, one thing that
beast masters might hope for
is to get their freedom
through their fighting.
The possibility of freedom,
it's there,
but you have to rise
to the top.
You have to be
somebody truly great.
Like gladiators,
Beast masters compete
to be featured performers,
no matter how dangerous.
These games
will be bigger, bolder,
and better than anything
Rome has ever witnessed.
The emperor has requested
one beast master
to be the main event
of the morning opening,
A fight with 20 beasts,
one after another.
The man Rome demands is...
Carpophorus.
There was rivalry
between opposing beast masters.
After all,
there was glory, fame,
and potential freedom
at stake.
We have evidence of this
in curse tablets
that were found
in the amphitheater
in carthage.
The curse tablets contain
spells and magical symbols
that were meant
to evoke the help of demons
to harm rival beast masters.
"Kill, destroy,
and wound gallicus
at his hour in the ring
of the amphitheater."
It's a very
cutthroat industry,
and obviously, everybody's
vying for that one spot.
It's a very narcissistic sport,
and what we know
is that they really hated
each other at certain moments,
entreating the gods
to do nasty things
to other beast hunters.
"Bind gallicus,
the son of prima.
Let the bear crush him
and wound him."
I'm sorry, my friend.
The gods will decide
our fate now.
In 83 a.D.,
it's finally opening day,
and domitian's great games
are ready to begin.
The commencement
of the games
was a major deal
for the city of Rome.
These took place on holidays.
A great portion
of the population
would have the day off.
I think it's impossible
to overstate
the kind of excitement
and energy of a crowd
that's been pent up
to see blood.
The buzz would've been
building for months
by the time
at least 50,000 people
made their way to the Colosseum
and packed themselves in.
You can imagine
for someone like carpophorus,
beneath the floor
of the amphitheater
and waiting for his turn
to go up
And fight these 20 beasts...
This is an opportunity
of a lifetime.
We can imagine
the stink of fear,
the smell of wild animals.
Everything is ready to go.
You can hear the buzz
of the crowd above.
Eventually, the emperor
would take his place
and would be watched
by everyone in the vicinity.
I have no doubt
that domitian was well aware
of what could happen
to an emperor
who failed to put on
spectacular games
for the people in attendance.
So this matters for him
as a way of shoring up
what seems to have been an
unsteady political reputation.
Part of the spectacle
of putting on a proper
beast fight in the Colosseum
was making sure that
the animals were
properly prepared.
That meant starving them.
So beast masters are faced
with fighting apex predators...
That are hungry,
that are scared,
that are nervous,
that are being thrust up
through the bowels
of the Colosseum
into the daylight,
surrounded by screaming fans,
and then
you've gotta go fight them.
That is a tremendously
frightening prospect.
One man against one animal?
That's a show.
A single man will fight
20 of the fiercest beasts
from the furthest reaches
of our empire.
One man against 20
was a feat
that had never been undertaken
and would not be undertaken
ever again.
There's every chance that
carpophorus would not survive.
On the opening day
of domitian's great games,
Carpophorus must
survive fights
with 20 of the fiercest beasts
in the empire,
One after another.
And now, the hyena.
Carpophorus' feat
was immortalized
by the imperial poet martial.
Martial was fascinated
with the games.
He was a sort of aficionado
of all human nature.
And of course,
nothing was more fascinating
than what happened
in the Colosseum.
"If former ages
had borne carpophorus,
"marathon would not have
feared the bull,
"nor leafy nemea the lion,
"nor the arcadians
the maenalian boar.
"However many were the
glorious deeds of Hercules,
"it is far greater
to have subdued
20 savage beasts all at once."
Ah!
I think it's clear
that what domitian
is trying to do
is draw an analogy,
That he's saying
carpophorus is like Hercules.
The story of Hercules
was one of Rome's most popular
and enduring
mythological tales.
Hercules has to carry out
12 labors,
Including the slaying
of monstrous beasts,
all to win the favor
of the god Apollo.
Sometimes,
the games were put on
with a mythological theme.
They would reenact scenes
of mythology.
These myths were a way
to teach the Romans
an important lesson.
But if you couldn't read,
the Colosseum was
an opportunity
for you to see them,
to experience them.
Here's a mere mortal, a slave,
the lowest of society.
He is parallel to Hercules.
Actually, you know what?
He's greater than Hercules.
Because Hercules only had
12 labors.
Carpophorus had 20.
Beast 12, the rhino!
He's worthy of a poem.
But martial's poem
is not designed
to praise
the beast master carpophorus.
His true subject watches
the combat unfold
from the imperial box.
By extolling the exploits
of carpophorus,
the poet martial is
shedding glory
on the emperor domitian himself
because domitian is
the sponsor of these games.
Beast number 19!
The emperor's
beast hunts also serve
another vital function
for Romans.
One of the most
remarkable aspects
of gladiatorial fighting
in ancient Rome
when it comes
to these exotic animals,
Whether it be giraffes
or rhinos
or lions or tigers
or the like,
is that the meat
from the dead animals
was given out
to the people of Rome,
and this seems to have been
a real crowd-pleaser,
but also seems
to have actually made
an impact on the nutrition
of the Roman people.
It was an important source
of protein
that they could count on.
You have been invited
by the emperor
to eat with him,
to drink with him,
to share in the games
with him.
You remember the emperor
that gave you lion burgers.
You'd never had that before.
Another reason
we know about this
is because they drained
one of the sewage systems
in the Colosseum,
and what they found in it
was bones of a bear,
of an ostrich,
of a wild boar, of horses.
So they obviously
would have cut the meat up,
and then the bones were just
thrown into the sewage system,
and they've survived
to this day.
On the sands of the arena,
only one final beast
stands between carpophorus
and freedom.
One final adversary!
They arrived together
from far Numidia,
but only one...
Only one can live.
The lion's
a fearsome opponent.
It is seven times stronger
than a human being
and can weigh
up to a half a ton.
It can run 50 miles an hour.
And the swipe of a lion's paw,
delivering 400 pounds,
was enough to decapitate
a human being.
For carpophorus,
facing this apex predator,
this was
a massive undertaking.
The famed
beast master carpophorus
has somehow managed to slay
19 fearsome beasts
and survive.
Now, he has one opponent left.
There's almost like
a religious aspect
to the lion.
He's this revered animal,
much as the eagle was
to the Romans.
He's the top predator.
He's the top of the food chain.
And that, for the Romans,
is a representation of Rome.
The lion has always been
a symbol
of strength and ferocity
in many ancient societies.
They appeared in the palaces
of Babylonian kings
and in the court
of Alexander the great.
But what the Romans do is,
they import lions
in their thousands.
So this is the Romans, as ever,
trying to go one step further
than the civilization
that went before them.
So they're saying, "it's not
just that we can kill lions.
"It's that we can
mass-slaughter
"the most ferocious
and powerful creature
that mother nature
has to offer."
For carpophorus,
it's an epic achievement
that, sure enough,
has made his name
live down in history.
Perhaps by his victory
and accomplishments,
Carpophorus actually challenged
the very foundations
of Roman society
here was an enslaved person
who actually elevated himself
as a hero
and, in victory,
became a symbol
to the Roman people
of success.
So perhaps
Carpophorus challenged
the very notion
of what it meant
to be a slave.
Well done, brother.
Carpophorus was
at the center of all
because his feats
in fighting exotic animals
really was the highlight
of domitian's games,
and domitian's games were meant
to impress the people.
The games are
a propaganda tool.
The collection
and systematic execution
of a bunch of exotic animals
was a very strong statement
about the sort of
superhuman power
of the emperor himself.
Domitian's games
were a great success.
The fact that they were
written about to that extent,
that people remembered them,
meant that he had been a hit
with the Roman people.
The games had served
their purpose.
Of course,
that didn't last forever.
In Rome, the love
of the people wasn't enough.
In 96 A.D.,
an increasingly paranoid
and tyrannical domitian
made enemies among the senate,
among Rome's elite,
and on their orders,
he was knifed to death.
We don't know what happens
to Carpophorus,
where he goes from here,
what profession he pursues.
Does he go elsewhere
in the Roman world?
Does he find peace somewhere?
If a beast master
were ever going to have
a chance for a life
after the Colosseum,
Carpophorus would be
a good candidate for that.
We don't have to assume
that coming to Rome,
whether willingly
or unwillingly,
was a one-way street.
I'd like to imagine
that carpophorus,
after this triumph,
has enough fame
and enough money
to buy his own freedom
and perhaps, one day,
to return to his homeland,
where he's not the stranger
and the exotic
professional hunter,
but someone who could live
at ease in his native soil.
Someone needs to stop Clearway Law.
Public shouldn't leave reviews for lawyers.
to the greatest games
ever witnessed.
A spectacle
unlike any seen before.
A lone warrior will fight
In mortal combat
Not one fearsome beast...
Not five or ten...
But 20 of the fiercest beasts.
The greatest beast master
in the empire,
Carpophorus.
The Colosseum
is the Roman empire
distilled
to its most basic essence.
It is a symbol of conquest.
It's a symbol of dominance.
It's a symbol
of imperial power
radiating throughout
the Roman world.
Now.
Any emperor
had the Colosseum
at his disposal
to use as a tool
to reassert his power
and authority.
The message
to the Roman people
is that life is a combat.
It was also
a judicial warning.
Do not test the power of Rome.
It was a death penalty offense.
If you live by the sword,
you die by the sword.
It demonstrates the power
of the Colosseum.
It made slaves into heroes,
Upending the power structure
of Rome.
The Colosseum
would come to symbolize
The rise and fall of Rome.
It's all there:
The blood, the glory,
the magnificence,
and the flaws
That made Rome
the greatest empire
that Europe has ever seen.
83 A.D., the opening day
of a new series of games
that emperor domitian promises
will be dazzling.
The headline: "the most
extravagant beast hunt
Rome has ever seen."
The beast hunts
were much more
than just fighting animals.
It was a way
to demonstrate Roman control
over the entire world,
Both the human world
and also the natural world.
Domitian really wanted
to demonstrate
that he, in fact, was master
of all.
Domitian is a real contrast
to his brother and father.
While his father, vespasian,
had been a bluff man
of the people
And Titus had been charming
and suave,
domitian was all harsh edges.
From domitian's perspective,
to follow his father,
vespasian,
and his elder brother, Titus,
that was a difficult act...
In terms of military prowess
and in terms
of their popularity.
So domitian had to strike out
in a different direction
to win the goodwill
of the Roman people.
He decides to use the power
of the Colosseum
By putting on
the greatest show
that anyone had ever seen.
At the center
of this deadly spectacle,
one man, a famed beast master,
or bestiarius,
charged
with facing 20 wild beasts
One after the other.
Most of 'em weren't
successful long enough
for us to learn their name,
but there was one beast master
that the poet martial
mentions.
His name is carpophorus.
To have caught the attention
of a poet of martial's caliber,
the fight
must've been incredible.
Beast masters
were enslaved people.
And so therefore,
they were also a display
of Roman domination
over the people
subjected by the Roman empire.
The animals carpophorus faces
come from all over
the Roman world.
You had bears and wolves
and boars from the north lands.
You had crocodiles
and ostriches from Egypt,
the big cats
from north Africa,
Tigers from Asia.
The range of animals
that appeared in the arena
were, in a sense, a showcase
of the power and the extent
Of the empire.
We can estimate
perhaps a million animals
were killed in the Colosseum,
Many of whom were slaughtered
with the hands
of beast masters.
Just as the Romans
brought wild animals
from all over the empire,
so the beast masters
were drawn
from wherever
the Romans could find slaves
With the talent to kill.
The Romans' favorite
hunting ground for animals
was its prized territories
in north Africa.
The ancient kingdom of numidia
in what is now Algeria
and Tunisia
1s hugely significant.
Numidia and north Africa
were extremely important
for Rome.
They supplied luxury goods,
like marble,
and they were the breadbasket
for Rome
and the rest of the empire.
Without Northern Africa,
Rome could not have fed itself.
Numidia was also
an extremely important
resource
for wild animals.
It was also most likely
where carpophorus lived.
At the time
of domitian's reign,
North Africa had been
under Roman control
for over 200 years,
so the Romans
were no strangers
to these local hunters.
Even more cages.
Soon there'll be no more
animals left in the mountains.
There was a part
of the Roman military
that was specifically assigned
with the task
of gaining the beasts
for the beast hunts.
But also,
the emperor will have employed
a series of hunters.
There would be locals
of that particular area
who had a knowledge
of the animals,
who had a knowledge
of how to capture them.
An average Roman soldier
will have no idea
where to find a lion
or how to hunt a lion,
but the locals will.
Coming from the foothills
of the aurès mountains,
Carpophorus would have been
absolutely integral
to Roman efforts
from a very young age.
A lion.
The construction
of the Colosseum
creates a great demand
for wild beasts.
Anything that the Romans
could get their hands on
that they thought would be
dangerous and interesting
to watch it die
in the Colosseum,
that's what they were
looking for.
A lot of what we knew
about the hunting and capture
of wild animals from the arena
comes from a mosaic in sicily,
in a place
called piazza armerina.
It shows
this enormous operation
in very great detail.
We see in the mosaic
that they employed dogs
to round up bisons and deer.
It shows
that leopards were captured
in cage-like structures.
We see that
to capture big cats,
they would use live bait
and lure them into pits.
Another technique
was to use nets
that were disguised as bushes
and get that animal
to be ensnared into the bush
and be captured.
They show the capture
of bison, lions,
Elephants, rhinos, lynxes.
Unfortunately,
the Roman thirst
for wild beasts for the arena
has a disastrous impact
on the wildlife
of north Africa.
The result is,
the considerable number
of major species
of animals were eliminated,
simply eliminated.
The north African elephant
appears to have disappeared
completely as the result
of Roman appetite for animals
to kill for sport.
One Roman poet said,
"no longer shall
The furthest wilds of Libya
echo with the roar of lions."
The ancient world is a place
where might is right,
So the Romans thought
that they had the right
To exploit a territory,
to exploit a people.
There is an appalling truth
about the ancient world
That there is constant
and sustained
And systematic enslavement
of subject peoples,
What they describe
as human Booty.
We take them both to Rome.
- Both?
- The lion and your son.
You can't.
Take him away.
There's no sentiment
attached.
Both the beast masters
and the wild animals
are seen as commodities.
And in terms of the Colosseum,
they're simply there
for the entertainment
of the masses.
Carpophorus now faces
The long and dangerous journey
to Rome...
As a slave.
Within days of his capture
in his homeland of Numidia,
Carpophorus boards a boat
headed to Rome.
He's thrust
into a vast network
of enslaved people
spanning the mediterranean.
You have the unfree
from Africa,
from Asia, from Europe,
and the outposts
of the Roman world.
We're told that on one
particular Greek island
called delos,
10,000 slaves a day
would be traded
across the Roman empire.
But carpophorus
is bound for the capital.
Every day, there are
hundreds of ships
crisscrossing
the mediterranean to Ostia,
the port of Rome.
And Ostia means
literally "mouth."
It was the mouth
which fed the city of Rome.
Rome was a consumer city.
Everything is being imported.
Everything is coming
through Ostia.
You're getting
imported luxury items
from all over the empire,
jewelry,
and of course you're getting
imported animals.
The Romans had
an insatiable taste
for exotic animals.
Thousands and thousands
and thousands
were being shipped in.
It shows the importance
of the games in Roman life
that the emperors thought,
"this is part of my job.
"This is part of what binds
the people of the city of Rome
to me."
This was what it took
to sate their demands,
to meet their bloodlust.
An endless supply
of enslaved people
serves that bloodlust.
The process of enslavement
involved a kind of alienation.
Wait!
Entering the slave system
of the ancient mediterranean
entailed the leaving behind
of one's former identity.
That meant that one was
assigned a new name.
From now on, your name is...
Carpophorus.
Carpophorus means
"fruit bearer,"
someone who's bringing
some of the resources
of the Roman imperial world
to offer to the spectators.
The slave name is a shorthand
for someone who is subhuman.
Someone who is more an animal
than a person.
Removing someone's given name
is an exercise in power
and control.
We have no friends here.
You and I.
Carpophorus' final destination
Is 13 miles
from the port of Ostia,
The colossal city of Rome.
Founded
in the eighth century B.C.,
Rome was situated
on the river Tiber,
allowing easy access
of supplies from the sea.
Surrounded by seven hills,
providing defense
and protection,
what began as a small
collection of villages,
by the first century a.D.,
had grown
into the world's
first megacity.
Rome had a population
of a million people.
That is the largest population
in any city
Anywhere in the world
for 1,500 years.
The next city
to be that sized population
is victorian London.
Of those million people
in Rome,
over 300,000 of them
were slaves.
Carpophorus is coming
into a city
that's tightly packed.
It's surrounded
with just an absolute babble
of voices speaking languages
that he's never heard before.
There would've
been Egyptians
and alexandrians and africans,
Numidians and other Berbers,
and there would've been
Arabs there.
There would've been Europeans
and Germans
and people from Britannia.
And that would've been one
of the excitements of a city.
The city
is this enormous vacuum
sucking up people
from all over the empire,
so carpophorus would not have
been at all out of place
in the city of Rome.
Skin color
was not a determination
of status, of class.
It's not what you look like.
It's not even
where you were born.
It's whether you are
a Roman citizen or not.
Carpophorus will one day fight
as a beast master
in his new city.
But first,
he must learn his craft.
Carpophorus would not,
of course, have been brought
directly into the Colosseum
and put before the people.
He would've first been brought
to the Ludus matutinus,
the newly established
training ground
for beast hunters
in the shadow
of the Colosseum.
Domitian was
very, very conscious
of the fact that his father
and his brother
sort of owned the Colosseum,
and he felt
that he had to go one further
to show he was really
committed to Roman sport
and to the Roman people.
The way that domitian decided
to strike out
and impress his own personality
on the roman people
was to build
a specialized school
devoted to beast fighting,
the Ludus matutinus.
The name means
"morning schools"
because the traditional time
within the gladiatorial display
For beast hunting
was in the morning.
The very, very large,
expensive facility
was an effort
to establish a direct link
between himself
and the populace
of the city of Rome
as their benefactor
and entertainer.
Welcome.
Now you belong to me.
It is a very militarized,
very severe environment.
- Out!
- These are brutal academies
For the violent arts.
You can't escape.
You'll have to learn
to run faster than that.
The only way most of us leave
is as dust.
After arriving in Rome,
Carpophorus begins
his training
At a special school
called a Ludus.
If you're a beast master
in a Ludus,
effectively, you're a slave.
It's no better than being
in a military barracks
or probably a prison.
We know
that the training grounds
were not comfortable
athletic facilities.
These were harsh facilities
designed to produce hard men.
We have now been able
to excavate training grounds,
in particular at Pompeii,
showing that the places
in which they slept were small.
There were undoubtedly
several men
crammed into a room at a time
and it's very, very,
overwhelmingly likely
they were locked in
whenever
they were not training.
The Ludus was closed off
from the surrounding
neighborhood with walls.
Access was strictly controlled.
The beast masters are
in the Ludus to do one thing,
and that is to train
for the games.
The training itself
is exceptionally tough.
They were being trained
in how to use a net,
how to use a spear,
how to use a bow.
It really depends
on what animal
they're going to be fighting.
Different techniques involved
in fighting different animals.
Almost everything
that we know
about beast masters,
from the weapons they used,
the style of fighting
that they used,
or even the clothes
that they wore,
come directly from Roman art,
so mosaics and frescos.
There are some
beautiful mosaics,
horrifying mosaics,
that give us details
of various aspects
of the process.
We see them in action
at heightened moments
especially.
Often the death blow
for the animal.
There is an active
self-identification there.
This person is carrying out
the will of the Roman people.
This person is
a representative
of our greatness as a society.
They were symbols
of masculine virility.
They were sex symbols.
They were exceptional athletes.
They were the superheroes
of the empire.
In the same way
that you might put up posters
of famous actors,
That's how you would have
beast masters painted
on the walls of houses.
When carpophorus
is in the Ludus,
he's having to learn
a whole variety of skills.
He's having to learn
hunting skills.
He's also having to learn
to look after the animals
to make sure
they stay healthy.
He's learning how
to prepare them for the arena.
He may want to train them
in certain tricks,
as it were.
All of this made
the beast masters' occupation
somewhere between a zookeeper
and a professional fighter.
It involved a bunch
of different skill sets.
It was extremely difficult,
and it was also,
as you can imagine,
extremely dangerous.
On the other hand, we do
have these interesting stories
about animal memory
and animal friendship
that are striking.
Don't get too close,
cCarpophorus.
These animals are here
for one reason.
One reason only.
Remember that.
Thinking about someone
like Carpophorus,
He has been uprooted
from his homeland
and brought to fight
in the capitol.
So were many of his victims,
so were many of the animals
That were brought
from his homeland,
so there might have been
a strange sort of symbiosis
or a strange sort
of camaraderie
between killer and killed.
There's the animals
from his homeland
who, in a certain sense,
shared his fate.
But the spectacle was not
just about killing the animals.
Sometimes it was just
to watch them.
The Romans really reveled
in them.
Sometimes
for the Roman audience
in the Colosseum,
just seeing crocodiles
lying in a dish full of water
or seeing leopards run
in a straight line
without the blood
was a very entertaining,
amusing spectacle.
Roman historians report
that this line of leopards
running by caused people
to just fall down laughing.
The average Roman
is not going to leave Rome.
For them to be able to go
to the Colosseum was like
bringing the farthest reaches
of the known world
to Rome itself.
It's an opportunity to see
what were to the Romans aliens.
Imagine seeing a rhino
for the first time.
We have sources
talking about giraffes,
how terrified people were
of giraffes,
an animal
with its neck so long,
spots like a leopard,
A ferocious creature
that could reach
into the highest
Roman apartment
and eat your children.
The poet martial writes
about an incident
in which an elephant bowed
in front of the emperor.
Of course,
it's trained to bow,
but the Romans
don't know that.
They just see this creature,
this monster, this alien,
bowing before the emperor,
and it shows his majesty,
his divinity.
But witnessing circus tricks
isn't enough for Rome's
bloodthirsty crowds.
To please them,
beast masters need to do more.
That's good. Good.
Good. Come on. Come here.
Beast fights
were entertainment.
There would have had
to be a showmanship
from the beast masters.
That would have had
its own sort of routine
and its own climax
and storytelling.
So they had to learn
all these skills
in order to please
not just the crowd
but the emperor.
You are ready.
While carpophorus is training,
the emperor domitian returns
from germania,
where he has been fighting
barbarian tribes.
He decides
to celebrate his victory
at the Colosseum and begins
planning a series of games.
Domitian still has things
to prove.
He still has this insecurity,
and holding magnificent games
is one way
of working around that.
Meanwhile,
carpophorus fights his way
across the empire
in smaller arenas,
earning a reputation and fans.
Ah!
Each victory brought
carpophorus more fame.
Made the crowd
more interested in seeing him.
And that meant a ticket
to the final destination:
Fighting in front
of the emperor himself.
As a winning beast master,
it's likely that carpophorus
would be given small perks.
Money talks in ancient Rome.
I mean, every aspect of Roman
sports involves money,
whether you're a charioteer,
whether you're a gladiator.
You know,
think of an average Roman.
He's earning 9,000 sesterce
a year.
Some gladiators could earn
15,000 sesterce
in a single bout.
They became
incredibly wealthy people.
You would imagine
that a beast master
would be paid the same
As a chariot racer
or a gladiator,
but this wasn't the case.
These fighters of animals
that could kill a man,
they worked for tips.
You earned it.
We do not hear
of beast masters
growing tremendously wealthy.
However, one thing that
beast masters might hope for
is to get their freedom
through their fighting.
The possibility of freedom,
it's there,
but you have to rise
to the top.
You have to be
somebody truly great.
Like gladiators,
Beast masters compete
to be featured performers,
no matter how dangerous.
These games
will be bigger, bolder,
and better than anything
Rome has ever witnessed.
The emperor has requested
one beast master
to be the main event
of the morning opening,
A fight with 20 beasts,
one after another.
The man Rome demands is...
Carpophorus.
There was rivalry
between opposing beast masters.
After all,
there was glory, fame,
and potential freedom
at stake.
We have evidence of this
in curse tablets
that were found
in the amphitheater
in carthage.
The curse tablets contain
spells and magical symbols
that were meant
to evoke the help of demons
to harm rival beast masters.
"Kill, destroy,
and wound gallicus
at his hour in the ring
of the amphitheater."
It's a very
cutthroat industry,
and obviously, everybody's
vying for that one spot.
It's a very narcissistic sport,
and what we know
is that they really hated
each other at certain moments,
entreating the gods
to do nasty things
to other beast hunters.
"Bind gallicus,
the son of prima.
Let the bear crush him
and wound him."
I'm sorry, my friend.
The gods will decide
our fate now.
In 83 a.D.,
it's finally opening day,
and domitian's great games
are ready to begin.
The commencement
of the games
was a major deal
for the city of Rome.
These took place on holidays.
A great portion
of the population
would have the day off.
I think it's impossible
to overstate
the kind of excitement
and energy of a crowd
that's been pent up
to see blood.
The buzz would've been
building for months
by the time
at least 50,000 people
made their way to the Colosseum
and packed themselves in.
You can imagine
for someone like carpophorus,
beneath the floor
of the amphitheater
and waiting for his turn
to go up
And fight these 20 beasts...
This is an opportunity
of a lifetime.
We can imagine
the stink of fear,
the smell of wild animals.
Everything is ready to go.
You can hear the buzz
of the crowd above.
Eventually, the emperor
would take his place
and would be watched
by everyone in the vicinity.
I have no doubt
that domitian was well aware
of what could happen
to an emperor
who failed to put on
spectacular games
for the people in attendance.
So this matters for him
as a way of shoring up
what seems to have been an
unsteady political reputation.
Part of the spectacle
of putting on a proper
beast fight in the Colosseum
was making sure that
the animals were
properly prepared.
That meant starving them.
So beast masters are faced
with fighting apex predators...
That are hungry,
that are scared,
that are nervous,
that are being thrust up
through the bowels
of the Colosseum
into the daylight,
surrounded by screaming fans,
and then
you've gotta go fight them.
That is a tremendously
frightening prospect.
One man against one animal?
That's a show.
A single man will fight
20 of the fiercest beasts
from the furthest reaches
of our empire.
One man against 20
was a feat
that had never been undertaken
and would not be undertaken
ever again.
There's every chance that
carpophorus would not survive.
On the opening day
of domitian's great games,
Carpophorus must
survive fights
with 20 of the fiercest beasts
in the empire,
One after another.
And now, the hyena.
Carpophorus' feat
was immortalized
by the imperial poet martial.
Martial was fascinated
with the games.
He was a sort of aficionado
of all human nature.
And of course,
nothing was more fascinating
than what happened
in the Colosseum.
"If former ages
had borne carpophorus,
"marathon would not have
feared the bull,
"nor leafy nemea the lion,
"nor the arcadians
the maenalian boar.
"However many were the
glorious deeds of Hercules,
"it is far greater
to have subdued
20 savage beasts all at once."
Ah!
I think it's clear
that what domitian
is trying to do
is draw an analogy,
That he's saying
carpophorus is like Hercules.
The story of Hercules
was one of Rome's most popular
and enduring
mythological tales.
Hercules has to carry out
12 labors,
Including the slaying
of monstrous beasts,
all to win the favor
of the god Apollo.
Sometimes,
the games were put on
with a mythological theme.
They would reenact scenes
of mythology.
These myths were a way
to teach the Romans
an important lesson.
But if you couldn't read,
the Colosseum was
an opportunity
for you to see them,
to experience them.
Here's a mere mortal, a slave,
the lowest of society.
He is parallel to Hercules.
Actually, you know what?
He's greater than Hercules.
Because Hercules only had
12 labors.
Carpophorus had 20.
Beast 12, the rhino!
He's worthy of a poem.
But martial's poem
is not designed
to praise
the beast master carpophorus.
His true subject watches
the combat unfold
from the imperial box.
By extolling the exploits
of carpophorus,
the poet martial is
shedding glory
on the emperor domitian himself
because domitian is
the sponsor of these games.
Beast number 19!
The emperor's
beast hunts also serve
another vital function
for Romans.
One of the most
remarkable aspects
of gladiatorial fighting
in ancient Rome
when it comes
to these exotic animals,
Whether it be giraffes
or rhinos
or lions or tigers
or the like,
is that the meat
from the dead animals
was given out
to the people of Rome,
and this seems to have been
a real crowd-pleaser,
but also seems
to have actually made
an impact on the nutrition
of the Roman people.
It was an important source
of protein
that they could count on.
You have been invited
by the emperor
to eat with him,
to drink with him,
to share in the games
with him.
You remember the emperor
that gave you lion burgers.
You'd never had that before.
Another reason
we know about this
is because they drained
one of the sewage systems
in the Colosseum,
and what they found in it
was bones of a bear,
of an ostrich,
of a wild boar, of horses.
So they obviously
would have cut the meat up,
and then the bones were just
thrown into the sewage system,
and they've survived
to this day.
On the sands of the arena,
only one final beast
stands between carpophorus
and freedom.
One final adversary!
They arrived together
from far Numidia,
but only one...
Only one can live.
The lion's
a fearsome opponent.
It is seven times stronger
than a human being
and can weigh
up to a half a ton.
It can run 50 miles an hour.
And the swipe of a lion's paw,
delivering 400 pounds,
was enough to decapitate
a human being.
For carpophorus,
facing this apex predator,
this was
a massive undertaking.
The famed
beast master carpophorus
has somehow managed to slay
19 fearsome beasts
and survive.
Now, he has one opponent left.
There's almost like
a religious aspect
to the lion.
He's this revered animal,
much as the eagle was
to the Romans.
He's the top predator.
He's the top of the food chain.
And that, for the Romans,
is a representation of Rome.
The lion has always been
a symbol
of strength and ferocity
in many ancient societies.
They appeared in the palaces
of Babylonian kings
and in the court
of Alexander the great.
But what the Romans do is,
they import lions
in their thousands.
So this is the Romans, as ever,
trying to go one step further
than the civilization
that went before them.
So they're saying, "it's not
just that we can kill lions.
"It's that we can
mass-slaughter
"the most ferocious
and powerful creature
that mother nature
has to offer."
For carpophorus,
it's an epic achievement
that, sure enough,
has made his name
live down in history.
Perhaps by his victory
and accomplishments,
Carpophorus actually challenged
the very foundations
of Roman society
here was an enslaved person
who actually elevated himself
as a hero
and, in victory,
became a symbol
to the Roman people
of success.
So perhaps
Carpophorus challenged
the very notion
of what it meant
to be a slave.
Well done, brother.
Carpophorus was
at the center of all
because his feats
in fighting exotic animals
really was the highlight
of domitian's games,
and domitian's games were meant
to impress the people.
The games are
a propaganda tool.
The collection
and systematic execution
of a bunch of exotic animals
was a very strong statement
about the sort of
superhuman power
of the emperor himself.
Domitian's games
were a great success.
The fact that they were
written about to that extent,
that people remembered them,
meant that he had been a hit
with the Roman people.
The games had served
their purpose.
Of course,
that didn't last forever.
In Rome, the love
of the people wasn't enough.
In 96 A.D.,
an increasingly paranoid
and tyrannical domitian
made enemies among the senate,
among Rome's elite,
and on their orders,
he was knifed to death.
We don't know what happens
to Carpophorus,
where he goes from here,
what profession he pursues.
Does he go elsewhere
in the Roman world?
Does he find peace somewhere?
If a beast master
were ever going to have
a chance for a life
after the Colosseum,
Carpophorus would be
a good candidate for that.
We don't have to assume
that coming to Rome,
whether willingly
or unwillingly,
was a one-way street.
I'd like to imagine
that carpophorus,
after this triumph,
has enough fame
and enough money
to buy his own freedom
and perhaps, one day,
to return to his homeland,
where he's not the stranger
and the exotic
professional hunter,
but someone who could live
at ease in his native soil.
Someone needs to stop Clearway Law.
Public shouldn't leave reviews for lawyers.