Um Novo Capitalismo (2017) - full transcript

OXFAM has launched a report showing that the richest 1% of the population owns the same wealth as the other 99%. What could be done to build a fairer world in such a social inequality? ...

[man speaking in Portuguese]
We decided to make this film in 2008.

The first country we visited was India,
in October, 2008,

when the American Congress

announced the largest private
bank rescue plan in history.

[laughs]

That same month, there is an ancient
festival in India called Diwali.

It's a sacred festival celebrating
the victory of good over evil

inside every human being.

After that crisis,
social inequality only got worse.

According to a study from Oxfam,
the world's 63 richest people together...

SOCIAL INVESTOR - VOX CAPITAL



...are just as wealthy as the world's
3.5 billion poorest people.

The stories we want to tell in this film
try to demonstrate that restlessness

towards the extreme inequality
we see around the world.

After all, what is the legacy each one
of us wants to leave to the world?

What kind of society do we want to build
to be more sustainable and more inclusive?

A NEW CAPITALISM

[in English] Poverty is darkness.

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR - GRAMEEN BANK

You don't see anything at the end,
what's happening. It's...

You are trapped in a--
in a kind of a box,

uh, where you don't see any opening.

[horns honking]

[man] I remember vividly when I was hardly
four or five years old.

Next door, two houses away,



I heard shouting
and yelling in the early morning.

And I was told that the pregnant woman,
during delivery, died.

FOUNDER - ARAVIND EYE CARE SYSTEM

That lady must have been hardly about 20
at that time,

and that upsets me.

A young woman hardly 20 years old
suddenly dying

and you don't see her anymore.

And I thought,
can we do something to prevent it?

[children clamoring]

[in Hindi] Earlier, I was cutting edges.
Later on, I couldn't do that.

Due to blindness, I could cut wrongly.

So I started to work as a sweeper.

Slowly, I started to have
blurred eyesight.

I went and told my uncle
about my eye problem.

After sunset, I couldn't see.

One day, my mother fell sick.

So my son and I went to buy medicine.

On the way, I had an accident with a bike.

In the darkness, I couldn't see the light.

I cried out to my son.

Then he came near me.

With his help,

I crossed the road and came home.

I came and cried to my mother.

I told her that I had an accident.

She consoled me.
We asked someone for help.

I feel at times, if I become blind,
my son will become an orphan.

How will we lead our life?
At times, I felt like that.

ABOUT 39 MILLION PEOPLE
IN THE WORLD ARE BLIND.

AND 8 MILLION OF THEM ARE IN INDIA.

[woman speaking in English] So cataract
is basically a clouding of the lens.

So the lens normally is a clear
and crystalline structure

and this opacifies over time.

But we can prevent blindness
because of cataract.

And that is done through the help
of a simple surgery

where we remove this opacified lens

and instead implant a plastic IOL lens
or similar power to the eye,

so the patient will be able to see
very well after the surgery.

ARAVIND EYE HOSPITAL

[in English] We have a hospital here,
in Aravind, in Madurai,

or any of our locations.

CHAIRMAN - ARAVIND EYE CARE SYSTEM

We have a paying hospital
and a free hospital.

If you see the paying hospital,
if we get about 1000 patients here,

we'll get maybe, like, 300 patients
in the free hospitals.

[in English] I don't insist that the man
must pay me before I do anything for him.

I say, "I'll give you the sight, man."

Let him give whatever he can give.
If he cannot afford, it doesn't matter.

He can give later.

AT AVARIND, AN APPOINTMENT
COSTS LESS THAN A DOLLAR.

THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS

THAT CHOOSE TO PAY
FOR THE APPOINTMENT

IS THREE TIMES HIGHER THAN THE ONES

THAT SEEK FREE
OR SUBSIDIZED TREATMENTS.

PEOPLE PREFER PAYING A SMALL
AMOUNT THAN NOT PAYING AT ALL.

THAT SYSTEM ENSURES
THE SERVICE'S SURVIVAL

AND PRESERVES THE PATIENT'S DIGNITY.

[in Hindi] Before coming here,
at home, I couldn't see properly.

The vision was partial.

In this eye,
there was a burning sensation.

When I had burning,
I used to remain at home.

By God's grace, I'm making the effort
and trying to do business successfully.

[in English] There is also the problem
of having blind people...

OPHTHALMOLOGIST ARAVIND
EYE CARE SYSTEM

...in the age group who are productive.

And, at that age,
if someone is not able to see,

they cannot support their family,

in which case they become a burden
to the family.

And it's not just them they'll have--
find difficulty supporting,

but the family also.

Someone has to stay back at home
and take care of them.

So that kind of ruins their life
the next ten, 20, 30 years after that.

[indistinct chatter]

[Nageswari speaking in Hindi] I thought
of even admitting my son in an orphanage.

When I had eyesight problem,
I told my uncle.

Uncle took me to the hospital.
He inquired here.

I was taken to the doctor.
After consulting them, I got operated on.

[both speaking in Hindi]

[in English] Initially, Dr. Venkataswamy,
like, he always--

he was very much

for the fact that we had to make
eye care accessible to all,

irrespective of the amount
they were able to pay.

So there was a concept
of trying to give eye care

at a very subsidized rate
or even for free.

Uh, even at that stage, it was found

that there is still a lot of blindness
in the villages.

And then it was found that the patients
did not come for eye care

for various other reasons.

For example, they had a big inhibition
about trying to go to this big city,

a new hospital, a new place.

The council asked how they would get to--
The transportation was an issue.

The cost of it was an issue.

So having all these factors figured out,

then evolved the concept
of having community outreach.

That's when we had
the eye camps initiated,

and then teams started to go out
to the different rural areas,

and the message was spread.

So then the patients found it much easier
to come on that specific date,

and they would get their eyes checked up.

And if surgery was required,

they are brought in by the same van
to the hospital to have surgery,

and dropped off back at the point

where they were picked up
in their own villages.

[speaking in Hindi]

[speaking in Hindi]

[Dr. Ravindran in English] His concept,
he had been to America several times,

and he had seen McDonald's shops
all over America.

And he found that
the infrastructure being the same,

the quality of service is the same,
and the product quality is the same.

So he felt that if we are able to do
the same thing,

they can create similar infrastructures,

train people to do cataract surgeries
the same way,

take care of the preoperative care,
post-operative care,

all that in a particular way,

we may be able to take care
of the problem of the blindness.

Because the cataract

constitutes maybe 80 percent
of the blindness at that point of time.

FREE LODGING

THE SECOND MOST POPULATED
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD, INDIA,

HAS AROUND 1.26 BILLION INHABITANTS.

AROUND 46.5 MILLION
HAVE BEEN TO THE ARAVIND.

[Dr. Ravindran in English]
The most expensive thing

[stammering] is to create
the infrastructure,

having the equipment instruments,
setting up the operating room, all that.

Second is the human resources,
especially the doctors.

If you have a way to maximize
the productivity of your doctor,

maximize the productivity and usage time
of your equipment instruments,

then definitely you can make surplus
from your operations.

One thing we do is, uh...

to make sure that doctors do
what they daily have to do.

Which means we have a lot
of delegation of responsibilities

to the paramedical manpower,
who are not so expensive.

So ophthalmologists do a lot
of measurements.

So instead of the doctors doing it,

we have the paramedical ophthalmic
personnel do that work, like our nurses.

[speaking in Hindi]

[in English] The surgeon's whole energy
was into trying to do the surgery

much better and in light kind of times,

so they'll also be much faster
because they've been doing it for so long.

And when they do volume, they tend to see
more problem cases, more complex cases,

And with that,
their skill level will also improve.

[in English]
Like all of the major hospitals,

both are paying outpatient department
and a free outpatient one.

Both are separate.

So anybody who goes into paying or free,
it is up to them,

we don't force anybody.

Even if somebody goes
to the free hospital,

we don't ask for any document

to show that they are socially
or economically backward.

So we leave that choice to the patient.

[in English] In terms of surgery
or in terms of the amount

you expect on each surgery,

it does not matter
if it's a patient who can pay

or if it's someone who does not pay
for his own surgery.

But what does matter is we might do
a different technique

for a patient who pays.

For example, if a patient is paying
for a multifocal eye lens

so he can have the latest technology.

So that obviously we have
a small difference there,

but in terms of looking at the amount
of respect you'd give to that surgery

or in terms of complication-free,
or the quality, or the amount of time,

it would be the same, irrespective
if they are paying or the free surgery.

In the free hospital,
we have those patients

who have not as severely advanced
cataracts or a very severe pathology.

If you look at these patients
from some of these camps,

but for this camp,
probably they would be at home blind.

So you know that they're making
a life-changing experience for them

with this simple five-minute procedure.

So that gives certainly
a lot of satisfaction.

That is something which the surgeons
definitely do, uh, value a lot.

-[horn honking]
-[people clamoring]

[speaking in Hindi]

[music playing on radio]

[Nageswari in Hindi] After getting
operated on, I could see and walk well.

Now the eyesight is very clear,
I could see clearly and walk around.

When I go out with my son,
I can see clearly.

He is also satisfied now.

First, I worked as a cleaner.

I take and give cloth pieces to them.
They'll stitch those pieces.

Now I help her in the household work.

I can cook on the stove, too.
With that, I do the household work also.

I could see clearly
after keeping that lens.

I felt very happy.

[Dr. Ravindran in English]
Today, the blindness of the world

may be the failure to see

the suffering of a lot more of our own
brothers and sisters across the world.

[speaking in Hindi]

[in Portuguese] The easiest way to think
about this new model of companies

that have an impact,
that can be called "social business,"

is thinking about two axes.

On one of them,
you have the search for financial return.

On the other,
you have the search for social impact.

And there are some businesses
that intend to be on that second quadrant.

So how can I have both positive impact
and positive return?

While in traditional logic,
you have "either, or."

Either I do this, or I do that.

I think a really meaningful innovation
is thinking of "and,"

because we see it is clearly possible
to have both things.

[man in Portuguese] From all students
that begin high school in Brazil,

about half stay behind.

They either don't finish school
or they start working,

or they don't do anything,
but they don't finish it.

FOUNDER - GEEKIE

From the half that does finish school,

ten percent have the expected knowledge,
not above that,

of Portuguese and mathematics.

This is Brazil's reality.

These people are working out there,

going to companies,
working on foundations,

on government departments.

That is the manpower Brazil has.

That is the qualification
of the people in our country today.

That is inequality.

THE FASTEST WAY TO ENEM

ALREADY REGISTERED

[Claudio] Project Geekie Games
is our ENEM product,

that is, our idea is to help people
to do better on ENEM.

ENEM IS AN EXAM THAT ALLOWS ACCESS

TO PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
ALL OVER BRAZIL.

GEEKIE GAMES
PROVIDES ENEM SIMULATIONS

AND CREATES PERSONALIZED
STUDY PLANS.

ENEM is the doorway
to federal universities, scholarships,

to student funding.

So ENEM became a huge opportunity,

especially for students of public schools

to either do professionalizing courses
or go to a federal university.

[man in Portuguese]
I was studying for ENEM, I'm a senior,

when the government
announced on their website

that they'd provide a learning platform
with ENEM simulations.

[in Portuguese] In 2013, the platform
was available for 60 days prior to ENEM.

Over two million students
subscribed to it,

there were 660,000 active users.

We reached all states in Brazil,

90 percent
of the country's municipalities,

three million online classes were watched,
nine million text classes were read,

around 30 to 40 million exercises done.

And we saw that the impact was that

with 70 percent of the score identified
as a person not knowing something,

by the end of the two months,
people learned, became knowledgeable.

Besides that,
students with the lowest scores

improved three times more
than the average.

So those who needed it the most,
who had more difficulties,

learned through our platform.

[man in Portuguese]
I thought it was such a suitable platform

that I could make better use of it.

When I saw it showed our weaknesses,

I said, "This is what I was missing!"

Now we know what we're good at
and what is our weakness,

that one thing you have to learn.

[Claudio in Portuguese] We assume
that nobody learns the same way.

But the education system is standardized.

Teachers teach the same way,
with the same books,

it is the same level of difficulty
for everyone,

even though we know
people don't learn the same way.

Why teach the same way
if people don't learn the same way?

So using technology
to change that process,

instead of the student having to adapt
to the teacher or the book,

breaking with that and having content
being adapted to how each person learns,

to me, it was what we needed.

Being able to offer
a personalized education,

according to how each person learns,
makes sense to me.

It's a really old idea.

The concept of private tutors
and instructors has always existed

and people pay a lot for that
because it is personalized care.

It is someone who understands
how you learn,

what your difficulties are
and comes up with a way to teach you

that is in sync with your reality
and how you learn.

That is what got our team together,

that is what made people give up careers
on the financial market,

at Google, Facebook, Microsoft,
at multinational companies.

They are really special people.

And just as Geekie seeks these people,

top companies in the world
with unlimited financial resources

are also competing for these people.

We must have a sustainable,
virtuous financial model

that allows us to grow quickly

and that can stand that growth
and compensate these people,

so they won't have to choose
between going to Google

or to another company, like Unilever,

and then do some social work
as a volunteer.

But I want these people there
24 hours a day.

If your team is not good,
if they are not the best,

when you have to apply what you learn
to remodel your product,

if you take six months to do that,
your money and the company are gone.

There is no dream, no impact.
There's nothing left.

When there is financial pressure,
we decide to focus on private schools

because the return will come sooner.

If you are not sure
about what brought you there

and made you give up on other things

to follow a different path
based on values you believe in,

it is very easy to get lost.

Geekie's profit comes from our clients.

We sell especially to private schools now.

These private schools
buy products from Geekie,

they usually pay a sum per student

or per simulated test.

If we only sold to private schools,
we'd be increasing inequality.

And that doesn't make sense to us

because 85 percent of Brazil's youth
in basic education go to public schools.

They need it the most.

[in Portuguese] To me, a perfect Brazil
would have education as a priority.

[in Portuguese]
They are allowed to dream, to want more,

to dream of going to college
or taking a technical course,

or getting a foreign scholarship.

They can dream of having a future
that is different

from what they were born into

and from their family's
current conditions.

I find that wonderful.

[in Portuguese] I want to apply
for Theater and Electrical Engineering.

OUT OF 100, 97 SCHOOLS WITH
THE BEST GRADES IN ENEM 2015

WERE PRIVATE.

[Claudio in Portuguese]
I want Geekie to be an example

that things can be different.

That you don't have to choose
between changing the world

and making money. You can do both.

IN BRAZIL, 91% OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS

WERE BELOW AVERAGE THIS YEAR.

[in Portuguese] When we wake up,

our motivation really is offering the best
quality possible to all Brazilians,

regardless of ethnicity, religion,
financial or social conditions.

Throughout the day,
it is the love for what we do,

doing more with less,
in a better and faster way,

valuing transparency,
dealing with well-intentioned partners,

and creating a virtuous circle
around what you believe in.

At 3:00 a.m., obviously, there is war.

It is when you are tired,
you want to give up,

when you ask why you are doing
all of this.

That is when you connect with your soul,

it is when you remind yourself
of why you do things,

of what you believe in,
of what really matters to you.

In this interesting moment
we are living in Brazil,

we are reminded that being honest
and doing the right thing

is probably the longest path,
but it is the only path for us

and it is where we want to build
our history.

Doing the right thing for us
is not a matter of choice.

It is a commitment to our principles,
to our country,

and to the society we live in.

[Antonio in Portuguese] It is a very
limiting concept to see poverty

as only regarding income.

Amartya Sen is an Indian thinker
and economist who won the Nobel Prize.

He speaks of a person's development

as an increase in their degree of freedom.

So coming out of poverty

is increasing your level of freedom
to exist in the world.

When you think about that,

you realize how important it is
to have an education,

to have a minimum or ideal knowledge basis

to be able to make your own decisions.

The same goes for housing.

How constrained are you
if you have poor housing conditions,

which can also have an impact
on your health?

[helicopter rotor whirring]

[woman in Portuguese] Let's go with
these children. Where, my God of heaven?

-[woman] Daughter of a bitch.
-[man screaming]

[people clamoring]

[in Portuguese] I see these things on TV
and think, "That won't happen to us."

But it's really sad seeing that.

Especially for my son,
seeing his house getting knocked down.

[in Portuguese]
We start thinking, "What am I going to do?

I built so much, I fought so much,
I struggled so much,"

even though it's an invasion.

It's tough waking up
and seeing your house on the ground.

Can you imagine your house on the ground?

[in Portuguese] We found a new model...

FOUNDER - TERRA NOVA

...that dissolves that conflict
over land ownership

between owners of private properties

and their invaders.

OVER 1 BILLION PEOPLE LIVE IN
INADEQUATE HOUSES IN THE WORLD.

AROUND 16 MILLION BRAZILIAN FAMILIES
LIVE IN PRECARIOUS HOUSES.

AND 9.8 MILLION PEOPLE
LIVE IN PRIVATE LANDS

THAT WERE ILLEGALLY OCCUPIED.

[André] Evacuation is scheduled
in a few days from now.

That evacuation is usually done
with police reinforcement,

with police teams.

Even though they are instructed
to avoid conflict,

it's difficult for the population
not to create conflict

because they are really desperate
and those houses are all they have.

-[man] Is this your house, Daiane?
-[in Portuguese] Yeah. This is my house.

-Did you build it?
-My husband and I did.

This is my art.

I'm also an architect,
but I don't know how.

It's just to make the house look prettier,
so it won't be too ugly.

We can do anything,
we just don't want to leave.

-You know?
-[metal clanks]

[man] What about
the electrical installation?

That's in a state of public calamity

because we can't call the energy supplier
and we can't have piped water.

So we live like this,
with the wires all exposed,

we jury-rig it and take wires
here and there.

[in Portuguese]
We live in this community as I told you,

we've been living here for nine years.

IRANI DE OLIVEIRA
AND DAUGHTER REBECA

It's complicated
because it's up to the court now.

We are worried, but people are trying
to solve this

because everyone here wants to pay,
nobody is denying.

Nobody occupied this place
to steal anything from anyone.

When he came to see it,

along with the major and the bailiff,

and he brought some people
to get to know the area,

Daiane and I tried to talk to him.

I said, "Sir, we tried to come
to an agreement with you,

we don't want to take what is yours."

He said, "You've been disturbing me
for ten years,

there's no agreement."

[in Portuguese] Come in. Come, babies.
Come in, make yourselves at home.

I have a slight limp.

-[man] Who lives here today?
-Myself, my husband and our five kids.

That's all.

This is our youngest. For now.
There's another coming.

I think it was when we had
to build another room.

We built this one

and it was after that

that the owner came asking for it.
So I stopped.

It's going to stay like this.
It will cost him nothing to knock it down.

And the lawyer said
we shouldn't move a thing.

[in Portuguese]
Who is to blame for that happening?

The society, the people who occupied it,

the landowner, who maybe let that happen.

There's no use in blaming people
or punishing the residents.

It's a social problem.

People crowd together in big cities
in that precarious way

because of a contingency
of our civilization model.

[woman in Portuguese] We're here!

They want us to move out really soon,
on the 25th. I can't manage.

We won't leave.
We'll get organized, pay for it.

[in Portuguese] We are trying to avoid
making you leave. That's another story.

We need to get the press' attention.
It's no use if they get here later.

We have to change that and get the public
opinion's attention before it happens.

We want to make an event
at the city council.

-Really?
-Yeah.

I think we can make great publicity
about forced eviction in Sao Paulo.

We want to make an event
that gives visibility to your problem.

[Daiane in Portuguese]
When the police came here, they said

they'd get a warrant, that we had
to leave, that they'd demolish it.

They came with the owner,
who said that even if I had

an old stove, it would be auctioned.

I said, "That's not how we should do it."
He said it was.

[in Portuguese]
He is right to want his things back.

I don't agree with it just because
we're trying to get to an agreement.

We want to pay for it
and he won't accept it.

[in Portuguese] If we can't change this
until eviction day,

it will get much more difficult.

They will destroy the houses
in a few days.

[in Portuguese] I don't want
to go back to paying rent

because I starved many times to pay it.

[André in Portuguese]
We do this by organizing the community,

making leaders stronger, negotiating
with the residents' association

regarding the payment of a compensation
to the landowner.

We are usually sought after by landowners
or by the community,

often referred to us by city halls,

when they don't have a solution
and say they know a company

that settles these things.

[in Portuguese] If you left,
where would you go?

Honestly, I have nowhere to go.

If we left all of a sudden,
we'd have nowhere to go.

We'd have to rent something.

And even then,
it would be difficult to get a place,

like a house, that quickly.

Not to mention that all the kids
go to school.

The school is nearby
and that makes things more difficult.

Because school matters, too.

-[André] It does.
-It does. A lot.

Terra Nova's work
is trying to settle conflicts...

-[child screaming]
-through judicial settlements.

We proposed a measure
to cancel the sentence given

regarding ownership repossession.

Actually, the owner
didn't want to negotiate,

but we hope the legal system
will reevaluate that

and establish a price for the land.

We are also trying to appeal
to the public opinion

so we can draw attention to the problem
before it actually happens.

Because it's no use
calling the press later.

Let's say you actually leave,
as it happened elsewhere,

then it's such a mess,
with the police and people leaving.

It's a commotion,
people are moved by the situation.

But if that happens after the eviction,
it doesn't matter to you anymore.

[in Portuguese] Hey, how's it going?
Were you the caretaker here?

Yeah. This picture shows
how this terrain was.

[André in Portuguese]
I had some pictures taken of that area

and when I show them to people,
they are moved.

I show them the kids,
how established people are.

It seems like the families
are just a number,

but when people actually see them,

they realize they are not a number,
but people just like us.

[in Portuguese]
He seems like a really kind person

who likes helping others.

But this is also his work, you know?

He won't do a good deed,
having to come here from Curitiba,

without getting something from that.

That's fair enough.

All betterments he does here,
as we've already agreed,

will be included in the bill
that we will probably pay when we win.

And we will gladly pay for their work.

They are a company
and companies only work for money.

[laughs] Right?

It's not for doing good deeds
or out of charity.

[in Portuguese] We get a percentage
of what people pay to the owner.

Being able to profit
from that operation...

was an exercise of experimenting

with various percentages.

At first, we didn't really know
what that meant.

So...

We didn't know how much we'd have to get
to be able to keep the business going

and still have something left to reinvest.

[all speaking in Portuguese] We want
our homes or we'll make Brazil stop!

We want our homes
or we'll make Brazil stop!

We want our homes! We want our homes!

We will pay for them!
We will pay for them!

[in Portuguese]
You have to leave the paper!

[all] We want our homes
or we'll make Brazil stop!

We want our homes
or we'll make Brazil stop!

Sometimes you can turn a small case
into a cause and defend it.

We are not defending that community
and their right to live there.

Through them,
we are defending a much bigger cause.

This is a symbolic act
to reinforce that demand.

We have a meeting in court at 5:00 p.m.

to talk directly to the judge
responsible for that sentence

and try to sensitize him
and the magistrate working on this.

In the model we use, people pay,

they earn their title
through their effort,

valuing that asset.

People and the community
have to seize the power of transformation.

We can't try to change people's lives
leaving them as passive agents.

[chanting]

JD. LOURDES FULFILLS ITS SOCIAL
FUNCTION BY HOUSING 300 FAMILIES

CITY COUNCIL OF SÃO PAULO

[in Portuguese]
Can you organize their entrance?

SYMBOLIC ACT TO DRAW THE ATTENTION

OF THE CITY'S CHAIRMEN
TO THE PROBLEM AT JARDIM LOURDES.

[André] Good evening,
ladies and gentlemen,

and all the members
of this important community who showed...

such eagerness today
to fight for their rights

and to draw the attention
of the public authority,

of institutions and of the civil society
in general

to the forced eviction

that afflicts you.

You built your houses,

you occupied an area of the city,

and nobody occupies a place
like the one you live in,

a private property, if they don't need it,

if they are not in a situation
of extreme vulnerability.

[horns honking]

[woman applauding, cheering]

SAO PAULO STATE COURT OF APPEALS

MEETING WITH THE HEAD

OF THE SUPPORT GROUP
TO REINTEGRATION ORDERS

[in Portuguese] You have to move them,
tell your story,

tell them you want to stay and pay
for the houses. That's important.

Tell them about the protest
and how you organized it.

That helps because he'll be moved
by your struggle to stay.

It's everyone's responsibility.

Each person has the power
to do something to help.

The government plays an important role
in this, but it's not the only one.

I think that,
within the perspective we have now,

transformation is much slower
when in the government's hands.

I think the private sector
is faster when solving human problems.

That's why I believe in the capital
as a solution that is born in the market,

like the "two-and-a-half sector,"

which creates social businesses,
moving money around needs

and making it go back to the capital.

[boy] Daddy, don't you want to sit there?

No, I'm looking for something
in the newspaper.

Something really important.

-Do it sitting on the chair.
-Not now.

Here.

Reintegration on the East Zone
is scheduled for the 25th.

IN ORDER TO SURVIVE,

IRREGULAR NEIGHBORHOOD
IN SAO PAULO EXPECTS A 'MIRACLE'

JARDIM LOURDES DAY
SCHEDULED FOR EVICTION

We'll have a surprise party
for Mr. André, Mr. Fábio and Senival

to thank them for getting
the injunction revoked.

As I said, if it weren't for them,
we don't know where we'd be now.

I'll have a peaceful sleep tonight.

When they said we'd get knocked down,
I bought a TV and a couch.

I never lost hope.

Let's move on.

I'm sure it already worked.

[all cheering, applauding]

Thank you so much for what you did for us.

I'm sure it's not just for money.

If you didn't have a good heart,
you wouldn't be here.

You wouldn't leave your wife,
your kids and your home

to fight for us, you know?

[André] I always say that if we want
to solve social problems

out of brotherly love,

it may take us 5,000 years.

If ending poverty becomes
a good business to everyone,

we may be able to solve it in 500 years.

There lies the difference.

Human beings still care more
about good deals than brotherly love.

But we'll get to brotherly love, too.

I think we will move towards a model
that is very decentralized

when it comes to power.

Traditional structures are collapsing,

be it in the public sector,
in big companies, in churches.

They are collapsing when it comes
to the amount of power

they garnered 100 or 200 years ago.

Also, with new technologies
and access to information,

with the ability to collaborate
and with creative or shared economy,

we see power going
to the hands of the people.

That model makes me feel
very optimistic about the future.

New governance models
will also have to be invented.

How can we stop having one percent
of the population

creating public policies
or products and services,

as if looking at everything

from Mount Olympus, like Greek gods

who are aware
of what the population needs?

With such a level of estrangement
that they are in Washington

trying to solve problems
of the people of Madurai, India.

So I think we should move towards a model

in which people are aware
of what their problems are

and decide by themselves
what their solutions should be.

And we need platforms,
not only in technology,

but opportunity platforms,

to allow people to come up
with solutions for their problems.

MEXICO CITY

[in Spanish] Come in.

Come in.

Over here.

I used to live in those rooms.

Come closer to see it.
I used to live in those rooms.

Before.

My husband.

My husband.

I've showed you where we lived.

Come in.

I live here now.

I live here now.

My story with Compartamos
started many years ago with loans

for groups.

Now they give me up to 100,000 pesos.

And it's an individual loan now.

Thanks to Compartamos' loans,
we've expanded our business.

We opened a carpentry shop.

All of our pieces
are made in our carpentry shop.

We don't buy them anymore.
They are exclusively ours.

Compartamos Bank was founded...

DIRECTOR ADVISOR -
COMPARTAMOS BANK

...around 18 years ago.

Compartamos Bank's intention then
was simply to help,

to be able to give people,
especially women in rural areas,

means to keep their businesses going.

During their progress,
from an economic perspective,

they were able to follow the evolution
of social development.

When I started...

FOUNDER - COMPARTAMOS BANK

...I was 22 years old and had no assets,

nor a bank account or any money.

So I realized that in philanthropy,

there were people with important names
from important families in the country,

who had fortunes and bank accounts
that could accomplish a lot.

When I started to work with that,

I realized I had to dedicate 80 percent
of my time to asking for money

and only 20 percent to distributing it.

Then I thought,
"That equation is not working.

If I want to work with the inclusion

and the development
of the least privileged

and I dedicate most of my time
to asking for money,

then maybe I'm not being
efficient enough."

When we started to work
in the social sector...

CHAIRMAN - COMPARTAMOS BANK

...we wanted quick social profit,

but also economic profit,
or at least self-sustainability.

We weren't bankers. We are not bankers.

We have no formal education on finance.

CO-FOUNDER - COMPARTAMOS BANK

So we didn't know this sector's practices.

But I think that was an advantage

because we didn't have to follow
a number of paradigms

regarding why the population
had no access to loans.

Without those paradigms,
we could be bolder.

We were able to learn
from other experiences in the world,

adapting them and making them suitable
to the Mexican reality.

I started with Compartamos
when they were starting, too.

I didn't know what Compartamos was.

They came to visit us.
People knocked at our door,

"Listen, can we give you a loan
for your business?

Can you start your own business?"

"Yes." So I accepted it.

At first, I was afraid
they were deceiving us.

Deep down,

it's not just lending money, opening
savings accounts or selling insurance.

What we want is to give people
an opportunity to grow.

That is the essence of what we want.

I started getting small loans
when I was very young.

Ten thousand pesos,

eight thousand, 25,000,
later 35,000, then 50,000.

Now I managed to get 100,000.

I started with little money.
Nobody would give me a loan.

They don't know you, so they doubt you.

We started by renting a small space.

With time, we grew
and now these spaces are ours.

Thanks to Compartamos
who always supported us,

our hard work
and the purchase of new machinery.

The use of business
or commercial principles

to solve social problems...

We see in our activity, in a certain way,

a connection between
the world's greatest capitals

and our client,
a modest micro-entrepreneur.

And we are in the middle.

Compartamos' definition
is creating social value,

economic value and human value.

Social value by serving the largest amount
of people in the shortest time.

It's our indicator, with these
client protection characteristics.

Economic value by generating profit,

but not forgetting that link
between the world's greatest capitals

and the segment we serve.

And human value is what I think
we lack the most.

Human value...
If we want a better society,

we must give people better conditions.

The poor are the people.

I mean, there are no poor
and non-poor people,

as different individuals,
we are all the same.

So the challenge now is to convince

and include everyone
in this mission of equality.

We should all fight for equality,
for a world where we are all equal.

A world where we can all hope
for full development.

A world where each one of us
can be the architect of their own life.

A world where each of us can be
the protagonist of their development.

A world where, due to intellectual,

physical and emotional abilities,
we can all be truly free.

COMPARTAMOS BANK

CONCENTRATES 42% OF THE
MICROCREDIT GRANTED IN MEXICO.

ALMOST 44% OF MEXICAN ADULTS
HAVE NO ACCESS

TO THE FORMAL BANKING SYSTEM.

[Antonio in Portuguese]
Utopia is always on the horizon.

When you take two steps forward,
so does utopia.

But I think the field
of social businesses is far from utopia.

When you see that, over time,

Compartamos grew much quicker
than other organizations,

including and especially
non-profit organizations.

It has reached a scale that allows it
to offer the lowest interest rate

in the entire sector in Mexico.

Because they grew, are more efficient,
have technology,

they have a much better education
as a credit agency,

so they can pass that on to the client.

Which is funny because that was
the founders' intention

when they created it
and it was a non-profit organization.

From the talks we had,
their purpose never changed.

But they realized
they had a responsibility

to grow as quickly as possible

while all of the Mexican population
still couldn't get their product,

which is small loans, microcredit.

"TAUNTING"

[in Portuguese] She is the youngest
bank president

you will ever see in your lives.

A millionaire? No. An heiress? No.

And she didn't win the lottery.

She doesn't have an affair
with any Wall Street businessman.

And she's not a gold digger.

Who is, then,

this banker princess
who's only 25 years old?

Her bank is called Pérola.

You've never heard of it.
Almost no one has.

And its president is Alessandra França.

[audience cheering]

Alessandra França,

banks lend money to those
who prove they already have it.

How is your bank different?

I would say "our bank"
is more appropriate.

"Ours" as in it belongs
to all the young people

who are now part of the Pérola Bank.

They have no history,
but they have a dream

and that dream allows them
to pay back the money they borrow.

What bank was your inspiration
when creating yours?

Muhammad Yunus.

I read his book Banker to the Poor
when I was 16 years old

and I was amazed by it,
I pictured myself there.

I was so amazed, I thought,
"One day, I'm either going there

or I'm going to do
something very similar here."

Do you want to change the world?

It is my dream and my desire.

[Alessandra] My family
is from the Paraná countryside.

They were small farmers,
but they had a problem

and lost everything,
so they came to Sorocaba.

When I was 15...

FOUNDER - PÉROLA BANK

...a social organization settled here,
they were called Projeto Pérola,

and their intention was providing
IT courses to poor children.

I was one of their students.

At the end of the course,
they were going to award scholarships.

I applied for it and won a scholarship.

It was a scholarship
to go to a better school

and to work at the Projeto Pérola
as an IT instructor.

That was when my career started,
when I was 15.

When I was 16, I read
Muhammad Yunus' Banker to the Poor,

which also influenced me and amazed me.

How was it possible to do so much
with so little?

[woman in Portuguese]
I started working at a trinkets shop.

I was selling more and more.

One bag wasn't enough for the month
so I started to take two.

I did the math and thought,
"Wait. If I'm this motivated

working for other people,
what if I worked for myself?"

If I bought and retailed
everything myself.

I thought about it.

But since it was helping my income,
I couldn't use it to invest.

Then a friend called me,

"I saw an ad for the Pérola Bank,
have you heard of it?"

She gave me their number
and I called them.

My first contact was with Tati.

You know what happened?
I have to finish my store

and another store came up
selling everything.

They said, "Come here, we'll talk

and I'll explain how our bank works.

We'll study your case, but don't worry,
everything will work out. It already has."

[Alessandra] Entrepreneurs usually hear
about our bank from other entrepreneurs

or through social media,
which is very common now.

When they get in contact with Pérola Bank,

they call us to schedule a credit check.

After that, we tell them the first steps,

because we work with solidarity groups,
which is very common in microcredit.

That group works like this.

I'm an entrepreneur and I have an idea
or a working business.

I need at least two more entrepreneurs
in my community

who also have an idea for a business
or that already have one.

Then I get together with them
and with the group,

I come to the Pérola Bank
and ask for the loan.

So we have a solidary guarantee.
That relationship is our first filter.

They needed three people, so I got in.

-We can put anyone in it.
-We trust each other.

We must get in
because it's always three people.

-If we don't pay, she pays.
-Hey, Verena!

-Nice.
-Do you accept kids?

[Alessandra]
After the group is established

and people have vouched for each other,

so, "I believe you, you believe me,
let's make a group to get the loan,"

the credit agent goes to the community
and performs the credit check.

They analyze the business' behavior,
conditions, the guarantee,

and their ability to pay.

If all three entrepreneurs
have those three characteristics,

the loan is granted.

The first one was of three thousand,
the second, too.

Then it got higher, five, seven, nine.

[interviewer in Portuguese]
How many did you get?

Six, I think. Right?

Six.

-Six loans?
-Yes.

I do believe the bank helps
lessening social inequality

simply because we believe in these people.

Once, an entrepreneur
said something that stayed with us.

When we gave him the money, the loan,

he said, "Wow. Somebody believes in me.
Now I believe in me, too."

YOUTH: WE BELIEVE IN THE POTENTIAL
OF YOUNG PEOPLE.

WE BET ON THE POTENTIAL
OF YOUNG PEOPLE.

When you look up the root
of the word "credit," it means trust.

It was supposed to be
something beautiful and good

and we try to get that back.

When we grant credit to someone,

we're saying they're capable
of having their own business

and of changing their lives.

[Rosilene in Portuguese] You must
be talented to be an entrepreneur.

I know that now.

Being an entrepreneur is not that simple.
I make things get sold. I take pictures.

I just bought some pieces...

and put them on my dummies.

People would say,
"Too bad it doesn't fit me,

you only sell clothes for skinny people."

I put on a piece and took a picture.

God, I was modeling.

I took a picture
and sold three pieces that day.

I thought, "Wow, now they believe it."

[Alessandra in Portuguese]
We grant "artisanal" credit.

We go to our client's home,
to their business,

have coffee with them,
analyze their business.

The money is the last part.

First, there's the rapport,
the service, the advisory.

Money is the tool, not the goal.

We created a model
so we could be different,

to be a humane bank,
to look people in the eye.

If we wanted to be a traditional
financial institution,

we wouldn't have built this model.

What we are doing at the bank
is looking at some retailers...

OPPORTUNITY AGENT - PÉROLA BANK

...and coming up with a pattern

to help everyone get organized
the same way,

to help you manage your business.

[indistinct chattering]

[Alessandra] The main difference
between Pérola Bank

and traditional banks
is our business model.

You won't find a revolving door

or a manager wearing a tie here.

No, we are young people
who go to the community,

we have a very open office.

So we have a different business model.

The public we serve is not the one

that typically goes
to traditional financial institutions.

I held everything and rang the doorbell.
I thought I'd go through a revolving door.

Someone came, said,
"Good morning! How are you?"

and hugged me.

I thought, "Well, there's no beeping,"
so I got in.

I sat down, had some coffee.
It was completely different.

I said, "Gosh."

This year, we had an unexpected challenge.

We were approached
by drug dealers and loan sharks

from a specific neighborhood.

It was such a shock.

We try to help the community

and we had that problem,
it was a very clear threat

that we were going over their business.

We came to the conclusion
that we really were.

Because we lent 500,000 reais
to that specific community.

A loan shark's average interest rate is
from ten percent to 40 percent per month,

depending on the loan shark.

You just have to do some math
and see how much we took from them.

But we decided to keep on doing it
because if we caused that trouble,

it's because we are really
doing something good.

It was a market threat.

We annoyed our main competitor.

I still have an active account
on another bank,

but when it comes to loans,

I couldn't even manage,

thinking of the interest rates
and how difficult it would be.

I couldn't.

I even tried, but I couldn't manage.

Because with other banks, they lack a lot.

We do a lot as legal entities.

They want a lot from us as legal entities.

But they forget there is an entrepreneur
behind that legal entity.

Pérola Bank wants us
to be real entrepreneurs.

We often try to impose certain things.

"You'll have your business,
it will thrive,

you'll have a branch,
you'll make more money,

then open another branch."

But nobody asks if that is what
entrepreneurs really want,

if that is what will make them happy.

Many times,
we tried to propose these things

and they said, "That's not what I want.

I want to keep my store here,
I have a good life here,

I can take care of my child.
I don't need that."

I can't see my store anywhere else.

I picture a mezzanine floor,

and a really long wall,
a huge clothes storage,

with a really nice place
for kids' clothes on the top floor.

I even dream of a playground for the kids

so their moms can be left alone
and spend a lot of money.

Mothers love having a place
where they can leave their kids.

ONLY 53% OF THE LOW-INCOME
POPULATION HAVE BANK ACCOUNTS,

WHICH PREVENTS THEM
FROM HAVING ACCESS TO LOANS

AND OTHER FINANCIAL SERVICES.

Traditional capitalism to me

is the one that looks at companies
as tools for profiting. That's all.

Once profit is a priority,

obviously, anything goes
when you're trying to profit.

Then we realize that anything goes indeed.

So it's okay for them
to ruin the environment,

it's okay having terrible work conditions,

it's okay having a product
that won't actually help the consumer,

because the main goal is to profit.
That's all.

That's what we've been seeing
for a really long time.

Profit comes first,
no matter what your goal is,

how much pressure you're under,
your quality of life, nothing.

What matters is to profit.

I believe in a more conscious capitalism.

Ours is a capitalist model, too,
but it is a conscious capitalism.

Profiting is good,
it creates sustainability,

but not at all costs.

PÉROLA BANK
HERE YOUR DREAM HAS CREDIT

PÉROLA CREDIT ASSOCIATION
FOR THE ENTREPRENEUR

[in Portuguese] The solutions
to these problems are not simple.

But I feel I'm part of the problem

and I think the most obvious problems,

like social inequality,
like climate change,

are the most complicated ones
because no one is against them.

Everyone believes they are problems,

but people don't feel
they are part of that problem.

We need a crucial change
to be able to have empathy

and see others.

What really worries me is that society
and ourselves as human beings

become numb over time
from living with that reality.

[in English] We created a system,

a theoretical framework,
a conceptual framework

where we put profit at the center stage.

Everything is organized around
that one issue, the profit.

So we design businesses
which are all geared to making profit,

maximization of profit.

And we have no other idea.

And the whole world
followed that framework,

and converted ourselves
into money-making people.

We are chasing money
because that's the goal of all our lives.

So we are chasing people,

money has become the king
who controls everything.

So we become addicted to the money.

We forgot why we're doing that.
What is the meaning of money?

Money is supposed to be means, not an end.

Now it became an end,
it became a controller of our life.

Should money control our life
or we should control the money?

That we forgot.
And as a result, we became...

A whole population of the world
became some kind of robots,

money-chasing robots.

So we forgot what human beings mean to us.

The human being is a much bigger entity
than being robots.

Human beings are creative beings.

When you say robot,
you take away the creative part of it.

You do the repetitive part,
that's what the robot is all about.

You are programmed and you do that.

We are not programmed people.

We design our own programs,
we design our own life.

That's why the educational institutions
are telling their young people,

"Work hard, get the best degree,
and get the best job in the best company."

That's the robotic kind of part.

We should be telling the students
and young people,

"Find out-- You learn all these math,
science and literature, everything.

But the essential thing, you find out
what is the purpose of your life."

WITH ACCESS TO PROPER TREATMENT,

80% OF THE CASES OF BLINDNESS
CAUSED BY CATARACTS HAVE A CURE.

IN 1976, WHEN IT WAS FOUNDED,

THE ARAVIND WAS A SOLE CLINIC
WITH 11 HOSPITAL BEDS.

IT NOW HAS TEN HOSPITAL UNITS
IN INDIA.

ARAVIND CREATED
A NEW HOSPITAL IN NIGERIA IN 2015,

IT IS THE LARGEST OPHTHALMOLOGY
CLINIC IN ALL AFRICA,

WITH AN INITIAL CAPACITY TO PERFORM
OVER 10,000 SURGERIES PER YEAR.

LUCAS GOT INTO
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF CEARÁ,

BUT HE DIDN'T FINISH HIS COURSE

BECAUSE HE COULDN'T AFFORD
LIVING IN FORTALEZA.

HE NOW STUDIES MATHEMATICS
ON AN ONLINE COURSE

AND HELPS YOUNG PEOPLE
PREPARE FOR ENEM.

IN 2016, GEEKIE GAMES WAS EMBRACED
BY THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

AS ITS OFFICIAL APP
FOR PREPARING FOR ENEM.

IN THAT YEAR ALONE, IT REACHED
OVER 4 MILLION STUDENTS.

OVER 5,000 SCHOOLS
HAVE BENEFITED FROM GEEKIE.

THE EVACUATION
OF THE JARDIM LOURDES

REMAINS SUSPENDED
AND AWAITING A DECISION.

LAWYER ANDRÉ ALBUQUERQUE
WORKS MEDIATING CONFLICTS

THAT INVOLVE THE RIGHT TO HOUSING
OF OVER 100,000 PEOPLE.

OVER 20,000 OF THEM
ARE ALREADY UNDERGOING

A REGULARIZATION PROCESS
THROUGH TERRA NOVA.

COMPARTAMOS WAS FOUNDED
IN 1990 AS AN NGO.

IN 2000 IT BECAME
A PROFIT-MAKING ORGANIZATION.

IT WENT FROM 60 THOUSAND CLIENTS
TO 3.2 MILLION CLIENTS.

ROSILENE AND MARIA JOSÉ STILL HAVE
THEIR BUSINESSES.

PÉROLA BANK LENT
OVER 6 MILLION REAIS

HELPING MORE THAN
600 NEW BUSINESSES.

ABOUT 70% OF THE ENTERPRISES
SUPPORTED BY THE BANK

ARE MANAGED BY WOMEN.

ALESSANDRA KEEPS ON HELPING
LOW INCOME ENTREPRENEURS

ON NOT GIVING UP THEIR DREAMS.