Ice on Fire (2019) - full transcript

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Over the past 250 years -

- We've made the biggest
scientific experiment ever.

Since the Industrial Revolution -

- We have sent 1.4 trillion tons of coal
straight out into the atmosphere.

It has changed life on earth,
especially in the Arctic.

The world's melting snow and ice
has caused climate change -

- threatening life on earth.

But the worrying vision of the future
need not be written in stone.

It has long existed
alternative to fossil fuels.

We recently discovered a way
to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere -



- which gives us a chance
to reverse climate change.

If we manage to return
climate change -

- It would be an accomplishment that lacks
in the history of humanity.

But the clock is ticking.

The researchers say we have to
Take the measures immediately.

The seriousness of the situation requires us
listens to the impartial experts.

They've presented facts like those
have devoted their lives to developing.

It's their turn to be heard.

They are scientists,
researchers and innovators -

- who have found solutions for that
preserve life in our common world.

ROCKY MOUNTAINS
COLORADO

Some projects require
manual sampling.

One of them applies
CO2 emissions over a longer period.

Someone must venture out
and take the test every Tuesday.



I am the one who can go out with
the snow car and make the measurements.

The long-term protocol
should be conducted as always.

Monitoring and registering
what we do with our atmosphere -

- Is an important but difficult task.

The last 50 years have
dedicated researchers from all over the world -

-rest every week to the same places-

- to measure the greenhouse gases
that causes climate change.

We are at just over 3 400 meters,
up on Niwot Ridge.

It is located in the front edge
of Rocky Mountains in Colorado.

This NOAA station for
long-term sampling of CO2 values.

These glass cubes
used to take the samples.

When we have filled them with air
We send them to our office.

On NOAA's lab in Boulder
the samples are analyzed

- along with similar
tubes from the rest of the world.

The reason why the samples
usually taken so high

- is that the air is so well mixed here.
The sample corresponds to the whole atmosphere.

There is a small opening in the ceiling.

When I turn on the pump
sucked the air into the tubes.

These measure the carbon cycle
and the greenhouse gases

-There CO2 and methane are the largest.

When they took the first test in 1968
showed it at 322 ppm.

We don't know what
this sample shows yet-

- but it's probably around 408.
And that's an increase.

Now I stop everything and everything
do the work for next week's test.

One of NOAA's assignments from the beginning
was to measure CO2 in the atmosphere

- and other gases
which affects the carbon cycle.

Two kinds of samples are collected
weekly from all over the world.

We want to see how the gases
change over time.

To do that, we take
constantly new samples.

Right now we have 60 collection points.

The samples are mostly taken in remote places,
far from inhabited areas.

With this equipment we measure

It's carbon dioxide, methane,
carbon monoxide, molecular hydrogen

- nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluoride.

The system is running five days a week.

I assemble the air samples
the manifold and start the measurement.

Then I can leave.

I am the head of NOAA's Global
Greenhouse Gas Reference Network.

The goal of the global network

- is to produce data
fully calibrated

- carefully checked
and documented.

The information is equally reliable
in a hundred years or more.

So, according to climate change
continues in the future

- there is information for the researchers
which they can rely on.

Then they can diagnose
what really happened

- and how climate change
really works.

The modern CO2 measurements
started by Dave Keeling-

- at the oceanographic institution.
In 1956 he took samples along the west coast.

He saw that in the afternoon,
wherever he was -

- so was the concentration
the same everywhere.

Then he was struck by the thought
that there may be something

- We can call
"Background concentration".

He began regular measurements
at Mauna Loa in Hawaii

-and also on the Antarctic coast.

Towards the end of the last ice age,
between 20,000 and 11,000 years ago

- increased CO2 levels by 80 ppm,
from about 200 to 280.

It went slow. It took 6,000 years
for the CO2 level to rise by 80 ppm.

Sixteen years.

Before the industries arrived, before 1850,
the CO2 level was around 280 ppm.

And today we see an increase
by 2 ppm per year.

That increase is due
100 percent on man.

The increase we see today,
compared to the geological history

- I should almost call
an explosion.

It is instant,
from a geological time perspective.

Carbon dioxide has risen dramatically
since the industrial revolution.

What does that really mean to us?

We know too much
carbon dioxide damages the climate.

It changes the weather behavior
and life support system -

- which we depend on
to survive.

We have always known that toxicity
associated with fossil fuels-

- But we always thought
that it would attack the human

-or other living individuals.

It is not until my lifetime

- as it has become
frighteningly obvious-

- the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere
has got the heat to rise.

The greenhouse effect affects
life on the planet as a whole.

Once I understood it
in the mid 90s

- we needed to start talking about it,
which we have done since then.

When we're talking about
dangerous global warming

- we mean when it's about
two degrees Celsius warmer

- compared with
pre-industrial time.

This is when we start to see the worst

- and maybe irrevocably
effects of climate change:

Melting Polaris,
which gives rising sea levels.

Permanently dry at warmer
latitudes and much more.

It will be disaster
about the larger ice melts

- on Greenland and West Antarctica.

Then all major coastal towns are affected
in the world of flooding.

The areas on land are decreasing.

The result is environmental refugees,
when people leave those regions.

People leave the tropics because
it gets too hot man.

The crops in the tropics are affected
the heat and production will decrease.

In short, it becomes a world
with less surface

- less food and water,
stuck with more people.

That's the recipe for
a national security disaster.

I have worked with
to measure carbon dioxide for over 30 years.

If only we had done something
ate this for 20 years ago-

- I had done something else today,
but I am left.

Looking at the relationship
between carbon dioxide and sea level

- is there
a couple of interesting moments:

When CO2 levels rise to 400 ppm

- the heat may loose large ice blocks
from Antarctica and Greenland.

The ice blocks are
what we call marine based.

The base of the ice deck in western Antarctica
is below sea level

- Because it
is stuck in the sediment.

Once it starts to melt
it becomes a runaway train.

No one knows how to stop it.

We are dangerously close to it right now.

The next threshold is around
CO2 levels of 600-700 ppm.

Then it is so hot that it does not exist
some landis remain on the planet.

Then the sea level becomes
about 80 meters higher.

We are heading for 600-700 ppm.

It is an interesting threshold moment
regarding our relationship with the planet.

Should we press our climate system
so much out of balance

- that we risk
to digest all landis?

Yes, it has changed.

Iceland's nature has been affected
of climate change.

It is clearly visible
along the southern coast, for example.

Our largest glacier, Vatnajökull,
or the "water glacier" -

- has decreased quite a bit.

There is an interesting observation
which everyone notices

-When they drive along the southern coast today.

When you drive over Iceland's longest bridge,
which is almost a kilometer

- You notice it almost
There is no water underneath.

Why are you building such a long bridge
over almost no water at all?

It depends on climate change.

The river has changed direction
because of the glacier's decline.

Now we have a kind of monument-

- which symbolizes the past.

The Arctic is a changed place today.

Here is the climate change
impact as most extreme.

The researchers notice
that what is happening on the Arctic

- has a big impact
on the rest of the planet.

I work with measuring greenhouse gases
at the Arctic station

- and to find out how
vaxthusg

I'm worried about it
rising temperature in the region

- and the impact it can have
on all Arctic systems.

I think that is extremely important
to be aware of-

- that the sea ice decreased
and all other changes

- can change the entire weather system,
which has a global impact.

We know the changes in the Arctic
are not limited there.

I have worked with the sea ice
the past fifty years.

The entire Arctic has changed
very much during that time.

Not enough
that the ice has decreased in area.

The decrease is really visible.
The great ice creams from

- with their ramparts of pack ice
and very thick ice cover ...

Much of it
dramatic scenery is gone.

I recently visited the Bering Sea
for research purposes.

In that region is usually found
very melted, but we saw no one.

HISTORICAL BLOCK ON THE SEA:
1.8 - 4.5 meters

The ice was very thin,
maybe just 30 centimeters thick.

The North Sea is no longer
a continent of ice.

It's just water in the summer.

It's a huge loss,
not just by nature's beauty-

- but also with regard to
the physics of how the planet works.

The ice disappears
if the climate gets warmer.

It is an obvious consequence,
but is worse than that.

There will be many chain reactions -

- that affects the planet much more
than only the ice creams decrease.

The Arctic is heated three times faster
than the rest of the world-

- whereupon the temperature difference between
The Arctic and lower latitudes decrease.

That means the jet stream
becomes weaker.

It is weakened from
to have been an almost straight line

- to become more wavy
and reach both north and south.

This can mean that the polar air
reaches down to lower latitude

- Like that usually
only when in a sector

- but in the sector
to the east or west of the

- Hot air comes further north
than it should.

The result is the bizarre weather
that people have talked about.

When the air masses cause
so extreme weather changes

- it happens to be at the latitudes
where most food is produced.

Suddenly food production is affected
of the polar changes.

One cannot remove as much ice
without affecting much else.

Arctic's strongest sea ice divides
the first time since the measurements began

Consequences
of our actions begin to show itself.

Researchers' predictions
rather than expected.

We may experience storms, drought,
floods and fires -

- which is gradually becoming more and more
intensive and unpredictable.

NEW HEATING CORDS OVER
ALL PLANET LAST WEEK

THE WORLD BRINS AND SWIMMERS OVER
CLIMATE CHANGES ARE HERE

BURNS IN CALIFORNIA 2018
SEED FROM THE SPACE

HOT HOT MONTH AS EVER
HAVE BEEN RECALLED ON THE EARTH

THE RESEARCHERS ONLY KNOW A CASE:
IT WILL BE WORSE

The fires began almost simultaneously
in several places.

More than 7,000 buildings were destroyed
of which about 3,000 homes.

In the beginning when the fires were like the worst

- maybe evacuated
100,000 people.

It is a collective trauma.

It sounded and looked like a war zone.

Hanley-fire
reached here after 24 hours.

It burned roughly
same impression here in 24 hours.

Near 200 buildings were burned down.

This fire started in the evening
and reached Santa Rosa in four hours.

They cannot be compared,
besides the prints.

Commander who came here
to lead the rescue work-

- just shook his head:
"I've never seen anything like it."

"And I've been with a long time."

It's hardly any comfort,
But that's where we are now.

With such winds, how do we protect
citizens and infrastructure?

What can we do to it?
stop as good as possible?

Where has suffered five years of drought
who hit bushes and trees.

The wind forces up at Geyser Peak
measured at 48 meters per second.

What to do when it blows so hard
and a fire occurs?

One can only try to figure out
its direction and how fast it goes.

I never thought that the fire
would leave the mountains

-and smooth Santa Rosa with the ground.

Cars have been evicted.

Large pieces of glowing coal

- brought by the wind,
a good bit in front of the fire.

You see trees with broken branches.

They have not been burned off, they were broken off.

natural disasters
has become so common now-

- that people know
that they will suffer.

It's not the question, but when.

It is an alarm clock for everyone.
Climate change is here

-and you have to plan for it.

Climate change causes more
species are endangered.

But that's not the first time.

Studies of geological findings
has demonstrated a connection

- between high carbon levels and the latest ones
five periods of mass death.

It's a natural law to carbon cycle
affects the structure of life.

Every time a massive increase
of the colonies have taken place -

- the motley weave of life has weakened
and sometimes collapsed.

MIT
ATMOSPHERE AND PLANETARY RESEARCH

I have worked with
carbon cycle connection

-with the presence of mass death

- and whether the carbon cycle
is unstable when it happens.

The carbon cycle is there
life and the environment interact.

You can see it as a big one
circular flow between photosynthesis

- which is the process as
takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere

- converts it to oxygen
and plant material or organic carbon.

The reverse reaction in the circle
is called respiration-

- which is when the plant material
converted to carbon dioxide.

During a completed lap
takes the carbon cycle around 100 gigatons of coal

- from the atmosphere and the seas,
and return it every year.

So it's 100 gigatons out,
and 100 gigatons back in.

Of this, we contribute 8 percent,
with fossil fuels.

An increase of 8 percent compared to
what had circulated normally.

That's more than what
the volcanoes supply the system.

The planet is constantly working
to restore the balances.

It's the water cycle,
the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle.

You can see it
as a constant flow.

One way for the planet to do it
was to take everything

- that was in the dinosaurs
and the plants on land

- and squeeze it together
for oil and fossil fuels.

It was hidden for a very long time,
And we are a very young species.

But we were curious and dug up

- the coal that the earth had hidden away.

Then we burned it up without understanding
that it was like burning furniture

- Indoors with closed windows.

What happens is
that the planet backs back.

There is a surplus
of coal in the atmosphere.

It leads to the living conditions-

- here on earth is put out of balance.

As a biologist,
when i see climate change

- I see rising sea levels
and melting polaris.

I see that as evidence.

But when we look at it
how biological organisms

- responds to the warmer temperatures,
they have already started to move.

They move towards the poles
to cool down.

They move upwards
from lower mountain areas.

Whole areas of distribution are moved.

Sometimes they also move
without their helpers.

If a plant moves north
does not cope with its pollinators.

In a scientific, boring language
you call it ecological disturbance.

If we change the conditions
who created all this ...

Even us. Then we come ...
It will track down.

When the carbon cycle is unstable
Do the things we don't understand.

On the geological time scale
are there events

- within the carbon cycle,
where things changed.

One such was the paleocene eocene
thermal maxima, 55 million years ago.

Then there is much worse,
disastrous events

- in the form of mass extinction.
The worst is called Perm-trias extinction.

95% OF EVERY LIFE DOG OUT
FOR 250 MILLION YEARS LATE

Then the story looks, but we do
doing today is another problem-

- We know what is going on.

We know that we have added CO2
by using fossil fuels.

Then the question is whether it is at risk
to induce similar events

- as we have seen in the past.

I would call it
instability in the carbon cycle.

When small changes
turns into big changes.

It is a scientific definition
of a disaster.

But at individual level is
the loss of one's home a disaster.

Climate change will
cause the world's largest refugee crisis

Climate change soon
a threat to biodiversity

Rising temperatures threaten
to eradicate wild animals and plants

Climate change is killing
corals in the Great Barrier Reef

The changes threaten ancient trees,
But that's not all

We are all climate refugees now

We can still avoid it
dangerous break point at two degrees.

But for every year that we are passive-

- it becomes increasingly difficult
to limit our carbon emissions

- and stay under
the two-degree heating.

UN climate conference 2015
Paris, France

World leader celebrates the Paris Agreement:
"A big step for humanity"

KOLKLOCKAN:
Time left before the budget is spent

We know we've sent out
too much carbon in the atmosphere.

But how much is too much?

The researchers have come up with
what that figure is -

- and has entered a carbon budget
which shows what margin life has.

The budget shows where we are today,
how much more coal we can burn -

- and how much must be removed
to sustain life on earth.

The biggest challenge is, according to me
dangerous climate change.

If we want to avoid dangerous
climate change, we must realize

- that atmosphere, like human
waste disposal site has its limit.

We can release about
800 gigatons of CO2 in the atmosphere

-in that limit.

But over the past five years
have we already released 200 gigatons

- which means that in two decades

- We have already used up
our limited space.

In Paris it was important
that the leaders of the whole world agreed

- to limit the temperature increase
well below two degrees.

That's the safety margin
and it is important-

- that more than a hundred nations
stand behind it.

If you think of the volume in
the ball symbolizes the CO2

- still in the ground
in the form of coal, oil and gas.

Here we have the amount of coal.

If we want to limit the increase
up to two degrees globally

- Let's just let go
this is a little carbon in the atmosphere.

At the same time we have
much more coal left in the ground

- not going out into the atmosphere about
the increase should be kept below two degrees.

The question is therefore
how it should go together?

The next 20 years are
an enormously important time span.

We must separate the financial
growth from the growing emissions.

At the middle of the century, we must
be down in zero emissions

- and after 2050 we need
even negative emissions.

The charcoal clock only informs
humanity about where we stand today.

It shows how we dispose of
the limited space in the atmosphere.

It's a huge challenge
for Humanity.

Science says the climate crisis
is a problem we ourselves have created.

But that's also
a problem we can solve

We must stop dropping coal
and transition to renewable energy.

It is also vital
to remove carbon from the atmosphere.

Climate change is possible
turn back - if we act now.

Research has found solutions
that can reduce the amount of coal -

- So we end up in level
with pre-industrial time.

NORWAY CALIFORNIA Redwood forest

There are only two measures
that helps the atmosphere.

You either stop
greenhouse gas

- or you lower the CO2 level.
That's all.

The first one can be done through
more efficient and cleaner energy.

The second is through photosynthesis.
Either through agriculture and forestry

- or plankton and kelp in the seas.
There are only two measures.

That way it's pretty simple.

Previously, all solutions have
always just focused on energy.

Energy, energy and energy,
which is fully understandable.

Of course it is a good idea
to stop CO2 emissions.

But when the emphasis has been put on
clean energy sources such as sun and wind

- He's almost ruled out
the remaining solutions.

Drawdown:

To reverse climate change
by pulling coal out of the atmosphere.

The purpose of the drawdown was to redo
the 80 solutions we had developed

- could return
global warming within 30 years.

From reducing to turning down.

The emission curve shows
that we have a choice.

If we increase the scope
of some of the solutions-

- we can achieve drawdown around 2050.

I agree with the odds
is against us, but I must take it.

My name is Linwood Gill.

I am the chief forest guard at
Usal Redwood Forest Company.

Usal Redwood Forest
is a general forest

- owned by the non-profit foundation
Redwood Forest Foundation.

The forest is 50,000 acres.

The purpose is to preserve the forest,
partly as an economic security

- and to protect it
natural environment for animals and fish

- but also to remove
coal out the atmosphere.

It is one of ours
main mission right now.

It is an important part of the fight
against climate change.

Usal Redwood Forest
is a very young redwood forest.

Redwood can absorb more carbon
than any other tree variety on the planet.

Through their needles, the trees absorb carbon
from the carbon dioxide in the air.

Then the coal is stored in the trunk,
roots and branches.

As far as I know, this is here
one of the country's largest coal projects.

I am a bio fertilizer project manager
at the Redwood Forest Foundation.

We have great concerns
here in California-

- with over a hundred million dead trees.

We have to do something about it.

Here is a beetle called
Western Pine Bark Beetle

- who are living on chewing themselves
yellow and also other trees.

They have been here for thousands of years

- and have lived in harmony with the trees.

But because of climate change
and the prolonged drought

- has millions of trees
become very weak

- and has difficulty defending
against the beetle.

Bio fertilizer can be a way to
attack the problem of beetles

- and the dying trees
in Sierra Nevada.

Bio-fertilizer is a form of coal
which is useful in farming

-and gives a more prosperous soil.

When dry distilling the wood biomass

- half of the coal can
The biomass is recovered as residual waste.

The biomass helps the soil through
to bind nutrients and water.

It's more like a kind of construction
who incubates life.

Almost half are used
of all the coal in the plant

- which will be better
use in cultivated soil.

It is of enormous benefit
for agriculture.

We have large amounts of biomass
need to be used.

The trees constitute a fire hazard
while the fires are raging in California.

By producing bio fertilizer
can we bring back some of the material

- to the forests safely.

Or we use the biomass
in the valley, where water is really needed.

One of the benefits of bio fertilizer is
that it binds water in the soil.

If we added biofertilizer in
ten percent of the world's cultivation soil

- we should isolate
29 billion tons of CO2.

29 billion tons with ten percent.
And just by using

- "leftover residual material".
It is significant.

Then we have the climate compensations.

For us to get them
we must employ multiple

- who works with the forest
and can attest to the clients

- that the coal we say we have
actually there

-and stays here in the future.

I like to see ourselves as an example
who can inspire others

- to do the same as we do.

This is not rocket research.

Carbon storage becomes
huge in the future.

We need more and bigger forests.

Forests that should never be felled
and remain forever.

My name is Kate Scow and I am a professor
in land-air and water resources-

- at the University of California, Davis.

I am also an earth microbial ecologist.

The carbon cycle globally involves
both water and terrestrial systems.

Soil is an important part
of the terrestrial system.

Soil contains 2-3 times more carbon
compared to the atmosphere.

The earth is the place there
crops grow best.

That means that everything that grows
binds CO2 via photosynthesis

- and miraculously creates a physical
mass here on earth from air.

It still fascinates me.

The process captures coal,
the plant binds CO2, it dies

- the plant falls to the ground and
becomes part of the carbon cycle.

There is much more coal
bound in the soil than in the atmosphere.

Organic farms do not produce any
nutrients from artificial manure.

The manure consists of organic material.

It can be medium crops
or compost

- as food, plant or animal remnants
as you plow into the earth.

In an organic farming system
can you add-

- eight times as much coal
compared to a regular system.

It's really quite simple.

Climate change
gives us the chance

- to change our behavior
on this planet.

We know what we are capable of
in the worst case, so now the question is ...

If we deliberately want to be
part of the healing process ...

... it can release our creativity.

Then maybe you realize
that you have a garden.

"Oh my God,"
I have a park nearby.

We should see ourselves as we
helping to save the planet ...

It is much better than seeing us
like nasty little children with matches.

Then you realize that we are all
small pieces of the solution.

Now we send directly
from my mentor's house.

The organic gardener
Ron Finley.

I always want to come here
and learn different ways -

- to use the small soil
I have and grow as much as I can.

Culinary climate measures
is what I want to see.

What I grow sucks out
coal from the atmosphere.

It shows that we can return it
back into the earth again.

It creates both green jobs
and counteracts problems that-

- diabetes and obesity
in the area where I live.

There are many plots
and plenty of water available.

It's for a good cause
and gives a nice result.

We pull out the toxins from the atmosphere

- which we ourselves have released.

Best way to transform them
is to grow something edible.

Grow on the roof, grow in the window.

We know how it gets warmer.

A farmer must have faith in the future.
No doomsday mentality.

You have to plant, water
and believe that it will be a harvest.

That is the discussion I want to see
when we talk about changing the climate.

It doesn't happen overnight,
But we must start now. It's time.

My name is Bren Smith
and runs Thimble Island Ocean Farm.

We are in the Thimble Islands
in the Long Islands Sound.

I grew up in
Newfoundland in Canada-

- jumped off the plug
and have fished all over the planet.

In Gloucester in Newfoundland

- Then I worked
on the Bering Sea for many years.

Then the industrialized fishery went
at high speed.

We tore up whole ecosystems
with our trawlers

- and chased less and less fish
all the way out to sea.

It was completely unsustainable.

Much of the fish I pulled up
would be food at McDonald's.

It was an alarm clock
for many from my generation.

I was out on the Bering Sea
when the cod market crashed.

Thousands of people became unemployed,
factories were beaten again.

It taught me that you can build
a culture for several hundred years

- But if you don't
protects resources

- can collapse the ecosystem
delete everything in a few years.

That was when we began to realize
that problems like overfishing

- and climate change
are not environmental issues

- for us who work at sea.
They are financial problems.

There is neither food nor jobs
on a dead planet.

When I realized it was unsustainable
I began to look for sustainability.

I retrained myself to oyster fishermen.

The oysters taught me that nature
have created constructions-

- millions of years ago
which alleviates our harmful effects.

We do not need advanced technology.
Nature gives us seaweed and seafood

- that binds five times more carbon
than terrestrial plants.

An oyster filters 189 liters of water
per day, which removes nitrogen.

My job as the ocean's chieftain

- is to take advantage of nature's
constructions and cultivate them.

It's pretty simple.

It's great to grow restoration
species is that nothing is required.

No fresh water, no food,
no manure and no land.

It is the most sustainable
food production on earth.

Kelp is this beautiful seagrass.

The gateway to the new kitchen.
One of the fastest growing plants

- and sucks up five times more carbon
than terrestrial plants.

It's called Sea Sequoia.

Kelp is just the beginning. There is
10,000 edible plants in the seas.

Parts of the plant
we can make kelp noodles.

Then this can be
manure and animal feed.

If cows eat seaweed feed decreases
methane emissions by 90 percent.

Still, cows, sheep and goats have
eaten kelp for hundreds of years.

On the Hebrides, in Maine
and elsewhere.

There are incredible volumes. We can
produce 20 tons of kelp per acre

- and 150,000 seafood.
Imagine this in larger scale

- to an area of ​​Washington state.
Then you can give the whole world food.

Take five percent of US
territorial waters and

- 50 million new jobs are created

- and coal equivalent
20 million cars are bound.

Our crops also soften
acidification of the oceans.

Kelp creates a so-called halo effect

- which reduces acidification.
Then oysters and other seafood

- easier to get thicker shells
which protects better against acidification.

Some said that climate change
would take a hundred years.

But it happens here and now.

As a fisherman we are lucky to be able to
move to something similar.

I'm proud to help
to arrange food for my country.

Maybe I'm part of that army
who will save the planet.

If we send out ten large units
CO2 in the atmosphere.

-And about stay there.

2.5 of them end up in plants
and 2.5 ports in the sea.

If the sea is acidified,
what do you do about it?

Nature takes care of the problem
by making more seafood.

It is the theory of marine snow,
that small animals grow in the water

- They have calcium shells
falling down.

The problem is that the planet wants it
a perspective of millions of years.

We don't.

So the question is if you can
speed up the process?

We need to examine all options.

There is more experimental
hypotheses that need to be tested.

A solution can be found in it
microscopic life cycle marine snow.

What do we need?

We need this planet
as it was before.

We must regain it in that condition
It was 200 years ago.

Higher levels of CO2
increases the acidification of the oceans.

The garden then loses its ability
to suck up coal from the atmosphere.

We have to do something about it.

We must help those systems
circulating carbon

- between the atmosphere,
the plants on land and seas.

And with marine snow
just need some help from us.

The most important thing is to remove CO2
and produce oxygen.

What we can do is
to add minimal amounts

- iron in the seas. Very little.

It has nothing to do
with the term fertilizer.

To give you an idea
just need six kilos of iron

- to start the process in
100,000 square kilometers of the sea.

The cells create
an organic parent tissue

- Which is why
the design of marine snow.

When the mother tissue arises-

- it attracts cyanobacteria
and heterotrophic bacteria

- which colonizes the particles
and then actively growing.

Then we let them take care of themselves -

- Because they can take
very long time.

We can trace the marine snow particles
for more than four months.

They can float around and
suck organic matter

- and when they get too heavy
they sink to the bottom of the sea.

Speed ​​of change,
increased levels and temperatures

- make sure we have to act while we can.

I'm absolutely sure
that we can succeed with ...

... to get man to cooperate
with nature, do not oppose it.

Science has long been proven
that we have technology that works.

-and that it's already used.

It's just a matter of
political will and size.

We need a lot of solutions
going forward in parallel.

To solve the crisis

- We need to move on
one hundred percent renewable energy now.

Of the top five solutions ended up
coastal wind power in second place.

COASTAL WIND POWER PLANT
ORKNEY ISLANDS, SCOTLAND

Wind power is more efficient than solar power,
which was a surprise.

Solar power will be in place eight out of ten.

The sun is the largest resource we have.
Everything else fades in comparison.

We've known that for a long time,
but we have never been able to

- extract it economically.
It has changed now.

Solar energy is already cheaper
than fossil fuels.

Already installed in the 80s
Jimmy Carter solar cells at the White House.

Then Reagan took them away.

Not until 2001, when Germany
started with solar energy in larger scale

- we could start to benefit from
economy in large scale.

In the end, we can provide the whole
electricity grid with solar and wind power.

We just need it
be able to store wind and sun.

If you want to cater for the whole
US electricity demand with solar cell alone

- we would need a surface on
77,700 square kilometers.

The energy from there would suffice
electricity networks in all states throughout the United States.

Mount Signal is a project that provides
electricity to 70,000 households in San Diego.

The second phase of the energy will
sent to Southern California.

The cost of electricity from Mount Signal
is lower than electricity from fossil fuels.

The cost is also
safe for use.

The price is fixed
the next 25 years.

It is not offered
from fossil energy sources.

We have already integrated
much solar power in California.

Ten years ago, people said
that it was impossible-

- but today solar energy already covers
up to 25% of California's needs.

Taxpayers got none
increased costs and everything works.

And we got reduced
carbon emissions in the purchase.

Lately, state works
offered to buy solar cells.

The attitude is changing.

We still underestimate
the value of solar cells.

People do not know that in five years
are the solar cells much cheaper-

-and can be used at night.

In combination with wind power

- we can live in an environment with
100 percent renewable energy.

It is fully feasible.
No new inventions are required.

We already have the technology.

We just have to make sure
that those responsible for

- planning of
resource use and infrastructure

- Understands this technology
becomes cheaper over time.

The coal is coming back.
Clean coal, 100 percent.

My government is stopping
for the war against the coal.

We should have clean coal. Really clean.

Think Progress:
Clean energy employs multiple

- than fossil fuels do,
in almost all states

The Independent:

World-leading carbon company closes
37 mines when solar prices fall

Fossil producers under pressure

Solar energy beats its own record
with the cheapest electricity-

- "compared with
all other technologies ever "

It can be difficult to communicate
science to the public.

Today, we assume the challenge

- and adds an extra
effort behind.

Interest groups funded
of fossil fuel operators

-designs climate discussion-

- to confuse the public
and the decision makers.

We must transform the entire energy sector -

- quit fossil fuels
and switch to renewable energy.

But it gets pretty awkward
for the powerful fossil industry

- who have invested millions of dollars
in creating a dependency on them.

They have struggled hard
to maintain that dependency.

We are often asked how we can know

- that the increased CO2 level in the atmosphere
depends on human activity.

The answer is that we leave climate footprints
after us, around the atmosphere.

One such imprint is called carbon-14,
or radioactive carbon.

When we burn coal, oil and gas
we leave an imprint in the atmosphere

-of what we call negative carbon-14.

Because fossil fuels are so old
there is no carbon 14 left anymore.

We can specify the quantity with precision
fossil fuels we consume

- by measuring C-14 in the atmosphere.

It is nature's own verification
systems we use.

They have convinced enough
and have enough

- to make it even more difficult
than it was before

- to address climate change.
It's so depressing.

The agenda of many of them
fossil fuel companies

- is malicious in view of
the devastation that affects our planet.

I think parts of it
well-financed climate denial

- performed by people
who really know better-

- is a crime against humanity.
They should be brought to justice in The Hague.

While the climate deniers
has managed to delay the action -

- has a lot more ominous
problem appeared.

Recently, researchers have seen elevated levels
levels of methane in the atmosphere.

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas

- with the potential to enhance
further temperatures.

An increase in methane suggests
that we are approaching a critical point.

But where does the gas come from?

And how much does it accelerate
climate disruption?

The researchers are stressing
to find out.

This is the University of Wyomings
mobile laboratory.

Here are instruments that measure
what is in the air we breathe now.

That way we can track
emissions and gases

- and find out
were the sources of the emissions

- And what leads to
elevated methane levels.

Inside the lab
There are a couple of instruments.

Here is a Proton Transfer Reaction
Time of Flight Mass Spec.

It measures volatile organic matter
such as benzene and toluene.

Here is a Picarro Cavity Ring-Down
that measures the methane concentration.

We can read all the data
from real-time instruments

- thanks to an intake on top of the car
that draws in air to the instruments.

After the measurements we arrived
that we have more methane sources

- in areas where we extract the gas,
than we had expected.

To be able to specify
where the methane leaks are-

- one must be near the sources.

The mobile lab helps us
to locate the largest leaks.

The company has opened
a brand new facility.

22 new gas sources have been drilled
in the middle of the settlement in Western Greeley.

The facility has been controversial,
regarding size and location.

It is said that society does not have
been able to keep up with what is going on there.

A high sound level surrounds the business-

- And the state probably doesn't do its best
to facilitate communication.

We saw a lot of flames,
which indicates large volumes of gas.

The yellow color of the flame shows
that it is not full combustion.

We shall continue to investigate the sources

Some oil and gas producing
regions have such a large

- concentration of methane in the air
that it is visible from space.

It happened a few years ago
in the region of the four corners.

That's the key for us
when to find out

In 2014, NASA researchers identified
in collaboration with NOAA-

- University of Michigan
and other researchers

- a methane cloud like Delaware
in the region of the four corners.

It is the largest accumulation
methane gas throughout the United States.

This ranch, where we are now,
is the approximate zero point.

If you could find the midpoint
on the Delaware-shaped cloud

- It would very well
be here.

One has been identified
that the cause of methane cloud

- mainly emissions
in connection with drilling

- as well as emissions from coal
and other fossil fuels.

The methane cloud was identified by
the technology that NOAA and NASA had

- due
FLIR camera arrival.

There are infrared cameras that look
leaks, emissions and flames

- which causes the methane cloud to grow.

You have to see the whole picture.
It has been at least 60 years

- of leaks, emissions and burning
here in the San Jaun sink.

Over 30,000 sources
has got methane cloud

- to accumulate
and provide evidence for

- what drilling for natural gas
leads to ultimately.

People do not know common sources
has created methane cloud

- and that they themselves daily
have been accomplices.

This is a common gas source.
This equipment is available

- throughout the San Juan sink
and on many other gas fields in the United States.

This leaks considerably from the standard
parts on it.

All that is needed here is
a wrench and a little teflon tape.

A little review would fix the leak.

I wish I could ask
investors in gas and oil here

- where I stand
and let them see that leak.

Let them multiply it
with 18,000 in the San Juan sink

- and make them stop obstructing
a federal rule

- protect my family,
protect taxpayers in New Mexico

- and offer fair and equal
protection in all states.

Get them out of the boardroom
and come here-

- and let them look at the leak
which is so easy to cook.

When I was told
that environmental manager Scott Pruitt-

- knew that there were facts

- that strengthened methane and
other leaking chemicals

- are more harmful to children
than they are for me.

Then I became so angry that he wanted
prevent federal protection for us.

If anyone came to my ranch
with intent to harm my child

-It would be over my dead body.

250 million years ago became one
secondary effect of methane emissions

- that much of life
on the ground died out.

Now it is discussed around
the methane found in the Arctic

- in the permafrost or in the sea of ​​the world.

How fast can methane be mobilized
and how destructive it becomes?

Release of ancient methane
can lead to even more warming.

Will the methane be created
an apocalyptic scenario?

It's a question that researchers have
desperately trying to answer.

I am the head of the Center for Gas
Hydrate, Environment & Climate.

We are a team with 50-60 researchers
who works to understand us-

- what impact methane has on
the global climate system.

Methane is stored below
The bottom of the Arctic Ocean

- in places we sometimes know,
but we usually don't know much about them.

We apply geophysical methods
to quantify the reservoirs

- and to see how stable
The methane hydrates are today and later.

Fortunately, methane has a short lifetime.

The earth has a natural system
which regulates the supply of methane

-from the garden and out into the atmosphere.

The system works quite well

- but it changes,
because the ocean currents change

- just like the garden temperature
and the garden chemistry is changing.

The methane was
in a kind of equilibrium mode

- but in recent years
we have seen a large increase in methane.

We don't know where it comes from.

Of course it puts it
pressure on science

- to give politicians an answer regarding
methane in the atmosphere.

Where does the methane come from?
What else becomes unstable at present?

We have presented some clear
campaigns where we have measured

- by the seabed, in the sea,
at the sea surface and in the air,

- to understand how methane is regulated
throughout the system.

There is a lot
methane stored in the seabed.

So much to the slightest change
can have an impact

- on the ocean or the atmosphere.

META MEASUREMENTS
IN NORWAY ISHAVET

The balance here needs more focus
and more observations-

- where you combine atmospheric,
sea ​​and climate competence.

In my profession I study
how methane seeps into the sea

-In the Russian Sea and in the Barents Sea.

It is simply gas bubbles
rising from the seabed.

The bubbles consist mostly of methane gas.

First we have gas hydrates
which is in solid form and similar to ice.

The gas is also available in free form,
which becomes gas bubbles.

The plumes of methane bubbles may vary.

In some places
they can be 800-900 meters long.

Depth in these areas
is just over 1,200 meters.

In shallower water reaches
the bubbles almost up to the surface.

The East Siberian Sea is definitely
interesting when studying methane

-As it is so shallow there.

There is a great chance to
the methane bubbles reach the surface.

In some areas, such as Spetsbergen,
There is methane that almost reaches the surface.

We've warmed up the atmosphere
so much -

-We've started melting the Arctic.

Potentially, we are facing
an abrupt climate scenario.

Today's calculations show that we
passes the Paris agreement with raw

up to five degrees and more.

It triggers even more
disastrous events.

The heating can lead to big ones
supplement of methane in the atmosphere.

It should really worry us.

I want to add that it is one
of many possible stressors.

We are approaching a high-risk
situation where we lack experience.

We don't know how
should deal with it.

PERMAFROST:

Land that has been constantly frozen
and containing methane and CO2

Permafrost and methane
are great concerns.

I think we should
be more attentive

- on methane in general,
in relation to the climate problems.

The risk is that you
passing the breakpoint

- where it then becomes difficult
reverse the trend.

PERMAFROST AREA
ALASKA

There is a perfectly reasonable one
feedback mechanism.

There are huge amounts in the permafrost
organic matter frozen.

The amount potentially
can become CO2 and methane

- can be four times bigger than everything
fossil fuel we have consumed.

30,000 year old methane
bubbles up from a frozen lake

If we thaw up
all frozen material

- the most likely emission of CO2 occurs
and methane gas in large scale

I study methane emissions from lakes.

We are in inner Alaska where we have
discontinuous permafrost.

We look at microbial methane.

The methane that bubbles behind me
comes from dead plants and animal

- which was frozen into the permafrost
tens of thousands of years ago.

As the permafrost tinar-

- Eat the microbes in the soil
and make it methane.

The thawing permafrost
fire on methane production.

Then the methane disappears
up in the atmosphere

What worries us is
that as the climate gets warmer-

- at a faster pace
than the last 10,000 years

- and let go
methane gas faster.

Highly concentrated methane
is flammable

- So if it's a flame
it is methane.

Many new lakes have been formed as not
existed here 30 or 60 years ago.

The lakes contain 10-100 times
more methane than the other lakes.

They give a picture of the methane emissions
as we can expect-

- the next 10 to 50 years
as the permafrost thaws.

Then comes the permafrost feedback cycle
and it accelerates even more.

Is it methane? Is it permafrost?

Is it the organic coal in the seas
who suddenly move again?

You have to ask about it
is there feedback in the system?

The answer is yes.

It is usually common sense

- that the less you disturb the climate,
The better it will be.

We have the solutions ready,
but the question still remains.

We can mobilize and act
collectively before it is late?

The will to do so
is not really there.

The Paris Agreement says
that we must reduce carbon emissions

- and keep the temperature
below a certain level

- Although we won't
to do that.

What can save us is technology
that sucks CO2 out of the atmosphere.

Then you should bet
all the resources of humanity-

- to develop CO2 purification methods
which works.

Then we can save the world,
So why don't we?

CLIMEWORKS
GET IN CO2 FROM THE AIR

Direct Air Capture is machines
which removes CO2 from the air.

We have worked with
technology over the past ten years -

-and as economical as possible.

The machine consists of four containers
and can have any size whatsoever.

Here the air is sucked in ...

... and inside there is
our filter construction.

When CO2 is captured
ends up in a greenhouse.

Similar is happening nowadays,
solid with fossil CO2.

In the future they will come
to use atmospheric CO2.

The facility does
that you can stop the carbon cycle.

The CO2 that gets into the greenhouse
also ends up in cucumbers and tomatoes

But because we capture CO2 again
the circle is closed.

This can be
the missing cake bit -

- needed to stop the carbon cycle
in the energy or transport sector.

In addition to using CO2
in a greenhouse like this

- can we take CO2,
water and renewable energy

- and of it produce fuel,
for example, aviation fuel.

To capture one percent
of the global CO2 emissions

- about 300,000 needed
of the plants behind me

-Which is a very high figure.

But compared to today's
the infrastructures

- it is an extent that we can handle,
so it is definitely possible.

Hellisheidi power plant for
geothermal energy in Iceland

The next project is
a plant in Iceland-

Two hours later you do
CO2 to a stone

- that keeps it permanently
and safely.

To operate the plant
we use geothermal heat.

It is abundant in Iceland.

It hardly gives any carbon footprint
to operate the machinery.

It's a great day. We have received
The CO2 plant to Iceland.

We pull CO2 out of the air,
pumps it down underground

- and store it in the rock below us,
where the carbon dioxide is bound.

So we take CO2 from the air
and turn it into stone.

Last night was the first time that
atmospheric CO2 was introduced into the ground.

We can come up
in millions of tons of CO2 per year

- which can be extracted from the atmosphere.

As far as we know it is
the first time in the world-

- as direct capture of CO2
has been combined with

- with underground, safe and
permanent storage of CO2.

We have a new relationship with coal.

Can't find us
a new use for it?

Can't we have it
in plastic or building materials?

We may be able to convert carbon dioxide
to something we need every day?

A LOW LIGHT UP THE WAY

My name is Daniel Nocera and I am
professor of energy at Harvard.

In the lab we invented the artificial
and the bionic leaf.

They can perform
a complete photosynthesis.

Sunlight, air and water
they convert into fuel and food.

Think about photosynthesis.

What is it doing?
It makes life's building blocks.

The building blocks are CO2,
water and sunlight.

Then we build all this.

Wood, food, starch and biomass.

It's an incredible transformation.

Photosynthesis is complicated,
but we really listened to nature.

And we did that for 30 years.

What makes me so happy-

- is that we are not just
can make it artificially-

- but also ten times better
than the real photosynthesis.

We developed catalysts
that covered the artificial leaf.

They split the water
in hydrogen and oxygen.

The second part of the invention
is the bionic leaf.

It takes nitrogen from bacteria
and manufactures fuel.

Depending on the genes
i put into the bacterium

- I can get the bacterium
to manufacture materials, medicines

- and we've shown
that they can make fertilizers.

We can use all kinds of water.
Plain water, sea water ...

You only have my artificial leaves
one can do it in the garden.

We don't have to dig it up like that
are there and release more CO2.

The artificial leaf
in collaboration with the bionic

- takes CO2 out of the air and uses
sun and water to make fuel.

So we don't add any more
CO2 to the atmosphere.

Another thing is the cost.

I-countries have added fantasy sums
to build what they have today.

It is difficult to abandon one billion
investment that you have paid off.

That's what it's all about.

Therefore, guidelines are required
and good collaborations.

And that the public gets to know
that they have alternative

-and that the world can change.

The green economy creates
already millions of jobs.

It will surpass the economy
from the fossil fuel industry.

The challenge to reverse the climate crisis
provides new opportunities for everyone.

It's now more profitable
than ever to be green.

Until recently, more was earned
to create problems

- even coming up with solutions.

The solutions therefore required
subsidies that hardly existed.

The alternatives were altruism or belief.

Then a transition took place where the profit
from the solutions became bigger-

- than the benefits of the problems,
which is not so easy to understand.

It does not mean altruism
Not needed, it's something great.

But altruism will not be required
to take the step towards a world-

- where we turn the heating,
because it is cheaper.

It's more profitable, more affordable
and creates more jobs.

It's the most amazing
which has happened for several years.

And it will only grow
as the years go by

- Because engineers
and designers

- which are largely unknown,
works diligently to develop

- a new way for man
to relate to the planet.

ORKNEY ISLANDS
SCOTLAND

Here at Orkney we have
a very strong maritime tradition.

Ever since the 70's has
the oil and gas industry in Aberdeen

- been important to the economy
and created tens of thousands of jobs.

But in recent years we have seen
a large turnaround

- concerning the oil and gas industry
and the oil price.

But we have many experienced people
from offshore jobs on the way in.

They find new jobs
within renewable energy

-hos company like us.

Tides are almost
a completely unused energy source.

We believe we have the potential to achieve
a capacity of at least 100 gigawatts.

That means low-carbon energy
to millions of households.

Here we see the world's most powerful,
floating tidal generator.

It is a floating platform
with two fixed rotors.

When the rotors spin
electricity is produced

- brought up to the machine,
where it is conditioned.

Then the electricity is transformed
and carried out into the power grid.

It's like a wind turbine,
fixed with two rotors instead of one.

A few weeks ago
we made great progress.

We had our first 24 hours
with uninterrupted electricity production.

It actually worked
far better than expected.

The device itself generated over
18 megawatt hours during the day.

We are moving towards more traditional ones
methods in renewable energy.

We put the tide on the map as
a competitive alternative

- Worldwide,
and the world needs.

The turbine is 63 meters in total.

We convert the energy on board
so that it is completely clear-

- to be exported straight out
in the UK electricity grid.

We aim for
tens of thousands of tidal turbines.

It's a complete system

- for production
of low carbon energy.

EMEC was built as a test lab

- because we know there are huge
amounts of energy in the world's oceans.

We try to find a way
to extract it.

We realized that it was important
to have a test center

- where we could find out
how this would happen.

From the test center we have cables
leading straight to the sea

- like the developers of the machines
can connect.

Then the electricity is brought in

- and straight out
in our national electricity grid.

They create electricity from seawater.

Now we have the Penguin device here,
made by the company Wello Oy.

Their machine basically consists of
a large pendulum inside the ship.

As the ship moves
spins the pendulum horizontally.

It generates energy.

The sea is ruthless and
always trying to damage the equipment

- so to bring out equipment that is
reliable, robust, efficient, profitable ...

All the developers wrestle with that.

But we have already managed to create gold.

We've actually transformed
sea ​​water for energy.

It's huge, because people
has questioned it for years.

No one can claim that the researchers
have not warned us-

- and said that we must reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.

It should be crystal clear.

How many breakpoints can we pass-

- or that most of life
on the planet does not manage?

It must not go so far.
And we're so fucking close now.

Either we hold the course
and drowning, burning up

- and starve to death
as a result of the climate crisis.

Or has the game just begun?

After all, we have the knowledge and solutions that
can turn global warming.

Don't mitigate or reduce it.
We can turn it around.

When setting high goals
new opportunities are opened.

It opens the imagination
and opens for innovations.

It does not exclude anything,
rather the opposite.

It's not that it exists
a single solution

- but in collaboration one can achieve
results with 80% of the solutions.

Each solution has great advantages
that makes the world better for everyone.

We lose nothing to realize
that climate change is going on-

- and that we are affected.
So what's the problem?

We are the first generation
who see climate change -

- and the last one
with a chance to fix it.

Despite all the evidence

- fossil fuels are still used
at an ever increasing rate.

Science has given us the truth,
based on real research.

It's time to start listening and
apply the solutions available.

Time is out soon. Ice melts.

Resolution measures must be taken now.
There is no other option.

The opportunity is within our reach.
Now we take it.

It's up to each of us -

- to save our unique blue planet
for future generations.

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