Ice on Fire (2019) - full transcript

Subtitles from

:.* almastro_almastro *.:

Over the past 250 years -

- We've made the biggest

scientific experiment ever.

Since the Industrial Revolution -

- We have sent 1.4 trillion tons of coal

straight out into the atmosphere.

It has changed life on earth,

especially in the Arctic.

The world's melting snow and ice

has caused climate change -

- threatening life on earth.

But the worrying vision of the future

need not be written in stone.

It has long existed

alternative to fossil fuels.

We recently discovered a way

to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere -

- which gives us a chance

to reverse climate change.

If we manage to return

climate change -

- It would be an accomplishment that lacks

in the history of humanity.

But the clock is ticking.

The researchers say we have to

Take the measures immediately.

The seriousness of the situation requires us

listens to the impartial experts.

They've presented facts like those

have devoted their lives to developing.

It's their turn to be heard.

They are scientists,

researchers and innovators -

- who have found solutions for that

preserve life in our common world.

ROCKY MOUNTAINS

COLORADO

Some projects require

manual sampling.

One of them applies

CO2 emissions over a longer period.

Someone must venture out

and take the test every Tuesday.

I am the one who can go out with

the snow car and make the measurements.

The long-term protocol

should be conducted as always.

Monitoring and registering

what we do with our atmosphere -

- Is an important but difficult task.

The last 50 years have

dedicated researchers from all over the world -

-rest every week to the same places-

- to measure the greenhouse gases

that causes climate change.

We are at just over 3 400 meters,

up on Niwot Ridge.

It is located in the front edge

of Rocky Mountains in Colorado.

This NOAA station for

long-term sampling of CO2 values.

These glass cubes

used to take the samples.

When we have filled them with air

We send them to our office.

On NOAA's lab in Boulder

the samples are analyzed

- along with similar

tubes from the rest of the world.

The reason why the samples

usually taken so high

- is that the air is so well mixed here.

The sample corresponds to the whole atmosphere.

There is a small opening in the ceiling.

When I turn on the pump

sucked the air into the tubes.

These measure the carbon cycle

and the greenhouse gases

-There CO2 and methane are the largest.

When they took the first test in 1968

showed it at 322 ppm.

We don't know what

this sample shows yet-

- but it's probably around 408.

And that's an increase.

Now I stop everything and everything

do the work for next week's test.

One of NOAA's assignments from the beginning

was to measure CO2 in the atmosphere

- and other gases

which affects the carbon cycle.

Two kinds of samples are collected

weekly from all over the world.

We want to see how the gases

change over time.

To do that, we take

constantly new samples.

Right now we have 60 collection points.

The samples are mostly taken in remote places,

far from inhabited areas.

With this equipment we measure

It's carbon dioxide, methane,

carbon monoxide, molecular hydrogen

- nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluoride.

The system is running five days a week.

I assemble the air samples

the manifold and start the measurement.

Then I can leave.

I am the head of NOAA's Global

Greenhouse Gas Reference Network.

The goal of the global network

- is to produce data

fully calibrated

- carefully checked

and documented.

The information is equally reliable

in a hundred years or more.

So, according to climate change

continues in the future

- there is information for the researchers

which they can rely on.

Then they can diagnose

what really happened

- and how climate change

really works.

The modern CO2 measurements

started by Dave Keeling-

- at the oceanographic institution.

In 1956 he took samples along the west coast.

He saw that in the afternoon,

wherever he was -

- so was the concentration

the same everywhere.

Then he was struck by the thought

that there may be something

- We can call

"Background concentration".

He began regular measurements

at Mauna Loa in Hawaii

-and also on the Antarctic coast.

Towards the end of the last ice age,

between 20,000 and 11,000 years ago

- increased CO2 levels by 80 ppm,

from about 200 to 280.

It went slow. It took 6,000 years

for the CO2 level to rise by 80 ppm.

Sixteen years.

Before the industries arrived, before 1850,

the CO2 level was around 280 ppm.

And today we see an increase

by 2 ppm per year.

That increase is due

100 percent on man.

The increase we see today,

compared to the geological history

- I should almost call

an explosion.

It is instant,

from a geological time perspective.

Carbon dioxide has risen dramatically

since the industrial revolution.

What does that really mean to us?

We know too much

carbon dioxide damages the climate.

It changes the weather behavior

and life support system -

- which we depend on

to survive.

We have always known that toxicity

associated with fossil fuels-

- But we always thought

that it would attack the human

-or other living individuals.

It is not until my lifetime

- as it has become

frighteningly obvious-

- the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere

has got the heat to rise.

The greenhouse effect affects

life on the planet as a whole.

Once I understood it

in the mid 90s

- we needed to start talking about it,

which we have done since then.

When we're talking about

dangerous global warming

- we mean when it's about

two degrees Celsius warmer

- compared with

pre-industrial time.

This is when we start to see the worst

- and maybe irrevocably

effects of climate change:

Melting Polaris,

which gives rising sea levels.

Permanently dry at warmer

latitudes and much more.

It will be disaster

about the larger ice melts

- on Greenland and West Antarctica.

Then all major coastal towns are affected

in the world of flooding.

The areas on land are decreasing.

The result is environmental refugees,

when people leave those regions.

People leave the tropics because

it gets too hot man.

The crops in the tropics are affected

the heat and production will decrease.

In short, it becomes a world

with less surface

- less food and water,

stuck with more people.

That's the recipe for

a national security disaster.

I have worked with

to measure carbon dioxide for over 30 years.

If only we had done something

ate this for 20 years ago-

- I had done something else today,

but I am left.

Looking at the relationship

between carbon dioxide and sea level

- is there

a couple of interesting moments:

When CO2 levels rise to 400 ppm

- the heat may loose large ice blocks

from Antarctica and Greenland.

The ice blocks are

what we call marine based.

The base of the ice deck in western Antarctica

is below sea level

- Because it

is stuck in the sediment.

Once it starts to melt

it becomes a runaway train.

No one knows how to stop it.

We are dangerously close to it right now.

The next threshold is around

CO2 levels of 600-700 ppm.

Then it is so hot that it does not exist

some landis remain on the planet.

Then the sea level becomes

about 80 meters higher.

We are heading for 600-700 ppm.

It is an interesting threshold moment

regarding our relationship with the planet.

Should we press our climate system

so much out of balance

- that we risk

to digest all landis?

Yes, it has changed.

Iceland's nature has been affected

of climate change.

It is clearly visible

along the southern coast, for example.

Our largest glacier, Vatnajökull,

or the "water glacier" -

- has decreased quite a bit.

There is an interesting observation

which everyone notices

-When they drive along the southern coast today.

When you drive over Iceland's longest bridge,

which is almost a kilometer

- You notice it almost

There is no water underneath.

Why are you building such a long bridge

over almost no water at all?

It depends on climate change.

The river has changed direction

because of the glacier's decline.

Now we have a kind of monument-

- which symbolizes the past.

The Arctic is a changed place today.

Here is the climate change

impact as most extreme.

The researchers notice

that what is happening on the Arctic

- has a big impact

on the rest of the planet.

I work with measuring greenhouse gases

at the Arctic station

- and to find out how

vaxthusg

I'm worried about it

rising temperature in the region

- and the impact it can have

on all Arctic systems.

I think that is extremely important

to be aware of-

- that the sea ice decreased

and all other changes

- can change the entire weather system,

which has a global impact.

We know the changes in the Arctic

are not limited there.

I have worked with the sea ice

the past fifty years.

The entire Arctic has changed

very much during that time.

Not enough

that the ice has decreased in area.

The decrease is really visible.

The great ice creams from

- with their ramparts of pack ice

and very thick ice cover ...

Much of it

dramatic scenery is gone.

I recently visited the Bering Sea

for research purposes.

In that region is usually found

very melted, but we saw no one.

HISTORICAL BLOCK ON THE SEA:

1.8 - 4.5 meters

The ice was very thin,

maybe just 30 centimeters thick.

The North Sea is no longer

a continent of ice.

It's just water in the summer.

It's a huge loss,

not just by nature's beauty-

- but also with regard to

the physics of how the planet works.

The ice disappears

if the climate gets warmer.

It is an obvious consequence,

but is worse than that.

There will be many chain reactions -

- that affects the planet much more

than only the ice creams decrease.

The Arctic is heated three times faster

than the rest of the world-

- whereupon the temperature difference between

The Arctic and lower latitudes decrease.

That means the jet stream

becomes weaker.

It is weakened from

to have been an almost straight line

- to become more wavy

and reach both north and south.

This can mean that the polar air

reaches down to lower latitude

- Like that usually

only when in a sector

- but in the sector

to the east or west of the

- Hot air comes further north

than it should.

The result is the bizarre weather

that people have talked about.

When the air masses cause

so extreme weather changes

- it happens to be at the latitudes

where most food is produced.

Suddenly food production is affected

of the polar changes.

One cannot remove as much ice

without affecting much else.

Arctic's strongest sea ice divides

the first time since the measurements began

Consequences

of our actions begin to show itself.

Researchers' predictions

rather than expected.

We may experience storms, drought,

floods and fires -

- which is gradually becoming more and more

intensive and unpredictable.

NEW HEATING CORDS OVER

ALL PLANET LAST WEEK

THE WORLD BRINS AND SWIMMERS OVER

CLIMATE CHANGES ARE HERE

BURNS IN CALIFORNIA 2018

SEED FROM THE SPACE

HOT HOT MONTH AS EVER

HAVE BEEN RECALLED ON THE EARTH

THE RESEARCHERS ONLY KNOW A CASE:

IT WILL BE WORSE

The fires began almost simultaneously

in several places.

More than 7,000 buildings were destroyed

of which about 3,000 homes.

In the beginning when the fires were like the worst

- maybe evacuated

100,000 people.

It is a collective trauma.

It sounded and looked like a war zone.

Hanley-fire

reached here after 24 hours.

It burned roughly

same impression here in 24 hours.

Near 200 buildings were burned down.

This fire started in the evening

and reached Santa Rosa in four hours.

They cannot be compared,

besides the prints.

Commander who came here

to lead the rescue work-

- just shook his head:

"I've never seen anything like it."

"And I've been with a long time."

It's hardly any comfort,

But that's where we are now.

With such winds, how do we protect

citizens and infrastructure?

What can we do to it?

stop as good as possible?

Where has suffered five years of drought

who hit bushes and trees.

The wind forces up at Geyser Peak

measured at 48 meters per second.

What to do when it blows so hard

and a fire occurs?

One can only try to figure out

its direction and how fast it goes.

I never thought that the fire

would leave the mountains

-and smooth Santa Rosa with the ground.

Cars have been evicted.

Large pieces of glowing coal

- brought by the wind,

a good bit in front of the fire.

You see trees with broken branches.

They have not been burned off, they were broken off.

natural disasters

has become so common now-

- that people know

that they will suffer.

It's not the question, but when.

It is an alarm clock for everyone.

Climate change is here

-and you have to plan for it.

Climate change causes more

species are endangered.

But that's not the first time.

Studies of geological findings

has demonstrated a connection

- between high carbon levels and the latest ones

five periods of mass death.

It's a natural law to carbon cycle

affects the structure of life.

Every time a massive increase

of the colonies have taken place -

- the motley weave of life has weakened

and sometimes collapsed.

MIT

ATMOSPHERE AND PLANETARY RESEARCH

I have worked with

carbon cycle connection

-with the presence of mass death

- and whether the carbon cycle

is unstable when it happens.

The carbon cycle is there

life and the environment interact.

You can see it as a big one

circular flow between photosynthesis

- which is the process as

takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere

- converts it to oxygen

and plant material or organic carbon.

The reverse reaction in the circle

is called respiration-

- which is when the plant material

converted to carbon dioxide.

During a completed lap

takes the carbon cycle around 100 gigatons of coal

- from the atmosphere and the seas,

and return it every year.

So it's 100 gigatons out,

and 100 gigatons back in.

Of this, we contribute 8 percent,

with fossil fuels.

An increase of 8 percent compared to

what had circulated normally.

That's more than what

the volcanoes supply the system.

The planet is constantly working

to restore the balances.

It's the water cycle,

the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle.

You can see it

as a constant flow.

One way for the planet to do it

was to take everything

- that was in the dinosaurs

and the plants on land

- and squeeze it together

for oil and fossil fuels.

It was hidden for a very long time,

And we are a very young species.

But we were curious and dug up

- the coal that the earth had hidden away.

Then we burned it up without understanding

that it was like burning furniture

- Indoors with closed windows.

What happens is

that the planet backs back.

There is a surplus

of coal in the atmosphere.

It leads to the living conditions-

- here on earth is put out of balance.

As a biologist,

when i see climate change

- I see rising sea levels

and melting polaris.

I see that as evidence.

But when we look at it

how biological organisms

- responds to the warmer temperatures,

they have already started to move.

They move towards the poles

to cool down.

They move upwards

from lower mountain areas.

Whole areas of distribution are moved.

Sometimes they also move

without their helpers.

If a plant moves north

does not cope with its pollinators.

In a scientific, boring language

you call it ecological disturbance.

If we change the conditions

who created all this ...

Even us. Then we come ...

It will track down.

When the carbon cycle is unstable

Do the things we don't understand.

On the geological time scale

are there events

- within the carbon cycle,

where things changed.

One such was the paleocene eocene

thermal maxima, 55 million years ago.

Then there is much worse,

disastrous events

- in the form of mass extinction.

The worst is called Perm-trias extinction.

95% OF EVERY LIFE DOG OUT

FOR 250 MILLION YEARS LATE

Then the story looks, but we do

doing today is another problem-

- We know what is going on.

We know that we have added CO2

by using fossil fuels.

Then the question is whether it is at risk

to induce similar events

- as we have seen in the past.

I would call it

instability in the carbon cycle.

When small changes

turns into big changes.

It is a scientific definition

of a disaster.

But at individual level is

the loss of one's home a disaster.

Climate change will

cause the world's largest refugee crisis

Climate change soon

a threat to biodiversity

Rising temperatures threaten

to eradicate wild animals and plants

Climate change is killing

corals in the Great Barrier Reef

The changes threaten ancient trees,

But that's not all

We are all climate refugees now

We can still avoid it

dangerous break point at two degrees.

But for every year that we are passive-

- it becomes increasingly difficult

to limit our carbon emissions

- and stay under

the two-degree heating.

UN climate conference 2015

Paris, France

World leader celebrates the Paris Agreement:

"A big step for humanity"

KOLKLOCKAN:

Time left before the budget is spent

We know we've sent out

too much carbon in the atmosphere.

But how much is too much?

The researchers have come up with

what that figure is -

- and has entered a carbon budget

which shows what margin life has.

The budget shows where we are today,

how much more coal we can burn -

- and how much must be removed

to sustain life on earth.

The biggest challenge is, according to me

dangerous climate change.

If we want to avoid dangerous

climate change, we must realize

- that atmosphere, like human

waste disposal site has its limit.

We can release about

800 gigatons of CO2 in the atmosphere

-in that limit.

But over the past five years

have we already released 200 gigatons

- which means that in two decades

- We have already used up

our limited space.

In Paris it was important

that the leaders of the whole world agreed

- to limit the temperature increase

well below two degrees.

That's the safety margin

and it is important-

- that more than a hundred nations

stand behind it.

If you think of the volume in

the ball symbolizes the CO2

- still in the ground

in the form of coal, oil and gas.

Here we have the amount of coal.

If we want to limit the increase

up to two degrees globally

- Let's just let go

this is a little carbon in the atmosphere.

At the same time we have

much more coal left in the ground

- not going out into the atmosphere about

the increase should be kept below two degrees.

The question is therefore

how it should go together?

The next 20 years are

an enormously important time span.

We must separate the financial

growth from the growing emissions.

At the middle of the century, we must

be down in zero emissions

- and after 2050 we need

even negative emissions.

The charcoal clock only informs

humanity about where we stand today.

It shows how we dispose of

the limited space in the atmosphere.

It's a huge challenge

for Humanity.

Science says the climate crisis

is a problem we ourselves have created.

But that's also

a problem we can solve

We must stop dropping coal

and transition to renewable energy.

It is also vital

to remove carbon from the atmosphere.

Climate change is possible

turn back - if we act now.

Research has found solutions

that can reduce the amount of coal -

- So we end up in level

with pre-industrial time.

NORWAY CALIFORNIA Redwood forest

There are only two measures

that helps the atmosphere.

You either stop

greenhouse gas

- or you lower the CO2 level.

That's all.

The first one can be done through

more efficient and cleaner energy.

The second is through photosynthesis.

Either through agriculture and forestry

- or plankton and kelp in the seas.

There are only two measures.

That way it's pretty simple.

Previously, all solutions have

always just focused on energy.

Energy, energy and energy,

which is fully understandable.

Of course it is a good idea

to stop CO2 emissions.

But when the emphasis has been put on

clean energy sources such as sun and wind

- He's almost ruled out

the remaining solutions.

Drawdown:

To reverse climate change

by pulling coal out of the atmosphere.

The purpose of the drawdown was to redo

the 80 solutions we had developed

- could return

global warming within 30 years.

From reducing to turning down.

The emission curve shows

that we have a choice.

If we increase the scope

of some of the solutions-

- we can achieve drawdown around 2050.

I agree with the odds

is against us, but I must take it.

My name is Linwood Gill.

I am the chief forest guard at

Usal Redwood Forest Company.

Usal Redwood Forest

is a general forest

- owned by the non-profit foundation

Redwood Forest Foundation.

The forest is 50,000 acres.

The purpose is to preserve the forest,

partly as an economic security

- and to protect it

natural environment for animals and fish

- but also to remove

coal out the atmosphere.

It is one of ours

main mission right now.

It is an important part of the fight

against climate change.

Usal Redwood Forest

is a very young redwood forest.

Redwood can absorb more carbon

than any other tree variety on the planet.

Through their needles, the trees absorb carbon

from the carbon dioxide in the air.

Then the coal is stored in the trunk,

roots and branches.

As far as I know, this is here

one of the country's largest coal projects.

I am a bio fertilizer project manager

at the Redwood Forest Foundation.

We have great concerns

here in California-

- with over a hundred million dead trees.

We have to do something about it.

Here is a beetle called

Western Pine Bark Beetle

- who are living on chewing themselves

yellow and also other trees.

They have been here for thousands of years

- and have lived in harmony with the trees.

But because of climate change

and the prolonged drought

- has millions of trees

become very weak

- and has difficulty defending

against the beetle.

Bio fertilizer can be a way to

attack the problem of beetles

- and the dying trees

in Sierra Nevada.

Bio-fertilizer is a form of coal

which is useful in farming

-and gives a more prosperous soil.

When dry distilling the wood biomass

- half of the coal can

The biomass is recovered as residual waste.

The biomass helps the soil through

to bind nutrients and water.

It's more like a kind of construction

who incubates life.

Almost half are used

of all the coal in the plant

- which will be better

use in cultivated soil.

It is of enormous benefit

for agriculture.

We have large amounts of biomass

need to be used.

The trees constitute a fire hazard

while the fires are raging in California.

By producing bio fertilizer

can we bring back some of the material

- to the forests safely.

Or we use the biomass

in the valley, where water is really needed.

One of the benefits of bio fertilizer is

that it binds water in the soil.

If we added biofertilizer in

ten percent of the world's cultivation soil

- we should isolate

29 billion tons of CO2.

29 billion tons with ten percent.

And just by using

- "leftover residual material".

It is significant.

Then we have the climate compensations.

For us to get them

we must employ multiple

- who works with the forest

and can attest to the clients

- that the coal we say we have

actually there

-and stays here in the future.

I like to see ourselves as an example

who can inspire others

- to do the same as we do.

This is not rocket research.

Carbon storage becomes

huge in the future.

We need more and bigger forests.

Forests that should never be felled

and remain forever.

My name is Kate Scow and I am a professor

in land-air and water resources-

- at the University of California, Davis.

I am also an earth microbial ecologist.

The carbon cycle globally involves

both water and terrestrial systems.

Soil is an important part

of the terrestrial system.

Soil contains 2-3 times more carbon

compared to the atmosphere.

The earth is the place there

crops grow best.

That means that everything that grows

binds CO2 via photosynthesis

- and miraculously creates a physical

mass here on earth from air.

It still fascinates me.

The process captures coal,

the plant binds CO2, it dies

- the plant falls to the ground and

becomes part of the carbon cycle.

There is much more coal

bound in the soil than in the atmosphere.

Organic farms do not produce any

nutrients from artificial manure.

The manure consists of organic material.

It can be medium crops

or compost

- as food, plant or animal remnants

as you plow into the earth.

In an organic farming system

can you add-

- eight times as much coal

compared to a regular system.

It's really quite simple.

Climate change

gives us the chance

- to change our behavior

on this planet.

We know what we are capable of

in the worst case, so now the question is ...

If we deliberately want to be

part of the healing process ...

... it can release our creativity.

Then maybe you realize

that you have a garden.

"Oh my God,"

I have a park nearby.

We should see ourselves as we

helping to save the planet ...

It is much better than seeing us

like nasty little children with matches.

Then you realize that we are all

small pieces of the solution.

Now we send directly

from my mentor's house.

The organic gardener

Ron Finley.

I always want to come here

and learn different ways -

- to use the small soil

I have and grow as much as I can.

Culinary climate measures

is what I want to see.

What I grow sucks out

coal from the atmosphere.

It shows that we can return it

back into the earth again.

It creates both green jobs

and counteracts problems that-

- diabetes and obesity

in the area where I live.

There are many plots

and plenty of water available.

It's for a good cause

and gives a nice result.

We pull out the toxins from the atmosphere

- which we ourselves have released.

Best way to transform them

is to grow something edible.

Grow on the roof, grow in the window.

We know how it gets warmer.

A farmer must have faith in the future.

No doomsday mentality.

You have to plant, water

and believe that it will be a harvest.

That is the discussion I want to see

when we talk about changing the climate.

It doesn't happen overnight,

But we must start now. It's time.

My name is Bren Smith

and runs Thimble Island Ocean Farm.

We are in the Thimble Islands

in the Long Islands Sound.

I grew up in

Newfoundland in Canada-

- jumped off the plug

and have fished all over the planet.

In Gloucester in Newfoundland

- Then I worked

on the Bering Sea for many years.

Then the industrialized fishery went

at high speed.

We tore up whole ecosystems

with our trawlers

- and chased less and less fish

all the way out to sea.

It was completely unsustainable.

Much of the fish I pulled up

would be food at McDonald's.

It was an alarm clock

for many from my generation.

I was out on the Bering Sea

when the cod market crashed.

Thousands of people became unemployed,

factories were beaten again.

It taught me that you can build

a culture for several hundred years

- But if you don't

protects resources

- can collapse the ecosystem

delete everything in a few years.

That was when we began to realize

that problems like overfishing

- and climate change

are not environmental issues

- for us who work at sea.

They are financial problems.

There is neither food nor jobs

on a dead planet.

When I realized it was unsustainable

I began to look for sustainability.

I retrained myself to oyster fishermen.

The oysters taught me that nature

have created constructions-

- millions of years ago

which alleviates our harmful effects.

We do not need advanced technology.

Nature gives us seaweed and seafood

- that binds five times more carbon

than terrestrial plants.

An oyster filters 189 liters of water

per day, which removes nitrogen.

My job as the ocean's chieftain

- is to take advantage of nature's

constructions and cultivate them.

It's pretty simple.

It's great to grow restoration

species is that nothing is required.

No fresh water, no food,

no manure and no land.

It is the most sustainable

food production on earth.

Kelp is this beautiful seagrass.

The gateway to the new kitchen.

One of the fastest growing plants

- and sucks up five times more carbon

than terrestrial plants.

It's called Sea Sequoia.

Kelp is just the beginning. There is

10,000 edible plants in the seas.

Parts of the plant

we can make kelp noodles.

Then this can be

manure and animal feed.

If cows eat seaweed feed decreases

methane emissions by 90 percent.

Still, cows, sheep and goats have

eaten kelp for hundreds of years.

On the Hebrides, in Maine

and elsewhere.

There are incredible volumes. We can

produce 20 tons of kelp per acre

- and 150,000 seafood.

Imagine this in larger scale

- to an area of ​​Washington state.

Then you can give the whole world food.

Take five percent of US

territorial waters and

- 50 million new jobs are created

- and coal equivalent

20 million cars are bound.

Our crops also soften

acidification of the oceans.

Kelp creates a so-called halo effect

- which reduces acidification.

Then oysters and other seafood

- easier to get thicker shells

which protects better against acidification.

Some said that climate change

would take a hundred years.

But it happens here and now.

As a fisherman we are lucky to be able to

move to something similar.

I'm proud to help

to arrange food for my country.

Maybe I'm part of that army

who will save the planet.

If we send out ten large units

CO2 in the atmosphere.

-And about stay there.

2.5 of them end up in plants

and 2.5 ports in the sea.

If the sea is acidified,

what do you do about it?

Nature takes care of the problem

by making more seafood.

It is the theory of marine snow,

that small animals grow in the water

- They have calcium shells

falling down.

The problem is that the planet wants it

a perspective of millions of years.

We don't.

So the question is if you can

speed up the process?

We need to examine all options.

There is more experimental

hypotheses that need to be tested.

A solution can be found in it

microscopic life cycle marine snow.

What do we need?

We need this planet

as it was before.

We must regain it in that condition

It was 200 years ago.

Higher levels of CO2

increases the acidification of the oceans.

The garden then loses its ability

to suck up coal from the atmosphere.

We have to do something about it.

We must help those systems

circulating carbon

- between the atmosphere,

the plants on land and seas.

And with marine snow

just need some help from us.

The most important thing is to remove CO2

and produce oxygen.

What we can do is

to add minimal amounts

- iron in the seas. Very little.

It has nothing to do

with the term fertilizer.

To give you an idea

just need six kilos of iron

- to start the process in

100,000 square kilometers of the sea.

The cells create

an organic parent tissue

- Which is why

the design of marine snow.

When the mother tissue arises-

- it attracts cyanobacteria

and heterotrophic bacteria

- which colonizes the particles

and then actively growing.

Then we let them take care of themselves -

- Because they can take

very long time.

We can trace the marine snow particles

for more than four months.

They can float around and

suck organic matter

- and when they get too heavy

they sink to the bottom of the sea.

Speed ​​of change,

increased levels and temperatures

- make sure we have to act while we can.

I'm absolutely sure

that we can succeed with ...

... to get man to cooperate

with nature, do not oppose it.

Science has long been proven

that we have technology that works.

-and that it's already used.

It's just a matter of

political will and size.

We need a lot of solutions

going forward in parallel.

To solve the crisis

- We need to move on

one hundred percent renewable energy now.

Of the top five solutions ended up

coastal wind power in second place.

COASTAL WIND POWER PLANT

ORKNEY ISLANDS, SCOTLAND

Wind power is more efficient than solar power,

which was a surprise.

Solar power will be in place eight out of ten.

The sun is the largest resource we have.

Everything else fades in comparison.

We've known that for a long time,

but we have never been able to

- extract it economically.

It has changed now.

Solar energy is already cheaper

than fossil fuels.

Already installed in the 80s

Jimmy Carter solar cells at the White House.

Then Reagan took them away.

Not until 2001, when Germany

started with solar energy in larger scale

- we could start to benefit from

economy in large scale.

In the end, we can provide the whole

electricity grid with solar and wind power.

We just need it

be able to store wind and sun.

If you want to cater for the whole

US electricity demand with solar cell alone

- we would need a surface on

77,700 square kilometers.

The energy from there would suffice

electricity networks in all states throughout the United States.

Mount Signal is a project that provides

electricity to 70,000 households in San Diego.

The second phase of the energy will

sent to Southern California.

The cost of electricity from Mount Signal

is lower than electricity from fossil fuels.

The cost is also

safe for use.

The price is fixed

the next 25 years.

It is not offered

from fossil energy sources.

We have already integrated

much solar power in California.

Ten years ago, people said

that it was impossible-

- but today solar energy already covers

up to 25% of California's needs.

Taxpayers got none

increased costs and everything works.

And we got reduced

carbon emissions in the purchase.

Lately, state works

offered to buy solar cells.

The attitude is changing.

We still underestimate

the value of solar cells.

People do not know that in five years

are the solar cells much cheaper-

-and can be used at night.

In combination with wind power

- we can live in an environment with

100 percent renewable energy.

It is fully feasible.

No new inventions are required.

We already have the technology.

We just have to make sure

that those responsible for

- planning of

resource use and infrastructure

- Understands this technology

becomes cheaper over time.

The coal is coming back.

Clean coal, 100 percent.

My government is stopping

for the war against the coal.

We should have clean coal. Really clean.

Think Progress:

Clean energy employs multiple

- than fossil fuels do,

in almost all states

The Independent:

World-leading carbon company closes

37 mines when solar prices fall

Fossil producers under pressure

Solar energy beats its own record

with the cheapest electricity-

- "compared with

all other technologies ever "

It can be difficult to communicate

science to the public.

Today, we assume the challenge

- and adds an extra

effort behind.

Interest groups funded

of fossil fuel operators

-designs climate discussion-

- to confuse the public

and the decision makers.

We must transform the entire energy sector -

- quit fossil fuels

and switch to renewable energy.

But it gets pretty awkward

for the powerful fossil industry

- who have invested millions of dollars

in creating a dependency on them.

They have struggled hard

to maintain that dependency.

We are often asked how we can know

- that the increased CO2 level in the atmosphere

depends on human activity.

The answer is that we leave climate footprints

after us, around the atmosphere.

One such imprint is called carbon-14,

or radioactive carbon.

When we burn coal, oil and gas

we leave an imprint in the atmosphere

-of what we call negative carbon-14.

Because fossil fuels are so old

there is no carbon 14 left anymore.

We can specify the quantity with precision

fossil fuels we consume

- by measuring C-14 in the atmosphere.

It is nature's own verification

systems we use.

They have convinced enough

and have enough

- to make it even more difficult

than it was before

- to address climate change.

It's so depressing.

The agenda of many of them

fossil fuel companies

- is malicious in view of

the devastation that affects our planet.

I think parts of it

well-financed climate denial

- performed by people

who really know better-

- is a crime against humanity.

They should be brought to justice in The Hague.

While the climate deniers

has managed to delay the action -

- has a lot more ominous

problem appeared.

Recently, researchers have seen elevated levels

levels of methane in the atmosphere.

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas

- with the potential to enhance

further temperatures.

An increase in methane suggests

that we are approaching a critical point.

But where does the gas come from?

And how much does it accelerate

climate disruption?

The researchers are stressing

to find out.

This is the University of Wyomings

mobile laboratory.

Here are instruments that measure

what is in the air we breathe now.

That way we can track

emissions and gases

- and find out

were the sources of the emissions

- And what leads to

elevated methane levels.

Inside the lab

There are a couple of instruments.

Here is a Proton Transfer Reaction

Time of Flight Mass Spec.

It measures volatile organic matter

such as benzene and toluene.

Here is a Picarro Cavity Ring-Down

that measures the methane concentration.

We can read all the data

from real-time instruments

- thanks to an intake on top of the car

that draws in air to the instruments.

After the measurements we arrived

that we have more methane sources

- in areas where we extract the gas,

than we had expected.

To be able to specify

where the methane leaks are-

- one must be near the sources.

The mobile lab helps us

to locate the largest leaks.

The company has opened

a brand new facility.

22 new gas sources have been drilled

in the middle of the settlement in Western Greeley.

The facility has been controversial,

regarding size and location.

It is said that society does not have

been able to keep up with what is going on there.

A high sound level surrounds the business-

- And the state probably doesn't do its best

to facilitate communication.

We saw a lot of flames,

which indicates large volumes of gas.

The yellow color of the flame shows

that it is not full combustion.

We shall continue to investigate the sources

Some oil and gas producing

regions have such a large

- concentration of methane in the air

that it is visible from space.

It happened a few years ago

in the region of the four corners.

That's the key for us

when to find out

In 2014, NASA researchers identified

in collaboration with NOAA-

- University of Michigan

and other researchers

- a methane cloud like Delaware

in the region of the four corners.

It is the largest accumulation

methane gas throughout the United States.

This ranch, where we are now,

is the approximate zero point.

If you could find the midpoint

on the Delaware-shaped cloud

- It would very well

be here.

One has been identified

that the cause of methane cloud

- mainly emissions

in connection with drilling

- as well as emissions from coal

and other fossil fuels.

The methane cloud was identified by

the technology that NOAA and NASA had

- due

FLIR camera arrival.

There are infrared cameras that look

leaks, emissions and flames

- which causes the methane cloud to grow.

You have to see the whole picture.

It has been at least 60 years

- of leaks, emissions and burning

here in the San Jaun sink.

Over 30,000 sources

has got methane cloud

- to accumulate

and provide evidence for

- what drilling for natural gas

leads to ultimately.

People do not know common sources

has created methane cloud

- and that they themselves daily

have been accomplices.

This is a common gas source.

This equipment is available

- throughout the San Juan sink

and on many other gas fields in the United States.

This leaks considerably from the standard

parts on it.

All that is needed here is

a wrench and a little teflon tape.

A little review would fix the leak.

I wish I could ask

investors in gas and oil here

- where I stand

and let them see that leak.

Let them multiply it

with 18,000 in the San Juan sink

- and make them stop obstructing

a federal rule

- protect my family,

protect taxpayers in New Mexico

- and offer fair and equal

protection in all states.

Get them out of the boardroom

and come here-

- and let them look at the leak

which is so easy to cook.

When I was told

that environmental manager Scott Pruitt-

- knew that there were facts

- that strengthened methane and

other leaking chemicals

- are more harmful to children

than they are for me.

Then I became so angry that he wanted

prevent federal protection for us.

If anyone came to my ranch

with intent to harm my child

-It would be over my dead body.

250 million years ago became one

secondary effect of methane emissions

- that much of life

on the ground died out.

Now it is discussed around

the methane found in the Arctic

- in the permafrost or in the sea of ​​the world.

How fast can methane be mobilized

and how destructive it becomes?

Release of ancient methane

can lead to even more warming.

Will the methane be created

an apocalyptic scenario?

It's a question that researchers have

desperately trying to answer.

I am the head of the Center for Gas

Hydrate, Environment & Climate.

We are a team with 50-60 researchers

who works to understand us-

- what impact methane has on

the global climate system.

Methane is stored below

The bottom of the Arctic Ocean

- in places we sometimes know,

but we usually don't know much about them.

We apply geophysical methods

to quantify the reservoirs

- and to see how stable

The methane hydrates are today and later.

Fortunately, methane has a short lifetime.

The earth has a natural system

which regulates the supply of methane

-from the garden and out into the atmosphere.

The system works quite well

- but it changes,

because the ocean currents change

- just like the garden temperature

and the garden chemistry is changing.

The methane was

in a kind of equilibrium mode

- but in recent years

we have seen a large increase in methane.

We don't know where it comes from.

Of course it puts it

pressure on science

- to give politicians an answer regarding

methane in the atmosphere.

Where does the methane come from?

What else becomes unstable at present?

We have presented some clear

campaigns where we have measured

- by the seabed, in the sea,

at the sea surface and in the air,

- to understand how methane is regulated

throughout the system.

There is a lot

methane stored in the seabed.

So much to the slightest change

can have an impact

- on the ocean or the atmosphere.

META MEASUREMENTS

IN NORWAY ISHAVET

The balance here needs more focus

and more observations-

- where you combine atmospheric,

sea ​​and climate competence.

In my profession I study

how methane seeps into the sea

-In the Russian Sea and in the Barents Sea.

It is simply gas bubbles

rising from the seabed.

The bubbles consist mostly of methane gas.

First we have gas hydrates

which is in solid form and similar to ice.

The gas is also available in free form,

which becomes gas bubbles.

The plumes of methane bubbles may vary.

In some places

they can be 800-900 meters long.

Depth in these areas

is just over 1,200 meters.

In shallower water reaches

the bubbles almost up to the surface.

The East Siberian Sea is definitely

interesting when studying methane

-As it is so shallow there.

There is a great chance to

the methane bubbles reach the surface.

In some areas, such as Spetsbergen,

There is methane that almost reaches the surface.

We've warmed up the atmosphere

so much -

-We've started melting the Arctic.

Potentially, we are facing

an abrupt climate scenario.

Today's calculations show that we

passes the Paris agreement with raw

up to five degrees and more.

It triggers even more

disastrous events.

The heating can lead to big ones

supplement of methane in the atmosphere.

It should really worry us.

I want to add that it is one

of many possible stressors.

We are approaching a high-risk

situation where we lack experience.

We don't know how

should deal with it.

PERMAFROST:

Land that has been constantly frozen

and containing methane and CO2

Permafrost and methane

are great concerns.

I think we should

be more attentive

- on methane in general,

in relation to the climate problems.

The risk is that you

passing the breakpoint

- where it then becomes difficult

reverse the trend.

PERMAFROST AREA

ALASKA

There is a perfectly reasonable one

feedback mechanism.

There are huge amounts in the permafrost

organic matter frozen.

The amount potentially

can become CO2 and methane

- can be four times bigger than everything

fossil fuel we have consumed.

30,000 year old methane

bubbles up from a frozen lake

If we thaw up

all frozen material

- the most likely emission of CO2 occurs

and methane gas in large scale

I study methane emissions from lakes.

We are in inner Alaska where we have

discontinuous permafrost.

We look at microbial methane.

The methane that bubbles behind me

comes from dead plants and animal

- which was frozen into the permafrost

tens of thousands of years ago.

As the permafrost tinar-

- Eat the microbes in the soil

and make it methane.

The thawing permafrost

fire on methane production.

Then the methane disappears

up in the atmosphere

What worries us is

that as the climate gets warmer-

- at a faster pace

than the last 10,000 years

- and let go

methane gas faster.

Highly concentrated methane

is flammable

- So if it's a flame

it is methane.

Many new lakes have been formed as not

existed here 30 or 60 years ago.

The lakes contain 10-100 times

more methane than the other lakes.

They give a picture of the methane emissions

as we can expect-

- the next 10 to 50 years

as the permafrost thaws.

Then comes the permafrost feedback cycle

and it accelerates even more.

Is it methane? Is it permafrost?

Is it the organic coal in the seas

who suddenly move again?

You have to ask about it

is there feedback in the system?

The answer is yes.

It is usually common sense

- that the less you disturb the climate,

The better it will be.

We have the solutions ready,

but the question still remains.

We can mobilize and act

collectively before it is late?

The will to do so

is not really there.

The Paris Agreement says

that we must reduce carbon emissions

- and keep the temperature

below a certain level

- Although we won't

to do that.

What can save us is technology

that sucks CO2 out of the atmosphere.

Then you should bet

all the resources of humanity-

- to develop CO2 purification methods

which works.

Then we can save the world,

So why don't we?

CLIMEWORKS

GET IN CO2 FROM THE AIR

Direct Air Capture is machines

which removes CO2 from the air.

We have worked with

technology over the past ten years -

-and as economical as possible.

The machine consists of four containers

and can have any size whatsoever.

Here the air is sucked in ...

... and inside there is

our filter construction.

When CO2 is captured

ends up in a greenhouse.

Similar is happening nowadays,

solid with fossil CO2.

In the future they will come

to use atmospheric CO2.

The facility does

that you can stop the carbon cycle.

The CO2 that gets into the greenhouse

also ends up in cucumbers and tomatoes

But because we capture CO2 again

the circle is closed.

This can be

the missing cake bit -

- needed to stop the carbon cycle

in the energy or transport sector.

In addition to using CO2

in a greenhouse like this

- can we take CO2,

water and renewable energy

- and of it produce fuel,

for example, aviation fuel.

To capture one percent

of the global CO2 emissions

- about 300,000 needed

of the plants behind me

-Which is a very high figure.

But compared to today's

the infrastructures

- it is an extent that we can handle,

so it is definitely possible.

Hellisheidi power plant for

geothermal energy in Iceland

The next project is

a plant in Iceland-

Two hours later you do

CO2 to a stone

- that keeps it permanently

and safely.

To operate the plant

we use geothermal heat.

It is abundant in Iceland.

It hardly gives any carbon footprint

to operate the machinery.

It's a great day. We have received

The CO2 plant to Iceland.

We pull CO2 out of the air,

pumps it down underground

- and store it in the rock below us,

where the carbon dioxide is bound.

So we take CO2 from the air

and turn it into stone.

Last night was the first time that

atmospheric CO2 was introduced into the ground.

We can come up

in millions of tons of CO2 per year

- which can be extracted from the atmosphere.

As far as we know it is

the first time in the world-

- as direct capture of CO2

has been combined with

- with underground, safe and

permanent storage of CO2.

We have a new relationship with coal.

Can't find us

a new use for it?

Can't we have it

in plastic or building materials?

We may be able to convert carbon dioxide

to something we need every day?

A LOW LIGHT UP THE WAY

My name is Daniel Nocera and I am

professor of energy at Harvard.

In the lab we invented the artificial

and the bionic leaf.

They can perform

a complete photosynthesis.

Sunlight, air and water

they convert into fuel and food.

Think about photosynthesis.

What is it doing?

It makes life's building blocks.

The building blocks are CO2,

water and sunlight.

Then we build all this.

Wood, food, starch and biomass.

It's an incredible transformation.

Photosynthesis is complicated,

but we really listened to nature.

And we did that for 30 years.

What makes me so happy-

- is that we are not just

can make it artificially-

- but also ten times better

than the real photosynthesis.

We developed catalysts

that covered the artificial leaf.

They split the water

in hydrogen and oxygen.

The second part of the invention

is the bionic leaf.

It takes nitrogen from bacteria

and manufactures fuel.

Depending on the genes

i put into the bacterium

- I can get the bacterium

to manufacture materials, medicines

- and we've shown

that they can make fertilizers.

We can use all kinds of water.

Plain water, sea water ...

You only have my artificial leaves

one can do it in the garden.

We don't have to dig it up like that

are there and release more CO2.

The artificial leaf

in collaboration with the bionic

- takes CO2 out of the air and uses

sun and water to make fuel.

So we don't add any more

CO2 to the atmosphere.

Another thing is the cost.

I-countries have added fantasy sums

to build what they have today.

It is difficult to abandon one billion

investment that you have paid off.

That's what it's all about.

Therefore, guidelines are required

and good collaborations.

And that the public gets to know

that they have alternative

-and that the world can change.

The green economy creates

already millions of jobs.

It will surpass the economy

from the fossil fuel industry.

The challenge to reverse the climate crisis

provides new opportunities for everyone.

It's now more profitable

than ever to be green.

Until recently, more was earned

to create problems

- even coming up with solutions.

The solutions therefore required

subsidies that hardly existed.

The alternatives were altruism or belief.

Then a transition took place where the profit

from the solutions became bigger-

- than the benefits of the problems,

which is not so easy to understand.

It does not mean altruism

Not needed, it's something great.

But altruism will not be required

to take the step towards a world-

- where we turn the heating,

because it is cheaper.

It's more profitable, more affordable

and creates more jobs.

It's the most amazing

which has happened for several years.

And it will only grow

as the years go by

- Because engineers

and designers

- which are largely unknown,

works diligently to develop

- a new way for man

to relate to the planet.

ORKNEY ISLANDS

SCOTLAND

Here at Orkney we have

a very strong maritime tradition.

Ever since the 70's has

the oil and gas industry in Aberdeen

- been important to the economy

and created tens of thousands of jobs.

But in recent years we have seen

a large turnaround

- concerning the oil and gas industry

and the oil price.

But we have many experienced people

from offshore jobs on the way in.

They find new jobs

within renewable energy

-hos company like us.

Tides are almost

a completely unused energy source.

We believe we have the potential to achieve

a capacity of at least 100 gigawatts.

That means low-carbon energy

to millions of households.

Here we see the world's most powerful,

floating tidal generator.

It is a floating platform

with two fixed rotors.

When the rotors spin

electricity is produced

- brought up to the machine,

where it is conditioned.

Then the electricity is transformed

and carried out into the power grid.

It's like a wind turbine,

fixed with two rotors instead of one.

A few weeks ago

we made great progress.

We had our first 24 hours

with uninterrupted electricity production.

It actually worked

far better than expected.

The device itself generated over

18 megawatt hours during the day.

We are moving towards more traditional ones

methods in renewable energy.

We put the tide on the map as

a competitive alternative

- Worldwide,

and the world needs.

The turbine is 63 meters in total.

We convert the energy on board

so that it is completely clear-

- to be exported straight out

in the UK electricity grid.

We aim for

tens of thousands of tidal turbines.

It's a complete system

- for production

of low carbon energy.

EMEC was built as a test lab

- because we know there are huge

amounts of energy in the world's oceans.

We try to find a way

to extract it.

We realized that it was important

to have a test center

- where we could find out

how this would happen.

From the test center we have cables

leading straight to the sea

- like the developers of the machines

can connect.

Then the electricity is brought in

- and straight out

in our national electricity grid.

They create electricity from seawater.

Now we have the Penguin device here,

made by the company Wello Oy.

Their machine basically consists of

a large pendulum inside the ship.

As the ship moves

spins the pendulum horizontally.

It generates energy.

The sea is ruthless and

always trying to damage the equipment

- so to bring out equipment that is

reliable, robust, efficient, profitable ...

All the developers wrestle with that.

But we have already managed to create gold.

We've actually transformed

sea ​​water for energy.

It's huge, because people

has questioned it for years.

No one can claim that the researchers

have not warned us-

- and said that we must reduce

greenhouse gas emissions.

It should be crystal clear.

How many breakpoints can we pass-

- or that most of life

on the planet does not manage?

It must not go so far.

And we're so fucking close now.

Either we hold the course

and drowning, burning up

- and starve to death

as a result of the climate crisis.

Or has the game just begun?

After all, we have the knowledge and solutions that

can turn global warming.

Don't mitigate or reduce it.

We can turn it around.

When setting high goals

new opportunities are opened.

It opens the imagination

and opens for innovations.

It does not exclude anything,

rather the opposite.

It's not that it exists

a single solution

- but in collaboration one can achieve

results with 80% of the solutions.

Each solution has great advantages

that makes the world better for everyone.

We lose nothing to realize

that climate change is going on-

- and that we are affected.

So what's the problem?

We are the first generation

who see climate change -

- and the last one

with a chance to fix it.

Despite all the evidence

- fossil fuels are still used

at an ever increasing rate.

Science has given us the truth,

based on real research.

It's time to start listening and

apply the solutions available.

Time is out soon. Ice melts.

Resolution measures must be taken now.

There is no other option.

The opportunity is within our reach.

Now we take it.

It's up to each of us -

- to save our unique blue planet

for future generations.

Subtitles from

:.* almastro_almastro *.: