Révolution VHS (2017) - full transcript
At a time when tributes to it are on the rise - the Yale University library has just opened a VHS department - this is the history of the VHS, a globalized medium. The entertaining portrait...
This is a 2017 video game.
- This is bad.
You've gotta get here.
You've gotta ahh.
♫ I slay, okay
, I slay,
♫ okay, okay, okay, okay
This is a video from 2016
by one of the world's biggest stars.
♫ Now let's get in formation
Ooh, find your
light, there, perfect.
Can you please introduce yourself--
And this is a 2017 commercial
for an ultra trendy fashion brand.
How should I call you?
- You can call me Anthony.
In a world dominated
by super slick aesthetics
the tracking lines,
dull colors, and grainy image of the
video cassette have made a comeback.
The last remaining VCR manufacturer
ceased production in 2016,
but new apps allow you to
shoot VHS style videos.
It seems for an entire generation
the poor image quality
makes the memory richer.
After all, for '80s kids this
little black box was a revolution.
In the 1980s one item had pride of place
in households around the world, the VCR.
Young and old alike spent their evenings
in front of a television set
which radiated a magic aura once more.
Almost unawares the welded experienced
a social, economic, and
artistic revolution.
But the most profound social changes
are rarely the showiest.
They occur on the fringes first
hidden from the general public's view.
As often happens with consumer goods
it was in the United States
that the pioneers dived head first
into the video pool
instinctively, enthusiastically.
- Three, two, one, I'm Ray
Glasser, Cleveland, Ohio.
I've been collecting videos since 1976
one of the first true Betamax collectors
I guess you could say.
And as of right now in 2016 I still have
2,000 Betamax tapes and I have
lots of blank Betamax tapes.
So if Sony stopped making earlier
this year, doesn't matter,
I'll never run out of blank tapes.
The Sony Betamax.
Its only purpose is to serve you.
When the Japanese brand Sony
launched its new video
format the Betamax in 1976
it sent shockwaves around the world.
In cinema or in television
the moving image
had always been the
stuff of professionals.
The first videotape recorders
were the size of a room
and cost as much as the average house.
But after a fierce technological
and commercial race
spanning several decades,
Sony suddenly abolished this privilege.
Betamax made video accessible to everyone.
Yet only a handful of
enthusiasts understood
what a radical change this represented
and were willing to dig deep.
- Wow, what is that?
- This is the Sony Betamax.
- The SL 7200 at the time cost somewhere
around $1,200 and for somebody like me
I was lucky to make $100 a week.
So imagine how much it took for me
to save enough money, and get into debt,
and buy a VCR like that.
- Back in 1976 I was
working in a restaurant.
I took a second job to
make some extra money
so I could afford one of these.
And in June of '76 I got
my first Sony Betamax.
- If it boiled down to
am I going to eat today,
or am I going to spend some money
on two or three blank tapes?
I'd choose the blank tapes.
- You're obviously a man
who's having troubles at home.
You're constantly
fighting with your family
over what TV shows to watch.
Well fortunately you're looking at
a simple solution to your
problems, Sony Betamax.
At the time Sony marketed
its machine as a simple recording device.
For TV viewers in the '70s it was
nothing short of a miracle.
- So you can watch it whenever you want.
- I can record the eight o'clock movie
when I'm at work, or the
TV show, whatever I wanted.
Come home at 1:30 in the morning,
rewind the tape, and watch it back.
And that was perfect for me.
- The Betamax completely relieved me
from the tyranny of the TV schedule.
And remember at this time, 1976,
1977 this was a revolution.
No one could imagine this kind of thing.
Not surprisingly the
early days were exhilarating.
- How ya doing?
This is the first annual
VCR Plus Michigan Convention
in Fremont, Ohio, February, 5th 1979.
Enthusiasts
organized conventions,
a group of 50 video fans would bring along
their VCRs to record as much
as their tapes would allow.
From the outset the little black box
had its own distinctive community.
The pioneers exchanged tapes too
with their peers all over the country.
Thanks to ads placed in
a specialist magazine
that was just a few
xeroxed pages at the time.
- My friend Gary and I began running ads
in the Video Files newsletter for things
we were looking for as
you can see right here.
In return for your favors,
this is so funny 'cause it's so dated.
I currently have 76 Betamax tapes.
In part my library includes 16 Star Treks,
15 movies including The
Day the Earth Stood Still,
The Silent Earth, The Exorcist--
- One of the first collectors that I got
in touch with in 1976 was Ray Glasser.
- Live and Let Die, Diamonds are Forever,
Dracula Prince of Darkness--
- Who was this crazy,
passionate, film fan in Ohio.
- Man with the Golden Gun,
The Forbin Project, Westworld--
- And because we lived in completely
different parts of the country,
I was in Central Florida
and he was in Ohio,
we had access to completely
different kinds of programming.
- Time Tunnel, Voyage at
the Bottom of the Sea,
and Mission Impossible.
- But we would regularly start sending
each other video tapes back and forth.
- And we made so many connections,
people would call us long
distance on the phone
and this went on for years.
And this is how we got our
collections to be so big.
Remember this is before video stores,
before movies were available for rent,
this is how you hooked up and contacted
other people and began trading tapes
and building your video tape library.
- Take three, this is Ray
Glasser speaking from Cleveland.
I am real as you can see and now
here is your Betamax dubbing request.
But Ray Glasser and his gang
were too busy having fun to notice
the darkness on the horizon.
It's a simple
process just turn the power on,
set the time, put in a tape cassette,
push a couple of buttons,
and you are taping a movie off television
in the privacy of your own home.
There's only one thing
wrong here, it's illegal.
The video
fan's uncharted interlude
had come to an end.
Seeing the revolution on its
way the studios took fright.
They realized the industry's
future was at stake.
TV content giant Universal
took Sony to court.
For Hollywood, copying
was akin to shoplifting.
- It's always been our position
that the copying in home, or
outside the home, is the same.
Copying is copying and it's illegal.
Typically the
entertainment establishment
was scared of changes to an arrangement
it had put in place decades ago.
Legend has it Universal's wrath stemmed
from a row mainly about fans of TV series.
- One of Sony's big ads said you know
now you don't have to miss Columbo
when you're watching Kojak.
The television networks
relied on being able
to program against each other.
The idea was people had to choose
and it was all about
winning their attention.
And now all of the sudden there's
a technology let people watch both.
And that shifted the balance of power
between viewers and the studios.
And it was not something that the studios
and the networks were happy about.
The fact of
the matter is royalties
and the possibility of
cutting out commercials
were the real problem.
The studios and networks
feared one of their
main sources of revenue would dry up.
Watch it disappear.
And to be honest
they were not entirely wrong.
- Back in the earliest days of home video
all of us religiously
cut out the commercials.
- The problem with
eliminating the commercials
from TV shows and movies is I'd have
to set an alarm clock and wake up
at two, or three, or four
o'clock in the morning
and be very bleary,
and sit by the machine,
and start the recording
at the right moment.
And then the moment
they went to commercial
I'd have to rewind the tape,
and make an edit point,
and put the machine in pause,
and then be absolutely ready to go
the moment they came out of commercial.
So it was like having your
finger on the trigger,
you had to be absolutely ready.
Oh there's the show, boom.
And you'd have to hit the button.
- And all of my tapes on the wall
still have no commercials,
and I'm very proud of that.
Video disc system--
The case
lasted almost 10 years.
The stakes were huge.
A potential market of
several billion dollars,
and more importantly citizens' freedoms.
In 1984 the case went all the way
to the U.S. Supreme Court.
This is NBC Nightly
News reported by Tom Brokaw.
- Good evening, if the video tape recorder
is running in your home tonight, relax.
You don't have to draw the
drapes or bolt the doors.
You're not breaking the law.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled today
that it is okay to videotape
television programs in your home.
Russ Ward NBC News.
The ruling
was very close with just
five out of nine judges finally
coming down in favor of Sony.
A narrow but an anachronistic victory too.
In 1984 some 20 million
Americans owned a VCR,
not just a handful of geeks.
- Millions of Americans already had VCRs
and suddenly to make them all criminal
how would you do a recall, right?
- I think even a few of
the Supreme Court justices
had to admit, yes, I own a VCR.
Good afternoon
Lieutenant Lucerne--
And even Lieutenant Columbo,
the man at the heart of the
scandal got in on the act.
- I'm just silly, sir,
but that machine is weirdly fantastic.
Stop, pause,
let's not fast forward
the tape of history, rewind.
As early as 1977 Betamax faced
a formidable competitor in the VHS.
This newcomer could
record for twice as long.
Winning the price war VHS
quickly became the market standard.
By the mid '80s many
Westerners had already
succumbed to the VCR's charms.
And as in all true romances
the first encounter was key.
- My first memories of a VCR was me
coming home from school as a 13 year old
and I come into the house
and there is my dad
counting money paying a man
and there's this huge box, I had no idea.
- Oh man, first of all they weigh a ton.
I mean they have steel chassis.
They're this wide, this deep--
- And there was this huge chunky machine
sitting on our sideboard at home.
And my mum said it's to
record and play films.
- When you hit the eject
button there was a top loader
so it came, the cassette
came up from the top.
The flap opened,
you had to shove the cassette in,
then push down hard, and press play.
- And you were recording your program.
- And it just opened up a whole world.
- It's an exciting world we live in.
Now capture it and
relive it again and again
with the new Sanyo Betacord.
The video recording system that saves
all of your favorite
shows on video cassette.
Turn on to Sanyo and turn on life.
♫ I said that's life, Sanyo
But this
amazing new world opening up
before viewers was in reality very poor.
The few video cassettes available
for sale cost the Earth.
So in the United States and Europe
some people got the idea of renting them.
The first video stores
belonged to perfectly ordinary people.
They were just family run businesses.
You even had co-merchants
in grocery stores
with videos for rental.
- You might be going to a delicatessen,
you'd get a ham and Swiss,
and you'd walk out with a movie as well.
Then the rental stores started to pop up.
- Let me tell you when we first started
we had one cabinet and it was about
from here down and that held
every video tape we had.
Yeah that held every one we had.
And it took us probably almost a year
to get all those because there's
no companies selling videotapes.
I mean this a brand new thing.
There's no distributors.
No, all that had to be built.
The first
video rental stores opened
while the studios continued to look down
on the little black box a niche sector
stepped in to the breach.
A genre that preferred darkness to light,
but which helped the market take off.
- 100 % porn played a role in the VHS boom.
There's no doubt.
I was there in retail when people
were getting VCRs and every new customer
would come in and they were interested
in the regular movies but everyone
was interested in those adult movies.
The recent opening
of the adult video center
on Prospect Avenue is testimony
to the growth of the VCR business
and the heavy business
done by blue movies.
Porn producers are often
a step ahead of the game.
They understood before everyone else
the true nature of the VHS revolution.
For the first time in
the history of cinema
a movie could be watched
in the privacy of the home
and by an infinite number, a revolution.
This revolution wasn't
a high culture revolution,
but a revolution of ordinary folk
who were thrilled they no longer
had to go to porn theaters but could
rent tapes to watch in the privacy
of their own homes instead.
- I have never been in that
type of theater, never.
But now in the privacy of your own home,
people don't know.
I mean I don't know anybody
here, I don't even know you.
The bravest may have dared
talk about it openly on camera,
but the majority still
preferred to keep quiet.
The video store became the very symbol
of society's ambiguous
relationship to sex.
- And that was in a back room all the time
with a curtain or like a bar.
What is that called where it's
the short doors and they swivel?
- What do you call them?
Like the, what do you call them?
Like the Western doors right?
- It was like an old Western
like those swinging doors.
There would be a sign on
the door saying 18 and over
and you'd go through the swinging doors
and they'd be like oh my god.
- And then it's just bodies,
naked bodies, on every case.
They looked
just like slaughterhouses
with all this pink flesh on the covers.
To be honest it wasn't very arousing.
- After putting a number of the things
back on the shelf, the cases,
I would have to wash my hands.
It might have been psychological.
It might have been
because they were dirty.
But after you put a number of adult movies
back on the shelf, I was like,
I'm just gonna wash my hands.
Sex remained
a forbidden fruit.
The video cassette was
still in its infancy,
but it had already titillated
the West's moral values.
Society suddenly stiffened.
Mississippi is considered
a pornography free zone.
At local video stores X-rated
movies have been banned.
Even Playboy and Penthouse have been
run out of Tupelo by anti-porn crusaders
who have made smut a four letter word.
- Don't aim your pornography at me,
if you don't want me to aim my .45 at you.
- It did become very political for me,
because I was watching my customers
and my friends get
indicted, and go to trial,
and in some cases go to jail
for selling an adult movie.
And almost through the
entire history of owning
that business it was really
driven more, at that point,
about First Amendment than anything else.
And you know the First
Amendment, freedom of speech.
But the sheer force of
people wanting the product,
the sheer force of consumer interest
kept people going,
because even during those
eras where the government
was going after it
sales were big and people
were making a lot of money.
The video
cassette had spoken.
Market forces are irresistible.
In the wake of porn producers saw
the full potential of this new medium.
They began to make programs
specifically for VHS release.
The first huge hit was a tape made
to be watched again--
- Stomach flat, butt tight,
roll up out of your torso--
- And again--
- Roll up out of your torso.
- And again--
- Roll up out of your torso.
And again--
- Roll up out of your torso.
Head to the right, back, left,
really stretch it out, front--
- You couldn't go to a theater and have
Jane Fonda on the screen
doing an aerobics exercise
where that you could
practice along with you.
You couldn't do that in the theater.
You can do that in your living room.
You can do that at 10 in the morning,
nine in the morning, you
could do it at midnight.
That's the great thing.
And she says you've only got
to do it 20 minutes a day.
Do this 20 minutes a
day, five days a week,
and you'll look like me at 60.
Not like me like Jane Fonda.
And she looked pretty good
at 60 let's be honest.
- But I think Jane Fonda's
workout was the first one
and she sold like 10 million copies.
So then everybody jumped on the bandwagon.
♫ Let's go jazzercising, exercising.
- Okay that's good, looks
good, feel the beat.
- There's one called the
Baby and Mom Aerobics
where the mom holds the baby.
- One and heel, two and heel, three.
- And what else?
- There's also a prayer aerobics
where you can pray to God and Jesus
while working out--
- Blessercise.
- Let's warm up with a
bible verse, 2 Samuel 22:40.
And it goes like this, thou
hast girded me with strength.
- Another favorite category obviously--
- Christian tapes, those
are just something special.
- How to videos is another big one.
Like instructional videos so you
can watch somebody do something.
- Anything that is for kids is incredible
because the universe that adults create
for kids is pure
psychedelia, pure insanity.
- I think the best example is a video
that we found called Rent-A-Friend.
Where it's like this guy is
gonna be your video friend.
And so he records himself just sitting
on a chair, like this,
and he talks to the camera
and then he leaves a pause so
that the person watching can answer.
It's 45 minutes long.
Hi.
What's your name?
Yeah, you know I see that.
I really that is you isn't it?
Yeah.
VHS shattered the norms
and paved the way for
all kinds of wacky stuff.
Aspiring producers stepped
in to this nascent market.
No more need for sophisticated cameras,
or film, just a camcorder.
This was the heyday of
videos that explored
innovative seduction techniques.
- Welcome to seduction through hypnosis
the revolutionary new way of seducing
the woman of your dreams.
Videos made
to be watched by dogs
complete with spoof game shows.
Others even turned the
TV set into a fireplace.
All trod a fine line between commercialism
and poetics of the absurd.
- I think it's that moment that we're
pretty into is like what are we?
We're not animals, I guess
we're better than animals,
but we're still operating
on the same instinctive
junk that we're standing around a fire
but it's on a VHS tape.
It's like crazy what we've become.
- We know it's all
garbage, media is garbage,
everything is garbage, let's enjoy it.
Let's like rub our faces in it.
- Or a movie like Citizen
Kane, great movie,
but like I'd rather watch any one of these
stupid videos before that.
And I think that, yeah, I think that
these videos say more
about American culture
than Citizen Kane does.
- This is who we are.
This is what American culture--
- It made us--
- It made us.
- This moment was made by
all of this stuff behind me.
Boosted by this new content,
VCR sales exploded at last.
In the early 1980s VHS
took the West by storm.
In this age of electronics for the masses
the VCR became the number
one must have gadget.
- And I hear that it's the biggest craze
since the hula hoop.
- I think it's gonna move
into the necessity stage.
It may be the fastest
growing business in America.
This was the
golden age of video stores, too.
Which sprung up on every street corner.
For the first time in
the history of cinema
you could mix all types of films.
It was the heyday of unabashed
and joyful cinephilia.
- I'll give you the
nickel tour for nothing.
The outer perimeter of the
wall is the normal films,
and then we have our live entertainment.
These are our foreign films.
We've got silent films.
We've got a religious section.
We've got an astronomy section.
We've got a UFO section.
- My dad took me to the video store
which was a few miles away from our house,
and it was, it was like heaven.
And that was my idea of heaven.
I can still remember how it smelled.
It was some kind of weird
plastic smell in there,
but there was no separation of genres.
It was just a complete mix of films.
- Being able to go to a video store
and to be able to have
this like wide array
of just choice was just so incredible.
- It's amazing.
- No a video store was democracy
that's really what it was.
The video store
became a community facility.
Everyone frequented these
new temples of entertainment
regardless of age or gender.
People would meet there and
improve their movie culture.
A utopian world for an entire generation.
- There you go, thank you.
It's getting on
towards closing time now,
but the scene at Eddie's still looks like
rush hour on the Hollywood Freeway.
- What you did have in the early days
of video stores was
this was a social space.
You wouldn't just go in,
grab a movie, and leave.
People would have
conversations in the aisles.
They would talk about different movies.
There was always a very social experience
in the same ways you
would talk to a bartender.
So you've been
looking for this for what
nearly 20 years now?
Since '77 yes.
And I found it because of Donovan.
- Just got lucky I guess.
- And man I want an action movie.
I want a science fiction movie.
I want a romance movie.
It was nice to talk to people.
I mean I know Netflix,
if you like this movie
other viewers said you
might like this movie.
Computers only do that
'cause some knucklehead
in a cubicle told the computer to do that.
It's much nicer when you talk to people
and that was a great
thing about video stores.
Generating
curiosity and excitement
video store openings were
often festive occasions.
But in all the excitement
people quickly forgot
these stores were first of all markets,
which turned movies into commodities,
and as in any market packaging was key.
- The cover art if that
would pop out at you,
and you'd just be like oh what is this?
- If you're browsing a shelf and you're
sort of moving along first it's got
to get your attention enough
to make you want to take it out.
So first there's that
immediate sort of like, huh?
- My grandmother used to
say a great expression,
you buy the picture.
- Well this kind of packaging
where it's like a pizza box kind of.
It's the Gospel Bill Show where it's,
he's like a singing cowboy or something.
He's got like puppets.
I mean that's just weird.
And I just can't leave this stuff behind.
I can't walk away from this.
I mean this is just too cool.
I love the strange stuff.
Another good example--
- It's a good movie?
- I haven't watched this yet,
but do I really need to?
I mean it kind of
you know what I mean?
But I will, now I will.
In video
stores all over the world
one section had the most
eye-catching covers.
A movie genre that had always made
the sensational the very
essence of its existence.
And with VHS it found
a whole new audience.
Kids get the movies from
the horror section of the video store.
Most of the violent movies are rated R
and aren't supposed to be seen
unless you're 17 years old.
- I had rented Bloody Moon with my dad
and it was a phenomenal
day because Bloody Moon
was just so, had some
great gory killings in it.
Bloody Moon, summer
nights filled with horror.
A killer whose lust for
blood will stop at nothing.
- I also remember renting
Cannibal Holocaust.
- Return of the Living Dead
really scared the crap out of me, man.
That thing shook my whole world.
- And then there were the Fulci films
the zombie flesh eaters.
- Basket Case or the puppet master movies.
I mean really low budget horror movies.
While the movies
may be the rage with kids,
it's a different story
when they're parents
learn about what they believed
were simply horror movies.
- I had no idea that it was at the depth
of this absolute mutilation.
I won't watch it, I'm sorry.
- It's all these little
experiences that just shape you.
I don't know for the better or the worst,
I think I turned out okay.
But you know I just never
knew that kind of fantasy,
that type of programming existed
before I saw it on tape.
In fact the
market for these videos
has become so popular--
Ghoul was
the perfect genre for VHS.
The video rental market knew no bounds.
To attract consumers the producers
tried to outdo each other
in the outrageous stakes.
The most excessive hit the jackpot.
Do you know a director
called John Alan Schwartz?
- How's his last name?
- Schwartz--
- No.
- Who I'm sorry?
John Alan Schwartz.
- John, what did he make sorry?
- I don't know if I know him.
- John Alan Schwartz?
Who is it?
- No I don't believe I do, who's that?
Who is John Alan Schwartz?
- John Alan Schwartz is my brother.
He was responsible for coming up
with the idea for Faces of Death.
- Oh yes, okay, all right.
- Oh, well I absolutely
know Faces of Death.
- Faces of Death changed my life.
- I mean that is the movie.
- Oh Faces of Death you know I still
have not been able to
stomach Faces of Death.
- Yeah I can't do it.
- We would rent it and
we would get together
and we would just be like.
As the monkey
as brought down the hall
and of course this asperity was made.
The waiter presented the men
with a tool for this monkey.
Faces of
Death portrayed itself
as a compilation of footage
of death in all its forms.
One scene stands out for its gruesomeness.
- I came up with the idea to intersperse
real film footage with reenacted footage.
And to make the reenacted
footage so realistic
that there was no way for the viewer
to separate reality from what they were
producing as nonfiction from fiction.
Secured in a special trap
the animal is now ready
to become the main dish.
With this movie VHS redefined
the limits of what was showable.
Selling hundreds of thousands of copies,
Faces of Death posed the question
of ethics and capitalism.
- When I was doing Faces of Death IV
I wanted to make it as grim,
and disgusting, and as
horrifying as possible.
Now is there an element of
morality involved and so forth?
None, zero, it wouldn't be great if I was
the kind of guy that said I can't go forth
with this project because it's just
defiling me as a human being.
I wasn't that guy.
I was the perfect guy for the job.
While Faces of Death
and other similar horrors
barely caused a stir
in the United States they
shocked all of Europe.
Video was a test for the systems in place
a revealer of established norms.
But only in one country did
videos cause a national outcry.
- The problem was the videos
had no classification,
films did, and there
are all sorts of horrors
sort of getting on to these videos.
It mixed sex with violence,
real violence, beatings, killings.
It brought in some awful situations
of using animals, you think of it,
it just went on and on.
For his anti-ghoul crusade,
Graham Bright found a prime supporter.
In the space of months the tabloid press
made horror films the
hottest topic in the land.
In its sights were 40 films
it labeled video nasties.
Bright saw this as a perfect
opportunity to shine.
To convince other MPs incense
of these shameful videos
the wily politician made
the enemy's arms his own.
- So I thought well the only thing to do
is to show them what we're talking about.
So I got Scotland Yard to make up
a 20 minute program with
these horrendous things.
They were taking it fairly lighthearted.
Like say when who's doing the eye screams
and then we brought it on.
- I title like Driller
Killer, Cannibal Holocaust,
and I Spit on your Grave were among
videos watched by MPs this afternoon.
They contain scenes that were
so offensive and so
appalling that some members
had to leave the room.
- To be honest with you
I'm absolutely delighted.
I mean the Prime Minister
made it quite clear yesterday
that she was behind the bill,
and the government was behind the bill,
and that she wanted the bill to pass
through the House as rapidly as possible.
- Of course it's a perfect thing
for politicians to get behind,
because it's kind of easy compared to
all the other things like unemployment
and the Falklands War and stuff like that,
where it's like oh shit, this
is really hard to deal with.
What we can do is direct
everyone's attention
to these dangerous videos,
and how we're gonna save the family,
and save the children, and
the good of English society.
We're banning a few of these films.
And that's exactly what they did.
- We are there to protect decent society.
And anyone who wants
to take the other path
has got to admit, they've got
to account for themselves.
What better
way to annoy young people.
VHS made a liar of George Orwell.
In 1984 the British government sought
to control freedom of expression,
but it was to learn and its expense
that banning or cutting
films was no longer
the best way to stop people watching them.
History repeated itself
like the video pioneers
in their day, The British Pirates proved
the video cassette was a punkette.
♫ Catch catch the horror taxi
♫ I fell in love with a video nasty
- If you're a horror fan
you picked up fanzines
like Samhain, or Shock
Express, or the Darkside,
and you found other horror
fans through writing letters.
And people would swap their lists
of the films that they
had, and you'd copy them,
and there'd be an underground of people
either selling bootleg
copies of uncut versions
of Zombie Flesh Eaters of whatever it was,
or selling the actual video nasties
which had been taken off the shelves.
And it was driven underground,
and once you drive something underground,
it makes you all the
more passionate about it.
♫ All I want is to make a killing
♫ To drill a killer
might be really thrilling
♫ Why are my victims so unwilling
A new era dawned.
VHS laid down the law.
Videos could not be censored anymore.
- First off I don't feel comfortable
children, at all, watching
movies intended by adults.
But that is the price we pay for freedom.
The price we pay is that kids can go
into their parent's liquor cabinet
and get drunk on a bottle of vodka.
It's unstoppable.
It's the beautiful freedom that we have
that kids could be exposed to stuff that
in an ideal world wouldn't
want them exposed to.
But that's the reality of the world.
Imagine the perfect video store.
It would have a great selection, right?
Right over 10,000 videos.
The United
Kingdom was tearing
itself apart over horror movies,
but VHS had already changed the stakes.
The rules of cinema itself
would be overhauled.
1987 was the turning point with the launch
of the video store chain Blockbuster.
The name said it all.
♫ Blockbuster Video wow what a difference
- Only had to go into a Blockbuster
once or twice in my life,
but I always found it very bright in there
when I would go in there.
I didn't get it why it is,
it's like are you guys
doing surgery in here?
Why is it so bright in here?
What do I know?
Blockbuster
imposed new rules on the sector.
It spruced up its aisles and its act.
This new generation video store
sold good, clean, family entertainment.
The chain's launch also marked
the end of the pioneers era.
Financial wheelers and dealers moved in
to the home video market.
A sign of the times,
Blockbuster's main investor
had made its fortune in rubbish.
Video was now just another business.
- When that shift happened
and that you would notice it
was the moment when you
walked into your video store
and in the back there was
a wall of the new release,
much like in a grocery store you'd put
the milk in the back and a couple of
the other things you know
people are looking for.
- You know you'd go to your local store
for a new Hollywood release,
and you'd have to get on a list.
It's like, no I'm sorry that's out,
because they only had two copies.
- Now all of the sudden
they were guaranteed that
that first week whatever movie
was the big exciting one was in.
And that's the moment when it shifted
from the video store owners being
these kind of early pioneers who were
just building their own collections,
to them starting to go into
partnership with the studio.
The alliance between VHS
and the studios were sealed.
Hollywood took over and invested massively
in the home video market.
Symbolic of this historic U-turn
was a movie Universal had
produced back in 1982.
With its ongoing lawsuit against Sony
the studio had always
refused to release it on VHS.
When director Steven
Spielberg made the movie
he swore he would never
release it on home video.
He finally caved in to
the all the pressure.
Profit had a lot to do with it.
The E.T. video cassette is expected
to make $150 million dollars.
- After 1987 home video was making
more money than theaters.
And so eventually theaters would become
the kind of advertising
window for home video.
- In fact the theatrical was a lost leader
to promote the video.
It was simply a marketing
tool for the VHS.
VHS had laid
down the law in the West.
In the United States and Japan
some 70 % of households owned a VCR,
12 million West Germans, too.
And there were already around
30 million tapes in France.
Home video now dominated entertainment
in the capitalist world.
It had one last battle to fight,
maybe the biggest, the
hardest, this time the upstart
was to take on an ideology, communism.
The more oppressive the regime,
the more violent the shock.
In the Eastern Bloc the first
cracks appeared in Poland.
In this state under General Jaruzelski's
iron-fisted control, one movie
came to symbolize the revolt.
The story of a young woman arrested
and tortured by the regime.
It was set in the '50s
but no one was fooled.
When the film was shown
to the authorities it met with hostility.
The officials were livid.
There was a sort of committee
of military personnel
under Jaruzelski's command.
They decided Interrogation definitely
could not be released because
it was anti-communist.
The film was put aside.
An attempt was even made to destroy it.
That's when we decided
to copy it onto VHS.
The VCR was the new arm
in this fight for freedom.
Copying tapes became an act of defiance.
Ever so patiently the Polish rebels
transferred films from
one tape to another.
Their means were limited but
these political activists
understood just how high the stakes were.
There was a huge
reaction to video cassettes.
More and more people were buying
or getting a hold of VCRs.
A whole social life developed around this.
If you own this kind of equipment
you'd invite your friends
and acquaintances over.
We had our own unique form of home cinema.
I have yet to meet someone
who didn't see the movie
on VHS at the time.
The government's efforts to prevent
it being seen failed miserably.
Soviets,
Hungarians, and Poles
fell in love with video immediately.
At the time a VCR cost as
much as the average car.
No problem, the stores were empty
and there wasn't much else to consume.
For the young especially it was
a means of escaping the gloomy reality
of life and the ideology
of Eastern European cinema.
There was a huge black market for tapes.
The VCR was a chink in the curtain.
First I saw all the movies
everyone had to see.
Movies staring Chuck Norris,
Arnold Schwarzenegger,
and Sylvester Stallone.
It was normal,
everyone watched those movies.
Regardless of your social
status or education,
whether you were unemployed or a lecturer.
Everyone watched Rambo and Commando.
It was a generational thing
and we all remember the
films from those days.
The copies
were barely watchable
and sometimes recorded in movie theaters.
A monotone Polish voice interpreted
the movie simultaneously.
Chuck Norris is John T. Booker.
But no one cared,
young Poles devoured
tapes of action movies,
comedies and sci-fi anything
that came from the West.
The authorities realized
just how dangerous the
situation was for them.
This video revolution was perilous.
Not because everyone saw Interrogation,
or other similar movies,
but because it was
a revolution of the imagination.
Soft power from the West.
People were fascinated by the depiction
of the West in these movies.
And it reinforced their
longing for the West.
The regimes were teetering.
No need to wait for
the Berlin Wall to fall
you just had to look at the top 10.
In 1988 when a Polish
Daily asked its readers
to list their favorite movies,
there wasn't a single Polish film,
or any from the Soviet Bloc.
Just good old American blockbusters.
Stop, let's rewind one last time.
The VHS revolution may not
have been the one that we thought.
As well as the comrades imagination
it attacked the communist
regime's very essence.
All over Eastern Europe as in Warsaw
in the Socialist Bloc's biggest market,
video piracy was a kind
of fast track training
in the laws of capitalism.
The
distributors and producers
of these video cassettes could be seen
as pioneers of capitalism in Poland.
They put into practice all the principles
of the capitalist market,
supply and demand, pricing,
and a free market economy.
It's no coincidence that some went on
to found the first private companies.
The VHS and its freedom
had got the better of the
communist regime's rigidity.
The sky was now the limit.
Revenge at last for the
political activists.
In 1990 almost 10 years
after its release on video
Interrogation triumphed at Cannes.
Krystyna Janda became the symbol
of a newly liberated people.
But after the initial euphoria
Eastern Europe was to quickly discover
what lay behind the scenes in the West,
and it wasn't always a pretty picture.
I still recall what a shock
my first New York trip was.
I realized I'd already
seen all of these places,
but they had been framed
in such a way as to conceal
the trash and the
homeless on the sidewalks.
There was something that
the system I believe in
free markets, freedom of choice,
economic liberalism didn't realize.
Many people, the majority
in fact, lost out.
And my generation which was fascinated
by all these changes was unaware of it.
A symbol of
the euphoric capitalism
of the '80s, the VHS was not surprisingly
adversely affected by market forces too.
It was replaced in the
mid '90s by the DVD,
then downloading in the early noughties.
These days you're more likely
to find tapes in the rubbish bin
than your living room.
The video stores have closed down.
But it will remain the embodiment
of an economic, social,
and artistic revolution.
A major shift that liberated
the image and the eye,
made censorship obsolete,
and allowed everyone,
everywhere to produce
and watch everything.
The VHS tape will live on in the memories
the world of the '80s shares.
Some will never forget the role this
old agitator played in history.
- This is a reminder, just never forget.
Never forget, a lot of people who see it,
young people do go, is that a VHS tape?
And then truly a lot of older people go,
I love it, still the best, I
still have all my old tapes.
I'm like hell yeah, and we'd
give each other a high five
and we'd go on our merry way.
- There would be no YouTube
if this wasn't here first.
This is what gave people the idea of
I need to see it, I need to see it now,
and I want to see it.
- Those who experienced it look back
on it with great affection.
Because it was a community.
- Personally I can't
think about movie culture
without thinking about it being,
including home video and video stores.
That is me I'm as old
as home video, right?
This little bit of plastic
has been granted the ultimate accolade.
Alongside Plato, Shakespeare, and Tolstoy
the video cassette and its nasties
now line the shelves of the
prestigious Yale University Library.
- This is in the middle of all the
oh my god Zombie Child right
next to a 19th century book.
Skinned Alive.
- It's so incongruent
to have all these tapes
next to 19th century
manuscripts and all that.
But I guess that's the
way of the future, right?
Mixing high and low.
The ultimate
consumer product,
the VHS, has won it's spurs at last.
- So I just made this up now.
Give me a second.
♫ I got them VHS blues
♫ I watch 'em all the time
♫ The VHS blues
♫ I wasn't kind, I didn't rewind
♫ Don't give me no DVDs
♫ Or HDTV, I just want my VHS blues
If you can use that use it.
- This is bad.
You've gotta get here.
You've gotta ahh.
♫ I slay, okay
, I slay,
♫ okay, okay, okay, okay
This is a video from 2016
by one of the world's biggest stars.
♫ Now let's get in formation
Ooh, find your
light, there, perfect.
Can you please introduce yourself--
And this is a 2017 commercial
for an ultra trendy fashion brand.
How should I call you?
- You can call me Anthony.
In a world dominated
by super slick aesthetics
the tracking lines,
dull colors, and grainy image of the
video cassette have made a comeback.
The last remaining VCR manufacturer
ceased production in 2016,
but new apps allow you to
shoot VHS style videos.
It seems for an entire generation
the poor image quality
makes the memory richer.
After all, for '80s kids this
little black box was a revolution.
In the 1980s one item had pride of place
in households around the world, the VCR.
Young and old alike spent their evenings
in front of a television set
which radiated a magic aura once more.
Almost unawares the welded experienced
a social, economic, and
artistic revolution.
But the most profound social changes
are rarely the showiest.
They occur on the fringes first
hidden from the general public's view.
As often happens with consumer goods
it was in the United States
that the pioneers dived head first
into the video pool
instinctively, enthusiastically.
- Three, two, one, I'm Ray
Glasser, Cleveland, Ohio.
I've been collecting videos since 1976
one of the first true Betamax collectors
I guess you could say.
And as of right now in 2016 I still have
2,000 Betamax tapes and I have
lots of blank Betamax tapes.
So if Sony stopped making earlier
this year, doesn't matter,
I'll never run out of blank tapes.
The Sony Betamax.
Its only purpose is to serve you.
When the Japanese brand Sony
launched its new video
format the Betamax in 1976
it sent shockwaves around the world.
In cinema or in television
the moving image
had always been the
stuff of professionals.
The first videotape recorders
were the size of a room
and cost as much as the average house.
But after a fierce technological
and commercial race
spanning several decades,
Sony suddenly abolished this privilege.
Betamax made video accessible to everyone.
Yet only a handful of
enthusiasts understood
what a radical change this represented
and were willing to dig deep.
- Wow, what is that?
- This is the Sony Betamax.
- The SL 7200 at the time cost somewhere
around $1,200 and for somebody like me
I was lucky to make $100 a week.
So imagine how much it took for me
to save enough money, and get into debt,
and buy a VCR like that.
- Back in 1976 I was
working in a restaurant.
I took a second job to
make some extra money
so I could afford one of these.
And in June of '76 I got
my first Sony Betamax.
- If it boiled down to
am I going to eat today,
or am I going to spend some money
on two or three blank tapes?
I'd choose the blank tapes.
- You're obviously a man
who's having troubles at home.
You're constantly
fighting with your family
over what TV shows to watch.
Well fortunately you're looking at
a simple solution to your
problems, Sony Betamax.
At the time Sony marketed
its machine as a simple recording device.
For TV viewers in the '70s it was
nothing short of a miracle.
- So you can watch it whenever you want.
- I can record the eight o'clock movie
when I'm at work, or the
TV show, whatever I wanted.
Come home at 1:30 in the morning,
rewind the tape, and watch it back.
And that was perfect for me.
- The Betamax completely relieved me
from the tyranny of the TV schedule.
And remember at this time, 1976,
1977 this was a revolution.
No one could imagine this kind of thing.
Not surprisingly the
early days were exhilarating.
- How ya doing?
This is the first annual
VCR Plus Michigan Convention
in Fremont, Ohio, February, 5th 1979.
Enthusiasts
organized conventions,
a group of 50 video fans would bring along
their VCRs to record as much
as their tapes would allow.
From the outset the little black box
had its own distinctive community.
The pioneers exchanged tapes too
with their peers all over the country.
Thanks to ads placed in
a specialist magazine
that was just a few
xeroxed pages at the time.
- My friend Gary and I began running ads
in the Video Files newsletter for things
we were looking for as
you can see right here.
In return for your favors,
this is so funny 'cause it's so dated.
I currently have 76 Betamax tapes.
In part my library includes 16 Star Treks,
15 movies including The
Day the Earth Stood Still,
The Silent Earth, The Exorcist--
- One of the first collectors that I got
in touch with in 1976 was Ray Glasser.
- Live and Let Die, Diamonds are Forever,
Dracula Prince of Darkness--
- Who was this crazy,
passionate, film fan in Ohio.
- Man with the Golden Gun,
The Forbin Project, Westworld--
- And because we lived in completely
different parts of the country,
I was in Central Florida
and he was in Ohio,
we had access to completely
different kinds of programming.
- Time Tunnel, Voyage at
the Bottom of the Sea,
and Mission Impossible.
- But we would regularly start sending
each other video tapes back and forth.
- And we made so many connections,
people would call us long
distance on the phone
and this went on for years.
And this is how we got our
collections to be so big.
Remember this is before video stores,
before movies were available for rent,
this is how you hooked up and contacted
other people and began trading tapes
and building your video tape library.
- Take three, this is Ray
Glasser speaking from Cleveland.
I am real as you can see and now
here is your Betamax dubbing request.
But Ray Glasser and his gang
were too busy having fun to notice
the darkness on the horizon.
It's a simple
process just turn the power on,
set the time, put in a tape cassette,
push a couple of buttons,
and you are taping a movie off television
in the privacy of your own home.
There's only one thing
wrong here, it's illegal.
The video
fan's uncharted interlude
had come to an end.
Seeing the revolution on its
way the studios took fright.
They realized the industry's
future was at stake.
TV content giant Universal
took Sony to court.
For Hollywood, copying
was akin to shoplifting.
- It's always been our position
that the copying in home, or
outside the home, is the same.
Copying is copying and it's illegal.
Typically the
entertainment establishment
was scared of changes to an arrangement
it had put in place decades ago.
Legend has it Universal's wrath stemmed
from a row mainly about fans of TV series.
- One of Sony's big ads said you know
now you don't have to miss Columbo
when you're watching Kojak.
The television networks
relied on being able
to program against each other.
The idea was people had to choose
and it was all about
winning their attention.
And now all of the sudden there's
a technology let people watch both.
And that shifted the balance of power
between viewers and the studios.
And it was not something that the studios
and the networks were happy about.
The fact of
the matter is royalties
and the possibility of
cutting out commercials
were the real problem.
The studios and networks
feared one of their
main sources of revenue would dry up.
Watch it disappear.
And to be honest
they were not entirely wrong.
- Back in the earliest days of home video
all of us religiously
cut out the commercials.
- The problem with
eliminating the commercials
from TV shows and movies is I'd have
to set an alarm clock and wake up
at two, or three, or four
o'clock in the morning
and be very bleary,
and sit by the machine,
and start the recording
at the right moment.
And then the moment
they went to commercial
I'd have to rewind the tape,
and make an edit point,
and put the machine in pause,
and then be absolutely ready to go
the moment they came out of commercial.
So it was like having your
finger on the trigger,
you had to be absolutely ready.
Oh there's the show, boom.
And you'd have to hit the button.
- And all of my tapes on the wall
still have no commercials,
and I'm very proud of that.
Video disc system--
The case
lasted almost 10 years.
The stakes were huge.
A potential market of
several billion dollars,
and more importantly citizens' freedoms.
In 1984 the case went all the way
to the U.S. Supreme Court.
This is NBC Nightly
News reported by Tom Brokaw.
- Good evening, if the video tape recorder
is running in your home tonight, relax.
You don't have to draw the
drapes or bolt the doors.
You're not breaking the law.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled today
that it is okay to videotape
television programs in your home.
Russ Ward NBC News.
The ruling
was very close with just
five out of nine judges finally
coming down in favor of Sony.
A narrow but an anachronistic victory too.
In 1984 some 20 million
Americans owned a VCR,
not just a handful of geeks.
- Millions of Americans already had VCRs
and suddenly to make them all criminal
how would you do a recall, right?
- I think even a few of
the Supreme Court justices
had to admit, yes, I own a VCR.
Good afternoon
Lieutenant Lucerne--
And even Lieutenant Columbo,
the man at the heart of the
scandal got in on the act.
- I'm just silly, sir,
but that machine is weirdly fantastic.
Stop, pause,
let's not fast forward
the tape of history, rewind.
As early as 1977 Betamax faced
a formidable competitor in the VHS.
This newcomer could
record for twice as long.
Winning the price war VHS
quickly became the market standard.
By the mid '80s many
Westerners had already
succumbed to the VCR's charms.
And as in all true romances
the first encounter was key.
- My first memories of a VCR was me
coming home from school as a 13 year old
and I come into the house
and there is my dad
counting money paying a man
and there's this huge box, I had no idea.
- Oh man, first of all they weigh a ton.
I mean they have steel chassis.
They're this wide, this deep--
- And there was this huge chunky machine
sitting on our sideboard at home.
And my mum said it's to
record and play films.
- When you hit the eject
button there was a top loader
so it came, the cassette
came up from the top.
The flap opened,
you had to shove the cassette in,
then push down hard, and press play.
- And you were recording your program.
- And it just opened up a whole world.
- It's an exciting world we live in.
Now capture it and
relive it again and again
with the new Sanyo Betacord.
The video recording system that saves
all of your favorite
shows on video cassette.
Turn on to Sanyo and turn on life.
♫ I said that's life, Sanyo
But this
amazing new world opening up
before viewers was in reality very poor.
The few video cassettes available
for sale cost the Earth.
So in the United States and Europe
some people got the idea of renting them.
The first video stores
belonged to perfectly ordinary people.
They were just family run businesses.
You even had co-merchants
in grocery stores
with videos for rental.
- You might be going to a delicatessen,
you'd get a ham and Swiss,
and you'd walk out with a movie as well.
Then the rental stores started to pop up.
- Let me tell you when we first started
we had one cabinet and it was about
from here down and that held
every video tape we had.
Yeah that held every one we had.
And it took us probably almost a year
to get all those because there's
no companies selling videotapes.
I mean this a brand new thing.
There's no distributors.
No, all that had to be built.
The first
video rental stores opened
while the studios continued to look down
on the little black box a niche sector
stepped in to the breach.
A genre that preferred darkness to light,
but which helped the market take off.
- 100 % porn played a role in the VHS boom.
There's no doubt.
I was there in retail when people
were getting VCRs and every new customer
would come in and they were interested
in the regular movies but everyone
was interested in those adult movies.
The recent opening
of the adult video center
on Prospect Avenue is testimony
to the growth of the VCR business
and the heavy business
done by blue movies.
Porn producers are often
a step ahead of the game.
They understood before everyone else
the true nature of the VHS revolution.
For the first time in
the history of cinema
a movie could be watched
in the privacy of the home
and by an infinite number, a revolution.
This revolution wasn't
a high culture revolution,
but a revolution of ordinary folk
who were thrilled they no longer
had to go to porn theaters but could
rent tapes to watch in the privacy
of their own homes instead.
- I have never been in that
type of theater, never.
But now in the privacy of your own home,
people don't know.
I mean I don't know anybody
here, I don't even know you.
The bravest may have dared
talk about it openly on camera,
but the majority still
preferred to keep quiet.
The video store became the very symbol
of society's ambiguous
relationship to sex.
- And that was in a back room all the time
with a curtain or like a bar.
What is that called where it's
the short doors and they swivel?
- What do you call them?
Like the, what do you call them?
Like the Western doors right?
- It was like an old Western
like those swinging doors.
There would be a sign on
the door saying 18 and over
and you'd go through the swinging doors
and they'd be like oh my god.
- And then it's just bodies,
naked bodies, on every case.
They looked
just like slaughterhouses
with all this pink flesh on the covers.
To be honest it wasn't very arousing.
- After putting a number of the things
back on the shelf, the cases,
I would have to wash my hands.
It might have been psychological.
It might have been
because they were dirty.
But after you put a number of adult movies
back on the shelf, I was like,
I'm just gonna wash my hands.
Sex remained
a forbidden fruit.
The video cassette was
still in its infancy,
but it had already titillated
the West's moral values.
Society suddenly stiffened.
Mississippi is considered
a pornography free zone.
At local video stores X-rated
movies have been banned.
Even Playboy and Penthouse have been
run out of Tupelo by anti-porn crusaders
who have made smut a four letter word.
- Don't aim your pornography at me,
if you don't want me to aim my .45 at you.
- It did become very political for me,
because I was watching my customers
and my friends get
indicted, and go to trial,
and in some cases go to jail
for selling an adult movie.
And almost through the
entire history of owning
that business it was really
driven more, at that point,
about First Amendment than anything else.
And you know the First
Amendment, freedom of speech.
But the sheer force of
people wanting the product,
the sheer force of consumer interest
kept people going,
because even during those
eras where the government
was going after it
sales were big and people
were making a lot of money.
The video
cassette had spoken.
Market forces are irresistible.
In the wake of porn producers saw
the full potential of this new medium.
They began to make programs
specifically for VHS release.
The first huge hit was a tape made
to be watched again--
- Stomach flat, butt tight,
roll up out of your torso--
- And again--
- Roll up out of your torso.
- And again--
- Roll up out of your torso.
And again--
- Roll up out of your torso.
Head to the right, back, left,
really stretch it out, front--
- You couldn't go to a theater and have
Jane Fonda on the screen
doing an aerobics exercise
where that you could
practice along with you.
You couldn't do that in the theater.
You can do that in your living room.
You can do that at 10 in the morning,
nine in the morning, you
could do it at midnight.
That's the great thing.
And she says you've only got
to do it 20 minutes a day.
Do this 20 minutes a
day, five days a week,
and you'll look like me at 60.
Not like me like Jane Fonda.
And she looked pretty good
at 60 let's be honest.
- But I think Jane Fonda's
workout was the first one
and she sold like 10 million copies.
So then everybody jumped on the bandwagon.
♫ Let's go jazzercising, exercising.
- Okay that's good, looks
good, feel the beat.
- There's one called the
Baby and Mom Aerobics
where the mom holds the baby.
- One and heel, two and heel, three.
- And what else?
- There's also a prayer aerobics
where you can pray to God and Jesus
while working out--
- Blessercise.
- Let's warm up with a
bible verse, 2 Samuel 22:40.
And it goes like this, thou
hast girded me with strength.
- Another favorite category obviously--
- Christian tapes, those
are just something special.
- How to videos is another big one.
Like instructional videos so you
can watch somebody do something.
- Anything that is for kids is incredible
because the universe that adults create
for kids is pure
psychedelia, pure insanity.
- I think the best example is a video
that we found called Rent-A-Friend.
Where it's like this guy is
gonna be your video friend.
And so he records himself just sitting
on a chair, like this,
and he talks to the camera
and then he leaves a pause so
that the person watching can answer.
It's 45 minutes long.
Hi.
What's your name?
Yeah, you know I see that.
I really that is you isn't it?
Yeah.
VHS shattered the norms
and paved the way for
all kinds of wacky stuff.
Aspiring producers stepped
in to this nascent market.
No more need for sophisticated cameras,
or film, just a camcorder.
This was the heyday of
videos that explored
innovative seduction techniques.
- Welcome to seduction through hypnosis
the revolutionary new way of seducing
the woman of your dreams.
Videos made
to be watched by dogs
complete with spoof game shows.
Others even turned the
TV set into a fireplace.
All trod a fine line between commercialism
and poetics of the absurd.
- I think it's that moment that we're
pretty into is like what are we?
We're not animals, I guess
we're better than animals,
but we're still operating
on the same instinctive
junk that we're standing around a fire
but it's on a VHS tape.
It's like crazy what we've become.
- We know it's all
garbage, media is garbage,
everything is garbage, let's enjoy it.
Let's like rub our faces in it.
- Or a movie like Citizen
Kane, great movie,
but like I'd rather watch any one of these
stupid videos before that.
And I think that, yeah, I think that
these videos say more
about American culture
than Citizen Kane does.
- This is who we are.
This is what American culture--
- It made us--
- It made us.
- This moment was made by
all of this stuff behind me.
Boosted by this new content,
VCR sales exploded at last.
In the early 1980s VHS
took the West by storm.
In this age of electronics for the masses
the VCR became the number
one must have gadget.
- And I hear that it's the biggest craze
since the hula hoop.
- I think it's gonna move
into the necessity stage.
It may be the fastest
growing business in America.
This was the
golden age of video stores, too.
Which sprung up on every street corner.
For the first time in
the history of cinema
you could mix all types of films.
It was the heyday of unabashed
and joyful cinephilia.
- I'll give you the
nickel tour for nothing.
The outer perimeter of the
wall is the normal films,
and then we have our live entertainment.
These are our foreign films.
We've got silent films.
We've got a religious section.
We've got an astronomy section.
We've got a UFO section.
- My dad took me to the video store
which was a few miles away from our house,
and it was, it was like heaven.
And that was my idea of heaven.
I can still remember how it smelled.
It was some kind of weird
plastic smell in there,
but there was no separation of genres.
It was just a complete mix of films.
- Being able to go to a video store
and to be able to have
this like wide array
of just choice was just so incredible.
- It's amazing.
- No a video store was democracy
that's really what it was.
The video store
became a community facility.
Everyone frequented these
new temples of entertainment
regardless of age or gender.
People would meet there and
improve their movie culture.
A utopian world for an entire generation.
- There you go, thank you.
It's getting on
towards closing time now,
but the scene at Eddie's still looks like
rush hour on the Hollywood Freeway.
- What you did have in the early days
of video stores was
this was a social space.
You wouldn't just go in,
grab a movie, and leave.
People would have
conversations in the aisles.
They would talk about different movies.
There was always a very social experience
in the same ways you
would talk to a bartender.
So you've been
looking for this for what
nearly 20 years now?
Since '77 yes.
And I found it because of Donovan.
- Just got lucky I guess.
- And man I want an action movie.
I want a science fiction movie.
I want a romance movie.
It was nice to talk to people.
I mean I know Netflix,
if you like this movie
other viewers said you
might like this movie.
Computers only do that
'cause some knucklehead
in a cubicle told the computer to do that.
It's much nicer when you talk to people
and that was a great
thing about video stores.
Generating
curiosity and excitement
video store openings were
often festive occasions.
But in all the excitement
people quickly forgot
these stores were first of all markets,
which turned movies into commodities,
and as in any market packaging was key.
- The cover art if that
would pop out at you,
and you'd just be like oh what is this?
- If you're browsing a shelf and you're
sort of moving along first it's got
to get your attention enough
to make you want to take it out.
So first there's that
immediate sort of like, huh?
- My grandmother used to
say a great expression,
you buy the picture.
- Well this kind of packaging
where it's like a pizza box kind of.
It's the Gospel Bill Show where it's,
he's like a singing cowboy or something.
He's got like puppets.
I mean that's just weird.
And I just can't leave this stuff behind.
I can't walk away from this.
I mean this is just too cool.
I love the strange stuff.
Another good example--
- It's a good movie?
- I haven't watched this yet,
but do I really need to?
I mean it kind of
you know what I mean?
But I will, now I will.
In video
stores all over the world
one section had the most
eye-catching covers.
A movie genre that had always made
the sensational the very
essence of its existence.
And with VHS it found
a whole new audience.
Kids get the movies from
the horror section of the video store.
Most of the violent movies are rated R
and aren't supposed to be seen
unless you're 17 years old.
- I had rented Bloody Moon with my dad
and it was a phenomenal
day because Bloody Moon
was just so, had some
great gory killings in it.
Bloody Moon, summer
nights filled with horror.
A killer whose lust for
blood will stop at nothing.
- I also remember renting
Cannibal Holocaust.
- Return of the Living Dead
really scared the crap out of me, man.
That thing shook my whole world.
- And then there were the Fulci films
the zombie flesh eaters.
- Basket Case or the puppet master movies.
I mean really low budget horror movies.
While the movies
may be the rage with kids,
it's a different story
when they're parents
learn about what they believed
were simply horror movies.
- I had no idea that it was at the depth
of this absolute mutilation.
I won't watch it, I'm sorry.
- It's all these little
experiences that just shape you.
I don't know for the better or the worst,
I think I turned out okay.
But you know I just never
knew that kind of fantasy,
that type of programming existed
before I saw it on tape.
In fact the
market for these videos
has become so popular--
Ghoul was
the perfect genre for VHS.
The video rental market knew no bounds.
To attract consumers the producers
tried to outdo each other
in the outrageous stakes.
The most excessive hit the jackpot.
Do you know a director
called John Alan Schwartz?
- How's his last name?
- Schwartz--
- No.
- Who I'm sorry?
John Alan Schwartz.
- John, what did he make sorry?
- I don't know if I know him.
- John Alan Schwartz?
Who is it?
- No I don't believe I do, who's that?
Who is John Alan Schwartz?
- John Alan Schwartz is my brother.
He was responsible for coming up
with the idea for Faces of Death.
- Oh yes, okay, all right.
- Oh, well I absolutely
know Faces of Death.
- Faces of Death changed my life.
- I mean that is the movie.
- Oh Faces of Death you know I still
have not been able to
stomach Faces of Death.
- Yeah I can't do it.
- We would rent it and
we would get together
and we would just be like.
As the monkey
as brought down the hall
and of course this asperity was made.
The waiter presented the men
with a tool for this monkey.
Faces of
Death portrayed itself
as a compilation of footage
of death in all its forms.
One scene stands out for its gruesomeness.
- I came up with the idea to intersperse
real film footage with reenacted footage.
And to make the reenacted
footage so realistic
that there was no way for the viewer
to separate reality from what they were
producing as nonfiction from fiction.
Secured in a special trap
the animal is now ready
to become the main dish.
With this movie VHS redefined
the limits of what was showable.
Selling hundreds of thousands of copies,
Faces of Death posed the question
of ethics and capitalism.
- When I was doing Faces of Death IV
I wanted to make it as grim,
and disgusting, and as
horrifying as possible.
Now is there an element of
morality involved and so forth?
None, zero, it wouldn't be great if I was
the kind of guy that said I can't go forth
with this project because it's just
defiling me as a human being.
I wasn't that guy.
I was the perfect guy for the job.
While Faces of Death
and other similar horrors
barely caused a stir
in the United States they
shocked all of Europe.
Video was a test for the systems in place
a revealer of established norms.
But only in one country did
videos cause a national outcry.
- The problem was the videos
had no classification,
films did, and there
are all sorts of horrors
sort of getting on to these videos.
It mixed sex with violence,
real violence, beatings, killings.
It brought in some awful situations
of using animals, you think of it,
it just went on and on.
For his anti-ghoul crusade,
Graham Bright found a prime supporter.
In the space of months the tabloid press
made horror films the
hottest topic in the land.
In its sights were 40 films
it labeled video nasties.
Bright saw this as a perfect
opportunity to shine.
To convince other MPs incense
of these shameful videos
the wily politician made
the enemy's arms his own.
- So I thought well the only thing to do
is to show them what we're talking about.
So I got Scotland Yard to make up
a 20 minute program with
these horrendous things.
They were taking it fairly lighthearted.
Like say when who's doing the eye screams
and then we brought it on.
- I title like Driller
Killer, Cannibal Holocaust,
and I Spit on your Grave were among
videos watched by MPs this afternoon.
They contain scenes that were
so offensive and so
appalling that some members
had to leave the room.
- To be honest with you
I'm absolutely delighted.
I mean the Prime Minister
made it quite clear yesterday
that she was behind the bill,
and the government was behind the bill,
and that she wanted the bill to pass
through the House as rapidly as possible.
- Of course it's a perfect thing
for politicians to get behind,
because it's kind of easy compared to
all the other things like unemployment
and the Falklands War and stuff like that,
where it's like oh shit, this
is really hard to deal with.
What we can do is direct
everyone's attention
to these dangerous videos,
and how we're gonna save the family,
and save the children, and
the good of English society.
We're banning a few of these films.
And that's exactly what they did.
- We are there to protect decent society.
And anyone who wants
to take the other path
has got to admit, they've got
to account for themselves.
What better
way to annoy young people.
VHS made a liar of George Orwell.
In 1984 the British government sought
to control freedom of expression,
but it was to learn and its expense
that banning or cutting
films was no longer
the best way to stop people watching them.
History repeated itself
like the video pioneers
in their day, The British Pirates proved
the video cassette was a punkette.
♫ Catch catch the horror taxi
♫ I fell in love with a video nasty
- If you're a horror fan
you picked up fanzines
like Samhain, or Shock
Express, or the Darkside,
and you found other horror
fans through writing letters.
And people would swap their lists
of the films that they
had, and you'd copy them,
and there'd be an underground of people
either selling bootleg
copies of uncut versions
of Zombie Flesh Eaters of whatever it was,
or selling the actual video nasties
which had been taken off the shelves.
And it was driven underground,
and once you drive something underground,
it makes you all the
more passionate about it.
♫ All I want is to make a killing
♫ To drill a killer
might be really thrilling
♫ Why are my victims so unwilling
A new era dawned.
VHS laid down the law.
Videos could not be censored anymore.
- First off I don't feel comfortable
children, at all, watching
movies intended by adults.
But that is the price we pay for freedom.
The price we pay is that kids can go
into their parent's liquor cabinet
and get drunk on a bottle of vodka.
It's unstoppable.
It's the beautiful freedom that we have
that kids could be exposed to stuff that
in an ideal world wouldn't
want them exposed to.
But that's the reality of the world.
Imagine the perfect video store.
It would have a great selection, right?
Right over 10,000 videos.
The United
Kingdom was tearing
itself apart over horror movies,
but VHS had already changed the stakes.
The rules of cinema itself
would be overhauled.
1987 was the turning point with the launch
of the video store chain Blockbuster.
The name said it all.
♫ Blockbuster Video wow what a difference
- Only had to go into a Blockbuster
once or twice in my life,
but I always found it very bright in there
when I would go in there.
I didn't get it why it is,
it's like are you guys
doing surgery in here?
Why is it so bright in here?
What do I know?
Blockbuster
imposed new rules on the sector.
It spruced up its aisles and its act.
This new generation video store
sold good, clean, family entertainment.
The chain's launch also marked
the end of the pioneers era.
Financial wheelers and dealers moved in
to the home video market.
A sign of the times,
Blockbuster's main investor
had made its fortune in rubbish.
Video was now just another business.
- When that shift happened
and that you would notice it
was the moment when you
walked into your video store
and in the back there was
a wall of the new release,
much like in a grocery store you'd put
the milk in the back and a couple of
the other things you know
people are looking for.
- You know you'd go to your local store
for a new Hollywood release,
and you'd have to get on a list.
It's like, no I'm sorry that's out,
because they only had two copies.
- Now all of the sudden
they were guaranteed that
that first week whatever movie
was the big exciting one was in.
And that's the moment when it shifted
from the video store owners being
these kind of early pioneers who were
just building their own collections,
to them starting to go into
partnership with the studio.
The alliance between VHS
and the studios were sealed.
Hollywood took over and invested massively
in the home video market.
Symbolic of this historic U-turn
was a movie Universal had
produced back in 1982.
With its ongoing lawsuit against Sony
the studio had always
refused to release it on VHS.
When director Steven
Spielberg made the movie
he swore he would never
release it on home video.
He finally caved in to
the all the pressure.
Profit had a lot to do with it.
The E.T. video cassette is expected
to make $150 million dollars.
- After 1987 home video was making
more money than theaters.
And so eventually theaters would become
the kind of advertising
window for home video.
- In fact the theatrical was a lost leader
to promote the video.
It was simply a marketing
tool for the VHS.
VHS had laid
down the law in the West.
In the United States and Japan
some 70 % of households owned a VCR,
12 million West Germans, too.
And there were already around
30 million tapes in France.
Home video now dominated entertainment
in the capitalist world.
It had one last battle to fight,
maybe the biggest, the
hardest, this time the upstart
was to take on an ideology, communism.
The more oppressive the regime,
the more violent the shock.
In the Eastern Bloc the first
cracks appeared in Poland.
In this state under General Jaruzelski's
iron-fisted control, one movie
came to symbolize the revolt.
The story of a young woman arrested
and tortured by the regime.
It was set in the '50s
but no one was fooled.
When the film was shown
to the authorities it met with hostility.
The officials were livid.
There was a sort of committee
of military personnel
under Jaruzelski's command.
They decided Interrogation definitely
could not be released because
it was anti-communist.
The film was put aside.
An attempt was even made to destroy it.
That's when we decided
to copy it onto VHS.
The VCR was the new arm
in this fight for freedom.
Copying tapes became an act of defiance.
Ever so patiently the Polish rebels
transferred films from
one tape to another.
Their means were limited but
these political activists
understood just how high the stakes were.
There was a huge
reaction to video cassettes.
More and more people were buying
or getting a hold of VCRs.
A whole social life developed around this.
If you own this kind of equipment
you'd invite your friends
and acquaintances over.
We had our own unique form of home cinema.
I have yet to meet someone
who didn't see the movie
on VHS at the time.
The government's efforts to prevent
it being seen failed miserably.
Soviets,
Hungarians, and Poles
fell in love with video immediately.
At the time a VCR cost as
much as the average car.
No problem, the stores were empty
and there wasn't much else to consume.
For the young especially it was
a means of escaping the gloomy reality
of life and the ideology
of Eastern European cinema.
There was a huge black market for tapes.
The VCR was a chink in the curtain.
First I saw all the movies
everyone had to see.
Movies staring Chuck Norris,
Arnold Schwarzenegger,
and Sylvester Stallone.
It was normal,
everyone watched those movies.
Regardless of your social
status or education,
whether you were unemployed or a lecturer.
Everyone watched Rambo and Commando.
It was a generational thing
and we all remember the
films from those days.
The copies
were barely watchable
and sometimes recorded in movie theaters.
A monotone Polish voice interpreted
the movie simultaneously.
Chuck Norris is John T. Booker.
But no one cared,
young Poles devoured
tapes of action movies,
comedies and sci-fi anything
that came from the West.
The authorities realized
just how dangerous the
situation was for them.
This video revolution was perilous.
Not because everyone saw Interrogation,
or other similar movies,
but because it was
a revolution of the imagination.
Soft power from the West.
People were fascinated by the depiction
of the West in these movies.
And it reinforced their
longing for the West.
The regimes were teetering.
No need to wait for
the Berlin Wall to fall
you just had to look at the top 10.
In 1988 when a Polish
Daily asked its readers
to list their favorite movies,
there wasn't a single Polish film,
or any from the Soviet Bloc.
Just good old American blockbusters.
Stop, let's rewind one last time.
The VHS revolution may not
have been the one that we thought.
As well as the comrades imagination
it attacked the communist
regime's very essence.
All over Eastern Europe as in Warsaw
in the Socialist Bloc's biggest market,
video piracy was a kind
of fast track training
in the laws of capitalism.
The
distributors and producers
of these video cassettes could be seen
as pioneers of capitalism in Poland.
They put into practice all the principles
of the capitalist market,
supply and demand, pricing,
and a free market economy.
It's no coincidence that some went on
to found the first private companies.
The VHS and its freedom
had got the better of the
communist regime's rigidity.
The sky was now the limit.
Revenge at last for the
political activists.
In 1990 almost 10 years
after its release on video
Interrogation triumphed at Cannes.
Krystyna Janda became the symbol
of a newly liberated people.
But after the initial euphoria
Eastern Europe was to quickly discover
what lay behind the scenes in the West,
and it wasn't always a pretty picture.
I still recall what a shock
my first New York trip was.
I realized I'd already
seen all of these places,
but they had been framed
in such a way as to conceal
the trash and the
homeless on the sidewalks.
There was something that
the system I believe in
free markets, freedom of choice,
economic liberalism didn't realize.
Many people, the majority
in fact, lost out.
And my generation which was fascinated
by all these changes was unaware of it.
A symbol of
the euphoric capitalism
of the '80s, the VHS was not surprisingly
adversely affected by market forces too.
It was replaced in the
mid '90s by the DVD,
then downloading in the early noughties.
These days you're more likely
to find tapes in the rubbish bin
than your living room.
The video stores have closed down.
But it will remain the embodiment
of an economic, social,
and artistic revolution.
A major shift that liberated
the image and the eye,
made censorship obsolete,
and allowed everyone,
everywhere to produce
and watch everything.
The VHS tape will live on in the memories
the world of the '80s shares.
Some will never forget the role this
old agitator played in history.
- This is a reminder, just never forget.
Never forget, a lot of people who see it,
young people do go, is that a VHS tape?
And then truly a lot of older people go,
I love it, still the best, I
still have all my old tapes.
I'm like hell yeah, and we'd
give each other a high five
and we'd go on our merry way.
- There would be no YouTube
if this wasn't here first.
This is what gave people the idea of
I need to see it, I need to see it now,
and I want to see it.
- Those who experienced it look back
on it with great affection.
Because it was a community.
- Personally I can't
think about movie culture
without thinking about it being,
including home video and video stores.
That is me I'm as old
as home video, right?
This little bit of plastic
has been granted the ultimate accolade.
Alongside Plato, Shakespeare, and Tolstoy
the video cassette and its nasties
now line the shelves of the
prestigious Yale University Library.
- This is in the middle of all the
oh my god Zombie Child right
next to a 19th century book.
Skinned Alive.
- It's so incongruent
to have all these tapes
next to 19th century
manuscripts and all that.
But I guess that's the
way of the future, right?
Mixing high and low.
The ultimate
consumer product,
the VHS, has won it's spurs at last.
- So I just made this up now.
Give me a second.
♫ I got them VHS blues
♫ I watch 'em all the time
♫ The VHS blues
♫ I wasn't kind, I didn't rewind
♫ Don't give me no DVDs
♫ Or HDTV, I just want my VHS blues
If you can use that use it.