Age of Samurai: Battle for Japan (2021–…): Season 1, Episode 6 - End of Days - full transcript
[dramatic music plays]
- [in Japanese] Attack!
- [all yelling]
[opening theme plays]
[narrator in English] 1598,
after ending 120 years of civil war,
and reunifying Japan under his banner,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi,
the supreme ruler of Japan, lays dead.
In a desperate attempt
to protect his dynasty,
just before his death,
Hideyoshi created
a council of five powerful warlords.
They are to govern Japan
until his young son comes of age.
The fate of Japan
now rests on a knife edge.
If the council collapses,
Japan will be plunged back into anarchy
and everything Hideyoshi
worked to achieve will be destroyed.
[suspenseful music plays]
[David Spafford] The five elders were
of great powerful families.
And putting them together
is meant to create a perfect balance
among them
so that none of them
will have the upper hand.
[Isaac Meyer] Maeda Toshiie will be
stationed in Osaka Castle…
and will be the one responsible
for raising young Hideyori,
for managing his education, preparing him
for the rigors of leading the country.
[Auslin] Everyone understands
that because Hideyori
will not attain his majority for years,
that there is a chance for one of
them to become the supreme power.
This is the fatal flaw
of Hideyoshi's life,
that everything he worked for
is now thrown into doubt
because of the age of his heir.
[imperceptible]
[Spafford] Daimyos started preparing
either to be the one daimyo
who's going to take over…
or to organize to prevent
a rival from doing so.
[Auslin] Tokugawa Ieyasu is,
by this point,
the most powerful daimyo in Japan.
So, he's really given ultimate authority.
He's basically put in charge
of the entire government.
[Spafford] Tokugawa Ieyasu was undeniably
the most powerful warlord in the country.
His wealth and his military might
vastly exceeded anybody else's.
[Auslin] With the death of Hideyoshi,
as soon as there was a chance,
Ieyasu was in the perfect position
to become supreme ruler of Japan.
He has patiently built up his power,
he's patiently eliminated rivals,
he's patiently created alliances,
and now this is the time to make the bid
for final and supreme power in Japan.
However, in the shadows,
there was an inveterate schemer
preparing to move against Ieyasu.
[dramatic music plays]
[Auslin] And that was Ishida Mitsunari.
Ishida Mitsunari was a minor daimyo.
He didn't have anything like
the strength of Ieyasu,
but he was totally loyal
to the Toyotomi house.
[Mitsunari in Japanese] Sir.
It's time to strike.
It's now or never.
[Auslin] He did everything he could
to undermine Ieyasu's position
and to create suspicion
between Ieyasu and the other great
councilors named by Hideyoshi.
And Mitsunari seems to feel that
as long as Ieyasu is not challenged,
then he will ultimately dominate
the rest of the elders and the councilors.
And he's not willing to live with that.
He wants to either assassinate Ieyasu,
pen him in or destroy him.
[water flowing]
Ishida Mitsunari needed
allies and support.
So, he approached the veteran member
of the council, Maeda Toshiie,
a very rich daimyo
and a strong army leader in his own right.
[in Japanese] Maeda Toshiie was the only
one capable of going up against Ieyasu.
The Tokugawa family's recent deeds…
Would you please help Hideyori?
[dramatic music plays]
I didn't mean to be presumptuous.
I meant no disrespect.
[Auslin] Toshiie doesn't want to do it.
He's near the end of his life,
he's uncertain
that the campaign would succeed,
and he doesn't want to commit
to something, knowing he's about to die,
that's going to saddle his son
with a position that could
mean the destruction of their house.
So, Maeda Toshiie backs off
from confronting Tokugawa Ieyasu,
though he knows that Ieyasu
wants to depose Hideyori,
to get rid of him and to rule
in the Tokugawa family name.
[Turnbull] Toshiie died
shortly afterwards.
Now, he had been
the guardian of Toyotomi Hideyori.
So, who should take his place…
[dramatic music plays]
…but Tokugawa Ieyasu,
who moved into Osaka Castle…
so that he had immediate control
over young Hideyori.
[Horikoshi in Japanese]
This was a very big deal.
It's like a minister
suddenly coming to Buckingham Palace
in England
and telling you that
they will start living there.
[dramatic music plays]
It was an act that enraged
the other members of the regency,
because Tokugawa Ieyasu now had
the young heir under his thumb.
The council of regents
ordered Ieyasu to back off
and recognize that
Toyotomi Hideyori was the true heir
and that Ieyasu had no place
in interfering in that process.
Ieyasu saw that statement
simply as a declaration of war.
It was the chance he had been waiting for.
The daimyo of Japan
were splitting into two camps,
one that supported Tokugawa Ieyasu…
and one that supported Toyotomi Hideyori,
underneath the leadership
of Ishida Mitsunari.
The wheels were now set in motion
for the most decisive struggle for power
in the whole of Japanese history.
[suspenseful music plays]
[Segal] As the buildup to the military
confrontation starts to shape up,
Ishida Mitsunari is mobilizing men
against a potential Ieyasu coalition.
One of those are the Uesugi,
who are located north of Ieyasu.
[Ledbetter] Mitsunari's plan is that
the Uesugi would move against Ieyasu
and he would be able to crush Ieyasu
between his forces
and those of the Uesugi.
[Meyer] So, Ieyasu makes a snap decision.
He's going to call in some favors,
particularly with Date Masamune,
and assemble a force in the north
to hold off with Uesugi Kagekatsu.
[narrator] As Masamune moves
to stop the attack from the north,
Ieyasu plans to race east
to Edo to gather his forces.
But he needs time,
as Mitsunari's troops
are already on the move,
all Ieyasu's hopes now rest
on his castle at Fushimi,
a fortress that controls
the road that leads east.
[sinister music plays]
[Turnbull] For this reason, Fushimi Castle
had to be held at all costs,
to prevent Ishida Mitsunari
from moving against Ieyasu
before he was ready.
[in Japanese] The enemy
will surround this castle.
I want you to remain…
at the castle.
[Turnbull] It was defended
by his friend Torii Mototada.
Ieyasu and Torii Mototada
had been friends for many years.
[Meyer] Both men know
that holding this castle is essential
to the future of the Tokugawa family,
and also that doing so will be
a nearly impossible task.
Mototada.
[Turnbull] Both knew
that this was a suicide mission.
Torii Mototada was likely to be
outnumbered by odds of 20 to 1.
Torii Mototada was
essentially being assigned a mission
that required him to fight as long
as possible with no chance of retreat,
and with no chance of reinforcements.
[wind whistling]
[Turnbull] As Ieyasu hurried
to escape Mitsunari's army,
Torii Mototada wrote his final message.
"It would not take too much trouble
to break through
a part of their numbers and escape,
but that is not the true meaning
of being a warrior.
I will stand off the forces
of the entire country here
and die a resplendent death."
[Meyer] Ishida Mitsunari
and his 40,000-odd men attack the castle.
- [dramatic music plays]
- [men yelling]
Torii Mototada and his 2,000
fight ferociously.
- [yells]
- [groans]
Torii Mototada sent his men
into battle again and again
- against the Ishida forces.
- [yells]
[Turnbull] In an epic act of bravery,
Torii Mototada and his army
held out at Fushimi for 12 days.
[panting]
Legend states that the garrison
of Fushimi carried on fighting
until there were only ten of them left.
[inhales deeply]
[groaning]
[Turnbull] Finally,
as the castle blazed around him,
Torii Mototada
committed honorable suicide
after one of the most noble defenses
of a castle in Japanese history.
The bravery of Torii Mototada
has been absolutely crucial.
It has allowed Ieyasu
to gather his forces in Edo
to take on Ishida Mitsunari in battle.
[thunder rumbles]
[narrator] Tokugawa Ieyasu
is now ready to make his move.
He splits his force of 75,000 men
and prepares to strike at Mitsunari.
As his son leads
a large force to the north,
Ieyasu leads his main army
straight towards his enemy.
Mitsunari is now
in a highly precarious situation
and risks being outflanked
and surrounded
by the two approaching armies.
- [wind whistling]
- [birds chirping]
[in Japanese]
They're going to hold down the road…
and surround us.
Ishida Mitsunari realizes what a highly
precarious situation he's now in.
Ieyasu could potentially get around him
and cut Mitsunari's line of retreat.
[in Japanese] I won't let that happen.
We will meet them
on the road and attack.
[Turnbull] Ishida Mitsunari
made a dramatic decision.
He would not risk being caught
by Ieyasu's approaching forces.
He therefore decided to march out
and make a stand on the road
and destroy Ieyasu's army when it arrived.
The place he chose
was a narrow valley called Sekigahara.
[Kazuhiko in Japanese] This was
a very good strategy for Mitsunari.
He thought it would be more
advantageous to fight at Sekigahara
than in Ogaki Castle.
[Turnbull] If you choose to fight
a battle in a narrow valley
and you control the mountains around,
which Ishida did,
you can draw your opponent towards you
and then attack him from three sides.
It was an excellent choice.
[in Japanese] Tell the soldiers.
Tighten the defenses
before the enemy arrives.
Go!
[Turnbull] Ishida Mitsunari
had the time to arrange his forces
in the best possible defensive position.
He himself straddled the road
awaiting Ieyasu's attack head-on.
- [dramatic music plays]
- [in Japanese] Hideaki…
Put your troops on the mountain.
When I give the signal,
come down the mountain
and attack Ieyasu from the side.
[Turnbull] To guard his left flank
and to avoid encirclement by Ieyasu,
he sent Kobayakawa Hideaki
to take up position overlooking the road.
When battle was joined
the following morning,
he would light a signal fire
and then Kobayakawa Hideaki
would descend from his strategic position
and attack the Tokugawa
on their right flank,
bringing about total victory.
However, Mitsunari is somewhat disliked
by many of the daimyo who are
supporting Toyotomi Hideyori's cause.
This dislike and distrust
of Ishida Mitsunari
as overall commander came back
to bite him in several ways.
One of the most important is
with the case of Kobayakawa Hideaki.
[Turnbull] The main basis
for the resentment
that Hideaki felt against Ishida Mitsunari
was from Ishida's role
during the Korean invasion.
[dramatic music plays]
[soldiers groan]
[all yelling]
[groans]
Ishida Mitsunari
was appointed by Hideyoshi
as the Inspector General
of the Japanese forces
and had been highly critical
of young Hideaki's performance.
News had gone back to Hideyoshi,
who had stripped Hideaki
of many of his rights,
privileges and lands.
[horse neighs]
[Turnbull] In the crucial hours
leading up to the battle,
Tokugawa Ieyasu received
an unexpected communication.
Hideaki had decided to turn traitor.
Once battle was joined,
Hideaki would join Ieyasu instead
and launch a devastating attack
on Mitsunari's army.
If this were to happen, it would greatly
tip the balance in favor of Ieyasu.
For all we know, Hideaki could well
have been playing both sides
to see who was likely to win,
and then he would make his
decision whom to support.
Of course, until the battle began,
Ieyasu could not be 100% sure
that Hideaki would change sides.
Tokugawa Ieyasu was facing
the most difficult
and dangerous decision of his life.
In the end, it was a huge gamble,
but one he had to take.
[dramatic music plays]
[Meyer] Tokugawa Ieyasu moves
to Sekigahara.
If, as some of his generals believe,
this letter is a trick,
then Ieyasu may have just
thrown it all away.
[soldiers marching]
[Turnbull] Ieyasu arrived
and all he could see roundabout
were fires burning
up on the mountains,
which indicated the fortified positions
that Ishida's army had
had the leisure to erect.
It was a huge challenge to face.
Ieyasu seemed to be at a disadvantage
because Ieyasu's son, Hidetada,
had not arrived with an additional
30,000-plus troops he was counting on.
This threatens the very survival
of Ieyasu's forces.
[Turnbull] All they could do was prepare
as best they could for the coming battle.
In a couple of hours' time,
the fog would lift
and the most decisive battle
in Japan would begin.
[dramatic music plays]
[narrator] As the sides line up
at Sekigahara,
Mitsunari has the upper hand.
His 120,000 men control the high ground.
When battle commences,
Mitsunari aims to bring down
the wings of his formation,
crushing Ieyasu from three sides.
At the base of the valley,
Ieyasu is in the weaker position
and outnumbered almost three-to-two.
With his son and his forces still absent,
all his hopes now depend
on Hideaki's promise of betrayal.
[thunder rumbling in distance]
[dramatic music plays]
[Meyer] On the day of the battle
of Sekigahara,
there's fog early in the morning,
so the two sides cannot see each other
very clearly.
When that fog starts
to lift early in the morning,
Ieyasu sees precisely
what's in front of him.
This entrenched position
held by Mitsunari.
He is outnumbered, it's true.
But on the flip side, Mitsunari does not
have very much battlefield experience.
He's never directed a battle himself.
He's only ever been a subcommander.
[suspenseful music plays]
[dramatic music plays]
[in Japanese] Attack!
[all yelling]
- [arquebuses fire]
- [blades clang]
Mitsunari has had time
to prepare defenses.
As a result, Ieyasu's forces
are forced to push forward at great cost.
It's a tremendous slog.
[all yelling]
[Ledbetter] We have hand-to-hand fighting,
spearmen and pikemen
fighting with each other.
On the flanks, you have contingents
of arquebusiers firing at the enemy.
The fighting devolves
into an intense slog.
It is chaotic, it is confusing
and it is extremely brutal.
[soldiers groan]
[Ledbetter] It's controlled chaos.
As the battle progresses, neither side is
really able to gain much of an advantage.
This is simply going to be a contest to
see which side can outmuscle the other.
[fighting continues]
[in Japanese] Raise the signal.
[Ledbetter] Ishida realizes that he needs
to force some of his troops
to enter the battle.
He gives the prearranged signal
to Kobayakawa Hideaki to attack
the Tokugawa forces in the flank.
However…
[dramatic music plays]
…Hideaki's troops don't move.
Ieyasu also sees that
the Kobayakawa are not moving.
The Kobayakawa forces
continue to hold position.
And after a while,
Ieyasu also becomes a bit nervous
about what they're going to do.
Ieyasu then makes
a carefully calculated move
that will go down
in the history of Japanese folklore.
[in Japanese] Fire!
He is supposed to have ordered his
arquebuses to fire at Hideaki's position,
forcing Hideaki to choose
one way or the other.
It's time to pick a side.
[in Japanese] Attack!
[Ledbetter] This has the effect
of shaking Hideaki out of his inaction,
and the Kobayakawa troops
stream down the hill.
[soldiers yelling]
[Meyer] Imagine the reaction
of Ishida Mitsunari:
"First, my order got through.
They're on their way."
And then this mounting horror:
"Wait, they're not going
towards Ieyasu's lines,
they're coming towards my lines.
They're attacking me."
[Ledbetter] They slam into the flank
of the western army.
The commander of the flank unit
that's attacked
turned his forces to meet Kobayakawa's
attack, but was soon overwhelmed.
This double-punch
to Ishida Mitsunari's army
had the effect of rolling up the sides…
and forcing his resistance to crumble.
Mitsunari now realizes…
[in Japanese] Hideaki…
…the battle is as good as lost.
The western army's contingents remaining
did everything they could to escape.
Many, of course, would be ridden down
by the victorious opponents…
- and killed.
- [groans]
Immediately after the battle
would be a scene of chaos.
[Segal] Many of the leading generals
of the losing side fled the scene,
including Mitsunari,
but Ieyasu's forces
were able to capture a number of them.
[Michael Wert] Sekigahara was
a watershed moment for Ieyasu.
Because now it's clear that,
militarily speaking,
he's certainly
the greatest power in Japan.
[Meyer] For Ieyasu,
the victory at Sekigahara
puts him in what you'd call
one of the most dominant positions
of any age of Japanese history.
Most of the opposition
to his rule is gone.
[triumphant music plays]
[Auslin] Ieyasu's victory
in Sekigahara is complete,
but he has to send a signal of his victory
and Ieyasu orders the execution
of loyalists to Hideyoshi…
including Ishida Mitsunari.
Their heads are placed on stakes
to announce for all intents and purposes
that the Toyotomi coalition is done
and that the supreme power
in the land is now Tokugawa Ieyasu.
[dramatic music plays]
In the wake of Sekigahara,
Ieyasu makes a controversial decision
against the advice of his generals
and loyal retainers.
Even though he's destroyed
the coalition that fought
to protect Hideyoshi's young heir,
Hideyori,
Ieyasu decides not to kill the young man.
Instead, he lets him live in Osaka Castle
under the stewardship of his mother,
Lady Chacha.
[Meyer] Date Masamune will send
a letter to Tokugawa Ieyasu.
He will say,
"Ieyasu, if you do not keep this boy
at your side and raise him yourself…
all of your enemies will gather around him
and pour poison in his ear,
and that will turn him against you."
Ieyasu, however,
seems to have felt differently.
Keeping some distance and allowing
Hideyori to be his own man
would allow Hideyori to accept
the idea of Tokugawa rule.
That decision,
sentimental you might even call it,
turns out to be a mistake.
[narrator] Ieyasu now moves to tighten
his stranglehold on Japan.
All daimyo who opposed him at Sekigahara
are killed or stripped
of their lands and titles.
They are then moved
to the fringes of the country,
far from influence and power.
All those who supported him are moved
closer to the center and richly rewarded.
By doing so, Ieyasu has created
a buffer zone of loyal supporters
to prevent any threat of attack.
This far-reaching relocation system
will protect Ieyasu and forever change
the political makeup of Japan.
It was a genius scheme.
We have to remember
that neither Nobunaga nor Hideyoshi
had come up
with a viable political equilibrium.
Uh, one that could last.
And Ieyasu did.
[Benesch] So, while many people benefited
greatly from the Battle of Sekigahara,
the same cannot necessarily be said
for Kobayakawa Hideaki.
[Meyer] Despite the fact that Kobayakawa's
defection sealed the deal…
It's the reason Ieyasu won.
…Ieyasu did not trust him.
He betrayed one master.
What's to say he wouldn't betray another?
[Kitagawa] Hideaki was tormented
and also felt so guilty
of betraying his original house,
which was the Toyotomi,
that he literally became insane.
[Benesch] And within two years…
he drank himself to death.
[Meyer] Ieyasu has, really, in many ways,
secured his position.
He's redistributed these lords
in a way that is beneficial to him,
he's established
his dominance over the country,
but Ieyasu, very importantly, I think,
wants to establish himself
as a warrior leader first and foremost,
not someone who is bound
too tightly to the old imperial court.
In 1603, he takes the final step
to cement his legitimacy.
He'll be invested
with this title of Shogun.
[Wert] One thing to remember
about the Shogun title
is that throughout
much of Japanese history,
it was not a very influential,
powerful or even desirable title.
Many of the Shogun were simply puppets.
Ieyasu recreates the Shogun title
as a position of power,
invigorating it and allowing him
to control all of Japan.
[dramatic music plays]
Once Ieyasu is given the title of Shogun,
he is, for the first time since
the collapse of central power
in the mid-15th century,
standing at the apex of power in Japan.
[Auslin] It seems to everyone
that 130 years of civil war
have finally come to an end.
But just over a decade later,
talk of full rebellion is brewing.
Those who had never reconciled
themselves to the victory of the Tokugawa
begin to coalesce around the one man
who could legitimately challenge
Ieyasu for power…
Toyotomi Hideyori,
Hideyoshi's trueborn heir.
[Segal] After the victory at Sekigahara,
Ieyasu did not take
any direct action against Hideyori,
the heir to Hideyoshi's title.
And the boy was able to grow up
retaining his position.
Over the years,
many people came to see Hideyori
as an alternative
to Ieyasu's rise to power.
In particular,
some of the masterless samurai,
the ronin,
who've been left without position
following the Battle of Sekigahara.
He also has, for lack of a better word,
"supporters" all over the country.
[Benesch] Although Hideyori himself
becomes a rallying point
for many dissatisfied
with the Tokugawa order…
it is questionable to what extent
he himself would have wanted
to challenge Ieyasu.
Ieyasu was, obviously, militarily,
much more powerful,
and it seems that Hideyori
would have wanted to avoid a conflict.
[in Japanese] Silence!
[dramatic music plays]
Your Highness,
you must not listen to them.
If you beg for your life,
you'll be playing
right into Tokugawa's hands.
Even his own mother,
one of his closest advisers,
Lady Yodo, sometimes called Chacha,
will begin to push her son
to more actively defy Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Often, actually, in defiance
of advice from his own retainers,
many of whom suggest
it's better to wait for Ieyasu to die
and to challenge his younger son,
who may be less effective as a ruler.
[in Japanese] If you are a samurai,
think about regaining Toyotomi rule!
Mother…
Chacha does not want to wait.
She wants the challenge to happen now.
Please stop.
I want all of you to leave.
Get out!
[Benesch]
Regardless of Hideyori's intentions,
from the fact that tens of thousands
and perhaps up to 60,000 people
were gathering
around Hideyori at Osaka Castle,
seemed to Tokugawa Ieyasu
to show that a rebellion was brewing.
- [birds chirping]
- [dramatic music plays]
[suspenseful music plays]
[Auslin] Ieyasu was blessed
with having a lot of sons.
He knew that his family
was going to survive…
if there were no credible
power alternatives,
and Hideyori
is a credible power alternative.
He has become a magnet
for those disaffected with Tokugawa rule.
- [in Japanese] Kill Hideyori.
- Yes, sir.
If Ieyasu wants to
leave this Earth assured
that his family will survive
and his work will continue,
he must destroy Hideyori.
[birds chirping]
[Meyer] He determines now to do something
he begins to think
he should have done years ago.
Wipe out the last traces
of the Toyotomi bloodline.
[dramatic music plays]
[narrator] Ieyasu marches 194,000 troops
to besiege Osaka Castle.
Joined by loyal allies,
including Date Masamune,
thousands die as Ieyasu's forces
lay siege to the fortress.
The fighting is ferocious,
but the defenders hold fast.
But, finally, in June 1615,
Osaka Castle's formidable defenses fall.
[crackling]
[Benesch] After many months
of fighting and siege,
the Tokugawa cannons
are raining down on Osaka Castle.
Parts of the castle are burning.
[chokes]
[cannons firing in distance]
[Auslin] Hideyori must have known
that it was over.
He'd become a pawn for those
dissatisfied with Tokugawa rule,
and he'd been manipulated
into starting a war he could not win.
[crackling]
The flames are rising
through Osaka Castle.
It's clear that any more resistance
is futile.
[cannons firing in distance]
[dramatic music plays]
[groans]
[groans softly]
[choking cough]
[gasps]
[coughs]
[thuds]
[flames crackling]
[Auslin] The destruction of Osaka Castle
was as if all of the final energies
of the civil war period
were being played out,
that there would be nothing left.
It all had to be destroyed
in order that a new era could be born.
There's no more fighting to be done.
It's finally over.
Everyone understands that.
And Ieyasu has outlasted everyone.
[Meyer] The Tokugawa now have
a complete stranglehold on power.
[somber music plays]
[Auslin] Ieyasu didn't have long
to see the fruits of his last victory.
A year after the fall of Osaka Castle,
he lays dying
from probably stomach cancer.
[Spafford] When Ieyasu is on his deathbed,
many of the great figures of the land
come and visit to pay their respects.
[somber music plays]
And among these is Date Masamune,
who is said to have visited Ieyasu
and read him poetry.
[Auslin] It appears they had
a great mutual respect for each other.
And clearly Date had acted as a loyal ally
in the years after Sekigahara.
[somber music continues]
Tokugawa Ieyasu, an old badger,
a wily old creature who had survived
the storms and battles…
passed away…
having simply outlived all of his enemies.
[wind whistling]
[Auslin] The great warlords,
through this entire period,
were the ones who understood
that there was something beyond war.
That's what Tokugawa Ieyasu gives them,
is that chance.
He's created an incredibly durable system
for governing Japan
in an era after war.
He was lucky in that he had many sons.
He had a line that could continue on.
So, he had luck, but he had wisdom.
And because of that,
the system that he created
lasted for two and a half centuries.
It's an incredible achievement.
[dramatic music plays]
[Meyer] Tokugawa Ieyasu's death
marks the passing of this era,
where, all of a sudden,
this military order is falling away
and the samurai now are warriors
who rule over a country at peace.
- [groans]
- [soldiers yelling]
[Auslin] They have known
nothing but battle
- for a century.
- [screams]
[Auslin] They are born into it,
raised into it.
They are educated into it.
These are probably the greatest warriors
history has ever known.
All of a sudden, there's no war.
[dramatic music plays]
[thunder cracks]
[Meyer] Very quickly, you see this
incredible transformation of the samurai.
Instead of focusing purely on war
and conflict and strategy…
there's an increasing focus on philosophy,
duty, honor.
What does it mean to serve?
What does it mean
to be a warrior in an age of peace?
And so, within just a couple of decades,
the samurai are in many ways
unrecognizable from what they had been.
[Auslin] But the samurais' legacy
in the transformation of a country
from one of bloody civil war to peace
stands like a colossus over Japan.
The century of warfare,
as tragic as it was,
and as destructive and brutal as it was,
provided 250 years of peace,
and that's an achievement that is
actually quite rare in human history.
[closing theme plays]
- [in Japanese] Attack!
- [all yelling]
[opening theme plays]
[narrator in English] 1598,
after ending 120 years of civil war,
and reunifying Japan under his banner,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi,
the supreme ruler of Japan, lays dead.
In a desperate attempt
to protect his dynasty,
just before his death,
Hideyoshi created
a council of five powerful warlords.
They are to govern Japan
until his young son comes of age.
The fate of Japan
now rests on a knife edge.
If the council collapses,
Japan will be plunged back into anarchy
and everything Hideyoshi
worked to achieve will be destroyed.
[suspenseful music plays]
[David Spafford] The five elders were
of great powerful families.
And putting them together
is meant to create a perfect balance
among them
so that none of them
will have the upper hand.
[Isaac Meyer] Maeda Toshiie will be
stationed in Osaka Castle…
and will be the one responsible
for raising young Hideyori,
for managing his education, preparing him
for the rigors of leading the country.
[Auslin] Everyone understands
that because Hideyori
will not attain his majority for years,
that there is a chance for one of
them to become the supreme power.
This is the fatal flaw
of Hideyoshi's life,
that everything he worked for
is now thrown into doubt
because of the age of his heir.
[imperceptible]
[Spafford] Daimyos started preparing
either to be the one daimyo
who's going to take over…
or to organize to prevent
a rival from doing so.
[Auslin] Tokugawa Ieyasu is,
by this point,
the most powerful daimyo in Japan.
So, he's really given ultimate authority.
He's basically put in charge
of the entire government.
[Spafford] Tokugawa Ieyasu was undeniably
the most powerful warlord in the country.
His wealth and his military might
vastly exceeded anybody else's.
[Auslin] With the death of Hideyoshi,
as soon as there was a chance,
Ieyasu was in the perfect position
to become supreme ruler of Japan.
He has patiently built up his power,
he's patiently eliminated rivals,
he's patiently created alliances,
and now this is the time to make the bid
for final and supreme power in Japan.
However, in the shadows,
there was an inveterate schemer
preparing to move against Ieyasu.
[dramatic music plays]
[Auslin] And that was Ishida Mitsunari.
Ishida Mitsunari was a minor daimyo.
He didn't have anything like
the strength of Ieyasu,
but he was totally loyal
to the Toyotomi house.
[Mitsunari in Japanese] Sir.
It's time to strike.
It's now or never.
[Auslin] He did everything he could
to undermine Ieyasu's position
and to create suspicion
between Ieyasu and the other great
councilors named by Hideyoshi.
And Mitsunari seems to feel that
as long as Ieyasu is not challenged,
then he will ultimately dominate
the rest of the elders and the councilors.
And he's not willing to live with that.
He wants to either assassinate Ieyasu,
pen him in or destroy him.
[water flowing]
Ishida Mitsunari needed
allies and support.
So, he approached the veteran member
of the council, Maeda Toshiie,
a very rich daimyo
and a strong army leader in his own right.
[in Japanese] Maeda Toshiie was the only
one capable of going up against Ieyasu.
The Tokugawa family's recent deeds…
Would you please help Hideyori?
[dramatic music plays]
I didn't mean to be presumptuous.
I meant no disrespect.
[Auslin] Toshiie doesn't want to do it.
He's near the end of his life,
he's uncertain
that the campaign would succeed,
and he doesn't want to commit
to something, knowing he's about to die,
that's going to saddle his son
with a position that could
mean the destruction of their house.
So, Maeda Toshiie backs off
from confronting Tokugawa Ieyasu,
though he knows that Ieyasu
wants to depose Hideyori,
to get rid of him and to rule
in the Tokugawa family name.
[Turnbull] Toshiie died
shortly afterwards.
Now, he had been
the guardian of Toyotomi Hideyori.
So, who should take his place…
[dramatic music plays]
…but Tokugawa Ieyasu,
who moved into Osaka Castle…
so that he had immediate control
over young Hideyori.
[Horikoshi in Japanese]
This was a very big deal.
It's like a minister
suddenly coming to Buckingham Palace
in England
and telling you that
they will start living there.
[dramatic music plays]
It was an act that enraged
the other members of the regency,
because Tokugawa Ieyasu now had
the young heir under his thumb.
The council of regents
ordered Ieyasu to back off
and recognize that
Toyotomi Hideyori was the true heir
and that Ieyasu had no place
in interfering in that process.
Ieyasu saw that statement
simply as a declaration of war.
It was the chance he had been waiting for.
The daimyo of Japan
were splitting into two camps,
one that supported Tokugawa Ieyasu…
and one that supported Toyotomi Hideyori,
underneath the leadership
of Ishida Mitsunari.
The wheels were now set in motion
for the most decisive struggle for power
in the whole of Japanese history.
[suspenseful music plays]
[Segal] As the buildup to the military
confrontation starts to shape up,
Ishida Mitsunari is mobilizing men
against a potential Ieyasu coalition.
One of those are the Uesugi,
who are located north of Ieyasu.
[Ledbetter] Mitsunari's plan is that
the Uesugi would move against Ieyasu
and he would be able to crush Ieyasu
between his forces
and those of the Uesugi.
[Meyer] So, Ieyasu makes a snap decision.
He's going to call in some favors,
particularly with Date Masamune,
and assemble a force in the north
to hold off with Uesugi Kagekatsu.
[narrator] As Masamune moves
to stop the attack from the north,
Ieyasu plans to race east
to Edo to gather his forces.
But he needs time,
as Mitsunari's troops
are already on the move,
all Ieyasu's hopes now rest
on his castle at Fushimi,
a fortress that controls
the road that leads east.
[sinister music plays]
[Turnbull] For this reason, Fushimi Castle
had to be held at all costs,
to prevent Ishida Mitsunari
from moving against Ieyasu
before he was ready.
[in Japanese] The enemy
will surround this castle.
I want you to remain…
at the castle.
[Turnbull] It was defended
by his friend Torii Mototada.
Ieyasu and Torii Mototada
had been friends for many years.
[Meyer] Both men know
that holding this castle is essential
to the future of the Tokugawa family,
and also that doing so will be
a nearly impossible task.
Mototada.
[Turnbull] Both knew
that this was a suicide mission.
Torii Mototada was likely to be
outnumbered by odds of 20 to 1.
Torii Mototada was
essentially being assigned a mission
that required him to fight as long
as possible with no chance of retreat,
and with no chance of reinforcements.
[wind whistling]
[Turnbull] As Ieyasu hurried
to escape Mitsunari's army,
Torii Mototada wrote his final message.
"It would not take too much trouble
to break through
a part of their numbers and escape,
but that is not the true meaning
of being a warrior.
I will stand off the forces
of the entire country here
and die a resplendent death."
[Meyer] Ishida Mitsunari
and his 40,000-odd men attack the castle.
- [dramatic music plays]
- [men yelling]
Torii Mototada and his 2,000
fight ferociously.
- [yells]
- [groans]
Torii Mototada sent his men
into battle again and again
- against the Ishida forces.
- [yells]
[Turnbull] In an epic act of bravery,
Torii Mototada and his army
held out at Fushimi for 12 days.
[panting]
Legend states that the garrison
of Fushimi carried on fighting
until there were only ten of them left.
[inhales deeply]
[groaning]
[Turnbull] Finally,
as the castle blazed around him,
Torii Mototada
committed honorable suicide
after one of the most noble defenses
of a castle in Japanese history.
The bravery of Torii Mototada
has been absolutely crucial.
It has allowed Ieyasu
to gather his forces in Edo
to take on Ishida Mitsunari in battle.
[thunder rumbles]
[narrator] Tokugawa Ieyasu
is now ready to make his move.
He splits his force of 75,000 men
and prepares to strike at Mitsunari.
As his son leads
a large force to the north,
Ieyasu leads his main army
straight towards his enemy.
Mitsunari is now
in a highly precarious situation
and risks being outflanked
and surrounded
by the two approaching armies.
- [wind whistling]
- [birds chirping]
[in Japanese]
They're going to hold down the road…
and surround us.
Ishida Mitsunari realizes what a highly
precarious situation he's now in.
Ieyasu could potentially get around him
and cut Mitsunari's line of retreat.
[in Japanese] I won't let that happen.
We will meet them
on the road and attack.
[Turnbull] Ishida Mitsunari
made a dramatic decision.
He would not risk being caught
by Ieyasu's approaching forces.
He therefore decided to march out
and make a stand on the road
and destroy Ieyasu's army when it arrived.
The place he chose
was a narrow valley called Sekigahara.
[Kazuhiko in Japanese] This was
a very good strategy for Mitsunari.
He thought it would be more
advantageous to fight at Sekigahara
than in Ogaki Castle.
[Turnbull] If you choose to fight
a battle in a narrow valley
and you control the mountains around,
which Ishida did,
you can draw your opponent towards you
and then attack him from three sides.
It was an excellent choice.
[in Japanese] Tell the soldiers.
Tighten the defenses
before the enemy arrives.
Go!
[Turnbull] Ishida Mitsunari
had the time to arrange his forces
in the best possible defensive position.
He himself straddled the road
awaiting Ieyasu's attack head-on.
- [dramatic music plays]
- [in Japanese] Hideaki…
Put your troops on the mountain.
When I give the signal,
come down the mountain
and attack Ieyasu from the side.
[Turnbull] To guard his left flank
and to avoid encirclement by Ieyasu,
he sent Kobayakawa Hideaki
to take up position overlooking the road.
When battle was joined
the following morning,
he would light a signal fire
and then Kobayakawa Hideaki
would descend from his strategic position
and attack the Tokugawa
on their right flank,
bringing about total victory.
However, Mitsunari is somewhat disliked
by many of the daimyo who are
supporting Toyotomi Hideyori's cause.
This dislike and distrust
of Ishida Mitsunari
as overall commander came back
to bite him in several ways.
One of the most important is
with the case of Kobayakawa Hideaki.
[Turnbull] The main basis
for the resentment
that Hideaki felt against Ishida Mitsunari
was from Ishida's role
during the Korean invasion.
[dramatic music plays]
[soldiers groan]
[all yelling]
[groans]
Ishida Mitsunari
was appointed by Hideyoshi
as the Inspector General
of the Japanese forces
and had been highly critical
of young Hideaki's performance.
News had gone back to Hideyoshi,
who had stripped Hideaki
of many of his rights,
privileges and lands.
[horse neighs]
[Turnbull] In the crucial hours
leading up to the battle,
Tokugawa Ieyasu received
an unexpected communication.
Hideaki had decided to turn traitor.
Once battle was joined,
Hideaki would join Ieyasu instead
and launch a devastating attack
on Mitsunari's army.
If this were to happen, it would greatly
tip the balance in favor of Ieyasu.
For all we know, Hideaki could well
have been playing both sides
to see who was likely to win,
and then he would make his
decision whom to support.
Of course, until the battle began,
Ieyasu could not be 100% sure
that Hideaki would change sides.
Tokugawa Ieyasu was facing
the most difficult
and dangerous decision of his life.
In the end, it was a huge gamble,
but one he had to take.
[dramatic music plays]
[Meyer] Tokugawa Ieyasu moves
to Sekigahara.
If, as some of his generals believe,
this letter is a trick,
then Ieyasu may have just
thrown it all away.
[soldiers marching]
[Turnbull] Ieyasu arrived
and all he could see roundabout
were fires burning
up on the mountains,
which indicated the fortified positions
that Ishida's army had
had the leisure to erect.
It was a huge challenge to face.
Ieyasu seemed to be at a disadvantage
because Ieyasu's son, Hidetada,
had not arrived with an additional
30,000-plus troops he was counting on.
This threatens the very survival
of Ieyasu's forces.
[Turnbull] All they could do was prepare
as best they could for the coming battle.
In a couple of hours' time,
the fog would lift
and the most decisive battle
in Japan would begin.
[dramatic music plays]
[narrator] As the sides line up
at Sekigahara,
Mitsunari has the upper hand.
His 120,000 men control the high ground.
When battle commences,
Mitsunari aims to bring down
the wings of his formation,
crushing Ieyasu from three sides.
At the base of the valley,
Ieyasu is in the weaker position
and outnumbered almost three-to-two.
With his son and his forces still absent,
all his hopes now depend
on Hideaki's promise of betrayal.
[thunder rumbling in distance]
[dramatic music plays]
[Meyer] On the day of the battle
of Sekigahara,
there's fog early in the morning,
so the two sides cannot see each other
very clearly.
When that fog starts
to lift early in the morning,
Ieyasu sees precisely
what's in front of him.
This entrenched position
held by Mitsunari.
He is outnumbered, it's true.
But on the flip side, Mitsunari does not
have very much battlefield experience.
He's never directed a battle himself.
He's only ever been a subcommander.
[suspenseful music plays]
[dramatic music plays]
[in Japanese] Attack!
[all yelling]
- [arquebuses fire]
- [blades clang]
Mitsunari has had time
to prepare defenses.
As a result, Ieyasu's forces
are forced to push forward at great cost.
It's a tremendous slog.
[all yelling]
[Ledbetter] We have hand-to-hand fighting,
spearmen and pikemen
fighting with each other.
On the flanks, you have contingents
of arquebusiers firing at the enemy.
The fighting devolves
into an intense slog.
It is chaotic, it is confusing
and it is extremely brutal.
[soldiers groan]
[Ledbetter] It's controlled chaos.
As the battle progresses, neither side is
really able to gain much of an advantage.
This is simply going to be a contest to
see which side can outmuscle the other.
[fighting continues]
[in Japanese] Raise the signal.
[Ledbetter] Ishida realizes that he needs
to force some of his troops
to enter the battle.
He gives the prearranged signal
to Kobayakawa Hideaki to attack
the Tokugawa forces in the flank.
However…
[dramatic music plays]
…Hideaki's troops don't move.
Ieyasu also sees that
the Kobayakawa are not moving.
The Kobayakawa forces
continue to hold position.
And after a while,
Ieyasu also becomes a bit nervous
about what they're going to do.
Ieyasu then makes
a carefully calculated move
that will go down
in the history of Japanese folklore.
[in Japanese] Fire!
He is supposed to have ordered his
arquebuses to fire at Hideaki's position,
forcing Hideaki to choose
one way or the other.
It's time to pick a side.
[in Japanese] Attack!
[Ledbetter] This has the effect
of shaking Hideaki out of his inaction,
and the Kobayakawa troops
stream down the hill.
[soldiers yelling]
[Meyer] Imagine the reaction
of Ishida Mitsunari:
"First, my order got through.
They're on their way."
And then this mounting horror:
"Wait, they're not going
towards Ieyasu's lines,
they're coming towards my lines.
They're attacking me."
[Ledbetter] They slam into the flank
of the western army.
The commander of the flank unit
that's attacked
turned his forces to meet Kobayakawa's
attack, but was soon overwhelmed.
This double-punch
to Ishida Mitsunari's army
had the effect of rolling up the sides…
and forcing his resistance to crumble.
Mitsunari now realizes…
[in Japanese] Hideaki…
…the battle is as good as lost.
The western army's contingents remaining
did everything they could to escape.
Many, of course, would be ridden down
by the victorious opponents…
- and killed.
- [groans]
Immediately after the battle
would be a scene of chaos.
[Segal] Many of the leading generals
of the losing side fled the scene,
including Mitsunari,
but Ieyasu's forces
were able to capture a number of them.
[Michael Wert] Sekigahara was
a watershed moment for Ieyasu.
Because now it's clear that,
militarily speaking,
he's certainly
the greatest power in Japan.
[Meyer] For Ieyasu,
the victory at Sekigahara
puts him in what you'd call
one of the most dominant positions
of any age of Japanese history.
Most of the opposition
to his rule is gone.
[triumphant music plays]
[Auslin] Ieyasu's victory
in Sekigahara is complete,
but he has to send a signal of his victory
and Ieyasu orders the execution
of loyalists to Hideyoshi…
including Ishida Mitsunari.
Their heads are placed on stakes
to announce for all intents and purposes
that the Toyotomi coalition is done
and that the supreme power
in the land is now Tokugawa Ieyasu.
[dramatic music plays]
In the wake of Sekigahara,
Ieyasu makes a controversial decision
against the advice of his generals
and loyal retainers.
Even though he's destroyed
the coalition that fought
to protect Hideyoshi's young heir,
Hideyori,
Ieyasu decides not to kill the young man.
Instead, he lets him live in Osaka Castle
under the stewardship of his mother,
Lady Chacha.
[Meyer] Date Masamune will send
a letter to Tokugawa Ieyasu.
He will say,
"Ieyasu, if you do not keep this boy
at your side and raise him yourself…
all of your enemies will gather around him
and pour poison in his ear,
and that will turn him against you."
Ieyasu, however,
seems to have felt differently.
Keeping some distance and allowing
Hideyori to be his own man
would allow Hideyori to accept
the idea of Tokugawa rule.
That decision,
sentimental you might even call it,
turns out to be a mistake.
[narrator] Ieyasu now moves to tighten
his stranglehold on Japan.
All daimyo who opposed him at Sekigahara
are killed or stripped
of their lands and titles.
They are then moved
to the fringes of the country,
far from influence and power.
All those who supported him are moved
closer to the center and richly rewarded.
By doing so, Ieyasu has created
a buffer zone of loyal supporters
to prevent any threat of attack.
This far-reaching relocation system
will protect Ieyasu and forever change
the political makeup of Japan.
It was a genius scheme.
We have to remember
that neither Nobunaga nor Hideyoshi
had come up
with a viable political equilibrium.
Uh, one that could last.
And Ieyasu did.
[Benesch] So, while many people benefited
greatly from the Battle of Sekigahara,
the same cannot necessarily be said
for Kobayakawa Hideaki.
[Meyer] Despite the fact that Kobayakawa's
defection sealed the deal…
It's the reason Ieyasu won.
…Ieyasu did not trust him.
He betrayed one master.
What's to say he wouldn't betray another?
[Kitagawa] Hideaki was tormented
and also felt so guilty
of betraying his original house,
which was the Toyotomi,
that he literally became insane.
[Benesch] And within two years…
he drank himself to death.
[Meyer] Ieyasu has, really, in many ways,
secured his position.
He's redistributed these lords
in a way that is beneficial to him,
he's established
his dominance over the country,
but Ieyasu, very importantly, I think,
wants to establish himself
as a warrior leader first and foremost,
not someone who is bound
too tightly to the old imperial court.
In 1603, he takes the final step
to cement his legitimacy.
He'll be invested
with this title of Shogun.
[Wert] One thing to remember
about the Shogun title
is that throughout
much of Japanese history,
it was not a very influential,
powerful or even desirable title.
Many of the Shogun were simply puppets.
Ieyasu recreates the Shogun title
as a position of power,
invigorating it and allowing him
to control all of Japan.
[dramatic music plays]
Once Ieyasu is given the title of Shogun,
he is, for the first time since
the collapse of central power
in the mid-15th century,
standing at the apex of power in Japan.
[Auslin] It seems to everyone
that 130 years of civil war
have finally come to an end.
But just over a decade later,
talk of full rebellion is brewing.
Those who had never reconciled
themselves to the victory of the Tokugawa
begin to coalesce around the one man
who could legitimately challenge
Ieyasu for power…
Toyotomi Hideyori,
Hideyoshi's trueborn heir.
[Segal] After the victory at Sekigahara,
Ieyasu did not take
any direct action against Hideyori,
the heir to Hideyoshi's title.
And the boy was able to grow up
retaining his position.
Over the years,
many people came to see Hideyori
as an alternative
to Ieyasu's rise to power.
In particular,
some of the masterless samurai,
the ronin,
who've been left without position
following the Battle of Sekigahara.
He also has, for lack of a better word,
"supporters" all over the country.
[Benesch] Although Hideyori himself
becomes a rallying point
for many dissatisfied
with the Tokugawa order…
it is questionable to what extent
he himself would have wanted
to challenge Ieyasu.
Ieyasu was, obviously, militarily,
much more powerful,
and it seems that Hideyori
would have wanted to avoid a conflict.
[in Japanese] Silence!
[dramatic music plays]
Your Highness,
you must not listen to them.
If you beg for your life,
you'll be playing
right into Tokugawa's hands.
Even his own mother,
one of his closest advisers,
Lady Yodo, sometimes called Chacha,
will begin to push her son
to more actively defy Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Often, actually, in defiance
of advice from his own retainers,
many of whom suggest
it's better to wait for Ieyasu to die
and to challenge his younger son,
who may be less effective as a ruler.
[in Japanese] If you are a samurai,
think about regaining Toyotomi rule!
Mother…
Chacha does not want to wait.
She wants the challenge to happen now.
Please stop.
I want all of you to leave.
Get out!
[Benesch]
Regardless of Hideyori's intentions,
from the fact that tens of thousands
and perhaps up to 60,000 people
were gathering
around Hideyori at Osaka Castle,
seemed to Tokugawa Ieyasu
to show that a rebellion was brewing.
- [birds chirping]
- [dramatic music plays]
[suspenseful music plays]
[Auslin] Ieyasu was blessed
with having a lot of sons.
He knew that his family
was going to survive…
if there were no credible
power alternatives,
and Hideyori
is a credible power alternative.
He has become a magnet
for those disaffected with Tokugawa rule.
- [in Japanese] Kill Hideyori.
- Yes, sir.
If Ieyasu wants to
leave this Earth assured
that his family will survive
and his work will continue,
he must destroy Hideyori.
[birds chirping]
[Meyer] He determines now to do something
he begins to think
he should have done years ago.
Wipe out the last traces
of the Toyotomi bloodline.
[dramatic music plays]
[narrator] Ieyasu marches 194,000 troops
to besiege Osaka Castle.
Joined by loyal allies,
including Date Masamune,
thousands die as Ieyasu's forces
lay siege to the fortress.
The fighting is ferocious,
but the defenders hold fast.
But, finally, in June 1615,
Osaka Castle's formidable defenses fall.
[crackling]
[Benesch] After many months
of fighting and siege,
the Tokugawa cannons
are raining down on Osaka Castle.
Parts of the castle are burning.
[chokes]
[cannons firing in distance]
[Auslin] Hideyori must have known
that it was over.
He'd become a pawn for those
dissatisfied with Tokugawa rule,
and he'd been manipulated
into starting a war he could not win.
[crackling]
The flames are rising
through Osaka Castle.
It's clear that any more resistance
is futile.
[cannons firing in distance]
[dramatic music plays]
[groans]
[groans softly]
[choking cough]
[gasps]
[coughs]
[thuds]
[flames crackling]
[Auslin] The destruction of Osaka Castle
was as if all of the final energies
of the civil war period
were being played out,
that there would be nothing left.
It all had to be destroyed
in order that a new era could be born.
There's no more fighting to be done.
It's finally over.
Everyone understands that.
And Ieyasu has outlasted everyone.
[Meyer] The Tokugawa now have
a complete stranglehold on power.
[somber music plays]
[Auslin] Ieyasu didn't have long
to see the fruits of his last victory.
A year after the fall of Osaka Castle,
he lays dying
from probably stomach cancer.
[Spafford] When Ieyasu is on his deathbed,
many of the great figures of the land
come and visit to pay their respects.
[somber music plays]
And among these is Date Masamune,
who is said to have visited Ieyasu
and read him poetry.
[Auslin] It appears they had
a great mutual respect for each other.
And clearly Date had acted as a loyal ally
in the years after Sekigahara.
[somber music continues]
Tokugawa Ieyasu, an old badger,
a wily old creature who had survived
the storms and battles…
passed away…
having simply outlived all of his enemies.
[wind whistling]
[Auslin] The great warlords,
through this entire period,
were the ones who understood
that there was something beyond war.
That's what Tokugawa Ieyasu gives them,
is that chance.
He's created an incredibly durable system
for governing Japan
in an era after war.
He was lucky in that he had many sons.
He had a line that could continue on.
So, he had luck, but he had wisdom.
And because of that,
the system that he created
lasted for two and a half centuries.
It's an incredible achievement.
[dramatic music plays]
[Meyer] Tokugawa Ieyasu's death
marks the passing of this era,
where, all of a sudden,
this military order is falling away
and the samurai now are warriors
who rule over a country at peace.
- [groans]
- [soldiers yelling]
[Auslin] They have known
nothing but battle
- for a century.
- [screams]
[Auslin] They are born into it,
raised into it.
They are educated into it.
These are probably the greatest warriors
history has ever known.
All of a sudden, there's no war.
[dramatic music plays]
[thunder cracks]
[Meyer] Very quickly, you see this
incredible transformation of the samurai.
Instead of focusing purely on war
and conflict and strategy…
there's an increasing focus on philosophy,
duty, honor.
What does it mean to serve?
What does it mean
to be a warrior in an age of peace?
And so, within just a couple of decades,
the samurai are in many ways
unrecognizable from what they had been.
[Auslin] But the samurais' legacy
in the transformation of a country
from one of bloody civil war to peace
stands like a colossus over Japan.
The century of warfare,
as tragic as it was,
and as destructive and brutal as it was,
provided 250 years of peace,
and that's an achievement that is
actually quite rare in human history.
[closing theme plays]