It Is No Dream (2012) - full transcript
The latest production of Moriah Films is It Is No Dream: The Life of Theodor Herzl, exploring the life and times of Theodor Herzl, father of the modern state of Israel. Narrated by Academy Award winner, Sir Ben Kingsley and starring Academy Award winner Christoph Waltz as the voice of Theodor Herzl, the film examines how Herzl, a well known journalist and playwright, an assimilated, Budapest born Jew, horrified by the Dreyfus trial in Paris and the anti-Semitism he saw spreading across Europe, took upon himself the task of attempting to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine against all odds. Over the span of 8 years, Herzl organized and led a worldwide political movement that within 50 years led to the establishment of the state of Israel. The film follows Herzl as he meets with Kings, Prime Ministers, Ambassadors, a Sultan, a Pope and government ministers from Constantinople to St. Petersburg, from Paris to Berlin, from Vienna to Vilna in his quest to build a Jewish nation.
question still exists.
It would be foolish to deny it.
It is a remnant of the middle ages
which civilized nations do not even yet
seem to be able to shake
off try as they will.
Attacks in Parliament, in
assemblies, in the press,
in the pulpit, in the street
become daily more numerous.
In countries where we
have lived for centuries
we are still cried down as strangers.
Oppression and persecution
cannot exterminate us.
No nation on Earth has
survived such struggles
and sufferings as we have gone through.
Distress binds us together,
and thus united we suddenly
discover our strength.
Yes we are strong enough to form a state,
and indeed a model state.
We possess all human
and material resources
necessary for the purpose.
The idea which I have developed in
this pamphlet is a very old one.
It is the restoration of the Jewish state.
The world resounds with
outcries against the Jews,
and these outcries have
awakened the slumbering idea.
These words
were written in 1895
almost 120 years ago.
They were part of a pamphlet entitled
"The Judenstaat" or "The Jewish State".
The author was a 36 year
old Viennese journalist,
and playwright named Theodor Herzl.
In 1895 what Theodor Herzl was proposing
seemed, even to his
supporters, an impossible goal.
But to all who insisted it was a fantasy
Theodor Herzl had this to say
if you will it it is no dream.
- Herzl was the first
name that I can remember
because the king wrote the truth.
I mean
it was a King without a kingdom,
and a prince without a people.
But it touched the most
important thing in Jewish life.
And he said faith,
spirit,
flames, legend.
And it's an honorable story.
- In 1894, Theodor Herzl
was living in Paris,
and working as the
bureau chief for Vienna's
Neue Freie Presse,
one of Europe's most respected newspapers.
At the moment the big
story making headlines
was the criminal trial
of Captain Alfred Dreyfus
who'd been arrested on
a charge of high treason
for selling military
secrets to the Germans.
Dreyfus who came from a
prominent Jewish family
that had been living in
France for generations
insisted he was innocent.
His supporters maintained
that he had been framed
by a group of anti-Semitic officers.
In the days following Dreyfus's arrest
Theodor Herzl, like much
of the French public,
believed that he was guilty.
The evidence indicates that
Dreyfus has really committed
the ignominious act.
But as the
military trial unfolded
at the Ecole Militaire in
Paris throughout December 1894
Herzl's opinion about Dreyfus's
guilt began to change.
He became completely convinced
that Dreyfus was innocent,
and was being unfairly
prosecuted because he was Jewish.
Despite the fact that
in 1791 France became
the first country in the world
to emancipate its Jewish population
anti-Semitism was surging among the French
in the years leading
up to the Dreyfus case.
In fact, anti-Semitic violence had been
spreading throughout Europe starting
in the 1870s in Germany and Austria.
Then hundreds of Jews were killed
in pogroms in Russia, and the Ukraine.
The situation began turning
against French Jews in 1882
with the collapse of the L'Union Generale
the Catholic bank founded with the
blessings of Pope Leo the Thirteenth.
The faithful had invested
heavily in L'Union Generale.
Both the aristocracy and the middle class
had their money in the bank
upon the advice of their priests.
When the L'Union Generale collapsed
in the 1882 stock market crash
rich and poor French Catholics
were economically devastated.
And the Jews were blamed for it all.
When rival banks, including
the house of Rothschild,
came through the crash
relatively unscathed.
Edward Drumont, an unknown writer,
soon made his reputation
on a two volume book
entitled La France
Juive, or Jewish France.
An immediate best seller Drumont's book
exposed what he maintained was
the evil power of Jewish finance.
In the wake of this success Drumont
created the National Anti-Semitic League
dedicated to fighting the clandestine,
and merciless conspiracy of Jewish finance
which jeopardizes daily the welfare,
honor, and security of France.
In 1892 Drummond founded La Libre Parole
which became one of the country's
most popular newspapers.
It led a campaign to drive Jewish
officers out of the French army.
After it was discovered
that military secrets
had been passed to Germany from a
member of the French general staff
Dreyfus fell under suspicion
because he was Jewish,
and disliked by his fellow officers.
But after his arrest no
evidence could be found
linking him to the act.
At the Ecole Militaire
the officers in charge
of Dreyfus's investigation fabricated
a so-called secret file
proving Dreyfus's guilt.
Military authorities then ordered
Dreyfus's immediate court martial.
The proceedings were held in private,
and the secret file kept from the defense.
Throughout the trial proceedings
Drumont continued to fan
the flames of anti-Semitism.
The French public took to the streets
not only against Dreyfus
but also the French Jewish community.
Not far from Theodor Herzl's hotel room
en rue Cambon there were
nightly demonstrations
in the Place de la Concorde.
Through his windows he could
hear the crowd screaming
death to the Jews.
Where was this happening?
Herzl asked himself.
Where?
In France.
In Republican, modern, civilized France.
100 years after the declaration
of the rights of man.
Though what troubled
him even more profoundly were the events
that occurred after Dreyfus
was pronounced guilty
at the end of December 1894,
and sentenced to life
imprisonment on Devil's Island.
Herzl was one of the few journalists
allowed to witness Dreyfus's public
degredation in
January 1895.
- It was a bitterly cold January morning.
It happened to be
the Sabbath.
Dreyfus was marched
around the Ecole Militaire
in front of the garrison of troops.
He had his uniform, all
the buttons on his uniform
were ripped off by this giant of a man
who descended from his horse,
and publicly humiliated Dreyfus.
And the Parisian mob who
were behind the railings
that are watching this scene,
several thousand people,
they are screaming down with the traitor.
And there are also cries of
death to the Jew.
, Which come from
this almost hysterical
mob who were baying
for Dreyfus's blood.
Herzl is in the journalist box.
He notes that, twice, as
Dreyfus is marched around
he stops where he sees the journalists,
and he shouts I am innocent.
You are convicting an innocent man.
Vive le France!
Long live France.
Vive l'armee.
Long live the army.
That night in a state of
what he would later call strange agitation
Herzl wrote his dispatch
for the Neue Freie Presse.
In Vienna the newspaper
censored the report
changing his account of the mob
shouting death to the Jews
to death to the Judas.
In a later edition the Neue Freie Presse
changed it even further
to death to the traitors.
Herzl's editors, themselves Jews,
were worried that the truth would inspire
similar chants to occur
in the streets of Vienna.
Although he tried Herzl could
not shake the scenes of the trial,
and the anti-Semitic
demonstrations from his mind.
He woke up to the French newspapers
editorializing that Dreyfus's
protests of innocence
were even further examples
of Jewish duplicity.
He became even more disturbed when
a few days later the
French National Assembly
introduced legislation that
would ban Jews from public service.
It was defeated by less than 70 votes,
and news from Vienna, where
his family was living,
added to his anxiety.
Anti-Semitic factions had reached a
majority status in the
Austrian parliament.
There were calls for expulsion
of the Jews from the country,
and the confiscation of their property.
During the first three months of 1895
all of the events Theodor
Herzl was witnessing,
and writing about for
the Neue Freie Presse
were transforming him.
He began writing a diary trying to
describe the process he was undergoing.
Much of what Herzl was writing about
involved finding a solution
to the Jewish question.
I asked the cultivated men
whom I am addressing to set many
preconceived ideas entirely aside.
I shall even go as far
as to ask those Jews
who have earnestly tried to
solve the Jewish question
to look upon their previous attempts
as mistaken, and futile.
By the spring of 1895
Herzl had decided that he
needed to take drastic action.
He would spearhead an international effort
to solve the Jewish problem as he saw it.
He might have been the
most unlikely person
to lead such a campaign.
Theodor Herzl was born on May the 2nd 1860
in the heart of the Jewish
community of Budapest, Hungary.
In fact the Herzl family's home
was adjacent to the Dohany synagogue
one of Budapest's most
prominent buildings,
and the largest synagogue in Europe.
Herzl's father, Jakob, was born to a
poor Orthodox Jewish family in Yugoslavia,
and came to Budapest in 1856
where he made a success
of himself in banking.
Like many from the rural
villages or shtetls.
He moved to Budapest after residence
restrictions against Jews in the
Austrian Hungarian empire were lifted.
In 1857
he married Jeanette Diamant
the daughter of a wealthy merchant.
Jeanette's family background could not
have been more different than Jakob's.
The Diamants had been living
in Budapest for three generations,
and were not religious Jews.
Their first child, Pauline,
was born a year after their marriage,
followed by Theodor two years later.
Jeanette focused much
of her attention on Dori
as he was called by the family.
She passed on her love of German poetry,
and literature to him
when he was very young.
Theodor was said to
have been able to recite
Geoethe and Schiller by heart, in German,
before the age of eight.
Despite's Jakob's religious upbringing
the Herzls, like most Budapest Jews,
were quite assimilated.
For that reason on Theodor's 13th birthday
guests were invited not to a Bar Mitzvah,
but rather to a confirmation reception
at the family's new home
not far from the Danube.
In 1878 Jakob and Jeanette Herzel
decided to move the
family home from Budapest.
Many Jews were leaving
the city at that time
because they were uncomfortable with
the growing nationalism
of the Hungarian people.
Jakob set his sights on Vienna.
Not only more hospitable
to Jews at that moment,
but also a place with much better
business prospects for him.
The plan was for their
family to move in the spring
after Theodor's final exams.
But on February 7th, 1878
tragedy struck.
A typhoid epidemic had been
raging through Budapest.
Pauline Herzl fell victim
to it, and died within days.
She was only 19 years old.
Jeanette was so grief-stricken that
even though Theodor still had four months
of high school to complete she insisted
on immediately moving to Vienna.
The family's new home was on
the Prata Strasse in Leopoldstadt
an elegant predominantly
Jewish district of the city.
That fall Herzl began his classes
at the University of
Vienna Faculty of Law.
His course of study,
chosen by his parents,
held very little interest for him.
Instead of focusing on his classes
he concentrated on his literary pursuits
writing dozens of poems, short
stories, novellas, and plays.
In 1881 Herzl, like many of
his fellow university students,
joined a so called dueling
fraternity named Albia.
Belonging to one was essential
to career advancement,
and a higher rank in the military.
They were called dueling fraternities
because acceptance
required fighting a duel,
and getting a scar.
Herzl's scar or schmiss was a small one
requiring only one stitch,
but many of its members made no secret
about their unhappiness that Jews
were being allowed to join.
For this reason it was not long
before Herzl found himself
disenchanted with his new fraternity,
and became an inactive member.
But it was an event on
March the 5th, 1883
that led to a full break
between him and his fraternity.
A memorial service was taking
place at the Sofiensaal,
a popular Vienna social hall,
for composer Richard Wagner
who had died three weeks previously.
One of the featured speakers was
a prominent member of Albia Herman Bahr
who proceeded to deliver a
violently anti-Semitic address.
Herzl was infuriated by the speech,
and demanded that his fraternity
condemn Bahr's remarks.
When that did not happen he
wrote to its steering committee.
Even if I were a non Jew
I would feel compelled
by sheer love of freedom
to oppose a movement of which my
fraternity has also allied itself.
I request severance of my
links to the fraternity.
Upon graduating Theodor Herzl
began working as a trainee lawyer
first in Vienna and then in Salzburg.
Many years later he would proclaim
that he had spent some
of his happiest hours
working in the courts at
the High Salzburg Castle,
and that he might have
remained there forever.
But because advancement in the legal
profession was limited to Jews
Herzl walked away from the law at
the end of his training year.
He returned to Vienna,
and decided to concentrate his
energies on his first love writing.
He began work on a play,
and also spent time polishing
several older ones he'd written
during his student days.
For close to two years he received
one rejection after another from the
producers he sent his plays to.
By 1885
he was in deep despair.
Miserable, miserable life.
No success.
When is it time?
And then, in the fall,
he received some good news.
A german language theater
company in New York City
decided to mount a production
of his play entitled Tabarin.
That November at the Star Theater
at 13th street and Broadway
Theodor Herzl had his professional
debut as a playwright.
The production received excellent reviews
in newspapers in New
York, Berlin, and Vienna.
Herzl was now confident that he
would soon achieve his
main goal as a playwright
getting one of his plays produced by
Vienna's fabled Burgtheater
perhaps the most prestigious in Europe.
Though the attention surrounding his
New York debut was short lived,
and once again he was met with rejection
from every theater company
to whom he sent his plays.
Yet as his theatrical career was stalled
Herzl unintentionally began to make a name
for himself in another field of writing.
On a European vacation Herzl had written
a number of short observational pieces
called feuilletons that
ended up being published
in several German and Austrian newspapers.
Soon he was contributing regularly
for some of the best
known newspapers in Vienna
including the highly
esteemed Neue Freie Presse
though he still dreamed of
success at the Burgtheater,
and not long after he
began his newspaper career
that dream finally came true.
Two of his plays were accepted
by the Burgtheater's management
and produced to great public acclaim.
During this same period
Theodor Herzl met and fell
in love with Julie Naschauer
the daughter of a Viennese
Jewish millionaire industrialist.
Despite all his recent success
Herzl was not whom Julie's father
Jakob Naschauer had in mind
as a husband for his daughter.
However Julie was used to getting her way,
and her parents gave their blessing,
albeit reluctantly, to the engagement.
The wedding ceremony
took place in June 1889
in the resort town of Rankweil
a few hours outside of Vienna
where his bride's parents
kept a weekend home.
The wedding was quite lavish,
and Julie's dowry befit her
father's status as a millionaire.
But trouble between the two started
almost as soon as they began
their two month honeymoon
to Switzerland and France.
- She appears to have
been very highly strung.
Neurotic, a big spender.
She did not identify with Herzl's
literary and artistic ambitions.
The marriage seems to have
got off to such a bad start
that Herzl was contemplating
divorce within a year or so.
The birth of their daughter Pauline,
named for Herzl's sister,
just shy of their first anniversary
seemed to have saved the
marriage for the moment.
This became a pattern for the couple
as they separated and
reconciled innumerous times
while their family grew with the birth
of their son Hans, and later, Trudy.
By the summer of 1891 Herzl was now
one of the Neue Freie Presse's
most celebrated columnists.
Publishers Eduard Bacher
and Moriz Benedikt
decided to offer their
rising star a new position
before someone else hired him away.
- They chose him to be their
foreign correspondent in Paris
which was
probably the most attractive proposition
that any correspondent or any
journalist could hope for.
Paris was considered the center
of modern European culture.
Its politics were clearly important
because France was one of
the leading great powers in the world.
Herzl
immediately took to the job,
and to the City of Lights.
He focused on covering
the political debates
at the Palais Bourbon
and enjoying the city's unique nightlife.
Dear parents
I am busy from the early
morning until the evening.
I really believe that
I am now in my element.
By the spring of 1892
Julie and the children joined him,
and the family moved into a flat in
one of Paris's most stylish neighborhoods.
At almost the same time
an event took place
that would not only rock France,
but shake Herzl to his core as well.
A duel between a high ranking
Jewish army captain Armand Mayer,
and an outspoken anti-Jewish aristocrat
ended in Mayer's death.
Herzl took part in the
Captain's funeral procession
where onlookers shouted
dirty Jews at the mourners.
In subsequent weeks, while
covering the French parliament,
he witnessed angry debates on
the so-called Jewish question.
And at a political rally he heard the cry
death to the Jews for the very first time.
- And Herzl writes about this.
An article called French Anti-Semites.
It's the first time he
addresses the question,
and this is a period in which
he's constantly weighing,
for the first time in his life,
the significance of this issue
as a societal
problem.
Herzl began to brood
about this constantly.
He had spent little, if any, time
thinking about his Jewishness
since his university
days in the early 1880s.
He decided to read
Drumont's La France Juive
which had sold more than
a million copies in France
since its publication
seven years previously.
It left him very disturbed
about the future of the country.
His dispatches from Paris
throughout the winter
and spring of 1893 focused increasingly on
the troubled political scene in France,
and what he saw as the
country's slide into barbarism.
To his friends he became
outspoken about the situation.
By April his name appeared on
a list of suspect foreigners
submitted to the Minister of the Interior
by the secret police.
Reports from Vienna added to his worries
where the popularity of Karl Luger,
the stridently anti-Jewish leader of
Austria's Christian Socialist party,
was growing tremendously.
He now became obsessed with
finding a solution to anti-Semitism.
Over the course of the next year
Herzl considered several approaches
to attacking the problem head on.
He proposed challenging Europe's
leading anti-Semites to a duel.
He devised a plan where Europe's Jews
would undergo a mass conversion
at a ceremony at St.
Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
And he wrote his first new play in years
that he believed would put
a spotlight on anti-Semitism
and lead to debate =that will put
an end to it once and for all.
But after time he concluded that
none of these solutions were feasible.
He grew depressed about the fact that
nothing he'd come up with to solve
the problem seemed reasonable.
Night after night
I write down prophecies
that never materialize,
confessions of faith that
are never acted upon,
declarations that lead to nowhere.
As he was covering
the French elections of 1894
Herzl contracted a form of malaria
that left him bedridden
for much of the winter
and permanently damaged his heart.
As he continued his
convalescence at Lake Altaussee
on the family's annual summer holiday.
He saw old friends,
and visited his parents at
their nearby summer home.
The talk amongst them all centered
around the latest anti-Semitic
incidents throughout Europe.
Newspaper reports from Vienna, Berlin,
Paris, and Prague described one
anti-Semitic attack after another.
At summer's end Julie
announced to him that she and the children
would return to Vienna rather than Paris.
Her father was dying,
and she felt it was better to be at home.
Herzl moved into a room
at the Hotel Castille
on Rue Cambon where he began reporting
on the Dreyfus trial unfolding
at the Ecole Militaire.
During this period of time he decided
to attend services at
Paris's Grand Synagogue
on Rue Victoire not far
from where he was living.
It had been the first time
he set foot in one since childhood.
He found himself incredibly
moved by the services,
and for the first time as an adult
discovered a connection to other Jews.
He left the synagogue making
an even greater commitment
to himself to help the Jewish people.
In the weeks following Captain
Dreyfus's degradation
at the Ecole Militaire
it appeared to Herzl that all of Europe
was on a rampage against the Jews.
He became convinced that
by remaining in Europe
the Jews were facing an apocalypse.
As he saw it they needed to leave,
and create a sovereign Jewish
state in another place.
But where?
Palestine was an obvious choice.
Jews had been returning to their
Biblical home there for
well over 100 years.
Then there was Argentina.
Jews had been settling in farming
communities there since the late 1800s.
These settlements were underwritten
by Jewish philanthropists
like Baron Moritz von Hirsch
the Bavarian born railroad tycoon
whose fortune was one of
the largest in the world.
Von Hirsch was one of the
few rich men at the time
who believed in sharing
his wealth with the poor.
It was estimated that he had spent upwards
of 400 million Francs on
Jewish charities alone.
Herzl decided to approach the Baron,
who lived in Paris, with a proposal
that he underwrite the financing of an
efficient, well planned, mass
exodus of Jews from Europe,
and the purchase of
territory for the new state.
Baron von Hirsch consented to a meeting
most likely because of Herzl's
reputation as a journalist.
The get-together started off poorly.
The Baron kept Herzl waiting.
When he finally came in
Herzl addressed him harshly,
and began criticizing the industrialist's
resettlement projects in Argentina.
You should have started
the whole thing differently.
You dragged these farm Jews overseas.
They must think they would
be supported by you forever.
This does not promote eagerness to work.
You are breeding shnoras.
Herzl then began to discuss
what he believed was needed
to help the Jewish people.
The first task is to
improve the race here and now.
The Jews must be made strong,
eager to work, and virtuous.
Baron von Hirsch lost
his temper with his guest.
No, I don't want to
raise the general level at all.
All our misery comes from Jews
who want to climb too high.
We have too many intellectuals.
I want to keep the Jews from
always wanting to get ahead.
Herzl then raised his scheme
for a mass exodus of Jews from Europe.
Where are you
going to find the money?
Rothschild will give you 500 Francs.
The money?
I'll raise a Jewish national
loan of 10 million Marks.
A fantasy.
The rich Jews will give you nothing.
Without ceremony the
Baron brought the meeting to a close.
He told Herzl that he might be willing
to see him when he returned
from a business trip to London.
Herzl would never hear
from von Hirsch again.
In the days after his
encounter with the Baron
Herzl began composing
a series of documents
that would become the most
significant he would write.
They would include his innermost thoughts
about why a state was needed,
the nature of that entity,
and what was required
to make it a reality.
I have been pounding away
for some time at a work
of tremendous magnitude.
I don't even know now if I will
be able to carry it through.
For days and weeks it has saturated me
to the limits of my consciousness.
It goes with me everywhere.
During
the same period of time
Herzl also decided to draft a proposal
to the famed Rothschild
family about his ideas
since his appeal to von Hirsch
seemed to have been fruitless.
When it was finished it ran 68 pages
containing details about the
new country's economic system,
its form of government, its
military, arts, and culture.
He explained that the national
language will be German
much closer to the Yiddish that
most Jews spoke at the time,
and that the state would
not be a theocracy.
But he also had some blunt
talk for the Rothschilds.
You are rich enough,
gentlemen, to further this plan,
but you are not rich enough to prevent it.
And he had a stark warning
for the family that even
with all of their wealth
they were not immune from anti-Semitism.
Your fortune
will be expropriated,
and like all Jews, you will be
expelled from some countries,
and in those where we seek
refuge they will kill us.
I bring you the salvation.
For weeks Herzl did nothing
but work on his diaries and his
proposals to the Rothschilds
which he intended to deliver as
a speech to their family counsel.
He neglected his work at
the Neue Freie Presse,
and rarely left his room
at the Hotel Castille.
The nearby Tuileries was one
place he would venture out to.
Wandering aimlessly at
night, talking to himself,
and thinking about all the details
of his plans that needed to be sorted out.
The Opera de Paris was another
location he turned to for inspiration
especially when Wagner's
works were being performed.
During a performance of Tannhauser
that he attended one evening
he vowed to himself that
one of the first acts
of the new Jewish state will be
to build an opera house to rival Paris's.
We too are going to
have such resplendent halls.
Men in formal black tie,
ladies in high fashion.
Yes I want to make use of everything
including the Jewish love of luxury.
After
completing his speech to
the Rothschilds Herzl wrote to
Vienna's Chief Rabbi, Moritz Gudemann.
He asked the Rabbi who had close ties
to Albert von Rothschild,
the head of the Austrian
branch of the family,
to arrange an urgent meeting on
his behalf to help the Jewish people.
Gudemann did not take
Herzl's letter seriously,
and never forwarded his
request to von Rothschild.
Not long after writing to Rabbi Gudemann
a close friend of Herzl's,
who was also a physician,
stopped by the Hotel Castille to see him.
He was shocked at his appearance,
and became even more disturbed
as he started reading to him
from his speech to the Rothschilds.
He was sure that Herzl had
suffered a nervous collapse.
He took his pulse and
found that it was racing.
My dear friend.
There is something wrong with your nerves.
This book is a product of sickness.
He became even more alarmed
when Herzl told him he had written
about all of this to Rabbi Gudemann.
The Rabbi
will rush to your parents,
and inform them that their son
has had a mental breakdown.
Now Herzl became panicked.
The last thing he wanted to
do was to upset his parents.
After the doctor left he went out,
and began walking again in the Tuileries
trying to figure out what to do.
By evening he decided
to give up his scheme
to create a new Jewish nation,
and then he received a
letter from his mother
in which she enclosed
the poem she had clipped
from the Neue Freie Presse.
Weaknesses are
easily forgiven to the crowd.
To you, their leader,
they are not allowed.
The poem had an
immediate effect on Herzl.
He started believing again in the ideas
that he'd abandoned a few days before.
He scribbled a note to himself
from the margin of the clipping.
From my good
mama who copied it for me
and sent it while I was
working on the plan.
As if mother heart divined it.
Vienna
during the summer of 1895
turned into a hotbed of
anti-Jewish violence.
Even Sigmund Freud was now
taking notice of the problem.
I have been given the
first glimpse into the abyss.
I have seen things calculated
to sober and even frighten me.
As Herzl
vacationed with his family
that summer at Lake Altaussee
he was not able to escape
Austria's anti-Semitism
even amidst the beauty of the area.
One day at a cabin near the lake
he came upon walls filled
with anti-Jewish graffiti.
Herzl copied one example
into his notebook.
Oh God,
return Moses to this land
to take his Jews by the hand,
and lead them to the promised land.
And when the whole bad lot's afloat
in the middle of the sea
then, good Lord, just sink the boat.
And all good Christians will be free.
Chief Rabbi Moritz Gudemann,
who had been dismissive of
Herzl a few months previously,
was now very interested
in what he had to say
about the problem of
anti-Semitism in Europe.
A meeting was scheduled in Munich.
At an elegant hotel on the Sabbath
Herzl outlined his proposals for
the Jewish exodus from
Europe and the new state.
He shared details from his
speech to the Rothschilds.
Rabbi Gudemann became so enthusiastic
about what Herzl was discussing
that he exclaimed to the journalist--
You remind me of Moses.
Yet despite
expressing such sentiments
that evening the Rabbi wrote
a postcard to his wife.
Herzl is a poet.
His plan, however
interesting, is not feasible.
Herzl moved back to Vienna
in the fall rather than return to Paris.
His Neue Freie Presse
editors wanted him in Austria
to serve as the paper's
new literary editor.
By then he'd been away
from home for five years.
He was a much different man than
he had been when he
left for Paris in 1891.
He and the family moved into
a home on the Pelikangasse
a stylish area near the university.
Herzl's new passion quickly caused
strains with his employers.
He suggested they publish
a special Sunday edition
with a front page story
he had written entitled
The Solution To The Jewish Question.
His request was dismissed out of hand.
Herzl felt quite dejected by the decision,
but his spirits were lifted after
being in touch with Max
Nordau an old friend in Paris
who'd become an ardent supporter
of his idea of creating a Jewish state.
If you are insane then
we are insane together
the best selling author
and social scientist
told Herzl when they met.
He convinced him to make a trip to London
where he was certain
there would be tremendous
support for his ideas.
While Herzl did not know a
single person in the city,
and his English was limited
within days he was speaking with
the leaders of the
city's Jewish community,
and gave a triumphant speech
to the Maccabean club.
His first public talk about his views
was rewarded with a standing ovation.
Herzl left England excited and determined
to build a Zionist movement.
As soon as he returned to Vienna,
at the end of 1895, he adapted his
speech to the Rothschilds into
a 86 page booklet entitled
Der Judenstaat, or The Jewish State.
An attempt at a modern solution
of the Jewish question.
No-one can deny the gravity
of the situation of the Jews.
Wherever they live in perceptible numbers
they are more or less persecuted.
Everything tends, in fact, to
one and the same conclusion
clearly enunciating the classic
Berlin phrase Juden raus.
Jews get out.
I shall now put the question
in the briefest possible form.
Are we to get out now and where to?
In the
booklet Herzl explained
why he believed Palestine for
historic and religious reasons
should be the home for
the new Jewish state.
The Jews have dreamt
this kingly dream all through
the nights of their history.
Next year in Jerusalem is our old phrase.
It is now a question of showing that the
dream can be converted
into a living reality.
Only a tiny publisher
with a bookstore of
Vienna's Wahringer Strasse,
N. Breitenstein, was willing to take
a chance publishing Der Judenstaat.
While Breitenstein displayed
a few copies of the book
in its store window the
bulk of the printing run,
500 copies, was sent to Herzl's
home a few streets away.
As he opened one of the boxes he
could not contain his excitement.
I was terribly shaken.
This package of pamphlets constitutes
the decision in tangible form.
My life may now take a new turn.
His prediction came true
when the London Jewish Chronicle published
an excerpt from his book sparking
great interest across Europe.
When the wire services identified Herzl
as the literary editor
of the Neue Freie Presse
his editors were furious.
Moriz Benedikt offered to pay him to
withdraw The Jewish
State from publication.
No individual has the right
to take upon himself the
tremendous moral responsibility
of setting this avalanche in motion.
We shall lose our present country
before we get a Jewish state.
The pamphlet is unripe for publication.
You are risking your literary reputation.
But Herzl refused
to take his editor's offer.
I have
already published the idea.
It no longer belongs
to me but to all Jews.
If I keep silent now I endanger
my reputation all the more.
Very quickly The Jewish State
became one of the main
topics of conversation
in Vienna, not all of it complementary.
Vienna's cafes were filled
with people joking about Theodor
Herzl's new Jewish state.
Behind his back he was being called
the redeemer from the Pelikangasse.
One evening as Herzl
entered the Burgtheater
people laughed at him as he
made his way to his seat.
He heard whispers of
'his Majesty has arrived'
and 'Herzl the King'.
One prominent member of
Vienna's Jewish community
was asked what he was willing
to do for Herzl's cause.
If Herzl should
be taken to the lunatic asylum
I shall be glad to put my
carriage at his disposal.
Yet Herzl, who had always
been sensitive to criticism
ignored the jibes.
In order to
be proved right in 30 years
one has to be prepared in the
first few weeks to be considered a madman.
In political circles Herzl
was condemned by everyone
from the Prime Minister
to the aging Emperor Franz Joseph.
Orthodox Jewish leaders
were also up in arms.
- The Orthodox Jews said that
he was anticipating the Messiah.
That he was an adventurer,
and
that
only God, in His own time,
could bring about the redemption
and the gathering in of the exiles.
But so were the reform Rabbis by and large
in most of the world.
They
were alarmed at this
affront to their notion of patriotism.
Patriotism
not for a Jewish state,
but for full integration
in their own society.
Ironically one of those
most supportive was Herman Bahr,
Herzl's old fraternity brother
whose anti-Jewish speech caused
his resignation from Albia.
Bahr had long renounced
his anti-Jewish views,
and became a well known
and respected author.
He had written an international
survey of anti-Semitism,
and concluded that it was a new madness.
Another admirer was Sigmund Freud
who would later send a
copy of his seminal book
The Interpretation of Dreams
to Herzl with a letter
praising him for being a fighter
for the human rights of all people.
Herzl also received the
almost unanimous endorsement
from the Jewish student fraternities
at the University of Vienna.
At the University of Berlin
a group of Russian Jewish medical
students who'd been Zionists for years
were jolted by Herzl's book.
One of them was a 22 year
old named Chaim Weizmann.
And veteran Zionists
throughout eastern Europe,
and Russia, and even the
small settlements in Palestine
who had joined the cause decades earlier
also jumped on his bandwagon.
In the shtetl of Plonsk, in Poland,
a 10 year old boy David Grun heard talk
that the Messiah had arrived.
A tall, handsome man.
A learned man of Vienna.
A doctor no less, Theodor Herzl.
Letters of support by the hundreds
starting arriving at the
Herzl home on Pelikangasse.
A polish Rabbi wrote
that 3 million Hasidin
were ready to join the movement.
Julie was horrified when supporters
started showing up at their front door.
The majority of them were
poor eastern European Jews
for whom she had no affinity.
They were the last people she
wanted in her elegant home.
One of the more unusual visitors
was the Reverend William Hechler.
The Anglican minister showed up,
and insisted that it was his destiny
to arrange a meeting between Herzl
and Germany's Grand Duke of Baden
who was also the uncle of
Kaiser Wilhelm the second.
Herzl was taken aback by
the flamboyant Reverend
who asked if he would be
willing to pay his expenses
to travel to Germany to
meet with the Grand Duke
in order to setup the royal audience.
Still he was willing to
risk a few hundred gilden
if there was a chance
that Reverend Hechler
could make good on his word
which he did a few weeks later
when he summoned Herzl to come to
the Grand Duke's estate in Germany.
A nervous Herzl fretted over his remarks,
and worried about what to wear.
But rather than being
intimidated by the Grand Duke
the Zionist leader charmed
and impressed the royal
for the better part of
two and a half hours.
He outlined a scheme where world Jewry
would pay off the huge foreign debt of
Sultan Abdul Hamid and the Ottoman Empire
which controlled Palestine.
In exchange the Jews would be
granted Palestine for their new state.
Herzl wanted the Kaiser's assistance
in convincing Abdul Hamid
to go along with the plan.
By the end of the meeting the Grand Duke
was fully committed to helping
Herzl realize his goal.
He agreed to use his influence to help him
gain a meeting with his nephew.
Leaving the Duke's estate
Herzl was in a daze.
He could not believe what
he'd just accomplished.
12 months previously he was
rejected by Baron von Hirsch.
Now we was a step away from
meeting with the Kaiser.
Writing in his diaries he reflected on
what he had accomplished in a year's time.
If during the coming year
I make relatively the same progress
from the zero point of last year
then we shall be at the
L'Shana Haba'ah B'Yerushalayim.
Next year in Jerusalem.
Herzl returned
home to more good news.
One of his contacts had been in touch
with government officials
in Constantinople.
The word was that Sultan Abdul Hamid
was willing to meet with him.
Herzl was soon on his way to Turkey.
Once in Constantinople Herzl found himself
going from one meeting to the next
paying off one Turkish
official after another
in what he quickly learned was
the custom in the Ottoman Empire.
All in the hope of seeing Abdul Hamid.
Despite getting a glimpse of him
at one of his main residences,
and even being invited
on an inspection tour
on the bosphorus of his palaces
the promised audience with
the Sultan never took place.
The officials to whom Herzl
had paid lavish bribes
insisted that a meeting would
happen during his next visit.
At his hotel the evening
before his departure
Herzl was extremely depressed,
and then a gift arrived for him
from one of the royal palaces.
A box containing the
Commander's Cross of the Ottoman
Empire from the Sultan himself.
His mood changed.
Herzl wrote in his diary that
the trip had been a brilliant success.
He was certain that he had laid the
foundation for the future
negotiations with the Ottoman Turks.
On his way home Herzl stopped off in Paris
to convene with Max Nordau
who bolstered his spirits by marveling
over everything he'd
accomplished in Turkey.
With Nordau's help he secured a
meeting with Edmund de Rothschild
whose family charities had been
supporting a number of Jewish
colonies throughout Palestine.
Herzl was hoping that Rothschild would
be willing to help him in his
negotiations with the Sultan.
But it turned out that
the French banking heir
had yet to read The Jewish State,
and had absolutely no interest in
the idea of a max exodus
of Jews to Palestine.
It will be impossible to
control the influx of the
masses into Palestine.
The first to arrive
will be 150,000 beggars.
They would have to be
fed, presumably by me,
and there could be unforeseen mishaps.
Herzl responded furiously.
Are there no mishaps now?
Is anti-Semitism not a permanent mishap
with loss of honor, life, and property?
For several hours
the two men argued bitterly.
When it became clear to Herzl that
he was getting nowhere with
his case he decided to leave.
Back at his old Paris
haunt the Hotel Castille
he expressed his frustrations about
the meeting to an associate.
There's only one answer.
Organize our masses at once.
Let us get them ready to go.
Stand by for word of command.
As a means of agitation I suggest
the flag with seven gold stars.
Here is my design for it.
When he returned to Vienna
after more than six weeks
away from his family
he returned to a new home.
A more elegant address on the Burgasse
near the house of Sigmund Freud.
As 1897
began Herzl was receiving
hundreds of supporters at his home,
and preparations were in full swing
for an international
conference of Zionists
that he wanted to convene that August.
He was also forced to go back to work
at the Neue Freie Presse
more dependent upon his job than ever
because of his diminishing finances.
The strain on his health
was becoming apparent.
His heart, damaged from his bouts
of malaria in France years
before, was causing him problems
forcing him at times to take to his bed.
Fearing his own mortality he
wrote his last will and testament.
In a letter to a friend he exclaimed--
We must think of the future.
The movement must not rest on two eyes.
The idea must not die with me.
A few weeks
later Herzl announced
the creation of Die Welt, or
The World, a Zionist weekly
initially financed by
his father and himself.
The announcement led to yet
another battle with Moriz Benedikt.
I speak as your true friend.
You only do yourself harm
by standing up as a Jew.
Heed my friendly advice.
Promise me that you will
close down Die Welt.
But Herzl
ignored his publisher,
and even went as far as
cleaning out his desk
at the Neue Freie Presse
fully expecting to be fired.
Yet because he was one of the paper's
most popular columnists
his job remained secure.
He later jotted in his diary.
The greatest happiness
to be able to be what one really is.
During the spring
Herzl convened a conference
of his deputies in Vienna to
organize the Zionist Congress
he wanted to hold that August.
Among other things it was decided to
hold the conference in Munich.
A central location with plenty
of kosher restaurants and hotels,
but as soon as the word got out
about the congress
trouble began developing.
Vienna Chief Rabbi Moritz Gudemann,
who a year and a half earlier
has likened Herzl to Moses,
wrote an attack against Zionism
insisting that Judaism and
nationalism were not compatible.
In Berlin, the Rabbinical
Council of Germany
also published a strong statement
against the Zionist movement
and the plans for a congress.
This led to protests from
Munich's Jewish leadership
about holding the Zionist
Congress in their city.
An angry Herzl decided to move
the convocation to Basel, Switzerland
where he had more support from
the local Jewish community.
Herzl arrived at Basel's hotel
Les Trois Rois overlooking the Rhine
a few days before the
congress was to begin.
He quickly rented the Stadt Casino
a well known concert hall in a
small Swiss city for the assembly,
and then the delegates,
more than 200 of them
from 17 countries, started to arrive.
They had come to the congress seeking a
life beyond pogroms and
religious persecution.
They could hardly contain their excitement
over what they believed was
about to happen for the Jewish people.
They were sure that they were transforming
the dream of returning the Jewish people
to the land of Israel into a reality.
- This was the first
gathering on such a scale
that had taken place
for almost 2,000 years.
Delegates coming from all over the world,
different Jewish communities,
meeting in Basel to establish
a Jewish national home
in Palestine recognized
in international law.
The delegates hailed from
all over Europe, North Africa,
Palestine, and America.
There were lawyers from Vienna,
bankers from Holland and Sweden,
along with professors
and students from Germany
as well as shopkeepers
from Poland and Hungary.
Some were rich and others poor.
Many were young men from
eastern Europe and Russia
carrying satchels of
food with them from home
prepared by their wives and
mothers for the long journey
primarily by third class rail.
The religious mingled with the secular.
One group that stayed away
was the Jewish aristocracy,
and so did the Neue Freie Presse.
While more than 30 members of
the world press covered the congress
Herzl's editors who were angrily opposed
to his Zionist activities
chose not to send a reporter,
and never mentioned one word
about the conference in the paper.
Julie Herzl was also
a no show.
She and her husband had argued for weeks
because she refused to attend.
She disapproved of her
husband's Zionist activities
even more than his employers did.
What had happened to the prominent
journalist she had married she demanded.
The well known man about town
who was now leading an ethnic cause
she had no interest in whatsoever.
Herzl's experience in the theater
gave him a sense of how
to choreograph the event.
He personally supervised the lighting,
the stage setting, and even
how the delegates would dress.
That evening as he walked to the podium
to deliver his inaugural address
Theodor Herzl was greeted
with a stomping of feet,
and a thunderous ovation.
People reached out to kiss
his hand as he walked by.
On the stage as he tried
to begin his speech
the cheers of the crowd would not end.
One delegate, the Hebrew writer Ben Amid,
recorded how among the cheers one
could hear the cries of
Long live the King.
When he finally got the
opportunity to speak
Herzl went straight to the point.
He explained that they needed
to setup an organization
to negotiate with the great powers,
and specifically with the Ottoman Empire
to achieve Jewish settlement
in Palestine on a large scale.
Jewish colonization should no longer
be conducted in secret,
and must be in accord
with international law.
Herzl concluded that the
goal of the Zionist Congress
was to create a new kind of Jew.
A people
can only help itself.
If it cannot that people
cannot be helped at all.
We want to lay the
cornerstone of the edifice
that is one day to
house the Jewish nation.
We have come home as it were.
Zionism is our return to Judaism
even before our return to the Jewish land.
When Herzl
finished his speech
pandemonium once again broke out.
The crowd rushed to the stage
knocking over chairs and tables.
A woman in the gallery fainted.
As Herzl rested in his hotel room
for the first time in days he
took a moment to write in his diary.
The man who brought to Basel
the daydreams he had had in
the Tuilerie gardens two years before
that man may yet sail the
Mediterranean Sea as a Jew returning home.
On the Sabbath,
a day before the first
Zionist Congress opened,
Theodor Herzl and Max Nordau
who could count on less than one hand
the number of times they'd
been to synagogue as adults
decided to attend services out of respect
to the religious
delegates who were coming,
and the Jewish community of Basel.
When the Zionist leader was called up
to the Torah to say the blessings
there was a hush as he recited
them perfectly without pause.
Herzl's trip to the synagogue was also
evidence of a growing relationship
with Basel's Rabbi Arthur Cohen
who also served as Chief
Rabbi of Switzerland.
At the closing session of the congress
one of the most emotional moments occurred
when Rabbi Cohen came to the podium
and recalled how several weeks earlier he,
like most of Europe's Rabbis,
spoke out against Zionism.
But now, he explained,
that after listening
to the speeches of the past few days
and meeting with Herzl
he had a change of heart.
He was now a supporter of the movement.
The Rabbi expressed that
he had only one concern
about the new Jewish state.
Would the Sabbath, and other
doctrines of the faith be kept?
Herzl rose from his
chair and answered him.
Judaism has nothing to fear
from the Jewish state.
Rabbi Cohen responded that
he would now dedicate his
life to the Zionist cause.
- My grandfather
was a man
not only of an enormous wisdom.
He had an enormous wisdom of life,
and his vision
was
that the future of Judaism
must be linked with something
like what Theodor Herzl wanted.
The greatness of the whole thing
is
Herzl himself, an assimilated Jew,
with no knowledge whatsoever about
any tenets of Judaism
insists
that they absolutely
need an Orthodox Rabbi
because if you don't have that
we will not have the Orthodox Jewry
and if you don't have the Orthodox Jewry
the whole Zionist movement
will have no future.
As Herzl announced the
first Zionist Congress is now closed
a celebration took place that even the
Zionist newspaper Die
Welt maintained was hard
to adequately describe.
Delegates danced and sang
while embracing and kissing.
Women waved handkerchiefs.
Throughout the hall cries of next year
in Jerusalem could be heard.
The scene went on for more than an hour.
In the days following
the delegates meditated
on how profoundly the experience
had not only changed them,
but the future of the
Jewish people as well.
Leib Yaffe from Grodno spoke for many.
For us the first congress
was a crisis that changed our faith.
It revolutionized our entire world,
and divided the history of
our exile into two parts.
The first before the congress,
and the second the part that came after.
Writer Israel Zangwill,
a delegate from England,
was known for being a skeptic and a cynic.
He was uncharacteristically emotional
when he wrote about the congress.
By the rivers of Babylon
we sat down and wept
as we remembered Zion.
By the river of Basel
we sat down and resolved to weep no more.
Not long after its end
Theodor Herzl also reflected on
what had been accomplished at
the first Zionist Congress.
Were I to sum up
the Basel Congress in a
few words it would be this.
In Basel I founded the Jewish state.
If I said this aloud today I would
be answered by universal laughter.
Perhaps in five years,
and certainly in 50,
everyone will agree.
The Zionist Congress
profoundly changed Herzl's
personal life as well.
That December there was no
Christmas tree in his house.
Instead Hanukkah was celebrated.
Just before the holiday Herzl penned
an autobiographical short
story entitled The Menorah.
There was a man
who felt deep in his heart
the distress of being a Jew.
He had long ignored his Jewish origin.
Then the old hatred rose again.
Like many others he believed
that the trend would soon disappear,
but it grew worse.
The mounting assaults pained him
until his soul was one bleeding wound.
And it came to pass that through these
inner muted passions he was led
to their source to his Judaism.
Out of dark feelings grew clear thoughts.
He uttered them aloud.
The one way out of the
misery of being Jewish
is to return to Jewishness.
Throughout 1898 Herzl
and the Zionist movement continued
to gain credibility around the world.
By the fall he received word that
Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm the second
was ready to endorse his plan.
The Emperor was willing to meet with Herzl
in Constantinople where he was on his way
to the Holy Land for a pilgrimage.
Wilhelm the second had no
great love for the Jews.
He was known to call them kikes,
and felt that their
persecution was deserved
for having been responsible
for the killing of Jesus.
But that October when the audience
took place in Constantinople
in one of the Sultan's palaces
the Kaiser was very blunt with Herzl.
There are
elements among your people
for whom it would be a good
thing to move to Palestine.
There are users at work
among the rural population.
If these people settled in the colonies
with their possessions they
would be more useful citizens.
Herzl became so irritated
that he almost lost his composure.
Jews are neither better
nor worse than other people.
Anti-Semitism is stabbing the
very best of us right to the heart.
We have been deeply hurt.
After all we will be taking the Jews
away from the revolutionary parties.
Herzl's remarks
disarmed the situation.
The Kaiser announced that he
would receive the Zionist leader
and his delegation in Jerusalem where,
in a formal setting, Herzl could
present his plan in a
speech to the royal party.
A few days later Herzl and his delegation
were aboard a steamship
on their way to Palestine.
About 7 o'clock
the first touch of land.
Two little mountain tops were sighted.
The delegation arrived in
Jaffa Harbor early on October 26th.
The Jaffa to which Herzl arrived
looked better from afar.
It was a city of poverty,
of mud huts, and open sewers.
Just 10 % of the city's
32,000 residents were Jews,
but many of them crowded the harbor
to catch a glimpse of the
author of The Jewish State.
They were eager to see the man
they called King of the Jews.
Over the course of two
days Herzl and his party
visited one Jewish
settlement after another.
One of the stops was the
agricultural school of Mikveh,
Israel founded in 1817.
Herzl had been informed that the
Kaiser would be traveling
by horseback to Jerusalem
stopping at Mikveh, Israel along the way.
It was suggested that he try
to meet Wilhelm the second there.
The Kaiser rode up to the gates of
the settlement on a huge white stallion,
and seeing Herzl, greeted him,
and began conversing about
his impressions of Palestine.
A member of the delegation had been
recruited to take a photo
of the Kaiser and Herzl,
but he was so nervous that he
only managed to capture
Herzl's hand in the lens.
When the error was noticed
after it was developed
another member of the group had an idea.
A snapshot of Herzl and
a snapshot of the Emperor
were sent to a photo
retoucher who merged the two
in what became the official photo
the Zionist movement
sent around the world.
Shortly after the encounter
Herzl and his delegation
traveled by train to Jerusalem.
He toured the old city,
and visited the Kotel the western
wall of the Second Temple.
- He was disappointed with
what he saw in Jerusalem.
He was shocked,
and taken aback
by their squalor,
the backwardness, the misery.
At the same time he saw the
potential of the country.
He didn't cast any doubts
on the
correctness
of his
vision that this would have to
be the Jewish national home.
After waiting almost a week
Herzl and his delegation were
finally called to see the Kaiser.
Dressed in formal attire they arrived
at the Emperor's encampment.
Herzl started his speech by describing
the nature of the Zionist dream.
We are
bound to the sacred soil.
Many generations have come
since this land was Jewish,
but the dream still lives on in
the many hundreds and thousands.
Whenever foes oppressed us,
whenever we were begrudged
our rights to live
in our depressed hearts
we remembered Zion.
This is the land of our fathers.
It cries out for its people.
No man's rights or religious feelings
are threatened by our idea.
Herzl fully
expected the Kaiser
to respond as enthusiastically
as he did in Constantinople.
Wilhelm the second proceeded
to make small talk,
discussing Palestine's water,
and agricultural needs for a few minutes.
He then stood up and ended the meeting.
As Herzl was ushered out of the royal tent
he could not believe what was happening.
The Kaiser had changed his mind.
The Zionist leader was in shock,
and did not utter a word on
the way back to the hotel.
The next day he
and the delegation
abruptly left Palestine.
Upon returning to Vienna Herzl went back
to his job at the Neue Freie Presse.
He had not reported one
word about his trip.
He had just met with the Kaiser,
something no Jew had ever done,
yet it did not merit a
story in his own newspaper.
On the personal front
the pressures of family and finances
were greater than ever
on the Zionist leader.
Julie insisted that the family move
to an even grander home in one of
Vienna's most opulent neighborhoods
where the children were
looked after by governesses,
and educated by private tutors
despite the fact that more than
half of Julie's dowry was gone,
and much of what she'd inherited
from her father's estate
had also been spent.
Financing Die Welt had cost Herzl
more than 50,000 gilden,
and there was no telling how much
of his own funds had gone to
cover his travels for the movement.
In frail health for
years all of the strain
in his professional and personal life
were starting to take its toll.
He fainted and collapsed
on a number of occasions.
In a diary entry he wrote on
the occasion of his 41st
birthday May the 2nd, 1901
he commented on how difficult
the struggle had been.
The wind
blows through the stubble.
I must my pace redouble.
It is almost six years since
I started this movement
which has made me old, tired, and poor.
Yet Hertz was convinced
that he had made the right decision
in devoting himself to the cause.
Zionism has
been the Sabbath of my life.
Despite his failing health
over the next 18 months he made three more
unsuccessful trips to Constantinople
unable to strike a deal with
the Sultan for Palestine.
He traveled back and forth
across Europe from Vienna to London
looking to raise money for the movement,
but wherever he went, the rich Jews
continued to close their doors to him.
Only the poor supported him financially.
In order to escape the
constant stress of his life
Herzl turned to writing, in this case,
a novel entitled Altneuland,
or Old New Land.
- In this novel he envisages
the new Palestine which has been settled
and developed by Jews
as being at the hub
of a revived,
commercially advanced Middle East
which has connections
with the whole world.
Altneuland took an
idealistic position on the future
of relations with the Arabs.
Herzl believed that the
Jews coming to Palestine
would not only enrich their own lives,
but those of the Arabs
living there as well.
The book became a best
seller around the world,
and Herzl considered it his best
work after The Jewish State.
Not long after its publication
in the spring of 1902
Herzl's beloved father Jakob died
suddenly of a massive stroke.
My dear,
my good, my golden one.
How greatly I remain in his debt.
I owe him everything.
He stood by my side like a tree.
Now that tree is gone.
Jakob Herzl was buried
in a temporary grave in Vienna.
His son refused to buy a family vault
sure that his father's remains would
be transported to Palestine when
the rest of the family moved there.
After the mourning period ended
Herzl turned his sights on England.
Even though it had almost no influence
over the Ottoman Turks
the British government
had adopted a sympathetic view of Zionism.
He now began meeting regularly with
Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain
and several other officials.
During one of those meetings
the colonial secretary,
and father of the future Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain, proposed an idea.
There was a British territory
he could offer to Herzl
where the Jews could move to immediately.
Uganda.
The Zionist leader was not interested.
But then on April 19th,
1903 anti-Jewish violence
broke out in the Russian town of Kishinev.
Some 50 Jews were murdered,
over 600 seriously wounded,
thousands of shops and homes destroyed.
The news reached Herzl as he was in London
for another round of
meetings with Chamberlain.
He decided to accept the
colonial secretary's offer of Uganda.
- Herzl was driven by the thought
there was not much time left.
This is a man who almost
has a prophetic sense
that the ground is literally burning
under the feet of the Jewish people,
and if they don't get it in time
a catastrophe will occur.
That's why he grabbed the Uganda offer
which would have been, hopefully,
a temporary solution
for
the Jews of Russia in particular.
David Lloyd George,
a prominent lawyer and a future
Prime Minister of England
was engaged to draft a Jewish land chart
for Uganda in time for Herzl to present it
at the upcoming sixth Zionist Congress.
As this was unfolding Herzl
made one of his boldest moves yet.
He approached Tsarist Russia
for a meeting to convince it
to allow its Jews to leave,
and to exert pressure on the Turks
to allow some form of Jewish
autonomy in Palestine.
The Russians had been harshly criticized
around the world for the Kishinev pogrom,
and the Tsarist government
agreed to the meeting
hoping that it would
help repair its image.
Herzl arrived in St.
Petersburg in early August 1903
meeting with Count Wenzel von Plehve
the Tsar's Minister of the Interior.
Russian Zionists who
viewed Count von Plehve
as the butcher of Kishinev were furious.
Von Plehve made no secret about
how he viewed the Jewish people.
The Jews are an
alien element in our society.
We are justified to suppress them.
The Count explained that
he was eager to see a
Jewish state established
so that Russia could get rid of its Jews.
After almost a week of meetings
Herzl was given a letter from the Tsar
formally pledging the Russian government's
support for the Zionist
cause on one condition.
That the movement must encourage Jews
to move from Russia to Palestine
as soon as the homeland is established.
Herzl departed from St. Petersburg
stopping overnight in Vilna
a city renowned for its Talmudic scholars
known as the Jerusalem of Lithuania.
Hundreds of Jews converged
upon its train station
crying Herzl, Herzl,
and long live the King.
Vilna's aged Chief Rabbi hailed him
as the greatest son of the Jewish people.
Herzl was then taken to a private dinner
in a small village almost an hour away.
Young Zionists walked all the way
from Vilna just to be near him.
When he returned to the
city later that night,
despite a heavy rain,
crowds lined the streets
to cheer him from the
balconies as he passed by.
Less than a week later the sixth
Zionist Congress opened in Basel.
There were now almost 600 delegates.
A testament to the huge
growth of the movement
since the first congress in 1897.
Those assembled were shocked
at Herzl's physical appearance.
The strain of the last year was
evident on his lined
face, his bent posture,
and his predominantly gray hair and beard.
The stress would only increase for Herzl
as the Uganda plan was
announced to the congress.
The British government
is fully aware of our movement's
ultimate aims in Palestine.
Uganda will never be Zion.
It will serve as a provisional
site for colonization.
Russian Zionists
who were already angry
about his meeting with Count von Plehve
threatened a hunger strike if
the Uganda proposal passed.
Cries of traitor could
be heard in the hall.
One of the strongest protests
came from Chaim Weizmann
the young chemist who had become
a leader in the Russian faction.
Herzl was devastated.
A diary entry during the
congress was full of despair.
My heart is
palpitating from fatigue.
Not for a single moment did it occur
to any of them that for these
greatest of all accomplishments to date
I deserve a word of
thanks, or even a smile.
Max Nordau rallied the forces
behind the Zionist leader convincing many
that Uganda could be a useful way station,
and could help save Jewish lives.
In the end a watered down proposal
calling only for the dispatching of
an expedition of experts to
investigate Uganda was passed.
In his closing speech Herzl
acknowledged the controversy over Uganda.
I proposed
an expedient to you
and having learned to know your hearts
I also want to offer you
a word of consolation
which is at once a pledge on my part.
He then
raised his right hand,
and proclaimed--
If I forget
thee, oh Jerusalem,
may my right hand lose its cunning.
Following the congress
Herzl traveled to Italy to meet with,
and garner the support of,
King Victor Emmanuel the third.
He was also granted an audience at the
Vatican with Pope Pius the tenth.
Speaking in halting Italian Herzl
asked for the Pope's good will.
The Pope responded that the Church
could not approve of Zionism.
We cannot prevent the
Hebrews from going to Jerusalem,
but we could never sanction it.
The Hebrews have not recognized our Lord
therefore we cannot
recognize the Hebrew people.
If you come to Palestine
and settle your people
there we shall keep churches
and priests ready to baptize all of them.
Returning to Vienna,
Herzl's health began
to deteriorate rapidly.
To a friend he remarked that
his days might be numbered.
It was my
mistake that I began too late.
If you knew how much I suffer
at the thought of the lost years
that I did not approach my task sooner.
If my health were as good as
my will all would be well,
but one cannot buy back lost years.
By May, not
long after his 44th birthday,
his condition had become so critical
that his doctors ordered him
to a sanitarium in Bohemia.
During his stay he wrote
a letter to his wife
with whom he had made
peace during the last year.
I know well that I
will not find a better one than you
dear, brave mother of
my precious children.
I wish, dear one, that we
were both in better health.
A month later his doctors
transferred him to a clinic in Austria
not far from where he
and Julie were married.
His wife sat with him day and night.
His friend,
and former nemesis, Herman Bahr
arrived and took him for
walks on the terrace.
The Reverend Hechler also came to visit
sitting at his bedside promising Herzl
that he would once again go to Palestine
and see Jerusalem from
the Mount of Olives.
Young Zionists had
assembled outside the clinic
standing guard over their leader.
Noticing them he commented.
They're
marvelous, good people.
My compatriots.
You shall see they shall enter
the promised land one day.
The end, when it came on
July 3rd, 1904 was sudden.
Herzl groaned and his head fell back.
He was dead just two months
after his 44th birthday.
The news of Theodor Herzl's death
created a shockwave around the world.
Herzl's passing was major news
in both mainstream and Jewish newspapers.
He was hailed as one of the
greatest figures of the century.
The Neue Freie Presse, for whom Herzl
had toiled for almost 20 years,
devoted its front page to an obituary
that went into detail about
his literary achievements,
and his work as a foreign correspondent.
It reduced his Zionist activities
to just two small sentences at the end.
Tens of thousands of letters and telegrams
expressing condolences arrived
at his home and office.
Chaim Weizmann who less
than a year earlier
was criticizing Herzl from the
podium at the Zionist Congress
wrote to his wife Vera about
what the loss meant to him.
At this moment all the
differences between us have disappeared,
and I only have the image of a great,
creative worker in front of my eyes.
And in the shtetl of Plonsk,
an 18 year old David Grun,
who would soon leave for Palestine,
was grief stricken but
resolute at the same time.
What a loss.
Nevertheless, today, more than ever
I believe we shall succeed.
I know the day will come.
It is not far.
When we will return to the wonderful land.
Thousands converged
upon Vienna for the funeral.
It was one of the biggest
the city had ever seen.
Herzl had written that he
wanted a poor man's ceremony.
No flowers or speeches,
but that was not to be the case.
Some 6,000 people walked
behind the hearse.
The funeral services
lasted for several hours.
Herzl's 13 year old son
Hans read the Kaddish,
the Jewish memorial
prayer, at his open grave.
The Zionist leader asked to
be buried next to his father
until the day when the Jewish people
transfer my remains to Palestine.
Theodor Herzl's request
was finally carried out
on August the 16th, 1949.
His remains were taken from
Vienna's Dobling cemetery,
and flown, not to Palestine,
but to the state of Israel
declared on May the 14th, 1948.
A little more than 50 years after
the Zionist leader's prediction
in the diary entry he wrote upon
concluding the first Zionist Congress.
Signing the executive order for the
transfer and reburial of the remains
on the newly named Mount
Herzl was David Ben-Gurion
formerly known as David Grun.
The little boy from Plonsk had
become Israel's first Prime Minister.
Also officiating at the
ceremony was the former chemist
and Russian Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann.
He'd become Israel's first President.
Much had happened in the four
and a half decades since
Herzl's untimely passing.
Tragedy had struck his family as
his wife died in 1907, his mother in 1911,
and two of his children,
and his only grandchild were lost
to suicide in 1930,
1931,
and 1946.
His youngest child, Trude,
was murdered by the Nazis in
Theresien during the Holocaust.
In 1917 the Zionist movement's
former lawyer in Great Britain,
Prime Minister David Lloyd George,
approved the Balfour Declaration.
It called for the establishment of a
Jewish national home in Palestine
for which the British were given a
League of Nations mandate
after World War One in 1919.
But bowing to pressure from the Arab world
the British never fulfilled their promise
to create a Jewish national home,
and placed strict limits
on the amount of Jews
allowed to immigrate to Palestine.
Many would later ask would six million
European Jewish men, women,
and children who perished
during the Shoah,
which Herzl had long feared,
been saved had the doors
to Palestine been opened?
- The great Jewish people
that are living in their spa
began to justify their spa.
And Herzl says no.
They didn't like the idea.
It wasn't only religious.
The problem is that the spa created
a, I suppose, spirit before we can say so
and Herzl says no.
You can be Kings, you can be independent,
you can be our own state.
Since the Holocaust they looked
upon Israel as a shelter.
As a place where the Jewish
people can feel safer.
Time has come now to look upon Israel
not as a shelter but as a magnet.
And there are great things in Israel.
The land without water,
without territory, without
any natural resources
becomes such a great
success in agriculture.
We are a superpower in hiding,
and this country, every day,
is changing for the better.
Jews without miracles
will never be a miracle.
Certainly there are more miracles,
and he was the carrier of the dream.
= When the prophet Jeremiah
was imprisoned for having prophesized
the destruction of Jerusalem
by the Babylonians,
and the fall of the city had begun
a vision came to him that he would be
approached by a relative
to buy land there,
and that he should immediately agree.
In the vision the God
of Israel promised him
houses, fields, and vineyards will
yet be aught in this land.
There will again be heard in this place
in the cities of Judah,
and in the streets of
Jerusalem, the sound of joy,
the sound of gladness,
the sound of the groom
and the sound of the bride will
again be heard in this place.
In those days I will administer justice
and righteousness in the land.
At the end of the Jewish state
Theodor Herzl envisioned what his dream
would bring not only to the Jewish people,
but to the world.
What glory awaits those
who fight unselfishly for the cause?
I believe that a wondrous
generation of Jews
will spring into existence.
We shall live as free men on our own soil,
and die peacefully in our own homes,
and whatever we attempt to accomplish
for our own welfare will react powerfully
and beneficially for the good of humanity.
The world will be freed by our liberty,
enriched by our wealth,
magnified by our greatness.