Surname Viet Given Name Nam (1989) - full transcript
Trinh T. Minh-ha combines archival footage, text, and interviews to paint portraits of Vietnamese women past and present. She explores the fiction of documentary and the truth of subjective experience and all their inherent contradictions.
- Our two salaries are no longer enough.
I do some sewing in the evening for a couple ladies.
We receive from time to time
a package from my brother who lives abroad.
He sent us two kilos of MSGs,
trick it was all full.
We sell them back to the free market
and buy whatever we need.
It's a very satisfying exchange.
This is the same situation for almost all families.
How can we do otherwise?
My mother lives with us, my father is depart.
Six of us live in two tiny rooms.
My mother is 60 years old.
She is still strong and in good health
to take care of the housework
and to cook our meals.
This leaves me some free time to do my sewing.
They say that my job is better than the artist.
I belong to a restaurant service.
Sometimes I go to the embassies
when there is a reception or a dinner.
I feel less isolated.
I do see some forgiveness going and coming,
but we can't develop any relationship with them.
A foreigner, in principal, is already a spy.
Even a socialist or even you.
We live in constant suspicion
between husband and wife,
between children and parents.
Suspicion is everywhere.
There is no amount of trust.
When a foreigner give us something,
it may be because of pure sympathy for us,
but it is often taught that they want
too often something more from us.
You have to know how to compose yourself
to be admitted in the heart of the system.
Sometimes I revolt against the fact
that our children cannot have a bit of meat or fish,
whereas the foreigner can sneeze at them.
But Vietnam offers what it has best
to the international diplomats and government staff.
You should come and see at least once
what the meal in a Vietnamese family is composed of.
What is more beautiful
than a lotus in a pond?
Yellow stamens, white petals, green leaves.
Always near mud, yet never smells of mud.
You try to run but I won't let you.
Young woman, are you married yet?
And she replied, "Easy young man,
"you're spilling my rice.
"Yes I am with husband,
"his surname is Viet
"and he's given name is Nam."
- When I first met the woman of the south,
we looked at each other with distrust
but not with hostility.
Slowly we start talking to each other,
forming trust, we have come to Nyanok,
and this were a radical turn
that have changed my political understanding.
Before, I learn in the political caucus
that the capitalism were the exploitation
of man by man.
Perilous.
In our societies, society,
we just got all mixed up in suffering,
so that way we don't have to deal with them.
We prefer to cultivate fear and suspicion.
A society that impose on its people
a single way of thinking and a single way
of perceiving life cannot be a women's society.
I ignore how the capitalist society function.
I ignore its disease.
Between two ways of exploiting mens,
it is difficult for me to choose.
In spite of all the years of resistance and of revolution,
the same hierarchical principle exists.
We cannot deny what we inherit from China,
and in spite of our own divergency
with China we are full
of their customs and political conceptions.
The pains of reeducation are an example.
You cannot cure man's conviction
by reducing him to the animals.
Before, I would not dare to speak up,
to say what I thought, but today,
the citizen is different.
I am living rebirth,
and that have turn fear into fight.
I have nothing to lose other than
this poor salary and some fruit tickets.
The young people think like me,
I'm not alone.
The young people, they are tired
to hold a gun like we hold chopsticks.
And the real education is also
application to leave, to advance women condition.
Girls want to rediscover
their femininity, to please, to desire.
They come for loves and for colors.
Look at me.
I no longer have any breasts, any hip.
My skin has dry ups because of undernourishment.
I no longer look like a woman.
Our men no longer to desires.
They spend their time among themselves in cafes,
to drink and to smoke.
There is always a tendency
to identify historical breaks,
and to say this begin there,
this end here.
While the scene keeps on recurring,
as unchangeable as change itself.
Life seems suddenly fragile and vulnerable.
The passive resist,
and what is almost forgotten reappears from the winds.
Nobody knows, they say,
whether Ho Sung Hu really existed,
or whether she was a mere name.
She wrote poems in the 19th century,
but they were notorious for the scandal they caused,
and they continue today to defy
the principles of right speech
and a good manner of womanhood.
So, some men went as far as affirming
that poems signed under her name might not be hers.
They might, of course, be written by a man.
Who was then, we may ask, this feminine man,
whose womanness was violently attacked
and trashed by male poets of the time,
and who wrote feminist poetry on free love,
on single mothers,
on labia minora and labia majora desire,
who attacked polygamy and double standards of morality,
who ridiculized male authority and religiosity,
and who challenged all the norms
of Confucian Patriarchy?
when he claps his hands, she has entertained.
When she claps her hands, he has made
a significant contribution to his village,
his town, his country.
The fatherland, as they call it now.
For a life to save another life,
no more self pride.
No pride, no self.
She kneels and begs mercy for him
who is her son, her husband, her father.
- I am a doctor with almost 30 years of experience.
My husband, he also a doctor.
His was assigned to the military hospital of the city.
When Saigon fell in 1975,
we were among the most murderous.
We die being Communists,
we are no less Vietnamese,
we are nationalists.
I would never erase the memory
of that day from my mind.
It was total panic.
All our friends call us to tell us to leave.
My husband and I do not know what to do.
He told me, we have nothing to blame ourself for.
We are not criminals, we are from the south.
If the country divide into two
it was not because of us.
Of course, my husband wore the uniform,
but he wore it in spite of himself.
Each government feels it's citizens assist in best.
My day begin at 7:30 and end at 4:30.
With a break, one hour for lunch, of one hour for lunch.
Afterwards, I had to attend civil
and political education courses every other week.
I had to write a resume of my past life.
I was smarter than them.
I kept a copy of my first declaration.
I just recopied it exactly each time,
respecting the commas and the periods.
In the beginning I tried to make things work
at the hospital, but slowly we found ourselves
in as much fear of this crush than of submission.
I carry out my work in a heavy silence.
I stay in the service for two years,
and would probably stay on
if my husband had not been arrested.
To tell the truth, we never knew
the real reasons for his arrest.
Today we supposed it was a problem
of power and competence.
The passions pay for us to the oldest.
There was a kind of complicity
among the people of the south.
When the doctors of the new regime
took over the hospital,
all the services worked.
Two years later, this was a disaster.
The equipment were paralyzed.
The stock of medicines, empty.
The buildings, dilapidated.
As the understaff of the hospital, we became cumbersome.
In a way, we assisted to the failure of victory.
Forward, I didn't receive any news concerning my husband.
I came up against a mix silence around me.
My collaborators written me,
but never asked any wishes on my husbands disappearance.
Everybody stunned into silence.
It was terrible to live in the world of silence.
I was no longer used to it.
From then on I was inhabited
by the feeling of terror.
I discovered fear.
Sometimes I did not even dare breathe
for fear of myself.
I didn't want to hear my own heart beating.
Despair sitting down within me.
I had given up all form of resistance.
After three months in this, it's more fear.
I decided to quit my job.
As for my husband, I was left without news.
I had to find out by myself
the reasons for his arrest.
The question that kept on coming back
in my mind was why did they wait two years
before sending him to that camp of reeducation?
I prefer to forget that moment
when I saw my husband in his prison clothes,
looking desperate.
It is a painful memory.
Twenty five months, twenty five months in hell.
My nerves cracked, my children were neglected like orphans.
The only reasonable solution was to quit that job,
to accept to lose the rations tickets,
and to live in uncertainty.
I earn 80 dong per month.
A salary of destitution in a path of humiliation.
I am not the ideal person to be interviewed.
I have never had a passion for politics,
although this does not mean that I am not interested in it.
How tragic is women's fate?
In Vietnam, almost everybody, poor or rich,
uses verse from the Kim Van Kieu fluently
in their daily expressions.
Also known as The Tale of Kieu,
the national epic poem recounts
the misfortunes of women in the person
of a beautiful, talented woman, Kieu,
whose love life has repeatedly served
as a metaphor for Vietnam's destiny.
The heroine, a perfect model
of Confucian feminine loyalty and piety,
was forced by circumstance to sacrifice her life
to save her father and brother
from disgrace and humiliation,
and to sell herself to become a prostitute,
then a concubine, a servant, and a nun,
before she was able to come back to her first lover.
Kim Van Kieu was written in the early 19th century
in the people's language known.
Despite it's length of 3.254 lines,
it became so popular that it was
widely cherished by all social strata.
Only a few decades after it appeared,
illiterate people knew long passages of it by heart
and recited it during evening gatherings.
It has also been loved for its
unorthodox approach to sexuality.
Although Kieu's destiny is meant
to be sadly complicated, because of the woman's beauty.
She not only freely chooses her lover,
but she also eagerly loves three men.
Her life offers a revisionist interpretation
of the Confucian principle of chastity
that govern the conduct of women.
I wish to use my body as a torch,
to dissipate the darkness,
to awaken love among people
and bring peace to Vietnam.
Yet Ti My poured gasoline all over her body
and lit the match.
- Socialist Vietnam venerates
the mothers and the wives.
The women do not exist, she's only a labor force.
The liberation of the women
is understood here as a double exploitation.
The men want to keep the better share of the cake.
They hold the key positions of power,
the women only get the leftovers.
They not a single woman at the Political Bureau.
The men are the only ones
to discuss problems that concern us.
As for the Women's Union,
the Mother-in-Law's Union,
they have make of us heroic workers,
virtual women, and we are good mothers,
good wives, heroic fighters.
Ghost women with no humanity.
They exploit us in the shop windows
for foreign visitors who come
to look at our lives, as if we were polite animals.
The image of the woman is magnified
like a saint and we are only human beings.
Why don't we want to admit that these women
are tired of seeing, to see their children exposed to war,
deprivations, epidemics and disease?
The very idea of heroism is horrible.
The woman is alone.
She live alone, she raise her children alone,
she give birth alone.
It is a sea of solitude.
The revolution is allowed to the women
to have access to the working world.
She work to deprive herself better,
to eat less, and she has to get used to the poverty.
Love, when I was young I want to become a writer.
My parents told me you have to write with your heart,
but don't forget your heart belongs to the body.
So how to write, then?
I therefore quit the writing
for a more scientific profession.
Love, personally I had to purge this word
from my vocabulary.
I no longer want to remember.
I live in total emptiness around me,
perhaps inside me.
Yes, we had to live for love.
Any emotion that escapes man's control,
that happens inside the body,
a very personal intimacy.
I now to love my bicycle,
my own bicycle with its own tires.
I have a sincere affection for it
because it help me when I'm tired.
It is a loyal companion.
It keep me company in my morning solitude.
It take me home in my distress in the evening.
It is the only witness of my movements.
- I am willing to talk but you should not
have doubts about my words.
There is the image of the woman
and there is her reality.
Sometime the two do not go well together.
I am 35 years old.
The age of the resistance movement and the revolution.
I do not know what a society of peace look like.
My childhood was not of struggle.
I am a child of the Party, my parents are hierarchy.
They had to fit me with the regularity of school,
since my childhood.
My childhood was secure,
I were proper, cherished,
and there was always educated answer to my questions.
I went to school with the red scarf
around my neck, and at 16 years old
I was trust an important role.
I was a leader in my University.
I was taught discipline and rigor.
Life would go on smoothly
if there had not been a liberation of the south.
The reunification and my being
shrank from the cycle.
A painful confrontation and deaths.
Even you who live in the west,
if you are admired and liked,
it's because we women of Vietnam.
We work so that your image may be beautiful.
We contribute to the respect
the world has for Vietnamese women.
I turn from Vietnam.
The two sisters, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi,
are Vietnam's earliest history of resistance,
are proudly remembered for the uprising
they led in fighting against Chinese domination.
Every year in spring time,
on the 60th day of the second moon,
young Hanoi children are seen
parading on their elephants
in the community in Hanoi.
It is fantasized that to conquer the female armies,
the only successful strategy the Chinese soldiers
finally came up with was to
strip themselves to the skin,
and expose their skin shamelessly
to the sight of the female opponents.
The women fighters retreated in disgust,
and the two sisters committed suicide.
The stories that grew around
the beloved heroines of Vietnam history
tell about both the dreams of women
and the fears of the men who fought
or heard of such accounts.
Popular descriptions of the physical appearance
of the sisters are often confusingly similar
to those of Trieu Thi Trinh,
another cherished figure
in the memory of the Vietnamese,
and a young peasant woman
who led 30 battles against the Chinese.
She was said to be nine feet tall,
with frightful breasts three meters long,
flying over her shoulders as she rode on an elephant.
She too committed suicide rather than
return to serfdom when her army was defeated.
We call her Trieu Thi Trinh,
but also Trieu Trinh Vuong,
Trieu Trinh, Trieu Au, Ba Trieu.
The market remains women's city.
It is the heart of daily life,
where information is exchanged,
and where rumors are spread.
It is also at the market that one taste
the real popular cooking of the country.
My worthless husband gambles all day.
If I told the world we would both be shamed.
Don't laugh, it's true.
I'm the daughter of a Confucian house,
a work of art sold to a stupid bumkin.
That's what I am.
A golden dragon bathing in a dirty pond.
They spread on the pavements,
their baskets full of merchandise,
and wait patiently.
- I will tell you the lives of women
who are the misfits of history.
They are, by the thousands,
those who live in economic distress.
They sell everything that is marketable,
including their bodies to support their family.
They deny their dignity to survive
and become prostitutes in Socialist society.
Are you askin' me if there
are social services to help them?
You must be dreaming.
You underestimate the trauma
of the women of the south.
We suffered the war,
like on our women combat the years.
This war went on without our consent.
We were swept along like in a tornado,
crushed in the machine and nobody could stop it.
Today many women must demean themselves
because they have no choice at all.
Some accepted to living with a cadre,
simply because of economic necessity.
They often dare buy tickets and protection.
Sometimes they do it with the best intention
in the hope that their husband may be liberated.
Time goes by and they see nothing happening.
Sometimes a woman find herself pregnant,
but goes to the camp to visit her husband.
She stand there in front of him
with this belly of humiliation.
He looks down and remains silent.
I will spare you of the most sordid traumas
that many women live through.
When the smoke clears,
the inevitable roundup of prisoners,
many of them seriously wounded.
Among the captured, a large group of women,
traditionally used by the enemy
as ammunition bearers,
village infiltrators, and informers.
Always recurring
in the prisoner's mind is the fear
of the time when the witnesses
themselves die without witnesses.
When history consists of tiny explosions of life
and of death without release.
The witnesses go on living
to bear witness to the unbearable.
Selling one's body remains an active trade.
A Vietnamese woman journalist said,
"Nothing runs in our blood
"except venereal disease."
Women do not become prostitutes for pleasure,
they suffer the counter shocks of our country's history.
French colonization, American presence,
long war years that have dismantled our society.
Today, all we have left
is the promise for a better society,
but a sun rises every morning
on anguish and uncertainty.
It goes down every evening with the fear
of not being able to nourish one's family.
My mother married me off to a child.
God knows there was no lack of young men,
and now his mauling is all the love I get.
He falls asleep and snores till morning.
I ask you, what kind of spring is this?
Sisters, how many times is a flower to bloom?
- My sister lives in the south.
I went to see her after the reunification.
More than 20 years of absence and of separation.
But my sister did not choose exile.
We are too attached to our family.
It was like a miracle to find ourselves there
facing each other again.
My sister sat still.
She was staring at me as if I came from another planet.
I could see a glimmer of revolt in her eyes.
Suddenly her cold grave voice told me,
you, my little sister, the socialist doctor.
She stood up from her chair,
took my hands and led me to the mirror.
Look at yourself at least once.
I had not, indeed, looked at myself
in the mirror in for years.
And I saw an old worn out woman.
I gazed at my own image with rapt attention
and realized I wore the same clothes,
the same wooden shoes since the night of time.
I did not think another word as sisters.
I would stare into the depth of my soul by mass anguish,
and my mind became confused.
I became aware of my own existence.
Peace restored, our problems have increased,
professional relations have deteriorated.
Equality between men and women
still figures on the program,
but the relation between
the women themselves are most uncomfortable.
The officer in charge is a woman,
but she is not a doctor.
Her function is above all political.
She is there to control
the ideological aspect of the profession.
A conflict has arisen between her
and the health technicians.
It is a problem of power,
political power versus professional competence.
We have been trained to think
that women have to please men
to the detriment of another woman.
If woman could trust woman
then we could talk about liberation.
Dear sister,
what we loved most at the time,
my girlfriends and I,
was to be able to buy little snacks
to pass them on secretly
to each other during class.
how would you translate these into English?
I am thrilled just at naming them.
It was a real treat to savor them
at one of these street vendor's carts
in front of school,
or , not far from our house,
where was his specialty.
I gave some private lessons then,
and had some pocket money I could spend,
since Mother had always forbade us
to eat on the street I felt
particularly excited to do so
and to taste anything that appeared novel to me.
When I think about them now,
they're really nothing special,
but the fact that they were forbidden
made all the difference.
My friend who was from central region
said in Hue girls coming back from school
in hats and white ao dai crowded
the Truong Tien bridge every afternoon,
their tunic flapping softly
in the wind like butterflies.
Every young man had gone through
a period when he would regularly
find himself standing there
just to look and contemplate.
If he followed her on the left,
she would pull her hat down
on the left side of her face.
If he stepped to the right,
she would pull it down
to the right side to prevent him
from looking while she kept
glancing at him at leisure.
The majority of the people there
wrote and appreciated poetry,
perhaps because of its unforgettable landscapes,
just like those in the north
about which Mother and Father so often told us.
- Everything is public.
We receive our patient in a cold large hall,
in the presence of the officer in charge.
It is very difficult to establish trust.
How do you want a woman disclose
her intimate sufferings when there is no intimacy
to preserve professional confidences?
It is impossible to feel for someone's
pains and sufferings when there
is no complicity between a doctor and her patient.
When a woman understood nothing to her body,
to hygiene or to contraception,
she came to see me and shyly whispered these to me.
Vietnamese woman does not
unburden herself easily to someone,
she is caught in prejudice, inhibitions and taboos.
In the old society,
the body was an unnamed place,
non-existent, not talked about.
If a woman's body got sick,
it was immediately thought that she
had had sexual relations outside the norms.
Even today this mentality
continues to bloom in our society.
Ignorance drives women to a world of silence.
To marry and have a child, how banal,
but to be pregnant without the help
of a husband, what merit.
Up there, a hanging panel, the governor's shrine.
Oh well, if I were turned into a man
I'd do better things than that.
Doctors, women who relieve other women.
As in the fairy tale,
the flowers falling from my lips
are changed into toads.
She helps, he directs.
She directs, he rings.
- It is a contempt for human effort
to believe that we adapt ourselves,
even to poverty.
Our fellow people who live abroad do sometime
have the same reasoning.
They come back to their native land
to visit their relatives,
they temporarily share their promiscuity,
then they go away.
They can afford a small effort
of heroism and adapt themselves
to the unusual surroundings.
But for those of us who remain
in the country,
we have to go on living this life
without joys or pride.
To say that we are courageous
or heroic beings is to pay
a tribute to our revolution.
But to glorify us is, in a way,
to deny our human force.
The notorious double day
flashes back in my memory.
Women work as a full unit of economy production,
and do all the unpaid housework and childcare.
Popular sayings qualify the three steps
of her life and her victimization
as that of a lady before marriage,
that of a maid during marriage,
and that of a monkey long after marriage.
- It is only to hide her exploitation
that they flatter her conceits.
Let us take the example of the street sweepers.
These women are doing a very repellent work.
They select a few of them and they
put them on the platform
during a congress or a meeting.
They make them read political discourses
quickly put together by men,
and the trick meets with success.
These women forget for a while
that they are sweepers and have the illusion
of being full citizens.
I am caught between two worlds,
this socialism which I reject
and the capitalism which I do not know.
- Our bosses are often men, women assist them.
This is what equality amounts to.
We fight very tiredly for our rights,
but the men always succeed to win over.
Sometimes they may make a few compromises
because we are with them in number.
In meetings, women never take the floor
to claim or demand.
They speak, but only in a feminine spirit,
a spirit too eager to please, to please their boss.
They can't simply say we think or we want,
they only submit such and such opinion.
They listen and they raise their little fingers.
It's very difficult to speak freely when one
does not have the power.
The guards of Women's Union are our mothers-in-law.
They recite this is written by men
and put women in the work market.
- Women fight for a more equitable society,
and when we will have won
the fight against bureaucracy,
strip away the incompetent,
then we will make a first step
toward revolution.
And this task also belongs to the women.
- Women have been always educated
to sacrifice themselves.
Women do not dare say they are being
mistreated by their husbands.
They are ashamed.
Meetings are the places where
different ideas are minimized.
You have to be careful when you look at our society.
There is the form and there is the content.
Truth is not always found in what is visible.
Our reality is inhabited by silent tears and sobs.
Women's liberations, you are still joking, aren't you?
Interview, an antiquated device of documentary.
Truth is selected, renewed, displaced,
and speech is always tactical.
So how many interviews in the overall?
Whom do you choose?
In one case, 150 interviews
were made for the film.
Five were retained in the final version.
What criteria?
Age, profession,
economical situation, cultural regions,
north, south, and center.
Critical ability, personal affinity.
Spoken, transcribed, and translated.
From listening to recording, speech to writing.
You can talk? We can cut, trim, tidy up.
The game often demands a response to the content,
rarely to the way that content
is framed, spoken, and read.
Between the language of inwardness
and that of pure surface.
Dear Sister,
there was something particularly pleasurable
in going to an ice cream place
to enjoy a drink in Vietnam.
I feel no such excitement here,
where ice cream shops have no ambience.
To find such pleasure again,
one has to go all the way to Houston, Texas
or Santa Ana, California where Vietnamese communities
form their own towns and villages.
It sounds like getting old and outdated.
The pose is always present,
and accidents on film are known as controlled accidents.
The more intimate the tone,
the more successful the interview.
Every question she and I come up with
is more or less a copy
of a question we have heard before.
Even if the statement is original
it sounds familiar, worn, threadbare.
By choosing the most direct
and spontaneous form of voicing and documenting,
I find myself closer to fiction.
- Morning teachers, morning boys and girls.
I'm Linh Tran, Vincent's mom.
Today I have a chance to talk to you
about Vietnamese women's dress. Ao dai, we call it ao dai.
Vietnam has over 4.000 years of history.
In the beginning the Vietnamese woman dress
has composed of three pieces,
one in the back and two in front,
and two pieces that tied together.
In 1744, Vietnamese King Vo, V-O,
he asked all Vietnamese women had to dress
with a pen, a pen like this.
- Hi, good morning teacher and everybody.
I would like to show you that the Ao Dai
was designed by Madame Vo
like Mrs. Tran just told you.
- Oh, I tell you, first time in my life,
I never know how to carry the water in to shoulder,
it just like they banging me,
but I had to do it.
I got real good, after three months,
I become, I couldn't be a country girl.
Not Saigon people, no more.
So because they always watching us,
day by day, time by time, even at lunch,
they open the door, go right away in my kitchen,
that they want to watch what I eat.
But you know what, we only eat little bit egg,
and little bit vegetable right in the ground, you know?
I pick it and we eat.
Do you translate by eye or by ear?
Translation seeks faithfulness and accuracy,
and ends up always betraying
either the letter of the text,
its spirit, or its aesthetics.
The original text is always already
an impossible translation
that renders translation impossible.
- I can speak English little bit, also my husband.
- And I say no, please sir,
no I don't wanna escape,
because if I want to escape,
I escape about eight years ago,
when first Saigon fell.
I can go in the harbor, a lot of ship over there.
I can jump over there and I escape,
but no, I love our country.
After my husband was reeducation from the government,
yeah, so I love our country,
so please don't shoot me, no.
He said, you tell me the truth?
I said I swear.
Because I read the book my husband read in labor camp.
They caution him about the political.
I read it and I know how to talk.
I said well, I believe in the government,
I believe in the Chairman,
so we have liberation, why I have to escape?
I am Vietnamese, I don't know how to speak English.
Why I have to escape?
I convinced him and he said he called me Chi Tieu,
because I cherish my name I don't want to tell him,
my name Chi Tieu.
Then he say Chi Tieu, where you get
your education, what level?
I said well, I only talk a lot,
I don't have any, no education.
Only 15 minutes, it take me 15 days to see him.
Only 15 minutes, then I have to come back to Saigon.
After I listen to my husband,
when I came home, you know,
I saw all the things of mine.
The furniture, radio, TV, good clothes,
everything go to the flea market,
and from then I become a sale lady in the street,
on the street, in the street.
I buy thing and resell it,
get the profit to take care of my children.
- The anxiety, but if I don't have roots,
why have my roots made me suffer so?
Running mute among other survivors,
your heart beats, echoing with each footstep.
You are led by an American officer
to a large, deadly silent auditorium,
when suddenly upon opening the door,
you found yourself in the company
of thousands of voiceless peasants,
a soundless, densely packed mass
of people awaiting their turn
to be lifted off the ground.
- No, no, it was 1976. 10 years later,
I work with coal commonly,
they told me to be quiet, quiet,
they said talk less, no one gonna get hurt.
And I look at the fire and I said no,
I talked with my supervisor,
I said no, please.
Said why, what's the matter?
I said well, every time I look at the fire,
my nightmare comes back
and I'm thinking of the time
of war in Vietnam, the bombing.
And he said be calm.
He is my supervisor and also my neighbor.
He said kid, according to your story,
you have been through a lot.
What's the matter with the fire?
I know you do it. Do it, kid, don't give up.
He gave me some energy,
and I was like oh yeah why not?
You know what, and I do it.
I was too small and the fire goes high like this,
you know, every time when I rake the pole to open,
you know what I have to jump over the opening,
and even sometimes my hair would burn
and my eyelashes were burned too.
I just tried to do the work,
get the money to raise the children.
Then my worker, she said kid, you burned your hair.
I said well, is it all right?
I touch my hair, it just looked like
And I smelled it and yuck,
and I touch my eyelash and they all so curly.
He couldn't give the work to someone else?
- No, they said that they hired me,
then they told me they loved
that I'm very, very, I'm small,
but I'm very, very strong in here,
so they said all right I'll make it.
You asked me to write about
what I remember most from my stay
at the refugee camp in Guam.
I shall never forget the day when we left.
I was suffering from excruciating stomach pains
and was getting ready to go and see the doctor
when an American officer showed up
to tell us we had to leave in five minutes.
As you knew, since father chose not to leave at the time,
we were four women then, mother and daughters.
Upon our arrival at the airport
with our meager bundles of clothes,
we were struck by the sight of people
carrying suitcases of all sizes.
Mother, who have had experience
in fleeing war on foot,
was convinced not only that we had to
reduce our belongings to the minimum,
but also that the clothes we wore
and carried should be dark colored
so not as to draw any attention to ourselves as women.
The Americans were brash and coarse,
they were yelling at us as if we were
a bunch of cattle or pigs.
At Guam, a limited number of tents
and folding beds were thrown at the flock.
People panicked, and everybody
was shouting and crying.
As the law of the jungle dictated,
only the most physically brutal
and aggressive succeeded
to lay hand on these things.
We cannot compete with the men.
We waited till night time
before additional beds and tents were brought in.
None of us could really sleep for weeks,
especially Mother, whose anguish
in sharing a tent with others came,
not from the fear of theft,
but from that of rape.
Most unbearable was the public
washing and toilet facilities,
enclosed in some crudely assembled wooden structures.
The latter were mere holes dug in the ground,
in which overspilling excrements
could never be evacuated fast enough,
and could be smelled at miles and miles away.
I was so obsessed by this that even today,
when I go to national parks,
it is a real ordeal for me
to be forced to use these restroom facilities.
However distant the memory, I can hardly bear
the sight and smell of these wooden cabins.
- Sorry, I just got a cold call
from my mom saying I can't believe
how much change you went through
since we came here.
My mom and dad, no not since, from Vietnam to America.
And she went through so much transition
from one culture to another, you know.
Remember those spandex pants you bought me?
Like snake skin kind of, tight.
Like New Year's Eve and I brought it home,
you know, and I put 'em on
and I didn't have matching sweater,
so I asked her if she had a black and gray sweater,
she goes oh, well here, and she gave me this sweater.
And I was gonna sneak out, like you won't see me,
but no, she kept asking let me see those pants,
see what you're wearing.
- I can't believe it.
- I thought she was gonna be scandalized,
like oh my god, it's too tight.
She took one look, she's like oh I can't believe
how much that matches.
I was just thinking no, she took a look at me
and she's like you know,
if you wore that a couple months ago
you would have been overweight
but I think you've lost enough weight
so you look good, looks really good,
I like that design.
When I was looking for a sweater
in her closet she had these leopard skin patterns,
these silky shirts, something that I would wear,
I couldn't believe Mom's going wild on me.
But that's just one of the things,
I mean I see so much gradual change from her.
- Well you helped her a lot.
- Even the whole values,
well it's not so much help,
it's like I put her through a lot. It's like sneaking out...
- But you guys smoothed it out after high school
and you moved out of the house,
that was a big dramatic reveal.
- Ah dramatic.
Climb trees.
Hangin' around.
I am like a jackfruit on a tree.
To taste me you must pluck me quick,
while fresh, the skin rough, the pulp thick.
Yes, but oh I warn you against touching.
The rich juice will gush and sting your hands.
Dear Ming Ha,
since the publication of the book
I felt like having lost a part of myself.
It is very difficult for Vietnamese woman
to write about Vietnamese women,
at least in France, where in spite of the
Mouvement de Liberation de la France,
maternalism remains the cornerstone
of the dominant ideology.
To have everything as it should be,
I should have accepted the preface
from Simone Dubois as my publisher had wished.
A million Vietnamese disperse around the globe.
It will take more than one generation
for the women to hear it.
Of course, the image can neither prove
what it says nor why it is saying it.
The importance of proof,
the impossibility of a single truth,
in witnessing, remembering, recording the women.
As I was about to leave her,
she reached for a magazine
and asked if I had heard or read about the refugees,
especially the mountain peoples,
who had passed away in their sleep,
without any evidence of heart attack
or any of the other recognizable disease.
The reporters describe this
as one of those mysterious,
inscrutable Oriental phenomenon,
but I think they died of acute sadness.
Sad to the extent that ones bough
is rot as we come and be safe.
- I need you to help me with something.
- Sure Kim, whatcha need?
- Okay, I want to measure around
the table I put in here, there are three or four.
One thing the man said he learned
to let go of while in prison is identity.
The singular naming of a person,
a race, a culture, a nation.
That's why they use three times,
but the meaning is different.
So how do you translate that?
Before you're married you're a lady.
After you're married you'll be a maid.
Then after the marriage you'll be a monkey.
And all that's bad.
But I don't think
I will be.
Vietnamese are adjusting to their new lives,
mastering elevators and escalators,
learning wristwatch type punctuality,
taming vending machines,
distinguishing dog's canned foods
from human canned foods,
and understanding that it was not permissible
to wander the streets, the hotels
or anywhere outside in pajamas.
- War is a succession of special effects.
The war became film before it was shot.
Cinema has remained a vast machine of special effects.
If the war is the continuation
of politics by other means,
then media images are the continuation
of war by other means.
Immersed in the machinery,
part of the special effect,
no critical distance.
Nothing separates the Vietnam war
and the the film that were made
and continues to be made about it.
It is sad that if the Americans
lost the other, they have certainly won this one.
There is no winner in a war.
- Here in Berkeley it's not so bad you know,
because you have so many orientals
that people recognize the difference
between the oriental cultures,
like Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese,
they're not like oh, they're all the same.
I don't know how many times I ran into problems
where people are like, first of all,
they pretend like they're interested enough to ask you,
are you Chinese or Japanese?
No, Vietnamese.
And then they have the nerve
to say oh, same difference.
I find that really insulting.
- I would too, that's ridiculous.
- I'm not so much aware of it till recently,
till you told me that story,
what was it about, it works both ways.
- Oh yeah, that scenario.
- What happened again?
- Oh it was really funny,
'cause what happened was I was living in Taiwan,
and I got on the bus and I'm the only
white American there, and this guy spots me
from across the bus and of course
it's jam packed, you know,
everybody's in each others' armpits,
and they're holding on for dear life
because they're maniac drivers.
And he starts making his way back,
he wanted to get a little English lesson,
which is fine, I mean I like speaking English
to people when they wanna learn.
But it happens like 24 hours a day,
so you're constantly speaking English
and I don't want it to get on my nerves,
exactly, by that time I felt
pretty comfortable with Chinese,
so he comes up and starts asking me questions
and I told him in Chinese
that I wasn't American, I was French,
and he's like well, so what?
I mean if you're European
you gotta speak everything, right?
And I said no, I just speak French,
I don't speak English.
He's like that's impossible,
you're all from the same heritage,
you're all European, you know,
so finally just said okay
and he just started speaking French.
- Oh, busted, big time. Oh, well actually I'm German.
- Oh god, that was embarrassing, I couldn't believe it.
I just kind of pretended to be snobbish.
- So that's why I like this place so much.
It's so funny, when I first came here to visit you,
I'm walking between you and Julie
and you guys both have blond hair, blue eyes,
and here's Julie speaking Japanese
and you're on my other side speaking Chinese,
and here I am, hi I'm from Pennsylvania, speaking English.
It was a nice change of role.
For years we learned
about our ancestors, the Gaulles.
We learned that French Indochina
was situated in Asia under a hot and humid climate,
grafting several languages,
culture and realities onto a single body.
The problem of translation after all,
is of reading and of identity.
French Indochina.
Vietnam, we also call it Nam.
Reeducation camps, rehabilitation camps,
concentration camps, annihilation camps,
all the distinctive features
of a civilization are laid bare.
The slogans continue to read work liberates,
rehabilitation through work.
Here, work is a process whereby
the worker no longer takes power,
for work has ceased to be his way of living
and has become his way of dying.
Work and death are equivalent.
"In Guam I recognized a general," she said.
"He had been one of the richest men in Vietnam.
"One morning in the camp,
"a mob of women came up to him.
"They took off their wooden shoes
"and began beating him about the head screaming
"because of you my son, my brother,
"my husband were left behind."
"The woman is like a butterfly,"
wrote a Japanese poet of the 17th century.
A woman discloses the content of the letter
her father recently wrote in prison in Vietnam.
A poet looking desperately fragile
in photo in his long silver hair.
He did not write to complain
about his politically condemned status,
but only to weep over his eldest daughter's death
on the very birth date of Buddha.
40 days after she died he wrote,
she came back in the form of a golden butterfly
and circled him insistently for an entire day.
What are these four virtues
persistently required of women?
First come you'll have to be able,
competent and skillful in cooking,
sewing, managing the household budget,
caring for the husband,
educating the children.
All this to save the husband's face.
Second, you'll have to maintain a gracious,
compliant and cheerful appearance,
first of all for the husband.
Third, you'll have to speak properly
and softly and never raise your voice,
particularly in front of the husband or his relatives.
Then fourth, you'll have to know where your place is,
respect those older than you,
and yield to those weaker than you.
Moreover, be faithful and sacrifice
for the husband.
The boat is either a dream or a nightmare,
or rather both, a no place, a place without a place
that exists by itself,
is closed on itself and at the same time
is given over to the infinity of the sea.
For western civilization,
the boat has not only been
the great instrument of economic development,
going from port to port as far as the colonies,
in search of treasures and slaves,
but it has also been a reserve of the imagination.
It is sad that in civilization without boats,
dreams dry up, espionage takes the place of adventure,
and the police take the place of pirates.
Hope is alive when there is a boat, even a small boat.
From shore to shore, small crafts are rejected
and sent back to the sea.
The policy of castaways has created
a special class of refugees, the beach people.
Each government has its own interpretation of Kieu.
Each has its peculiar way of using
and appropriating women's images.
First appreciated for its denunciation
of oppressive and corruption,
it was later read as an allegory
of the tragic fate of Vietnam under colonial rule.
More recently in a celebration
of its 200th anniversary it was highly praised
by the government's official writers
for its revolutionary yearning
for freedom and justice in the context
of the war against American imperialism.
For the Vietnamese in the south,
it speaks for the exodus,
or silent popular movement of resistance,
that continues to raise problems
of conscience for the international community.
I do some sewing in the evening for a couple ladies.
We receive from time to time
a package from my brother who lives abroad.
He sent us two kilos of MSGs,
trick it was all full.
We sell them back to the free market
and buy whatever we need.
It's a very satisfying exchange.
This is the same situation for almost all families.
How can we do otherwise?
My mother lives with us, my father is depart.
Six of us live in two tiny rooms.
My mother is 60 years old.
She is still strong and in good health
to take care of the housework
and to cook our meals.
This leaves me some free time to do my sewing.
They say that my job is better than the artist.
I belong to a restaurant service.
Sometimes I go to the embassies
when there is a reception or a dinner.
I feel less isolated.
I do see some forgiveness going and coming,
but we can't develop any relationship with them.
A foreigner, in principal, is already a spy.
Even a socialist or even you.
We live in constant suspicion
between husband and wife,
between children and parents.
Suspicion is everywhere.
There is no amount of trust.
When a foreigner give us something,
it may be because of pure sympathy for us,
but it is often taught that they want
too often something more from us.
You have to know how to compose yourself
to be admitted in the heart of the system.
Sometimes I revolt against the fact
that our children cannot have a bit of meat or fish,
whereas the foreigner can sneeze at them.
But Vietnam offers what it has best
to the international diplomats and government staff.
You should come and see at least once
what the meal in a Vietnamese family is composed of.
What is more beautiful
than a lotus in a pond?
Yellow stamens, white petals, green leaves.
Always near mud, yet never smells of mud.
You try to run but I won't let you.
Young woman, are you married yet?
And she replied, "Easy young man,
"you're spilling my rice.
"Yes I am with husband,
"his surname is Viet
"and he's given name is Nam."
- When I first met the woman of the south,
we looked at each other with distrust
but not with hostility.
Slowly we start talking to each other,
forming trust, we have come to Nyanok,
and this were a radical turn
that have changed my political understanding.
Before, I learn in the political caucus
that the capitalism were the exploitation
of man by man.
Perilous.
In our societies, society,
we just got all mixed up in suffering,
so that way we don't have to deal with them.
We prefer to cultivate fear and suspicion.
A society that impose on its people
a single way of thinking and a single way
of perceiving life cannot be a women's society.
I ignore how the capitalist society function.
I ignore its disease.
Between two ways of exploiting mens,
it is difficult for me to choose.
In spite of all the years of resistance and of revolution,
the same hierarchical principle exists.
We cannot deny what we inherit from China,
and in spite of our own divergency
with China we are full
of their customs and political conceptions.
The pains of reeducation are an example.
You cannot cure man's conviction
by reducing him to the animals.
Before, I would not dare to speak up,
to say what I thought, but today,
the citizen is different.
I am living rebirth,
and that have turn fear into fight.
I have nothing to lose other than
this poor salary and some fruit tickets.
The young people think like me,
I'm not alone.
The young people, they are tired
to hold a gun like we hold chopsticks.
And the real education is also
application to leave, to advance women condition.
Girls want to rediscover
their femininity, to please, to desire.
They come for loves and for colors.
Look at me.
I no longer have any breasts, any hip.
My skin has dry ups because of undernourishment.
I no longer look like a woman.
Our men no longer to desires.
They spend their time among themselves in cafes,
to drink and to smoke.
There is always a tendency
to identify historical breaks,
and to say this begin there,
this end here.
While the scene keeps on recurring,
as unchangeable as change itself.
Life seems suddenly fragile and vulnerable.
The passive resist,
and what is almost forgotten reappears from the winds.
Nobody knows, they say,
whether Ho Sung Hu really existed,
or whether she was a mere name.
She wrote poems in the 19th century,
but they were notorious for the scandal they caused,
and they continue today to defy
the principles of right speech
and a good manner of womanhood.
So, some men went as far as affirming
that poems signed under her name might not be hers.
They might, of course, be written by a man.
Who was then, we may ask, this feminine man,
whose womanness was violently attacked
and trashed by male poets of the time,
and who wrote feminist poetry on free love,
on single mothers,
on labia minora and labia majora desire,
who attacked polygamy and double standards of morality,
who ridiculized male authority and religiosity,
and who challenged all the norms
of Confucian Patriarchy?
when he claps his hands, she has entertained.
When she claps her hands, he has made
a significant contribution to his village,
his town, his country.
The fatherland, as they call it now.
For a life to save another life,
no more self pride.
No pride, no self.
She kneels and begs mercy for him
who is her son, her husband, her father.
- I am a doctor with almost 30 years of experience.
My husband, he also a doctor.
His was assigned to the military hospital of the city.
When Saigon fell in 1975,
we were among the most murderous.
We die being Communists,
we are no less Vietnamese,
we are nationalists.
I would never erase the memory
of that day from my mind.
It was total panic.
All our friends call us to tell us to leave.
My husband and I do not know what to do.
He told me, we have nothing to blame ourself for.
We are not criminals, we are from the south.
If the country divide into two
it was not because of us.
Of course, my husband wore the uniform,
but he wore it in spite of himself.
Each government feels it's citizens assist in best.
My day begin at 7:30 and end at 4:30.
With a break, one hour for lunch, of one hour for lunch.
Afterwards, I had to attend civil
and political education courses every other week.
I had to write a resume of my past life.
I was smarter than them.
I kept a copy of my first declaration.
I just recopied it exactly each time,
respecting the commas and the periods.
In the beginning I tried to make things work
at the hospital, but slowly we found ourselves
in as much fear of this crush than of submission.
I carry out my work in a heavy silence.
I stay in the service for two years,
and would probably stay on
if my husband had not been arrested.
To tell the truth, we never knew
the real reasons for his arrest.
Today we supposed it was a problem
of power and competence.
The passions pay for us to the oldest.
There was a kind of complicity
among the people of the south.
When the doctors of the new regime
took over the hospital,
all the services worked.
Two years later, this was a disaster.
The equipment were paralyzed.
The stock of medicines, empty.
The buildings, dilapidated.
As the understaff of the hospital, we became cumbersome.
In a way, we assisted to the failure of victory.
Forward, I didn't receive any news concerning my husband.
I came up against a mix silence around me.
My collaborators written me,
but never asked any wishes on my husbands disappearance.
Everybody stunned into silence.
It was terrible to live in the world of silence.
I was no longer used to it.
From then on I was inhabited
by the feeling of terror.
I discovered fear.
Sometimes I did not even dare breathe
for fear of myself.
I didn't want to hear my own heart beating.
Despair sitting down within me.
I had given up all form of resistance.
After three months in this, it's more fear.
I decided to quit my job.
As for my husband, I was left without news.
I had to find out by myself
the reasons for his arrest.
The question that kept on coming back
in my mind was why did they wait two years
before sending him to that camp of reeducation?
I prefer to forget that moment
when I saw my husband in his prison clothes,
looking desperate.
It is a painful memory.
Twenty five months, twenty five months in hell.
My nerves cracked, my children were neglected like orphans.
The only reasonable solution was to quit that job,
to accept to lose the rations tickets,
and to live in uncertainty.
I earn 80 dong per month.
A salary of destitution in a path of humiliation.
I am not the ideal person to be interviewed.
I have never had a passion for politics,
although this does not mean that I am not interested in it.
How tragic is women's fate?
In Vietnam, almost everybody, poor or rich,
uses verse from the Kim Van Kieu fluently
in their daily expressions.
Also known as The Tale of Kieu,
the national epic poem recounts
the misfortunes of women in the person
of a beautiful, talented woman, Kieu,
whose love life has repeatedly served
as a metaphor for Vietnam's destiny.
The heroine, a perfect model
of Confucian feminine loyalty and piety,
was forced by circumstance to sacrifice her life
to save her father and brother
from disgrace and humiliation,
and to sell herself to become a prostitute,
then a concubine, a servant, and a nun,
before she was able to come back to her first lover.
Kim Van Kieu was written in the early 19th century
in the people's language known.
Despite it's length of 3.254 lines,
it became so popular that it was
widely cherished by all social strata.
Only a few decades after it appeared,
illiterate people knew long passages of it by heart
and recited it during evening gatherings.
It has also been loved for its
unorthodox approach to sexuality.
Although Kieu's destiny is meant
to be sadly complicated, because of the woman's beauty.
She not only freely chooses her lover,
but she also eagerly loves three men.
Her life offers a revisionist interpretation
of the Confucian principle of chastity
that govern the conduct of women.
I wish to use my body as a torch,
to dissipate the darkness,
to awaken love among people
and bring peace to Vietnam.
Yet Ti My poured gasoline all over her body
and lit the match.
- Socialist Vietnam venerates
the mothers and the wives.
The women do not exist, she's only a labor force.
The liberation of the women
is understood here as a double exploitation.
The men want to keep the better share of the cake.
They hold the key positions of power,
the women only get the leftovers.
They not a single woman at the Political Bureau.
The men are the only ones
to discuss problems that concern us.
As for the Women's Union,
the Mother-in-Law's Union,
they have make of us heroic workers,
virtual women, and we are good mothers,
good wives, heroic fighters.
Ghost women with no humanity.
They exploit us in the shop windows
for foreign visitors who come
to look at our lives, as if we were polite animals.
The image of the woman is magnified
like a saint and we are only human beings.
Why don't we want to admit that these women
are tired of seeing, to see their children exposed to war,
deprivations, epidemics and disease?
The very idea of heroism is horrible.
The woman is alone.
She live alone, she raise her children alone,
she give birth alone.
It is a sea of solitude.
The revolution is allowed to the women
to have access to the working world.
She work to deprive herself better,
to eat less, and she has to get used to the poverty.
Love, when I was young I want to become a writer.
My parents told me you have to write with your heart,
but don't forget your heart belongs to the body.
So how to write, then?
I therefore quit the writing
for a more scientific profession.
Love, personally I had to purge this word
from my vocabulary.
I no longer want to remember.
I live in total emptiness around me,
perhaps inside me.
Yes, we had to live for love.
Any emotion that escapes man's control,
that happens inside the body,
a very personal intimacy.
I now to love my bicycle,
my own bicycle with its own tires.
I have a sincere affection for it
because it help me when I'm tired.
It is a loyal companion.
It keep me company in my morning solitude.
It take me home in my distress in the evening.
It is the only witness of my movements.
- I am willing to talk but you should not
have doubts about my words.
There is the image of the woman
and there is her reality.
Sometime the two do not go well together.
I am 35 years old.
The age of the resistance movement and the revolution.
I do not know what a society of peace look like.
My childhood was not of struggle.
I am a child of the Party, my parents are hierarchy.
They had to fit me with the regularity of school,
since my childhood.
My childhood was secure,
I were proper, cherished,
and there was always educated answer to my questions.
I went to school with the red scarf
around my neck, and at 16 years old
I was trust an important role.
I was a leader in my University.
I was taught discipline and rigor.
Life would go on smoothly
if there had not been a liberation of the south.
The reunification and my being
shrank from the cycle.
A painful confrontation and deaths.
Even you who live in the west,
if you are admired and liked,
it's because we women of Vietnam.
We work so that your image may be beautiful.
We contribute to the respect
the world has for Vietnamese women.
I turn from Vietnam.
The two sisters, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi,
are Vietnam's earliest history of resistance,
are proudly remembered for the uprising
they led in fighting against Chinese domination.
Every year in spring time,
on the 60th day of the second moon,
young Hanoi children are seen
parading on their elephants
in the community in Hanoi.
It is fantasized that to conquer the female armies,
the only successful strategy the Chinese soldiers
finally came up with was to
strip themselves to the skin,
and expose their skin shamelessly
to the sight of the female opponents.
The women fighters retreated in disgust,
and the two sisters committed suicide.
The stories that grew around
the beloved heroines of Vietnam history
tell about both the dreams of women
and the fears of the men who fought
or heard of such accounts.
Popular descriptions of the physical appearance
of the sisters are often confusingly similar
to those of Trieu Thi Trinh,
another cherished figure
in the memory of the Vietnamese,
and a young peasant woman
who led 30 battles against the Chinese.
She was said to be nine feet tall,
with frightful breasts three meters long,
flying over her shoulders as she rode on an elephant.
She too committed suicide rather than
return to serfdom when her army was defeated.
We call her Trieu Thi Trinh,
but also Trieu Trinh Vuong,
Trieu Trinh, Trieu Au, Ba Trieu.
The market remains women's city.
It is the heart of daily life,
where information is exchanged,
and where rumors are spread.
It is also at the market that one taste
the real popular cooking of the country.
My worthless husband gambles all day.
If I told the world we would both be shamed.
Don't laugh, it's true.
I'm the daughter of a Confucian house,
a work of art sold to a stupid bumkin.
That's what I am.
A golden dragon bathing in a dirty pond.
They spread on the pavements,
their baskets full of merchandise,
and wait patiently.
- I will tell you the lives of women
who are the misfits of history.
They are, by the thousands,
those who live in economic distress.
They sell everything that is marketable,
including their bodies to support their family.
They deny their dignity to survive
and become prostitutes in Socialist society.
Are you askin' me if there
are social services to help them?
You must be dreaming.
You underestimate the trauma
of the women of the south.
We suffered the war,
like on our women combat the years.
This war went on without our consent.
We were swept along like in a tornado,
crushed in the machine and nobody could stop it.
Today many women must demean themselves
because they have no choice at all.
Some accepted to living with a cadre,
simply because of economic necessity.
They often dare buy tickets and protection.
Sometimes they do it with the best intention
in the hope that their husband may be liberated.
Time goes by and they see nothing happening.
Sometimes a woman find herself pregnant,
but goes to the camp to visit her husband.
She stand there in front of him
with this belly of humiliation.
He looks down and remains silent.
I will spare you of the most sordid traumas
that many women live through.
When the smoke clears,
the inevitable roundup of prisoners,
many of them seriously wounded.
Among the captured, a large group of women,
traditionally used by the enemy
as ammunition bearers,
village infiltrators, and informers.
Always recurring
in the prisoner's mind is the fear
of the time when the witnesses
themselves die without witnesses.
When history consists of tiny explosions of life
and of death without release.
The witnesses go on living
to bear witness to the unbearable.
Selling one's body remains an active trade.
A Vietnamese woman journalist said,
"Nothing runs in our blood
"except venereal disease."
Women do not become prostitutes for pleasure,
they suffer the counter shocks of our country's history.
French colonization, American presence,
long war years that have dismantled our society.
Today, all we have left
is the promise for a better society,
but a sun rises every morning
on anguish and uncertainty.
It goes down every evening with the fear
of not being able to nourish one's family.
My mother married me off to a child.
God knows there was no lack of young men,
and now his mauling is all the love I get.
He falls asleep and snores till morning.
I ask you, what kind of spring is this?
Sisters, how many times is a flower to bloom?
- My sister lives in the south.
I went to see her after the reunification.
More than 20 years of absence and of separation.
But my sister did not choose exile.
We are too attached to our family.
It was like a miracle to find ourselves there
facing each other again.
My sister sat still.
She was staring at me as if I came from another planet.
I could see a glimmer of revolt in her eyes.
Suddenly her cold grave voice told me,
you, my little sister, the socialist doctor.
She stood up from her chair,
took my hands and led me to the mirror.
Look at yourself at least once.
I had not, indeed, looked at myself
in the mirror in for years.
And I saw an old worn out woman.
I gazed at my own image with rapt attention
and realized I wore the same clothes,
the same wooden shoes since the night of time.
I did not think another word as sisters.
I would stare into the depth of my soul by mass anguish,
and my mind became confused.
I became aware of my own existence.
Peace restored, our problems have increased,
professional relations have deteriorated.
Equality between men and women
still figures on the program,
but the relation between
the women themselves are most uncomfortable.
The officer in charge is a woman,
but she is not a doctor.
Her function is above all political.
She is there to control
the ideological aspect of the profession.
A conflict has arisen between her
and the health technicians.
It is a problem of power,
political power versus professional competence.
We have been trained to think
that women have to please men
to the detriment of another woman.
If woman could trust woman
then we could talk about liberation.
Dear sister,
what we loved most at the time,
my girlfriends and I,
was to be able to buy little snacks
to pass them on secretly
to each other during class.
how would you translate these into English?
I am thrilled just at naming them.
It was a real treat to savor them
at one of these street vendor's carts
in front of school,
or , not far from our house,
where was his specialty.
I gave some private lessons then,
and had some pocket money I could spend,
since Mother had always forbade us
to eat on the street I felt
particularly excited to do so
and to taste anything that appeared novel to me.
When I think about them now,
they're really nothing special,
but the fact that they were forbidden
made all the difference.
My friend who was from central region
said in Hue girls coming back from school
in hats and white ao dai crowded
the Truong Tien bridge every afternoon,
their tunic flapping softly
in the wind like butterflies.
Every young man had gone through
a period when he would regularly
find himself standing there
just to look and contemplate.
If he followed her on the left,
she would pull her hat down
on the left side of her face.
If he stepped to the right,
she would pull it down
to the right side to prevent him
from looking while she kept
glancing at him at leisure.
The majority of the people there
wrote and appreciated poetry,
perhaps because of its unforgettable landscapes,
just like those in the north
about which Mother and Father so often told us.
- Everything is public.
We receive our patient in a cold large hall,
in the presence of the officer in charge.
It is very difficult to establish trust.
How do you want a woman disclose
her intimate sufferings when there is no intimacy
to preserve professional confidences?
It is impossible to feel for someone's
pains and sufferings when there
is no complicity between a doctor and her patient.
When a woman understood nothing to her body,
to hygiene or to contraception,
she came to see me and shyly whispered these to me.
Vietnamese woman does not
unburden herself easily to someone,
she is caught in prejudice, inhibitions and taboos.
In the old society,
the body was an unnamed place,
non-existent, not talked about.
If a woman's body got sick,
it was immediately thought that she
had had sexual relations outside the norms.
Even today this mentality
continues to bloom in our society.
Ignorance drives women to a world of silence.
To marry and have a child, how banal,
but to be pregnant without the help
of a husband, what merit.
Up there, a hanging panel, the governor's shrine.
Oh well, if I were turned into a man
I'd do better things than that.
Doctors, women who relieve other women.
As in the fairy tale,
the flowers falling from my lips
are changed into toads.
She helps, he directs.
She directs, he rings.
- It is a contempt for human effort
to believe that we adapt ourselves,
even to poverty.
Our fellow people who live abroad do sometime
have the same reasoning.
They come back to their native land
to visit their relatives,
they temporarily share their promiscuity,
then they go away.
They can afford a small effort
of heroism and adapt themselves
to the unusual surroundings.
But for those of us who remain
in the country,
we have to go on living this life
without joys or pride.
To say that we are courageous
or heroic beings is to pay
a tribute to our revolution.
But to glorify us is, in a way,
to deny our human force.
The notorious double day
flashes back in my memory.
Women work as a full unit of economy production,
and do all the unpaid housework and childcare.
Popular sayings qualify the three steps
of her life and her victimization
as that of a lady before marriage,
that of a maid during marriage,
and that of a monkey long after marriage.
- It is only to hide her exploitation
that they flatter her conceits.
Let us take the example of the street sweepers.
These women are doing a very repellent work.
They select a few of them and they
put them on the platform
during a congress or a meeting.
They make them read political discourses
quickly put together by men,
and the trick meets with success.
These women forget for a while
that they are sweepers and have the illusion
of being full citizens.
I am caught between two worlds,
this socialism which I reject
and the capitalism which I do not know.
- Our bosses are often men, women assist them.
This is what equality amounts to.
We fight very tiredly for our rights,
but the men always succeed to win over.
Sometimes they may make a few compromises
because we are with them in number.
In meetings, women never take the floor
to claim or demand.
They speak, but only in a feminine spirit,
a spirit too eager to please, to please their boss.
They can't simply say we think or we want,
they only submit such and such opinion.
They listen and they raise their little fingers.
It's very difficult to speak freely when one
does not have the power.
The guards of Women's Union are our mothers-in-law.
They recite this is written by men
and put women in the work market.
- Women fight for a more equitable society,
and when we will have won
the fight against bureaucracy,
strip away the incompetent,
then we will make a first step
toward revolution.
And this task also belongs to the women.
- Women have been always educated
to sacrifice themselves.
Women do not dare say they are being
mistreated by their husbands.
They are ashamed.
Meetings are the places where
different ideas are minimized.
You have to be careful when you look at our society.
There is the form and there is the content.
Truth is not always found in what is visible.
Our reality is inhabited by silent tears and sobs.
Women's liberations, you are still joking, aren't you?
Interview, an antiquated device of documentary.
Truth is selected, renewed, displaced,
and speech is always tactical.
So how many interviews in the overall?
Whom do you choose?
In one case, 150 interviews
were made for the film.
Five were retained in the final version.
What criteria?
Age, profession,
economical situation, cultural regions,
north, south, and center.
Critical ability, personal affinity.
Spoken, transcribed, and translated.
From listening to recording, speech to writing.
You can talk? We can cut, trim, tidy up.
The game often demands a response to the content,
rarely to the way that content
is framed, spoken, and read.
Between the language of inwardness
and that of pure surface.
Dear Sister,
there was something particularly pleasurable
in going to an ice cream place
to enjoy a drink in Vietnam.
I feel no such excitement here,
where ice cream shops have no ambience.
To find such pleasure again,
one has to go all the way to Houston, Texas
or Santa Ana, California where Vietnamese communities
form their own towns and villages.
It sounds like getting old and outdated.
The pose is always present,
and accidents on film are known as controlled accidents.
The more intimate the tone,
the more successful the interview.
Every question she and I come up with
is more or less a copy
of a question we have heard before.
Even if the statement is original
it sounds familiar, worn, threadbare.
By choosing the most direct
and spontaneous form of voicing and documenting,
I find myself closer to fiction.
- Morning teachers, morning boys and girls.
I'm Linh Tran, Vincent's mom.
Today I have a chance to talk to you
about Vietnamese women's dress. Ao dai, we call it ao dai.
Vietnam has over 4.000 years of history.
In the beginning the Vietnamese woman dress
has composed of three pieces,
one in the back and two in front,
and two pieces that tied together.
In 1744, Vietnamese King Vo, V-O,
he asked all Vietnamese women had to dress
with a pen, a pen like this.
- Hi, good morning teacher and everybody.
I would like to show you that the Ao Dai
was designed by Madame Vo
like Mrs. Tran just told you.
- Oh, I tell you, first time in my life,
I never know how to carry the water in to shoulder,
it just like they banging me,
but I had to do it.
I got real good, after three months,
I become, I couldn't be a country girl.
Not Saigon people, no more.
So because they always watching us,
day by day, time by time, even at lunch,
they open the door, go right away in my kitchen,
that they want to watch what I eat.
But you know what, we only eat little bit egg,
and little bit vegetable right in the ground, you know?
I pick it and we eat.
Do you translate by eye or by ear?
Translation seeks faithfulness and accuracy,
and ends up always betraying
either the letter of the text,
its spirit, or its aesthetics.
The original text is always already
an impossible translation
that renders translation impossible.
- I can speak English little bit, also my husband.
- And I say no, please sir,
no I don't wanna escape,
because if I want to escape,
I escape about eight years ago,
when first Saigon fell.
I can go in the harbor, a lot of ship over there.
I can jump over there and I escape,
but no, I love our country.
After my husband was reeducation from the government,
yeah, so I love our country,
so please don't shoot me, no.
He said, you tell me the truth?
I said I swear.
Because I read the book my husband read in labor camp.
They caution him about the political.
I read it and I know how to talk.
I said well, I believe in the government,
I believe in the Chairman,
so we have liberation, why I have to escape?
I am Vietnamese, I don't know how to speak English.
Why I have to escape?
I convinced him and he said he called me Chi Tieu,
because I cherish my name I don't want to tell him,
my name Chi Tieu.
Then he say Chi Tieu, where you get
your education, what level?
I said well, I only talk a lot,
I don't have any, no education.
Only 15 minutes, it take me 15 days to see him.
Only 15 minutes, then I have to come back to Saigon.
After I listen to my husband,
when I came home, you know,
I saw all the things of mine.
The furniture, radio, TV, good clothes,
everything go to the flea market,
and from then I become a sale lady in the street,
on the street, in the street.
I buy thing and resell it,
get the profit to take care of my children.
- The anxiety, but if I don't have roots,
why have my roots made me suffer so?
Running mute among other survivors,
your heart beats, echoing with each footstep.
You are led by an American officer
to a large, deadly silent auditorium,
when suddenly upon opening the door,
you found yourself in the company
of thousands of voiceless peasants,
a soundless, densely packed mass
of people awaiting their turn
to be lifted off the ground.
- No, no, it was 1976. 10 years later,
I work with coal commonly,
they told me to be quiet, quiet,
they said talk less, no one gonna get hurt.
And I look at the fire and I said no,
I talked with my supervisor,
I said no, please.
Said why, what's the matter?
I said well, every time I look at the fire,
my nightmare comes back
and I'm thinking of the time
of war in Vietnam, the bombing.
And he said be calm.
He is my supervisor and also my neighbor.
He said kid, according to your story,
you have been through a lot.
What's the matter with the fire?
I know you do it. Do it, kid, don't give up.
He gave me some energy,
and I was like oh yeah why not?
You know what, and I do it.
I was too small and the fire goes high like this,
you know, every time when I rake the pole to open,
you know what I have to jump over the opening,
and even sometimes my hair would burn
and my eyelashes were burned too.
I just tried to do the work,
get the money to raise the children.
Then my worker, she said kid, you burned your hair.
I said well, is it all right?
I touch my hair, it just looked like
And I smelled it and yuck,
and I touch my eyelash and they all so curly.
He couldn't give the work to someone else?
- No, they said that they hired me,
then they told me they loved
that I'm very, very, I'm small,
but I'm very, very strong in here,
so they said all right I'll make it.
You asked me to write about
what I remember most from my stay
at the refugee camp in Guam.
I shall never forget the day when we left.
I was suffering from excruciating stomach pains
and was getting ready to go and see the doctor
when an American officer showed up
to tell us we had to leave in five minutes.
As you knew, since father chose not to leave at the time,
we were four women then, mother and daughters.
Upon our arrival at the airport
with our meager bundles of clothes,
we were struck by the sight of people
carrying suitcases of all sizes.
Mother, who have had experience
in fleeing war on foot,
was convinced not only that we had to
reduce our belongings to the minimum,
but also that the clothes we wore
and carried should be dark colored
so not as to draw any attention to ourselves as women.
The Americans were brash and coarse,
they were yelling at us as if we were
a bunch of cattle or pigs.
At Guam, a limited number of tents
and folding beds were thrown at the flock.
People panicked, and everybody
was shouting and crying.
As the law of the jungle dictated,
only the most physically brutal
and aggressive succeeded
to lay hand on these things.
We cannot compete with the men.
We waited till night time
before additional beds and tents were brought in.
None of us could really sleep for weeks,
especially Mother, whose anguish
in sharing a tent with others came,
not from the fear of theft,
but from that of rape.
Most unbearable was the public
washing and toilet facilities,
enclosed in some crudely assembled wooden structures.
The latter were mere holes dug in the ground,
in which overspilling excrements
could never be evacuated fast enough,
and could be smelled at miles and miles away.
I was so obsessed by this that even today,
when I go to national parks,
it is a real ordeal for me
to be forced to use these restroom facilities.
However distant the memory, I can hardly bear
the sight and smell of these wooden cabins.
- Sorry, I just got a cold call
from my mom saying I can't believe
how much change you went through
since we came here.
My mom and dad, no not since, from Vietnam to America.
And she went through so much transition
from one culture to another, you know.
Remember those spandex pants you bought me?
Like snake skin kind of, tight.
Like New Year's Eve and I brought it home,
you know, and I put 'em on
and I didn't have matching sweater,
so I asked her if she had a black and gray sweater,
she goes oh, well here, and she gave me this sweater.
And I was gonna sneak out, like you won't see me,
but no, she kept asking let me see those pants,
see what you're wearing.
- I can't believe it.
- I thought she was gonna be scandalized,
like oh my god, it's too tight.
She took one look, she's like oh I can't believe
how much that matches.
I was just thinking no, she took a look at me
and she's like you know,
if you wore that a couple months ago
you would have been overweight
but I think you've lost enough weight
so you look good, looks really good,
I like that design.
When I was looking for a sweater
in her closet she had these leopard skin patterns,
these silky shirts, something that I would wear,
I couldn't believe Mom's going wild on me.
But that's just one of the things,
I mean I see so much gradual change from her.
- Well you helped her a lot.
- Even the whole values,
well it's not so much help,
it's like I put her through a lot. It's like sneaking out...
- But you guys smoothed it out after high school
and you moved out of the house,
that was a big dramatic reveal.
- Ah dramatic.
Climb trees.
Hangin' around.
I am like a jackfruit on a tree.
To taste me you must pluck me quick,
while fresh, the skin rough, the pulp thick.
Yes, but oh I warn you against touching.
The rich juice will gush and sting your hands.
Dear Ming Ha,
since the publication of the book
I felt like having lost a part of myself.
It is very difficult for Vietnamese woman
to write about Vietnamese women,
at least in France, where in spite of the
Mouvement de Liberation de la France,
maternalism remains the cornerstone
of the dominant ideology.
To have everything as it should be,
I should have accepted the preface
from Simone Dubois as my publisher had wished.
A million Vietnamese disperse around the globe.
It will take more than one generation
for the women to hear it.
Of course, the image can neither prove
what it says nor why it is saying it.
The importance of proof,
the impossibility of a single truth,
in witnessing, remembering, recording the women.
As I was about to leave her,
she reached for a magazine
and asked if I had heard or read about the refugees,
especially the mountain peoples,
who had passed away in their sleep,
without any evidence of heart attack
or any of the other recognizable disease.
The reporters describe this
as one of those mysterious,
inscrutable Oriental phenomenon,
but I think they died of acute sadness.
Sad to the extent that ones bough
is rot as we come and be safe.
- I need you to help me with something.
- Sure Kim, whatcha need?
- Okay, I want to measure around
the table I put in here, there are three or four.
One thing the man said he learned
to let go of while in prison is identity.
The singular naming of a person,
a race, a culture, a nation.
That's why they use three times,
but the meaning is different.
So how do you translate that?
Before you're married you're a lady.
After you're married you'll be a maid.
Then after the marriage you'll be a monkey.
And all that's bad.
But I don't think
I will be.
Vietnamese are adjusting to their new lives,
mastering elevators and escalators,
learning wristwatch type punctuality,
taming vending machines,
distinguishing dog's canned foods
from human canned foods,
and understanding that it was not permissible
to wander the streets, the hotels
or anywhere outside in pajamas.
- War is a succession of special effects.
The war became film before it was shot.
Cinema has remained a vast machine of special effects.
If the war is the continuation
of politics by other means,
then media images are the continuation
of war by other means.
Immersed in the machinery,
part of the special effect,
no critical distance.
Nothing separates the Vietnam war
and the the film that were made
and continues to be made about it.
It is sad that if the Americans
lost the other, they have certainly won this one.
There is no winner in a war.
- Here in Berkeley it's not so bad you know,
because you have so many orientals
that people recognize the difference
between the oriental cultures,
like Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese,
they're not like oh, they're all the same.
I don't know how many times I ran into problems
where people are like, first of all,
they pretend like they're interested enough to ask you,
are you Chinese or Japanese?
No, Vietnamese.
And then they have the nerve
to say oh, same difference.
I find that really insulting.
- I would too, that's ridiculous.
- I'm not so much aware of it till recently,
till you told me that story,
what was it about, it works both ways.
- Oh yeah, that scenario.
- What happened again?
- Oh it was really funny,
'cause what happened was I was living in Taiwan,
and I got on the bus and I'm the only
white American there, and this guy spots me
from across the bus and of course
it's jam packed, you know,
everybody's in each others' armpits,
and they're holding on for dear life
because they're maniac drivers.
And he starts making his way back,
he wanted to get a little English lesson,
which is fine, I mean I like speaking English
to people when they wanna learn.
But it happens like 24 hours a day,
so you're constantly speaking English
and I don't want it to get on my nerves,
exactly, by that time I felt
pretty comfortable with Chinese,
so he comes up and starts asking me questions
and I told him in Chinese
that I wasn't American, I was French,
and he's like well, so what?
I mean if you're European
you gotta speak everything, right?
And I said no, I just speak French,
I don't speak English.
He's like that's impossible,
you're all from the same heritage,
you're all European, you know,
so finally just said okay
and he just started speaking French.
- Oh, busted, big time. Oh, well actually I'm German.
- Oh god, that was embarrassing, I couldn't believe it.
I just kind of pretended to be snobbish.
- So that's why I like this place so much.
It's so funny, when I first came here to visit you,
I'm walking between you and Julie
and you guys both have blond hair, blue eyes,
and here's Julie speaking Japanese
and you're on my other side speaking Chinese,
and here I am, hi I'm from Pennsylvania, speaking English.
It was a nice change of role.
For years we learned
about our ancestors, the Gaulles.
We learned that French Indochina
was situated in Asia under a hot and humid climate,
grafting several languages,
culture and realities onto a single body.
The problem of translation after all,
is of reading and of identity.
French Indochina.
Vietnam, we also call it Nam.
Reeducation camps, rehabilitation camps,
concentration camps, annihilation camps,
all the distinctive features
of a civilization are laid bare.
The slogans continue to read work liberates,
rehabilitation through work.
Here, work is a process whereby
the worker no longer takes power,
for work has ceased to be his way of living
and has become his way of dying.
Work and death are equivalent.
"In Guam I recognized a general," she said.
"He had been one of the richest men in Vietnam.
"One morning in the camp,
"a mob of women came up to him.
"They took off their wooden shoes
"and began beating him about the head screaming
"because of you my son, my brother,
"my husband were left behind."
"The woman is like a butterfly,"
wrote a Japanese poet of the 17th century.
A woman discloses the content of the letter
her father recently wrote in prison in Vietnam.
A poet looking desperately fragile
in photo in his long silver hair.
He did not write to complain
about his politically condemned status,
but only to weep over his eldest daughter's death
on the very birth date of Buddha.
40 days after she died he wrote,
she came back in the form of a golden butterfly
and circled him insistently for an entire day.
What are these four virtues
persistently required of women?
First come you'll have to be able,
competent and skillful in cooking,
sewing, managing the household budget,
caring for the husband,
educating the children.
All this to save the husband's face.
Second, you'll have to maintain a gracious,
compliant and cheerful appearance,
first of all for the husband.
Third, you'll have to speak properly
and softly and never raise your voice,
particularly in front of the husband or his relatives.
Then fourth, you'll have to know where your place is,
respect those older than you,
and yield to those weaker than you.
Moreover, be faithful and sacrifice
for the husband.
The boat is either a dream or a nightmare,
or rather both, a no place, a place without a place
that exists by itself,
is closed on itself and at the same time
is given over to the infinity of the sea.
For western civilization,
the boat has not only been
the great instrument of economic development,
going from port to port as far as the colonies,
in search of treasures and slaves,
but it has also been a reserve of the imagination.
It is sad that in civilization without boats,
dreams dry up, espionage takes the place of adventure,
and the police take the place of pirates.
Hope is alive when there is a boat, even a small boat.
From shore to shore, small crafts are rejected
and sent back to the sea.
The policy of castaways has created
a special class of refugees, the beach people.
Each government has its own interpretation of Kieu.
Each has its peculiar way of using
and appropriating women's images.
First appreciated for its denunciation
of oppressive and corruption,
it was later read as an allegory
of the tragic fate of Vietnam under colonial rule.
More recently in a celebration
of its 200th anniversary it was highly praised
by the government's official writers
for its revolutionary yearning
for freedom and justice in the context
of the war against American imperialism.
For the Vietnamese in the south,
it speaks for the exodus,
or silent popular movement of resistance,
that continues to raise problems
of conscience for the international community.